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Neutrophilic dermatosis of the hands (NDH) is a rare localized acral variant of Sweet syndrome. NDH predominantly involves the dorsal hands with characteristic dense dermal neutrophilic infiltrate with an upper dermal edema observed on histopathology. Unusual findings like palmar involvement and predominant lymphomononuclear dermal infiltration in our case with NDH, makes it an interesting read. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The tumor microenvironment is highly heterogeneous, and it is understood to affect tumor progression and patient outcome. A number of studies have reported the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor budding in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the significance of the intratumoral heterogeneity present in the spatial distribution of these features within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has not been previously reported. Evaluating this intratumoral heterogeneity may aid the understanding of the TIME's effect on patient prognosis as well as identify novel aggressive phenotypes which can be further investigated as potential targets for new treatment. Methods: In this study, we propose and apply two spatial statistical methodologies for the evaluation of the intratumor heterogeneity present in the distribution of CD3 + and CD8 + lymphocytes and tumor buds (TB) in 232 Stage II CRC cases. Getis-Ord hotspot analysis was applied to quantify the cold and hotspots, defined as regions with a significantly low or high number of each feature of interest, respectively. A novel spatial heatmap methodology for the quantification of the cold and hotspots of each feature of interest, which took into account both the interpatient heterogeneity and the intratumor heterogeneity, was further developed. Results: Resultant data from each analysis, characterizing the spatial intratumor heterogeneity of lymphocytes and TBs were used for the development of two new highly prognostic risk models. Conclusions: Our results highlight the value of applying spatial statistics for the assessment of the intratumor heterogeneity. Both Getis-Ord hotspot and our proposed spatial heatmap analysis are broadly applicable across other tissue types as well as other features of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjunctival nevi in young individuals can correspond to the entity named Inflammatory Juvenile Conjunctival Nevus (IJCN), presenting clinically as a rapid growth lesion, and showing at the histopathological study an inflammatory infiltrate surrounding the lesion. All these findings can suggest a diagnosis of malignancy. Due to a case of IJCN diagnosed in our Pathology department, we realized that this entity is rarely reported in the literature and histopathological diagnostic criteria are not well defined. The aim of our study is to compare the histopathological characteristics of conjunctival nevi in patients aged thirty years or less to those in patients above 30 years, looking for the findings described in IJCN. All the excisional specimens of resected conjunctival nevus in a tertiary hospital from 2000 to 2018 were retrieved from the Pathology department archives. Demographic data were recorded, and histopathological variables (histological type of nevus, lymphocytic infiltration, eosinophilic infiltration, presence of lymphoid follicles, stromal nevomelanocytic component, intraepithelial nevomelanocytic component, epithelial inclusions, quantity of goblet cells in epithelial inclusions, cellular atypia, mitoses and maturation of the lesion) were evaluated by three independent observers. Statistical analysis was performed comparing the two age groups. The study determined a significant predominance of the lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration in the group of patients aged thirty years or less respect to the elderly group. The percentage of stromal component of the lesion is larger in patients over thirty years compared to the younger group. There was no correlation between epithelial inclusions, maturation or cytological atypia and age groups. We found some histopathological differences in conjunctival nevi related to young age, some of them coincident with the ones described in IJCN, which histopathologically could lead to a misleading diagnosis. However, we did not find significant differences related to age in many of the described histopathological findings described in IJCN. Larger series with a greater number of cases would be of interest to characterize more precisely this lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apoptosis is a process of genetically programmed cell death by which senescent, DNA-damaged and diseased cells are eliminated from the body. Aim of the Study: To identify and count the number of apoptotic cells in oral lichen planus (OLP) and correlate with the degree of keratinization, thickness of epithelium and thickness of lymphocytic infiltration of OLP. Materials and Methods: The study comprised 40 diagnosed cases of OLP. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to identify and count the number of apoptotic cells. Measurement of other histopathological parameter of OLP such as degree of keratinization, thickness of epithelium and thickness of lymphocytic infiltration was done by using stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule. Statistical analysis was done to understand the correlation between apoptotic cells and histopathological features of OLP. Result: The result showed that the number of apoptotic cells increased, with an increase in thickness of lymphocytic infiltration and degree of keratinization, but there was a decrease in the epithelial thickness. Conclusion: Further immunological and molecular studies are required for a stronger evidence in correlating apoptotic cell and histological parameters of OLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The tumor microenvironment is highly heterogeneous, and it is understood to affect tumor progression and patient outcome. A number of studies have reported the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor budding in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the significance of the intratumoral heterogeneity present in the spatial distribution of these features within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has not been previously reported. Evaluating this intratumoral heterogeneity may aid the understanding of the TIME's effect on patient prognosis as well as identify novel aggressive phenotypes which can be further investigated as potential targets for new treatment. Methods: In this study, we propose and apply two spatial statistical methodologies for the evaluation of the intratumor heterogeneity present in the distribution of CD3 + and CD8 + lymphocytes and tumor buds (TB) in 232 Stage II CRC cases. Getis-Ord hotspot analysis was applied to quantify the cold and hotspots, defined as regions with a significantly low or high number of each feature of interest, respectively. A novel spatial heatmap methodology for the quantification of the cold and hotspots of each feature of interest, which took into account both the interpatient heterogeneity and the intratumor heterogeneity, was further developed. Results: Resultant data from each analysis, characterizing the spatial intratumor heterogeneity of lymphocytes and TBs were used for the development of two new highly prognostic risk models. Conclusions: Our results highlight the value of applying spatial statistics for the assessment of the intratumor heterogeneity. Both Getis-Ord hotspot and our proposed spatial heatmap analysis are broadly applicable across other tissue types as well as other features of interest. Availability: The code underpinning this publication can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.17630/c2306fe9-66e2-4442-ad89-f986220053e2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid lymphomas are a rare presentation in thyroid malignancies, among such lymphomas due to CLL are very rare Lymphomas account for approximately 2% of all malignancies of the thyroid gland, while the lymphomas with primary location in the thyroid gland constitute about 2.5% of all lymphomas [1, 2]. Chronic lymphocytic B-cell lymphoma (CLL-B) is an extremely rare type of thyroid lymphoma (about 4% of cases)1 have been reported. Case Report: A 55 yr old female came with the complaints of weakness and swelling over the anterior part of neck, case was diagnosed as CLL, FNAC of the thyroid swelling showed lymphocytic proliferation bethesda grade 2. The patients was in Euthyroid state and 'coreneedle' biopsy was done to confirm the diagnosis of lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid. The patient was treated conservatively and is in regular follow-up. Conclusion: CLL presenting with thyroid swelling is very rare and the diagnosis needs to be confirmed by biopsy. The swelling needs to be managed conservatively and does not require surgery. Though the condition is rare, in any case of CLL the surgeon should always have suspicion of lymphocytic infiltration of thyroid rather than any other diagnosis. On reviewing the literature, this is the first case of thyroid lymphoma due to CLL is presented in India. Features of diagnosis and treatment is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]