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Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) account for about 2.5% of all the oral lesions, among which 37.5% show malignant transformation. Clinical appearances of any lesion which are deceived are finally confirmed and diagnosed using routine gold standard histological H and E stains. However, with newer technologies, cancer biomarkers in saliva are found to be highly sensitive. So, the early detection of cellular alterations at a non-lesional stage is of utmost importance to prevent its progression. Aim: To analyze the salivary sialic acid levels in the spectrum of patients having habits with no clinically visible lesion, leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) along with the healthy groups and compare the levels with clinical and histological parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects were enrolled in this study. Sialic acid levels, total protein (TP) and total carbohydrate (TC) levels were estimated in saliva using appropriate biochemical analysis. Results: Results were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and Student's t test. Salivary sialic acid levels were significantly increased in leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC. There is a significant difference in sialic acid levels in smokers and chewers yielding a mean value of 18.97 mg/dL and 23.4 mg/dL, respectively, against the mean value of 15.29 mg/dL of healthy controls. The sialic acid levels showed a statistical difference between clinical staging and histological grading of leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC. Salivary sialic acid, protein and carbohydrate levels also showed significance. Conclusion: The present study highlights the altered expression of sialic acid among various groups suggesting that aberrant glycosylation in cell surface molecules during malignant transformation can give a clue on the tumor burden.

Context: Dentistry and its associated specialties play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating oral diseases due to deleterious oral habits. Oral health-care providers also conduct researches to identify the association between oral diseases resulting from these bad oral habits, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Aim: The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to compare the efficacy of exfoliative Papanicolaou staining (PAP) stains, acridine orange (AO), and AgNOR for detecting micronucleus (MN) count in smokers' (individuals with the habit of smoking) oral mucosa. Materials and Methods: Exfoliative cytology smears obtained from thirty smokers' oral mucosa were divided into three equal groups to evaluate the frequency of MN count after staining with PAP, AO, and AgNOR. Smears were collected from smokers' oral mucosa ranging in age from 30 to 70 years who visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology and from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. Results and Stats: This research revealed the slightly different and higher MN count in PAP stain in the mean count among all the three stains after analysis and evaluation along with considerably higher in AO stain compare to AgNOR stain. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS software (windows Version 22.0 Chicago, IL, USA). Conclusion: In this quantitative, cross-sectional study, with limitations and pitfalls, the results showed higher proliferative activity in smokers' oral mucosa without any oral lesions and higher mean MN count in PAP stain followed by a mean range of AO stains.

Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POdF) is a rare benign odontogenic neoplasm. It represents the soft tissue counterpart of central odontogenic fibroma. The embryonic source of POdF has been suggested by many as arising from the rest of dental lamina that has persisted in the gingiva following its disintegration. It presents clinically as a firm, slow growing and sessile gingival mass, which is difficult to distinguish with more common inflammatory lesions. Very few cases of recurrence have been documented. It has been stated that histological budding of basal cell layer of the surface squamous epithelium is associated with higher recurrence and the presence of calcification in direct apposition to the epithelial rest is associated with lower recurrence. Hereby, we present a case which histologically exhibited budding of the basal cell layer, which could have been the reason for its recurrence.

Aim: The aim of this study is to identify and evaluate Langerhans cell (LC) in lichen planus (LP), lichenoid mucositis (LM) and normal mucosa (NM) using CD1a monoclonal antibody immunohistochemically. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 cases of oral lichen planus and 15 cases of LM were selected based on clinical examination and confirmed by histopathological analysis. The biopsies from the 10 patients were taken from normal buccal mucosa as control. Paraffin blocks of tissue were made, which are used for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining using biotin streptavidin methods (CD1a monoclonal antibody). Analysis of CD1a expression was performed by evaluating the labeling index (LI) for each slide. Results: The mean CD1a LI for LP was significantly higher than that of LM and NM in the basal and supra basal layer. The mean CD1a positive cells in the connective tissues for LP were higher than that of LM and NM. