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Ethoxysanguinarine (ETSG), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, exhibits diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti‐tumor effects. Despite these properties, limited research exists on ETSG in vivo pharmacokinetics due to its poor solubility and low bioavailability. In this study, we developed a rapid and specific UPLC‐MS/MS method for ETSG bioanalysis. Sample preparation involved one‐step protein precipitation using methanol and phellodendrine as an internal standard (IS). The Waters HSS T3 column (2.1 * 50 mm, 1.8 μM) employed a gradient elution with mobile phases A (2 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution‐formic acid [99.8:0.2, v/v]) and B (methanol‐formic acid [99.8:0.2, v/v]). Mass analysis via Waters Q‐mass spectrometer utilized positive scan mode and multiple reaction monitoring. ETSG and IS were detected at m/z 332.0 → 274.0 and 342.0 → 177.0, respectively, within 7.0 min. The method demonstrated excellent precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability, with a linear calibration curve (1.1–560 ng/mL) and strong correlation coefficient (0.9984). Successful pharmacokinetic evaluation in Sprague–Dawley rats included intravenous ETSG administration and intragastric ETSG nanoemulsion/suspension. This method enables steroidal saponin analysis from ETSG in biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivo fluorine‐19 MRI using F‐based tracer media has shown utility and versatility for a wide range of biomedical uses, particularly immune and stem cell detection, as well as biosensing. As with many advanced MRI acquisition techniques, the sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) in vivo is a key consideration for a successful study outcome. In this review, we analyze the primary factors that limit cell LOD. The achievable sensitivity is strongly dependent on the specific composition of tracer, cell type of interest, cell activity, data acquisition and reconstruction methods, and MRI hardware design. Recent innovations in molecular 19F tracer design and image acquisition–reconstruction methods have achieved significant leaps in 19F MRI sensitivity, and integration of these new materials and methods into studies can result in > 10‐fold improvement in LOD. These developments will help unlock the full potential of clinical 19F MRI for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy is an effective cancer treatment but may be limited by its harmful effects on normal cells. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a natural antioxidant. This study investigates the protective effects of TQ‐loaded nanoemulsion (TQ‐NE) against 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxic impacts of 5‐FU and its combination with TQ‐NE were measured on HepG2 cells and human fibroblasts. Subsequently, TQ‐NE and 5‐FU were administered to rats, and body weight, serum biomarkers of liver and kidney injury, and histopathologic alterations in hepatorenal tissues were measured. TQ‐NE ameliorated 5‐FU cytotoxicity in both HepG2 cells and human fibroblasts. TQ‐NE and 5‐FU combination showed a more substantial suppression on the HepG2 cell line than 5‐FU alone (p < 0.001). In vivo experiments in rats showed that TQ‐NE improved body weight gain and reduced the elevated levels of serum biomarkers of 5‐FU‐induced hepatic and renal injury. Histopathological examination showed that TQ‐NE significantly reduced 5‐FU‐induced pathological changes in hepatic and renal tissues (p < 0.001). TQ‐NE as a co‐treatment with 5‐FU may have several advantages over conventional chemotherapy, including improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, and enhanced bioavailability. These findings suggest that TQ‐NE could be a promising adjunct therapy in cancer treatment protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐invasive imaging modalities that identify rupture‐prone atherosclerotic plaques hold promise to improve patient risk stratification and advance early intervention strategies. Here, phase‐changing peptide nanoemulsions are developed as theranostic contrast agents for synchronous ultrasound detection and therapy of at‐risk atherosclerotic lesions. By targeting lipids within atherogenic foam cells, and exploiting characteristic features of vulnerable plaques, these nanoemulsions preferentially accumulate within lesions and are retained by intraplaque macrophages. It is demonstrated that acoustic vaporization of intracellular nanoemulsions promotes lipid efflux from foam cells and generates echogenic microbubbles that provide contrast‐enhanced ultrasound identification of lipid‐rich anatomical sites. In Doppler mode, stably oscillating peptide nanoemulsions induce random amplitude and phase changes of the echo wave to generate transient color imaging features, referred to as ‘twinkling’. Importantly, acoustic twinkling is unique to these peptide emulsions, and not observed from endogenous tissue bubble nuclei, generating diagnostic features that offer unprecedented spatial precision of lesion identification in 3D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Xanthohumol is an isopentadienyl flavonoid in hops, which have several pharmacological effects. However, due to the poor bioavailability of xanthohumol, it cannot be widely used. RESULT: In this study, solvent extraction combined with preparative liquid chromatography was used to separate and purify xanthohumol in hop residue. And the purity, yield and recovery of xanthohumol was 983.0 ± 2.1 g kg−1, 921.61 ± 5.65 g kg−1, and 5.41 ± 0.07 g kg−1, respectively. Response surface methodology optimization revealed that 216.75 g kg−1 ethyl oleate, 574.1 g kg−1 polyoxyl‐35 castor oil (EL35) and 209.15 g kg−1 polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) produced the xanthohumol nanoemulsion with a loading capacity of 85.40 ± 0.33 g kg−1, mean droplet diameter of 42.35 ± 0.06 nm, and zeta potential of −21.78 ± 0.18 mV. CONCLUSION: Xanthohumol nanoemulsion has better relative stability. The relative oral bioavailability of xanthohumol nanoemulsion was increased by 1.76 times. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of nanoemulsion containing xanthohumol in food and pharmaceutical industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are characterised by their hydrophobic nature. They are typically derived from long‐chain fatty acids and alcohols. Waxes serve various purposes in nature and industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Waxes find applications in diverse industries, including pharmaceuticals, food and textiles, for purposes such as coating, lubrication and insulation. The rising emphasis on sustainable and eco‐friendly approaches in the food sector has generated increasing attention towards the advancement of edible coatings for food products. Within this array of coatings, sustainable waxes have surfaced as a prospective approach to improve storage stability, safety and quality of diverse food items. Bio‐based wax nanoemulsions serve as effective nanocarriers in edible food coatings, enhancing their antimicrobial efficacy and preserving food quality. The incorporation of bio‐based nanoemulsion waxes as edible coatings signifies a substantial advancement towards establishing more environmentally sustainable and ecologically responsible systems of food packaging and preservation. The review examines recent advancements in the field of sustainable nanoemulsion waxes as edible coatings, focusing on their applications, formulation strategies and impact on food commodities. The review also discusses the influence of sustainable nanoemulsion wax coatings on the physicochemical properties of coated foods, including moisture barrier, gas permeability and mechanical strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions derived from unconventional polysaccharides have gained attention as efficient delivery systems for bioactive compounds, helping in their enhanced absorption. Nontraditional sources of starch have been investigated in recent years due to their potential applications. Therefore, this study investigates the potential of extracting starch from faba beans and investigating their structural properties. Furthermore, the nanoemulsion is developed from starch, flax seed oil, and tween 80 and evaluated for different processing methods (temperature, pH, and NaCl). The extracted starch yields 31.20 g/100 g and X‐ray diffraction reveals its semicrystalline structure. The optimized nanoemulsion (N3) has an average droplet size of 108.62 ± 2.78 nm and a surface charge of −27.74 ± 0.12 mV. At different pH levels (2–9), temperature (30, 50, 70, and 90 °C), and ionic strengths (0.5, 1, and 2 m), the N3 nanoemulsion demonstrates significantly greater changes in stability. All the samples show excellent structural properties and stability. Overall, the results suggest that faba bean starch‐based nanoemulsion shows promise as a stable delivery system for bioactive compounds, but its stability is influenced by pH levels and ionic strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, nonconventional sources have been explored for the extraction of starch due to their potential applications. Thus, this study investigates the potential of loquat seeds starch and exploring their structural and thermal properties. Moreover, the nanoemulsion is prepared from starch, flax seed oil, and tween 80 which is further utilized as a coating for the shelf‐life improvement of citrus fruits such as strawberries. The yield of loquat seed starch is 30.04% ± 2.19% with a particle size of 160.4 ± 4.06 nm and −16.2 ± 1.45 mV zeta potential. The gelatinization temperature of starch is observed to be 78.75 °C. Starch samples show major peaks at 3287.52, 2929.52, 1642.07, 1339, 1149.68, 1077.79, and 1003.62, 859.62, 573.01, and 526.25 cm−1. X‐ray diffraction reveals the semicrystalline structure of starch. The characterization of nanoemulsion reveals its excellent structural properties and stability. When the nanoemulsion is coated on strawberries, it effectively delays weight loss and also affects the titratable acidity content and total soluble solids, thereby reducing spoilage. