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Open-globe injuries (OGI) can lead to significant visual impairment. The Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) is the most widely recognized tool for predicting visual outcomes. This review aimed to identify prognostic factors and assess the effectiveness of the OTS in predicting visual outcomes. Twenty-one articles published on PubMed and Google Scholar were analyzed. Initial visual acuity and the zone of injury were found to be the most significant prognostic factors for OGI. Other significant prognostic factors include retinal detachment/involvement, relative afferent pupillary defect, vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous prolapse, type of injury, hyphema, lens involvement, and duration from incidence of OGI to vitrectomy. Of the 21 studies evaluated, 11 investigated the effectiveness of OTS. Four studies concluded that OTS was effective overall, while six studies suggested that it was only useful in certain OGI categories. Thus, there is a need for further research to develop an optimized ocular trauma prognosticating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the factors affecting the visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal lacerations at a tertiary eye care center in South India. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with limbal tears between 2011 and 2021 was conducted. Demographic information such as age, gender, cause of injury, and size of the laceration was recorded. Comprehensive ocular examination was performed, including gentle B scan evaluation whenever not contraindicated for detailed posterior segment evaluation. Only those cases with a minimum follow up of one year were included. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), cornea clarity, and integrity of the wound at last follow up were noted. Results: Out of the 20 patients, 15 (75%) were males and 5 (25%) were females. The mean age was 42.6 ± 22.4 years. All 20 patients had a penetrating injury, with four (20%) injured by a stick, two (10%) by an iron rod, three (15%) due to road traffic accident (RTA), three (15%) by glass, and eight (40%) with other nonspecific objects [two (10%) with needle, two (10%) with elastic rope, two (10%) with bangle, and two (10%) with metal]. The average time between the injury and the surgery was 48 hours (2 days). Four (20%) patients underwent a second surgery within a week of repair. After limbal tear repair, at final follow up at 3 years, 7 (35%) had VA worse than 20/800, 3 (15%) had VA between 20/100 and 20/800, and 10 (50%) achieved VA better than 20/80. Conclusion: Preoperative visual acuity (VA), mode of injury, and size of wound affect the final visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal laceration. Preoperative VA and mode of injury were statistically significant even in the multivariate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the incidence, clinical findings and management of pellet gun-related ocular injuries that occurred during protests in Kashmir region.Methods: This retrospective study included records from 777 patients diagnosed with pellet gun-related ocular injuries admitted to a tertiary hospital in Srinagar, India, between July and November 2016. By reviewing the clinical records, the following data were collected: demographics, clinical information pertaining to the injury, imaging reports including computer tomography and ultrasonography B-scan, management in the emergency setting, and follow-up treatment.Results: Mean age was 22.3 ± 7.2 years and majority patients were male (97.7%). In terms of laterality, 94.3% and 5.7% of the patients sustained monocular and binocular injuries, respectively. In terms of the nature of injury, 76.3% of the eyes had open globe injury while 23.7% of the eyes had closed eye injury. Emergency surgical exploration was performed in 67.7% of closed globe injuries while emergency primary repair was done in 91.1% of open globe injuries. The vast majority of patients (98.7%) who required surgery underwent surgical intervention on the day of admission or the next day. Final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after treatment was counting fingers or worse in 82.4% of the eyes.Conclusion: Pellet gun-related ocular injuries resulted in significant ocular morbidity, mostly manifesting as open globe injuries. Treatment often required surgical interventions, but despite expeditious management, visual prognosis remained poor for most of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a patient who developed frosted branch angiitis (FBA) and was diagnosed 1 month after the penetrating eye injury (PEI) repair. A 31-year-old male with no systemic comorbidities presented with defective vision following trauma to his left eye while cutting wood. His best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/200. Anterior segment examinations showed a zone I full-thickness corneal tear with iris tissue incarceration. There was no clinical evidence of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) or endophthalmitis. He underwent PEI repair with iris abscission on the same day with intracameral moxifloxacin injection. His BCVA on postoperative day 45 was 20/200. Examination showed a resolving vitreous hemorrhage, venous tortuosity, and retinal perivascular infiltration affecting the venules from the posterior pole up to the periphery. He was treated with oral and topical steroids. The clinical signs resolved completely and BCVA improved to 20/20 after 1 month of treatment. FBA can complicate the recovery of eyes after PEI repair, even in the absence