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Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are a complex group of genetic disorders that are a result of inborn errors of metabolism. These errors result in a variety of metabolic dysfunction and build-up certain molecules within the tissues of the central nervous system (CNS). Although, they have discrete enzymatic deficiencies, symptomology and CNS imaging findings can overlap with each other, which can become challenging to radiologists. The purpose of this paper is to review the most common CNS imaging findings in LSD in order to familiarize the radiologist with their imaging findings and help narrow down the differential diagnosis., (© 2016 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Congenital malformations of the lumbosacral spine include spinal dysraphism and caudal anomalies. Most often, these malformations are discovered prenatally or in early infancy, but some are not diagnosed until late childhood or adulthood. The purpose of this pictorial review is to illustrate the multi-modality imaging characteristics in these complex anomalies and to provide a systematic radiological approach aiming at improving diagnostic accuracy., (© 2016 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

This article evaluates the most relevant state-of-the-art magnetic resonance (MR) techniques that are clinically available to investigate multiple sclerosis (MS). The presence of hypo- and hyperintense lesions on T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences in white matter (WM) is a common finding that is occasionally a diagnostic challenge for the radiologist. The technical requirements and how they may help to understand, classify or follow-up these pathologies are briefly summarized. The gold standard for MS diagnosis is pathological correlation. Yet due to limited availability of biopsy and autopsy material, there is a high demand for imaging as a diagnostic as well as prognostic indicator. With the progress in MRI during the last decade, MRI now plays a leading role in the diagnosis and follow-up of MS. A number of correlative pathological and MR studies have helped to define pathological substrates of MS in focal lesions and normal appearing white matter (NAWM). Vascular spaces mimicking MS lesions have been minimized by the enhanced differentiation of WM and grey (GM) matter parenchyma. The aim of this article is to enhance the current understanding of histopathology and radiological characteristics of MS lesions in space and time., (© 2016 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Reticular macular lesions, also known as 'reticular macular disease', 'reticular drusen', 'reticular pseudodrusen', or 'subretinal drusenoid deposits', are a pattern of lesions commonly found in age-related macular degeneration and best visualized using at least two imaging techniques in combination. Reticular lesions have four stages of progression observable on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, but they do not show the usual signs of regression of soft drusen (calcification and pigment changes). Furthermore, reticular lesions correlate histologically with subretinal drusenoid deposits localized between the retinal pigment epithelium and the inner segment ellipsoid band. Reticular lesions are most commonly seen in older age groups of female patients with age-related macular degeneration and are usually bilateral. They are not clearly associated with known age-related macular degeneration genes and are highly associated with late-stage age-related macular degeneration and an increased mortality rate. They are also associated with alterations in the neural retina and choroid., (© 2014 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.)

Multidetector computed tomographic angiography is becoming the modality of choice for evaluation of the supra-aortic circulation in acute stroke imaging. Variations of the supra-aortic circulation, in particular of the extracranial arteries, are common. This article aims to provide a pictorial description of the variant anatomy of the aortic arch and extracranial arteries. Knowledge of the presence and clinical relevance of normal variants such as anomalies, duplications and embryological persistence plays a clinically relevant role in the diagnosis and management of neurological and surgical conditions, particularly as we enter an era of increasing extracranial intervention., (© 2012 The Authors. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology © 2012 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)