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the nanoemulsion exhibits great potential in the shelf‐life improvement of strawberries. Thus, combining oils with starch represents a promising approach to enhance its effectiveness in controlling foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the proceeds in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the current therapeutic landscape still suffers from limited success in the clinic. Exaggerated inflammatory immune response and excessive oxidative stress are key pathological features aggravating myocardium damage. Herein, catalytic immunomodulatory nanocomplexes as anti‐AMI therapeutics to resolve reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐proinflammatory neutrophils‐specific‐inflammation is engineered. The nanocomplexes contain lyophilic S100A8/9 inhibitor ABR2575 in the core of nanoemulsions, which effectively disrupts the neutrophils‐S100A8/A9‐inflammation signaling pathway in the AMI microenvironment. Additionally, ROS scavenger ultrasmall CuxO nanoparticles are incorporated into the nanoemulsions via coordinating with SH groups of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐conjugated lipids, which mimic multiple enzymes, dramatically alleviating the oxidative stress damage to myocardial tissue. This combination strategy significantly suppresses the infiltration of pro‐inflammatory monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, it potentially triggers cardiac Tert activation, which promotes myocardial function and decreases infarction size in preclinical murine AMI models. This approach offers a new nanomedicine for treating AMI, resulting in a dramatically enhanced therapeutic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed at investigating the effect of edible coatings based on the combination of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and soy protein isolate (SPI) containing 0.0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% w/v of nanoencapsulated pistachio green peel extract (PGPE) on the chemical and microbiological properties of raw pistachio of Kale Ghoochi variety during 18 weeks of storage at 27 ± 1°C. Moisture content (MC), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), total phenol content (TPC), total viable count (TVC), and total fungi count (TFC) were tested at 21‐day intervals. PGPE contains phenolic compounds (48.73 mg GAE/g) with antioxidant activity (IC50 = 10.83) which increased MC (19.51%) and TPC (75.62%) of coated samples with 3% PGPE compared with control, whereas AV (41.12%), PV (53.16%), TVC (44.64%), and TFC (35.01%) reduced (p < 0.05). The results of this research suggested that the edible coatings based on the combination of CMC and SPI containing nanoencapsulated PGPE have the ability to reduce the oil oxidation reactions and microbial growth in raw pistachio. Therefore, the concentration of 2.0% nanoencapsulated PGPE due to its better properties can be used to extend the shelf life of raw pistachio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an unmet demand for transdermal devices that can deliver large dose of medications through the skin. Herein, nanoemulsion‐based poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) transdermal hydrogel films were developed for the high‐dose anti‐epileptic drug carbamazepine. A stable nanoemulsion was created with almond oil, Tween 60, and amphiphilic locust bean gum. The nanoemulsion had a hydrodynamic diameter of 251 nm, a polydispersity of 10.3%, and a zeta potential of −51.2 mV. Carbamazepine‐loaded nanoemulsion was blended with carbamazepine‐free PVA dispersion and casted into films. To accommodate a high dose, carbamazepine‐loaded nanoemulsion was trapped in a PVA dispersion containing carbamazepine to create transdermal films. The physicochemical characteristics and drug penetration characteristics of the produced films were compared. Both films had the uniform thickness, weight, and drug content. The folding endurance was found to be greater than 700 in both cases. Water vapor permeability decreased when carbamazepine was added to almond oil as well as polymer dispersion. FESEM pictures revealed a waxy paper‐like appearance for the PVA hydrogel film with dual drug‐reservoirs. FTIR spectra assessment revealed a hydrogen bonding interaction between PVA and carbamazepine. X‐ray diffraction examination revealed that the film contained an amorphous dispersion of carbamazepine. Dual carbamazepine reservoir‐based films outperformed single nanoemulsion drug reservoir‐based films in terms of drug flux through excised rat skin by 3.2 times. The in vitro skin permeation findings corresponded well to zero order kinetic models. Overall, this study showed that a high‐dose drug could be placed on nanoemulsion‐based transdermal PVA hydrogel films, resulting in improved skin permeability. Highlights: Nanoemulsion was stable at almond oil:Tween 60/modified gum ratio of 5:5.Loading of high dose carbamazepine in nanoemulsion‐PVA transdermal films.Film of dual carbamazepine reservoir showed low water vapor permeation, moisture retention.Flux of carbamazepine from films improved three times through excised rat skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α‐Bisabolol (α‐BIS) is a sesquiterpene alcohol present in chamomile essential oil [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert]. Despite its numerous pharmacological effects, its pharmacokinetics remain understudied. An analytical method capable of quantifying α‐BIS in plasma is crucial to enable pharmacokinetic analysis. Presently, only one study has quantified it using mass spectrometry. Administering α‐BIS requires a nanoemulsion for intravenous injection. This study aimed to develop and validate a bioanalytical method using high‐performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector to quantify α‐BIS in rat plasma. The method employed acetonitrile and ultrapure water (80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase, with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and concentrations ranging from 465 to 29.625 μg/ml. All US Food and Drug Administration‐designated assays were successful, indicating the method's precision, accuracy, sensitivity and linearity in determining α‐BIS in rat plasma. The developed nanoemulsion, assessed through dynamic light scattering analysis, the ensemble collection of particles and polydispersity index evaluation, proved safe and effective for intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution, clearance and half‐life indicated that α‐BIS tends to persist in the body. This study provides a foundation for further research to explore α‐BIS's potential pharmaceutical applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of pistachio, one of the export products of Iran, will be decreased during storage as a result of mold spoilage, toxins production, and oil oxidation. This study aimed to investigate the capability of pistachio hull extract (PHE) loaded in fenugreek seed gum (FSG):whey protein isolate (WPI) nanoemulsion to control oil oxidation, and fungi growth in fresh pistachio nut during storage at 4°C. The total anthocyanin and total phenolic content of the PHE were 125.44 μg/g and 675.18 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of PHE at 100 ppm was higher than that of tert‐butylhydroquinon (TBHQ). In comparison with other concentrations, 50 ppm showed the strongest antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius. All nanoemulsions have a mean size lower than 265 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) of different nanoemulsions was lower than 0.3, and a negative zeta potential was observed. The encapsulation efficiency