of endophthalmitis or sympathetic ophthalmia. A thorough search for IOFB or its tell-tale signs should be done in such eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the characteristics and correlates of open globe injuries secondary to projectile injury and outcomes following surgical open globe repair at an urban tertiary referral center.Methods: Records of all patients with a history of open globe injury secondary to projectile injury and surgical open globe at a tertiary referral hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2016 were reviewed. Demographics, type of trauma, wound extent, presence of foreign body, and presenting clinical findings are reported. Outcomes for patients with greater than 6 months of follow-up included additional surgeries, final visual acuity, and clinical findings.Results: Of 214 patients who underwent open globe repair, 73 (34.1%) were due to projectile impact. Mean age was 37.9 years and patients were primarily male (n = 66, P < 0.001). Most injuries resulted in globe laceration (68.5%, P < 0.001), and wound extent was zone 1 (45.2%), zone 2 (20.5%), zone 3 (27.4%), or unknown (6.8%). Associated findings included foreign body (35.6%) and orbital fracture (15%). Of 41 patients with at least 6 months of follow-up, 70% had additional surgeries following their initial surgical repair. Laceration injuries tended to be more anterior (P = 0.002) with better visual outcomes (P = 0.045) than those with globe rupture, and concomitant orbital fracture associated with poor visual outcomes. Overall, 58.5% of patients had 20/40 or better final best-corrected visual acuity.Conclusion: This is the largest report of open globe injury due to projectile impact. Visual prognosis in this population is very good, with most patients achieving better than 20/40 vision in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess changes in the presentation patterns of posterior segment trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic from six tertiary eye care institutes of North and Central India. Methods: A multicenter, hospital-based, retrospective comparative analysis of patients presenting with posterior segment trauma was done during the COVID-19 (Group A) (March 25, 2020 - September 30, 2020) period and the pre-COVID-19 (Group B) (March 25, 2019 - September 30, 2019) period. Results: A total of 405 patients were diagnosed with posterior segment trauma (Group A: 206, Group B: 199). The time interval between onset of trauma and presentation was higher in Group A (16.59 ± 29.87 days) as compared to Group B (9.41 ± 19.19 days) (P = 0.004). A majority of patients in Group A had a history of prior consultation before presentation (P = 0.049). In Group A, 120 (58.2%) patients sustained ocular trauma at home as compared to 80 (40.2%) patients in Group B (P < 0.0001). Patients presenting with light perception were significantly more in Group A (43.7%) as compared to Group B (30.2%) (P = 0.004). In Group B, 37.6% patients had presenting visual acuity of counting finger or better as compared to 27.6% patients in Group A (P = 0.07). Patients in Group A had a significantly higher proportion of post-traumatic endophthalmitis with delayed presentation (P = 0.011) and retinal detachment (P = 0.041). Patients undergoing surgery for foreign-body removal were significantly fewer in Group A (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Although the number of patients presenting with posterior segment trauma was comparable in Groups A and B, a greater number of patients sustained home injuries during the COVID-19 pandemic. A majority of these patients had delayed presentation with poor presenting visual acuity and a higher tendency of retinal detachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the national lockdown on the demographic and clinical profile of patients presenting with ocular trauma. Methods: In this retrospective, hospital-based, comparative analysis, patients presenting to the emergency department with ocular trauma in the following COVID-19 period (March 25, 2020 to July 31, 2020) were compared with patients in the pre-COVID-19 period (March 25, 2019 to July 31, 2019). Results: Overall, 242 patients (COVID-19 period: 71 and pre-COVID-19 period: 171) presented with ocular trauma. The mean age of the patients in COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 periods were 26.7 ± 17.3 and 34.1 ± 20.3 years, respectively (P = 0.008). A majority of patients (68.6%) in both groups were from the rural background. Home-related injuries were common in the COVID-19 period (78.8%) as compared to pre-COVID-19 period (36.4%) (P < 0.0001). Iron particles (29.5%) were the common inflicting agents in the COVID-19 period while it was plant leaves (25.5%) in the pre-COVID-19 period. The most common ocular diagnosis was open globe injury (40.8%) in the COVID-19 period and microbial keratitis (47.9%) in the pre-COVID-19 period. Surgical intervention was required in 46.4% of patients in the COVID-19 period and 32.1% of patients in the pre-COVID-19 period (P = 0.034). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 period, there was a significant decline in the number of patients presenting with ocular trauma. In this period, a majority of patients sustained ocular trauma in home-settings. About half the patients required surgical intervention which was most commonly rendered in the form of primary wound repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report the incidence, modes of injury, treatment, and short-term outcomes in eyes with post-traumatic elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).Methods: This was a 5-year hospital-based retrospective study of children ≤16 years who presented with open (OGI) or closed globe injury (CGI) and developed elevated IOP >21 mmHg. Those with a minimum follow up of 3 months were included. Analysis of various parameters such as influence of demographics, mode of injury, IOP, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and effect of medical and surgical treatment on IOP and BCVA was done.Results: Out of 205 pediatric eyes with ocular trauma, 121 (59%) had CGI and the remaining 84 (41%) had OGI. Thirty-two eyes (15.6%) developed elevated IOP. The incidence of elevated IOP following CGI [25 eyes (20.6%)] was significantly higher than that following OGI [7 eyes (8.3%, P = 0.02)]. Hyphema (37.5%) and lens-related mechanisms (18.75%) were the most common causes of elevated IOP. The mean IOP at the time of diagnosis was 29.8 + 6.3 mmHg and reduced to 16.2 ± 2.2 mmHg at last follow up (P < 0.001). Surgical management was required in 12 eyes (37%) and significantly more eyes with CGI required trabeculectomy (24% in CGI vs. 0% in OGI, P = 0.03). Poor baseline vision and vitreoretinal involvement [0.67 line decrement, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.1-1.25 lines, P = 0.025] increased risk of poor visual outcome.Conclusion: Post-traumatic IOP elevation occurred in 15% pediatric eyes, was more common with CGI compared to OGI and nearly one-fourth of eyes with CGI required glaucoma filtering surgery for IOP control. Overall, medical management was needed in 63% eyes and 37% required surgical management. Visual acuity was poor in eyes with OGI due to posterior segment involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penetrating eye injuries caused by bird pecking are uncommon with less than 40 cases reported in the literature. In this article, we present a case of penetrating ocular injury caused by a bird along with pertinent literature review. An otherwise healthy 56-year old man presented to the emergency department complaining of right eye severe pain and decreased vision following trauma caused by a bittern bird. The patient was diagnosed with penetrating ocular injury & he underwent primary repair. On follow up, he was found to have traumatic cataract, which was operated, however, the surgery was complicated with IOL dislocation into the vitreous cavity. The patient was referred to retina service where he underwent pars plana vitrectomy with IOL repositioning in the sulcus. After two months, the patient's uncorrected visual acuity improved from counting fingers at 2 feet to 20/30−2. This case serves as a reminder that bird pecking is one of the causes of penetrating eye trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the ocular manifestations and visual outcomes of ocular injury by arecanut. Methods: We analysed cases with ocular injury by arecanut from August 2018 to December 2019, retrospectively. Mode of injury, visual acuity and ocular manifestations of trauma were recorded. Results: Out of the 40 cases, closed globe injuries were seen in 97.5% of cases. All the injuries were due to the direct impact of arecanut during harvesting. The mean age was 45.15 ± 12.84 years. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation was 20/40. A significant number of cases (35%) required surgical intervention. Mean BCVA at final follow-up was 20/30 but 16.66% of cases had BCVA of <20/60 even after definitive therapy. Conclusion: Ocular trauma due to arecanut is an important and preventable cause of visual impairment in central Karnataka. Modifications in harvesting technique would prevent ocular injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current classification of ocular trauma does not incorporate adnexal trauma, injuries that are attributable to a nonmechanical cause and destructive globe injuries. This study proposes a new classification system of ocular trauma which is broader-based to allow for the classification of a wider range of ocular injuries not covered by the current classification.Methods: A clinic-based cross-sectional study to validate the proposed classification. We analyzed 535 cases of ocular injury from January 1, 2012 to February 28, 2012 over a 4-year period in an eye hospital in central India using our proposed classification system and compared it with conventional classification.Results: The new classification system allowed for classification of all 535 cases of ocular injury. The conventional classification was only able to classify 364 of the 535 trauma cases. Injuries involving the adnexa, nonmechanical injuries and destructive globe injuries could not be classified by the conventional classification, thus missing about 33% of cases.Conclusions: Our classification system shows an improvement over existing ocular trauma classification as it allows for the classification of all type of ocular injuries and will allow for better and specific prognostication. This system has the potential to aid communication between physicians and result in better patient care. It can also provide a more authentic, wide spectrum of ocular injuries in correlation with etiology. By including adnexal injuries and nonmechanical injuries, we have been able to classify all 535 cases of trauma. Otherwise, about 30% of cases would have been excluded from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the factors influencing final vision outcome after surgical repair of open globe injuries and to correlate the Ocular trauma score. Materials and Methods: Retrospective case analysis of patients with open globe injuries at a tertiary referral eye care centre in Singapore was performed. Pre-operative factors affecting final vision outcome in patients with open globe injury and correlation of ocular trauma score in our study with international ocular trauma scoring system was performed. Results: Case records of 172 eyes with open globe injury were analyzed. Mean age was 36. 