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We have developed a high-throughput platform to detect the presence of HIV-1 and SIV-specific ADCC-mediating antibody responses. The assay is based on the hydrolysis of a cell-permeable fluorogenic peptide substrate containing a sequence recognized by the serine protease, Granzyme B (GzB). GzB is delivered into target cells by cytotoxic effector cells as a result of antigen (Ag)-specific Ab-Fcγ receptor interactions. Within the target cells, effector cell-derived GzB hydrolyzes the substrate, generating a fluorescent signal that allows individual target cells that have received a lethal hit to be identified by flow cytometry. Results are reported as the percentage of target cells with GzB activity (%GzB). Freshly isolated or cryopreserved PBMC and/or NK cells can be used as effector cells. CEM.NKR cells expressing the CCR5 co-receptor are used as a target cells following: (i) coating with recombinant envelope glycoprotein, (ii) infection with infectious molecular clones expressing the Env antigens of primary and lab adapted viruses, or (iii) chronic infection with a variant of HIV-1/IIIB, termed A1953. In addition, primary CD4(+) T cells infected with HIV-1 in vitro can also be used as targets. The assay is highly reproducible with a coefficient of variation of less than 25%. Target and effector cell populations, in the absence of serum/plasma, were used to calculate background (8.6 ± 2.3%). We determined that an initial dilution of 1:50 and 1:100 is required for testing of human and non-human primate samples, respectively. This assay allows for rapid quantification of HIV-1 or SIV-specific ADCC-mediating antibodies that develop in response to vaccination, or in the natural course of infection, thus providing researchers with a new methodology for investigating the role of ADCC-mediating antibodies as correlates of control or prevention of HIV-1 and SIV infection., (Copyright © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.)

A 66-yr-old man with a history of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. After passing black stools, he underwent upper endoscopy which showed gastric ulceration. A gastric brushing was performed which showed numerous nonseptate, ribbon-like hyphae with right-angle branching. The cytologic features permitted a diagnosis of a zygomycotic infection which was confirmed by histologic examination. Despite appropriate antifungal therapy, the patient expired. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of gastric zygomycosis diagnosed by brushing cytology. We believe that gastric brushing cytology allows for rapid diagnosis of zygomycotic mycoses, due to the distinctive morphology of these organisms; however, histologic examination is still required for assessment of invasion.