was higher than 67.0% and all nanoemulsions had spherical morphology. The pistachio nuts were coated with different coating solutions containing 0 and 100 ppm of PHE and stored at 4°C for 8 weeks. The results showed that the pistachio sample coated with a composite coating of WPI and FSG containing 100 ppm of PHE has a higher moisture content and lower changes in L*, a*, and b* indexes, oil oxidation, fungi development, and total mold and yeast count. This treatment exhibited higher overall acceptance than other samples at the end of storage time. The results of this study suggest the use of biodegradable coatings enriched with natural extracts that have high antioxidant and antifungal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was undertaken to assess the effect of tragacanth gum–chitin nanofiber (TG–CNF) film containing free (CEO) or encapsulated cumin essential oil (CNE) combined with oxygen absorber (OA) packaging on the shelf‐life of ready‐to‐cook (RTC) turkey breast burgers during chilled storage. The experimental groups were OA and TG–CNF as single treatments, TG–CNF + CEO, TG–CNF + CNE, and TG–CNF + OA as binary treatments, TG–CNF + CEO + OA and TG–CNF + CNE + OA as ternary treatments, and control. The samples were stored at 3°C for 20 days and analyzed for microbial, physicochemical, and sensory attributes. Binary treatments, when compared to single treatments, and ternary treatments, when compared to binary treatments, exhibited enhanced effectiveness in managing microbial growth, hindering physicochemical alterations, and decelerating sensory alterations. At day 20, TG–CNF + CNE + OA group was identified as the most effective group in inhibiting the growth of total mesophilic bacteria (TMB), total psychrophilic bacteria (TSB), and coliforms (final counts were 4.8, 4.16, and ≤1 log CFU/g, respectively), and TG–CNF + CNE + OA and TG–CNF + CEO + OA groups were known as the most effective groups in inhibiting lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (final counts were 4.71 and 5.15 log CFU/g, respectively). Furthermore, the TG–CNF + CNE + OA treatment proved to be the most effective group in reducing the total volatile nitrogen (TVN) (final level was 19.2 mg N/100 g) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (final level was 0.119 mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/kg). TG–CNF + CNE + OA and TG–CNF + CEO + OA were the most efficient groups to delay the increasing rate of cooking loss (final values were 23.3% and 24.6%) and pH (final values were 7.01 and 6.99). The sample's shelf‐life was 4 days in control and TG–CNF, 8 days in OA and TG–CNF + OA, 12 days in TG–CNF + CEO, 16 days in TG‐CNF + CNE and TG–CNF + CEO + OA, and at least 20 days in TG–CNF + CNE + OA. As a result, the incorporation of TG–CNF + CNE alongside OA packaging emerges as a highly effective active packaging method for preserving RTC turkey breast burgers during chilled storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic effect of surfactant compounding on performance can be leveraged to enhance product application performance. An investigation of the surface tension and emulsification properties revealed the complex synergistic effect of the composite system comprising lauryl glucoside (LG) and lauryl glycoside sulfosuccinate (LG–SS). The composite system was used as an emulsifier for vitamin E (VE) emulsification. VE nanoemulsions with high VE content were successfully prepared. The nanoemulsion appears homogeneous and transparent and has an average size of approximately 200 nm. It has better temperature and centrifugal stability, an antioxidant capacity 2.89 times that of untreated VE, and is not easily oxidized and deactivated. In this study, we successfully constructed a complex system of LG and its derivatives and applied it to VE emulsification – this is a step toward expanding the effective application of glycosides and their derivative composite systems in food, pharmaceutics, and other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology offers promising avenues for enhancing drug delivery systems, particularly in HIV‐1 treatment. This study investigates a nanoemulsified formulation combining epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with dolutegravir (DTG) for managing HIV‐1 infection. The combinatorial interaction between EGCG and DTG was explored through cellular, enzymatic, and molecular studies. In vitro assays demonstrated the potential of a dual drug‐loaded nanoemulsion, NE‐DTG‐EGCG, in inhibiting HIV‐1 replication, with EGCG serving as a supplementary treatment containing DTG. In silico molecular interaction studies highlighted EGCG's multifaceted inhibitory potential against HIV‐1 integrase and reverse transcriptase enzymes. Further investigations are needed to validate the formulation's efficacy across diverse contexts. Overall, by integrating nanotechnology into drug delivery systems, this study represents a significant advancement in managing HIV‐1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate non‐covalent interaction of protein and polyphenols can improve the emulsifying property of protein itself. The corn protein hydrolysate (CPH) and tannic acid (TA) complex was successfully used to construct nanoemulsion for algal oil delivery. There has been no study on the feasibility of this nanoemulsion delivery system for other food functional components, for example, β‐carotene (β‐CE). CPH/TA complex‐based nanoemulsion system for β‐CE delivery was studied, focusing on the effect of β‐CE content on the physicochemical stability of the nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsion delivery systems (dia. 150 nm) with low viscosity and good liquidity were easily fabricated by two‐step emulsification. The nanoemulsions with high β‐CE content (>71.5 μg/mL) significantly increased (p <.05) the emulsion droplet size. However, there was no significant (p >.05) effect of β‐CE content on polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of the nanoemulsions. The storage (30 days) experiment results demonstrated that the droplet size of the nanoemulsions with varying β‐CE content increased slightly during storage. However, the PDI values showed a slightly decreasing trend. Zeta potentials of the nanoemulsions showed no noticeable change during storage. Moreover, after storage of 30 days, the retention ratios of β‐CE were found to be up to 90%, which suggests an excellent protective effect for β‐CE by the nanoemulsion systems. The CPH/TA complex stabilized nanoemulsions could aggregate in gastric condition, but the β‐CE content did not have obvious effect on the digestive stability of the nanoemulsions. The CPH/TA complex could be employed as an emulsifier to construct a physicochemical stable nanoemulsion delivery system for lipophilic active components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nanoemulsions, a nanotechnology technique, is very popular in the food industry to extend the shelf life of foods and preserve their quality. In this study, it was aimed to develop, optimize, and determine the bioactive properties of nanoemulsion containing Aloe vera gel (AVG) and hemp seed oil (HSO) for use in the food industry. Nanoemulsions containing different ratios of AVG (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %) and HSO: Tween 80(T80) (1 : 4; 20, 25, 30 %) were formulated by ultrasonication. Bioactive properties of nanoemulsions were determined by droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), viscosity, color, whiteness index, turbidity, conductivity, pH, antioxidant (DPPH), and antimicrobial activity analyses. The pH of the nanoemulsions was between 4.74 and 4.88 due to the acidic nature of AVG. PDI was determined in the 0.17 (HA8) range to 0.26 (HA1). According to the FT‐IR spectrum, it was determined that the entire nanoemulsion formulation did not undergo any chemical degradation and their particle sizes (range between 118.9 nm and 170.5 nm) were <200 nm. The small droplet size and PDI values obtained showed that the nanoemulsions had a homogeneous and stable structure in their dispersions. TEM results determined that all nanoemulsions showed a spherical shape, but the structure detected in the HA8 group had a more homogeneous appearance. The antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsions increased depending on the increasing HSO and AVG percentages. Unfortunately, no antibacterial activity of the nanoemulsions was detected against any of the bacterial strains tested. According to the analysis results, it was determined that the best nanoemulsion formulation belonged to the HA8 group containing 3 % Aloe vera gel and 5 % HSO in terms of TEM and PDI analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The low solubility of Silybin (Slb) presents a significant obstacle to its further application. In this study, silybin nanoemulsion (Slb‐NE) stabilised by sodium aseinate/glycyrrhetinic acid (NaCas/GA) complex emulsifiers