67 years. Mean follow up was 12.26 m. Males were pre-dominantly affected. Initial visual acuity was =20/40, 20/50 < 20/200, 20/200- CF, HM- PL and NLP in 24 (14%), 39 (22.7%), 16 (9.3%), 66 (38.4%) and 27 (15.7%) eyes respectively. Final visual acuity was =20/40, 20/50 < 20/200, 20/200- 1/200, HM- PL and NLP in 76 (44.2%), 28 (16.3%), 11 (6.4%), 30 (17.4%) and 27 (15.7%) eyes respectively. Ocular trauma score in our study correlates with international ocular trauma scoring system. Conclusion: The present study showed pre-operative variables such as mode of injury, pre-operative visual acuity, traumatic cataract, hyphaema, relative afferent papillary defect, vitreous lossand vitreous hemorrhage to be adversely affecting the final vision outcome. Our study showed a good synchrony with international ocular trauma score (OTS) and based on this study we were able to validate application of OTS in Singapore population. Recognizing these factors can help the surgeon in evidence based counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: To determine whether the combination of topical, intracameral and facial nerve blocks would produce adequate analgesia for repair of open globe injuries without increasing intraocular tension. Methods: A comparison of combined O’Brien’s block (facial nerve block), topical ropivacaine and intracameral lignocaine versus peribulbar block in 100 randomly selected cases of traumatic corneal rupture. Patients were randomly divided in two groups of 50 each based on those receiving the combined approach (Group T) and those undergoing peribulbar block (Group P). Patients were excluded if there was rupture with significant scleral extension, the interval between trauma and presentation greater than 2h, presence of hypopyon, rupture with significant corneal oedema, expulsion of intraocular contents with a collapsed globe and monocular cases. The effect of the anaesthetic was compared by patient comfort and surgeon comfort, the incidence of vitreous prolapse and the requirement of incremental sedation. The Student’s “t” test, the “Z” test, and Chi Square tests were used where appropriate. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The average patient comfort in Group P was 5.67% greater than Group T (P >0.05). The average surgeon comfort and patient comfort between groups were similar (P >0.05, both comparisons). Incremental sedation was required in 16% of patients in Group T compared to 8% in Group P (P =0.218363). The total sedation dosage required for each group was similar. The incidence of vitreous prolapse was statistically significantly higher by 14% in Group P compared to Group T (P =0.03731). Conclusions: Our combined technique proved as efficacious as peribulbar block in providing adequate local anaesthesia and reducing the incidence of vitreous prolapse. We recommend greater use of this technique for repair of open globe injuries especially in locations where full time anaesthesia services are not available. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: To evaluate the factors infl uencing fi nal visual outcome aft er surgical repair of open globe injuries. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at a tertiary referral eye care center in Central India. In this retrospective study, case records of 669 patients with open globe injuries were analyzed. Diff erent preoperative variables were correlated with the fi nal visual outcome. Exclusion criteria were patients with less than four months follow up, previous ocular surgery, presence of intraocular foreign body or endophthalmitis at the time of presentation. Using statistical tests, the prognostic factors for vision outcome following surgical repair of open globe injuries were studied. Results: Based on the Spearman's Rho correlation analysis, following factors were found to be signifi cantly associated with the fi nal visual acuity at univariate level: age (P<0.001), preoperative visual acuity (P=0.045), mode of injury (P=0.001), and time lag between the injury and surgery (P=0.003). None of the other clinical factors have statistically signifi cant correlation with fi nal visual acuity. On multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression, only age, mode of injury and the time lag between injury and surgery achieved statistically signifi cant results. Conclusion: In the current study, elapsed time between the injury and surgery, age of the patient, preoperative visual acuity and mode of injury were found to be adversely aff ecting the fi nal visual outcome. Recognizing these factors prior to surgical intervention or intraoperatively can help the surgeon in evidence-based counseling of the trauma victim and family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular trauma remains a core root of avoidable blindness worldwide. Corneal scarring, lens injury, glaucoma, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal or choroidal detachment and endophthalmitis are sequel to ocular trauma that can lead to blindness. Very few studies have been published to tackle the risk of developing post-traumatic glaucoma after open globe injuries (OGI), however, there are many articles discussing closed eye injury. This review article aims to cover the incidence, risk factors, causes and treatment of glaucoma after open globe injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]