were prepared for effective delivery of Slb. When the NaCas:GA mass ratio was 1:1, Slb‐NE had small particle size (189 nm), low PDI (0.125), and high zeta potential (−27.27 mv). SEM, TEM, and FI‐IR studies indicated that the emulsion system was spherical and homogeneous, and Slb was successfully loaded into Slb‐NE without generating new chemical bonds. Furthermore, the complex emulsifiers improved the stability of Slb‐NE. In vitro release and antioxidant experiments showed that the incorporation of GA strengthened the sustained release and antioxidant capacity of Slb‐NE. NaCas/GA can be used as a natural and green complex emulsifiers for delivery of difficult‐to‐solve ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their unique functional properties, nanoemulsions help enrich many hydrophobic compounds in water‐based beverages. In this study, using two nonionic surfactants (Tween 40 and Tween 80), separately, nanoemulsions containing Nigella Sativa L. oil were prepared by ultrasound method and tested to determine their size, polydispersity index, morphology, turbidity, and stability during 60 days of storage. In this study, the type of nonionic surfactants used significantly affected the average droplet diameter in the formed systems. Hence, Tween 40 produced tiny droplets, while using Tween 80 produced larger droplets. The comparison of the mean particle sizes by the Duncan method at a 95% confidence level showed that the effect of different surfactant concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%) on the particle size was significant. The results showed that the lowest particle size corresponding to the formulation with 4 wt% Tween 40 and the 15‐min sonication was 59.2 nm, and the particle size distribution was monomodal. The results indicated that in the absence of a cosurfactant (glycerol), both pasteurization and boiling processes increased in particle size. However, adding glycerol before the thermal process improved the thermal stability of the samples. The results of this study revealed that ultrasound could be used to prepare nanoemulsions with microscopic particles in the nanometer size without high concentrations of synthetic surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of pH (2.8, 4.5, and 7.2) and extrusion cooking temperature (60°C, 85°C, and 110°C) on properties of native whey protein concentrate (NWPC) were evaluated, followed by delivering of curcumin through a nanoemulsion system stabilized with extruded WPC (EWPC). Protein solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and emulsion properties such as emulsion activity index (at 1% [w/w] protein concentration), stability index (at 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% [w/w] protein concentration) and creaming index (evaluated at different protein concentrations [0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% w/w] and oil levels [20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%]) were improved as a function of the extrusion process. It was found that both covalent and non‐covalent interactions contributed to the stabilization of the extrudates. The rheological investigation of the emulsions stabilized with EWPC (at different oil levels [20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%]) revealed high viscosity and shear thinning behavior as well as much higher G′ and G″ values. Encapsulation efficiency was increased from 90.8% to 95.7% when NWPC and EWPC were used, respectively. The curcumin‐loaded nanoemulsion containing EWPC presented high stability in confronting with ionic strength (NaCl salt with a concentration of 0.1–1 M), pH (3, 5, and 7), thermal treatments (pasteurization at 63°C for 30 min and sterilization at 95°C for 10 min) and storage time (1 month at 4°C and 25°C). In vitro release behavior revealed that samples stabilized with EWPC showed burst release in simulated intestine conditions. However, it was more stable in stomach conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions exhibit a wide range of practical applications owing to their smaller particle size, stability, and enhanced bioavailability. Conventional surfactants widely used in nanoemulsion formulations namely, polysorbate 80, macrogolglycerol ricinoleate, and 4‐octylphenol polyethoxylate have been associated with anaphylactoid responses, alterations in normal flora, cytotoxicity and tissue damage. The use of less toxic, environment‐friendly microbial biosurfactants in the formulation of nanoemulsions have been demonstrated to manifest stability, slow drug release, enhanced skin permeability, and bioactivity. The type and composition of mixed microbial biosurfactants used in nanoemulsions can decrease the droplet size and synergistically increase the stability. Moreover, a lower concentration of drug‐loaded surfactin‐based nanoemulsion synergistically inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells by 50% (IC50). The scope of the current review is to focus on the prospect of substituting conventional surfactants with biosurfactants obtained from microbial origin for nanoemulsion formulations. It also aims to draw attention to the paucity of research in the combinatorial study of biosurfactants and functional drugs used in nanoemulsions. The review emphasizes the bioactivity of microbial biosurfactant‐based nanoemulsions and their applications in diverse sectors. The differences in emulsion stability and size of microbial biosurfactant and conventional surfactant‐based nanoemulsions have been highlighted. The study intends to promote comparative research between nanoemulsions prepared using conventional surfactants and microbial biosurfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aims: Prior studies have emphasized the role of inflammation in the response to injury and muscle regeneration, but little emphasis has been placed on characterizing the relationship between innate inflammation, pain, and functional impairment. The aim of our study was to determine the contribution of innate immunity to prolonged pain following muscle contusion. Methods: We developed a closed‐impact mouse model of muscle contusion and a macrophage‐targeted near‐infrared fluorescent nanoemulsion. Closed‐impact contusions were delivered to the lower left limb. Pain sensitivity, gait dysfunction, and inflammation were assessed in the days and weeks post‐contusion. Macrophage accumulation was imaged in vivo by injecting i.v. near‐infrared nanoemulsion. Results: Despite hindpaw hypersensitivity persisting for several weeks, disruptions to gait and grip strength typically resolved within 10 days of injury. Using non‐invasive imaging and immunohistochemistry, we show that macrophage density peaks in and around the affected muscle 3 day post‐injury and quickly subsides. However, macrophage density in the ipsilateral sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) increases more gradually and persists for at least 14 days. Discussion: In this study, we demonstrate pain sensitivity is influenced by the degree of lower muscle contusion, without significant changes to gait and grip strength. This may be due to modulation of pain signaling by macrophage proliferation in the sciatic nerve, upstream from the site of injury. Our work suggests chronic pain developing from muscle contusion is driven by macrophage‐derived neuroinflammation in the peripheral nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are emulsions with particle size of less than around 100 nm. Reviewing the literature, several reports are available on NEs, including preparation, characterization, and applications of them. This review aims to brief challenges that researchers or formulators may encounter when working with NEs. For instance, when selecting NE components and identifying their concentrations, stability and safety of the preparation should be evaluated. When preparing an NE, issues over scale‐up of the preparation as well as possible effects of the preparation process on the active ingredient need to be considered. When characterizing the NEs, the two major concerns are accuracy of the method and accessibility of the characterizing instrument. Also a highly efficient NE for clinical use to deliver the active ingredient to the target tissue with maximum safety profile is commonly sought. Throughout the review we also have tried to suggest approaches to overcome the challenges. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to analyze the chemical composition of Suaeda aegyptiaca essential oil (PSAE) by GC–MS, produce the nanoemulsified essential oil (NSAE) using ultrasound, and compare the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the PSAE and NSAE in laboratory medium and rainbow trout fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Geranyl‐acetone (30.52%) and p‐Vinylguaiacol (10.66%), and (e)‐β‐ionone (7.79%) were the main PSAE chemical compounds. The mean droplet size diameter, polydispersity index, and viscosity of NSAE were 179.67 nm, 0.255, and 0.96 cP, respectively. PSAE and NSAE showed a moderate antiradical potential against DPPH‐ and ABTS‐free radicals (50 < IC50 < 250 μg mL−1). There was no significant difference between antiradical scavenging of PSAE and NSAE (p >.05). E. faecalis and K. pneumonia were the most and lowest sensitive bacteria to PSAE and NSAE, respectively. Examining different treatments on the shelf‐life of minced fish showed that Kakol essential oil could improve the shelf‐life of fish between 12.5% and 60% (depending on quality index). There was no significant difference between the bioactivity of PSAE and NSAE, which means that the nanoemulsion showed acceptable performance at lower essential oil concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil (CEO) and its nanoemulsion (CEON) on oxidative stability and microbial growth of mayonnaise during storage. The GC analysis indicated that Cuminaldehyde (27.99%), o‐Cymene (17.31%), γ‐Terpinen (16.67%), and β‐Pinene (9.35%) were the major components of CEO, respectively. The assessments of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) showed that Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MBCCEO = 12 and MBCCEON = 6 mg/mL) was the most resistant bacteria, and in contrast, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MBCCEO = 6 and MBCCEON = 3 mg/mL) was the most sensitive bacteria. In the radical‐scavenging assay, CEON (IC50 = 5 ± 0.07 μg/mL) exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than CEO (IC50 = 10 ± 0.13 μg/mL). The results showed that applying the MBC of CEO and CEON in mayonnaise led to a significant decrease (p <.05) in acidity, peroxide value, number of acid‐resistant bacteria and fungi, and total microbial count compared with the control sample. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that using CEON resulted in oxidative stability, microbial growth control, and desirable sensorial attributes in mayonnaise compared with CEO and control samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tea polysaccharide conjugate (TPC) is a naturally occurring active substance that is extracted from tea. Owing to its benefits in enhancing human immunity and antioxidant effects, TPC is widely used in culinary products. The binding mode of polysaccharides and proteins in TPC, however, has not been well studied; it may be closely related to their functional properties, especially emulsification. RESULTS: The molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions of TPC were determined by ion chromatography and high‐performance gel permeation chromatography. Although the functional groups of polysaccharides and proteins were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, the presence of proteins could not be detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultraviolet spectroscopy. It was hypothesized that the hydrophobic groups of the proteins in TPC were wrapped by polysaccharide chains, thus making the proteins undetectable. The rheology and interfacial protein adsorption results show that TPC forms a viscoelastic film at the oil–water interface to prevent the aggregation of oil droplets, thereby enhancing the stability of the emulsion. Based on these structural and emulsifying properties of TPC, the binding mode of polysaccharides and proteins along with their phase behavior at the oil–water interface of the emulsion was speculated. CONCLUSION: In TPC, the hydrophilic groups of the proteins are linked to polysaccharides by covalent interactions, where the hydrophobic groups are wrapped with the polysaccharide chains with the help of hydrophobic forces to form a hydrophobic core. The unique binding of polysaccharides and proteins in TPC enhances its amphiphilic properties, which can be effectively distributed at the oil–water interface and form stable emulsions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survival of humans depends critically on crop production, making crop protection absolutely essential. Numerous studies have suggested that nanopesticides could soon fully replace conventional pesticides since they are far more effective than those now in use. Due to an increase in their surface‐to‐volume ratio, nanomaterials exhibit different properties from their bulk counterparts. Nanopesticides are pesticides that have been made with these nanoparticles and have a high application efficiency and significantly fewer hazardous environmental impacts than pesticides that have been made chemically. Various formulation strategies, which include the containment of the active substance by the nanoparticles, have previously been established, exhibiting promising effects on the pests. Target specificity, high stability, and controlled active ingredients (AIs) release are a few of the noteworthy qualities these nanopesticides offer. The development of green nanopesticides derived from nature, which have very low ecotoxicities and nanoscale qualities, can also have a significant positive impact on crop output. However, before being mass‐produced and used, the discovery still has to be thoroughly examined to determine its effects on people and the environment due to the lack of conclusive proof demonstrating its toxicity. This paper aims to represent the use of nanopesticides in crop protection and a detailed overview of the various methods for the formulation of nanopesticides. Also, the possible negative impacts on the non‐target species by the application of nanopesticides have been briefly discussed. The need for the development of green nanopesticides to avoid the negative aspects of nanopesticides has also been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indocyanine green (ICG) is the only near‐infrared (NIR) dye approved for clinical use. Despite its versatility in photonic applications and potential for photothermal therapy, its photobleaching hinders its application. Here we discovered a nanostructure of dimeric ICG (Nano‐dICG) generated by using ICG to stabilize nanoemulsions, after which ICG enabled complete dimerization on the nanoemulsion shell, followed by J‐aggregation of ICG‐dimer, resulting in a narrow, red‐shifted (780 nm→894 nm) and intense (≈2‐fold) absorbance. Compared to ICG, Nano‐dICG demonstrated superior photothermal conversion (2‐fold higher), significantly reduced photodegradation (−9.6 % vs. −46.3 %), and undiminished photothermal effect (7 vs. 2 cycles) under repeated irradiations, in addition to excellent colloidal and structural stabilities. Following intravenous injection, Nano‐dICG enabled real‐time tracking of its delivery to mouse tumors within 24 h by photoacoustic imaging at NIR wavelength (890 nm) distinct from the endogenous signal to guide effective photothermal therapy. The unprecedented finding of nanostructure‐driven ICG dimerization leads to an ultra‐stable phototheranostic platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsion polymerization is a novel process for the synthesis of specialty‐purpose latexes. In this work, styrene and 1,4‐butadiene polymerization are demonstrated through a nanoemulsion‐based process. Conventional emulsifiers like rosin soap and fatty soaps are used to prepare base emulsions having 2–10 nm particle size through the sonication process. The high surface area and higher number of micelles allow superior mixing of monomers and initiators leading to more efficient and rapid reaction. Additionally, the use of nanoemulsion improves the efficiency and quality of emulsion with higher productivity. These latexes have unique high molecular weight polymers with smaller particle size which is the most desirable criterion for coating applications. Finally, nanoemulsion‐based polymer is compared with conventional macroemulsion‐based product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid‐based delivery systems are widely used to incorporate chemicals with poor solubility. The influence of tocopherol and sesamol on emulsion delivery systems, including their bioactivity, is not well‐known. Herein, the overall aim of this study is to understand the effect of tocopherol and sesamol on the physical stability and bioactivity of various emulsions comprised of oil (medium chain triglyceride, coconut oil, palm oil) with different carbon chain lengths using the C. elegans model. All emulsions show good physical stability; droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and microstructure are relatively constant over the incubation time. Tocopherol and sesamol show the greatest bioactivity (greater lipid‐lowering effect and in vivo antioxidant activity) in emulsions fabricated with palm oil. Knowledge on emulsion stability and bioactivity is important for delivery systems in the food industry involving tocopherol, sesamol, and other related bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea tree oil (TTO) is a natural plant essential oil that has strong bactericidal properties and low toxicity. However, owing to its irritability, volatility, instability under light/oxygen and hydrophobicity, the application of TTO in pharmaceutical production technology and the food industry is limited. To overcome these problems, TTO nanoemulsions (TTONs) were prepared using a high‐speed shearing method. The mean droplets size of TTON was measured. TTON droplets were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and analysed using a Turbiscan scanning spectrum. The most suitable nanoemulsion formula was obtained as follows: TTO content, 10% (w/w); Tw‐40 content, 8% (w/w); deionised water content, 82% (w/w); shearing time, 5 minutes. The antibacterial effect of TTON was studied, and it was found that its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was more potent than that against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial mechanism of TTON was also investigated by observing bacterial morphology using scanning electron microscopy and testing the levels of bacterial reactive oxygen species. The effect of TTON on L‐02 cells was evaluated. The results showed that the cell survival rates of L‐02 cells treated with TTON at 0.05‐0.25 μg/μL were all >90%. At each concentration, the total apoptosis rate of L‐02 cells was <10%. These results indicated the high biocompatibility and biological safety of TTON. Therefore, the preparation of TTO into a nanoemulsion can improve its bioavailability, which has positive implications for further applications of TTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butter is a valuable dairy product, and its sensory attributes can be changed due to oxidative rancidity and microbial contamination. This study investigated the effect of Ferulago angulata extract nanoemulsion (FAEN) on butter properties alone or in combination with postbiotic metabolites produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (PMLP) into the butter in the free form or spray‐dried encapsulated. The combination of the encapsulated form of FAEN and PMLP in butter indicated that it is capable of controlling peroxide and acidity values and increases the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities consequently leading to the increased shelf life of butter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the increasing use of chemical preservatives in foods is considered one of the main problems in food industries. This study aimed to produce the pasteurised Doogh (Iranian yogurt drink) containing a nanoemulsion of essential oil (EO) with appropriate quality. A factorial test based on a completely randomised design with two treatments in three levels, including EO type (pennyroyal, Gijavash, and their equal combination) and a control sample was applied to assess the physicochemical and sensory properties of Doogh. The highest negative zeta potential and antioxidant activity percentage were observed in the sample containing the nanoemulsion of pennyroyal and enriched with a combination of two essential oils. The microbial evaluation results indicated that the total microorganism count was minimised in the Doogh containing the nanoemulsion of Gijavash. The nanoemulsions of pennyroyal and Gijavash can be added into Doogh formulation to produce a new product with maximum sensory acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plantago psyllium L. seed gum (PPSG)/gelatine nanocomposites containing Cuminum cyminum essential oil (CCEO) were prepared via electrospinning, and the antibacterial properties of the electrospun nanofibres were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus. The nanoemulsion was prepared by adding CCEO to the PPSG/gelatine mixture and sonicated. Uniform nanofibres resulted from the nanoemulsion containing 1.5% PPSG, 8% gelatine and 3% CCEO, and no chemical reactions between the components of the electrospun nanofibres were detected. Growth inhibition zone diameter indicated that the electrospun nanofibres containing at least 3% CCEO had the most significant inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus. The electrospun PPSG/gelatine‐CCEO nanocomposites are capable of being used as a biodegradable material in food packaging as well as in edible coatings for the preservation of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines are currently attracting much attention as a potential cancer treatment. Juglans regia's wide variety of anticancer actions have been demonstrated. The aim of this study is evaluating the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of walnut oil (J. regia) nanoemulsion (WO‐NE) on CT26 colon cancer cell line. The dimensions and structure of the nanoemulsion were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique was used to determine whether or not the nanoemulsions had any antioxidant properties. The cytotoxic effects of 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl‐2‐5‐[diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) on CT26 colon cancer cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as normal cells were measured. The DPPH experiment demonstrated that the manufactured nanoemulsion had the ability to scavenge free radicals in a dose‐dependent manner, with an IC50 of approximately 500 µg/mL. The WO‐NE were found to be toxic to both HUVEC and CT26 cancer cells, with an IC50 of 10 ± 2.6 µg/mL for the CT26 and 160 ± 7.1 µg/mL for the HUVEC after 24 h of incubation. For comparison the effects of walnut oil also have been investigated. Due to their antioxidant and anticancer capabilities, the WO‐NE synthesized here have been proposed for future study as potential anti‐tumour agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Nanoemulsions were prepared as an encapsulation and delivery system for vitexin, a poorly water‐soluble antioxidant. This study evaluated how the type and concentration of the dispersed oil phase and vitexin loading impacted droplet characteristics and nanoemulsion stability. The influences of storage temperature on antioxidant activity and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on nanoemulsion stability were also investigated. RESULTS: Nanoemulsions prepared at different dispersed oil concentrations showed diverse characteristics and stability. Highest stability against droplet aggregation and phase separation with small oil droplets (< 150 nm) was observed for nanoemulsions prepared using 300 g kg−1 medium‐chain triglyceride oil. These nanoemulsions are able to entrap and deliver vitexin with high encapsulation efficiency (88–90%) with no significant effect on emulsion stability. Vitexin‐loaded nanoemulsions were stable during storage when refrigerated (4 °C) and at room temperature (25 °C) for up to 45 days with no effect on their antioxidant activity. Significantly delayed lipolysis rate and decreased extent of lipid digestion were observed in vitexin‐loaded nanoemulsions. CONCLUSIONS: Stable vitexin‐loaded nanoemulsions were successfully produced by high‐pressure homogenization using a mixture of Tween 80 and lecithin as emulsifiers. Vitexin‐loaded nanoemulsions stabilized with a mixture of these two emulsifiers were effective in retaining antioxidant activity during storage and protecting vitexin from changes during gastrointestinal digestion. Our results suggested that nanoemulsions were effective vitexin delivery systems for food applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners with different particle sizes can be prepared using different surfactants with various ratios aminosilicone oil, surfactants concentration and time of mixing. The silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners could penetrate well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they can induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric. In current study, we first prepared silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners by designing via DOE software and with different particle sizes using nonyl phenol, octyl phenyl ether and fatty alcohol surfactants, and we investigated them using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. In DOE software, the effect of various independent variables of emulsification process such as surfactant type, oil weight fraction, surfactant concentration and time of mixing on dependent variables were studied including particle size, z‐average and width. Then, we examined the physical characteristics of polyester fabric by applying silicone oil macro, micro and nanoemulsion softeners. The treated fabrics with these softeners were compared with each other through the physical properties. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the polyester fabric treated with silicone nanoemulsion softeners appeared to have smoother fiber surface. To prove the penetration of silicone particles into the fabric fibers, a cross section was taken from the cross section of polyester fabric by microtome in liquid nitrogen. The TEM images from cross section of fabrics treated with the silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners confirmed that the nanoparticles had penetrated well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they could induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with the development of smart nanogels with a coating of a lipid layer, which synergized the triggered delivery of the anticancer drug cisplatin (CP). In the first step, the chemical initiation method was used for the grafting of poly(itaconic acid) on tragacanth gum (TG). Subsequently, this grafted TG matrix was used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoemulsion process was followed to prepare CP‐loaded grafted TG–lecithin (GTG‐LC) nanogels using dioctyl sulfosuccinate as the surfactant. These nanoparticles were characterized for size, morphology, elemental composition and crystallinity. Transmission electron microscopy images of the GTG‐LC nanogels with varying concentrations of CP demonstrate an irregular polygonal shape of the nanoparticles which is strongly influenced by the CP concentration. The smart nanogels exhibit a unique structure, nano‐within‐nano, a structure where nanosized CP is encapsulated within the GTG‐LC nanogel. Grafted nanogels have a high carboxyl functionality and exhibit pH‐sensitive behavior leading to pH‐responsive drug release behavior. These nanogels show required biocompatibility and offer interesting material for nanomedicines in chemotherapy. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The use of cinnamon bark oil (CBO) to inhibit fish spoilage causes undesirable changes in sensory properties of fish fillets. This research prepared CBO nanoemulsion (CBON) and studied its effects on the volatile profile and sensory properties of Asian seabass fillets. Changes in volatile profile, colour and odour scores, and overall likeness scores of CBON‐treated fillets were determined during storage in comparison to the control (CTRL) and bulk cinnamon bark oil (BCBO)‐treated ones. After treatment, CBON and BCBO were able to mask the natural odour of fish fillets. However, CBON did not change the fillets' colour. During storage, CBON‐treated fillets contained relatively higher cinnamaldehyde content and higher colour score but less cinnamon oil‐like odour score than those of BCBO‐treated ones. CBON‐treated fillets also had higher acceptance scores than those of CTRL and BCBO‐treated fillets after storage. These results demonstrated the efficiency of the nanoemulsion system to minimise undesirable effects of CBO and maintain sensory acceptance of the fillets during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study demonstrates the first time investigation on Cinnamomum camphora essential oil (CCEO) loaded chitosan nanoemulsion coating on Citrus aurantifolia fruits to ensure protection against Aspergillus flavus infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination. Encapsulation of CCEO was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). CCEO‐loaded nanoemulsion displayed improved in vitro antifungal (1.0 µL mL−1) and antiaflatoxigenic activity (0.8 µL mL−1) as compared to unencapsulated CCEO. Additionally, CCEO nanoemulsion inhibited synthesis of ergosterol, enhanced the leakage of Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ ions and retarded methylglyoxal biosynthesis in A. flavus cells. CCEO nanoemulsion coating on C. aurantifolia fruits remarkably reduced weight loss, total soluble solids and titrable acidity along with inhibition of A. flavus contamination and AFB1 secretion during storage. Moreover, nanoemulsion coated fruits maintained the enzymatic antioxidant viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities without affecting sensory attributes, thereby strengthening the practical applicability of CCEO nanoemulsion as nano‐green smart fruit preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bougainvillea spectabilis extract (BSE), a rich source of bioactive compounds like phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin, was used for encapsulation with Urtica dioica L. seed gum. The extract was obtained using shaking, bath, and probe ultrasound. The results showed that probe ultrasound extract was more efficient, as reflected by the higher value of total phenolic (4354.15 mg GAE/100 g FW), flavonoid (2431.25 mg CE/100 g FW), and anthocyanin content (106.57 mg CGE/100 g FW). BSE was encapsulated in U. dioica L. seed gum at 1:1 and 1:2 core to coating ratio. In both DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay, higher antioxidant activity was observed in the encapsulated extract than in the free extract. Encapsulated extracts exhibited 87.9 nm average diameter (polydispersity index below 0.23) and negative zeta potential. The average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica was 112.5, 87.5, 112.5, and 87.5 μg/ml, respectively, while MIC of the free extract against S. aureus and E. coli was 150 and 125 μg/ml, respectively. The phenolic compounds are gradually released from the nanoparticles in the gastric and small intestine phase, whereas free extract released phenolic compounds quickly after entering the gastric phase. Considering antioxidant/antimicrobial activity and release properties, nanoparticles with a 1:1 ratio of core to coating had the potential to use as an effective natural preservative agent in food products besides the delivery of bioactive compounds to the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and BSA‐glucose Maillard conjugate with different degree of glycation (GBSAI and GBSAII) were used as emulsifiers to stabilised curcumin (CUR)‐loaded oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions were stabilised by BSA with greater degree of glycation (BSA < GBSAI < GBSAII) resulting in smaller Z‐average diameter, higher zeta potential and higher encapsulation efficiency. The GBSA (especially GBSAII) conjugates significantly improved the environmental stability of nanoemulsions and enhanced the CUR retention rate during long‐time storage at 4 and 25 °C. Furthermore, BSA with a higher degree of glycation (GBSAII) was more efficiently promoted the formation of mixed micelles, thereby improving the stability and bioaccessibility of encapsulated CUR during in vitro digestion. The advantages of GBSAII‐stabilised nanoemulsions may provide a better option for efficient protection and delivery of hydrophobic ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Nanoemulsions formulated with citric essential oils are currently of interest because of their physical and chemical properties and multiple applications in areas such as the food industry or agrochemicals. These are thermodynamically unstable and have almost Newtonian flow behaviour, but a suitable formulation allows systems to be obtained with good physical stability and rheological properties. The addition of pectin makes this possible. In this work, food nanoemulsions formulated with pectin, orange essential oil (5 wt%), and Tween 80 were obtained by microfluidization. First, the effect of Tween 80 concentration from 1 to 5 wt% on emulsions without pectin was evaluated. Then, pectin was added to the most stable nanoemulsion obtained and two variables were studied: the pectin solution concentration (from 2 to 6 wt%) and the pectin/emulsion ratio (1:1 or 2:1) at a fixed pectin concentration. RESULTS: Rheological, laser diffraction, and multiple light scattering techniques were employed to determine the content of Tween 80 that results in the most stable nanoemulsion without pectin, which was 3 wt%. In addition, these techniques were used to determine the structure and physical stability of the nanoemulsions containing orange essential oil and pectin. The results obtained showed that the emulsions containing 2 wt% pectin were destabilized before 24 h. Furthermore, the emulsion with 6 wt% pectin and a 2:1 pectin/emulsion ratio showed the highest viscosity and the lowest mean diameters, and therefore the greatest stability. CONCLUSION: This work extends the knowledge of formulation of nanoemulsions and using essential oils. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An O/W nanoemulsion of garlic essential oil (GEO) at different oil‐to‐emulsion (O/E) ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%) was formulated to protect the volatile components of GEO. The effects of O/E ratios on the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of volatile compounds and droplet size of nanoemulsions were studied. The results showed that with increasing in E/O ratio, droplet size increased while EE% decreased so that the droplet size was below 100 nm for all samples and the EE% was almost above 80% for most samples. The effects of various factors such as temperature (5°C–45°C), pH values (3–7), ionic strength (0–500 mM), and O/E ratios (5%–25%) on kinetic of nanoemulsions stability were studied. Reducing pH values and raising the temperature, ionic strength, and O/E ratios intensified the instability process and constant rate of instability in all nanoemulsions. The effects of temperature and O/E ratios on the release kinetics of volatile components were evaluated over time, and kinetic parameters such as release rate constant (k), Q10, and activation energy (Ea) were calculated in which results showed a zero‐degree model to describe the release kinetic behavior of most nanoemulsions. Both temperature and O/E ratios factors as well as their interaction (which had a synergistic effect) had a significant effect on increasing the release rate of volatiles so that the degree of reaction rate was changed from zero to the first order at simultaneous high levels of both factors. FT‐IR spectroscopy was carried out to study interactions among nanoemulsion ingredients. The presence of sulfur‐containing functional groups of garlic oil (thiosulphate, diallyl trisulfide, etc.) in nanoemulsions was confirmed by FT‐IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions are being increasingly utilized in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. They have gained special attention in the cosmetic sector owing to their smaller size and higher kinetic stability and their ability to improve the cutaneous penetration of active ingredients. In addition, they reduce transepidermal water loss, which augments the skin's barrier function. In recent years, the increased awareness among consumers about the health‐linked benefits of natural ingredients in cosmetics has urged finding green cosmetic ingredients that are benign to the skin. One of the natural motivations for this quest is finding suitable emulsifier candidates with negligible side effects that are sourced from plants or microbes, which can serve as viable replacements to the erstwhile used synthetic surfactants. Formulating a stable nanoemulsion system for cosmetic application entails a systematic understanding of important attributes of the surfactant candidate such as critical micelle concentration, hydrophilic lipophilic balance, critical packing parameter, and Winsor ratio that are pivotal to the overall performance of the emulsion system. The current review attempts to portray the salient features of nanoemulsion systems in cosmetic formulations, by essentially capturing the important characteristics of the emulsifier that dictate the overall stability of a nanoemulsion system. The recent transition toward the use of green ingredients such as emulsifiers and oils that are dermatologically safe has been delineated, by highlighting their important properties. Furthermore, the progress made so far in the application of microbial biosurfactants in nanoemulsion formulations is presented. Finally, the factors that dictate the overall stability of the nanoemulsion are briefly reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanoemulsion‐based 10% aminolevulinic acid (ALA) hydrochloride gel BF‐200 ALA optimizes epidermal penetration of its active ingredient and is approved for topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of actinic keratosis in the United States and Europe. To characterize systemic absorption from dermal application during PDT, ALA and its key active metabolite protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) were analyzed in 2 maximal usage pharmacokinetic trials (MUsT) in patients severely affected with actinic keratosis. The primary objective of both MUsTs was to assess baseline‐adjusted plasma concentration–time curves for ALA and PpIX after a single PDT treatment applying either 2 g (1 tube) of BF‐200 ALA on the face (MUsT‐1) or applying 6 g (3 tubes) of BF‐200 ALA on the face/scalp or body periphery (MUsT‐2), to 20 or 60 cm2, respectively. All PDTs were performed using red light at around 635 nm wavelength. Safety and tolerability were documented along with pharmacokinetics. In both MUsTs, ALA plasma concentrations were transiently increased to a maximum concentration at about 2.5 to 3.3 times above endogenous baseline with time to maximum concentration at ≈3 hours after dosing. Plasma levels subsequently returned to baseline within 10 hours after dosing. Overall baseline‐adjusted mean area under the baseline‐adjusted plasma concentration‐time curve from time zero to the last sampling time point at which the concentration was at or above the lower limit of quantification ranged from 142.8 to 146.2, indicating that a similar, minor fraction of topical ALA is systemically absorbed under both dosing regimens. Systemic PpIX exposure after administration of either dose of BF‐200 ALA was equally minimal. Application site skin reactions were treatment area size‐related, albeit transient and consistent with the known safety profile of BF‐200 ALA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present evaluation aimed to synthesis and characterise the Pogostemon cablin essential oil encapsulated chitosan nanoemulsion (PCEO‐CN) and evaluated its antifungal antimycotoxin and antioxidant activities. A total of twenty‐six different chemical compounds were identified from P. cablin essential oil (PCEO), among which patchoulol (34.93%), α‐bulnesene (17.76%) and α‐guaiene (15.44%) were recorded as major components. The average size of PCEO‐CN was 18.20 nm. The PCEO‐CN showed concentration‐dependent broad‐spectrum antifungal and antimycotoxin activities. The in vivo evaluation showed that PCEO‐CN significantly protected maize seeds from mould‐induced biodeterioration and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis for up to 30 days. The PCEO‐CN significantly inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis and cellular integrities of A. flavus. Based on the present study, PCEO‐CN could be used as a food preservative to control mould and mycotoxin contamination in stored maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin has excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The poor solubility and easy degradation limit its application. The present investigation was aimed to prepare curcumin nanoemulsions (Cur‐Ne), employing homogeneous and ultrasonication for the encapsulation of curcumin to overcome these problems. Cur‐Ne stabilised using whey protein isolate and rhamnose conjugate (Wpi‐Rha) was prepared by Maillard reaction. Furthermore, the processing (i.e. ionic strength, heat and freeze‐thaw) and storage stability of Cur‐Ne were evaluated. Moreover, the bactericidal capacity of Cur‐Ne combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) technology was estimated. Cur‐Ne was prepared successfully with the droplet size of 185.97 ± 6.65 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.21 ± 0.01, zeta potential of −35.17 ± 0.15mV and entrapment efficiency of 97.0 ± 0.07%. Meanwhile, Cur‐Ne was stable at different storage and processing conditions. In addition, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates of Cur‐Ne were 84.86 ± 0.24% and 99.63 ± 0.48%, respectively. At the adding amount of 5 μL of Cur‐Ne, the Cur‐Ne could deactivate the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the antibacterial rate of 99.05 ± 0.13% and 99.11 ± 0.18%, respectively. Curcumin loaded in nanoemulsion and combined with PDT provide new ideas for food storage and sterilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The house mosquito, Culex pipiens L. is a harmful species, widespread in urban areas, and considered the primary enzootic vector of West Nile arbovirus. Widespread insecticide resistance in mosquito populations and the environmental risks and toxicity hazards of chemical pesticides make insecticides an inadequate mosquito control strategy. Seeking ecofriendly tools for mosquito control tools has become necessary. RESULTS: Essential oil (EO) was hydrodistilled from the fruits of Brazilian pepper, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and analyzed using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. An oil‐in‐water nanoemulsion (particle size 41.3 nm) was developed and characterized from EO using a green low‐energy approach. EO, its nanoemulsion and monoterpenes showed mosquitocidal, repellent and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities against Cx. pipiens. A nanoemulsion concentration of 30 μl L–1 caused 100% larval mortality after 24 h of exposure, whereas EO, d‐limonene and α‐phellandrene at 60 μl L–1 caused 100%, 92.4% and 88.2% larval mortality, respectively. The concentration that killed 50% of organisms (LC50) for larvae after 24 h ranged between 6.8 and 40.6 μl L–1. Upon fumigation, 15.0 μl L–1 of nanoemulsion killed 94.5% of adults after 24 h of exposure. LC50 values against adults ranged between 5.3 and 31.2 μl L–1. EO products exhibited repellence activity at concentrations between 0.5 and 4.0 μl cm–2. Test materials effectively inhibited the acetylcholinesterase activity of mosquito and were safe toward the non‐target organisms Gambusia affinis and Eisenia fetida. CONCLUSION: There is a potential for using S. terebinthifolius EO, its nanoemulsion and monoterpenes as ecofriendly natural mosquitocides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]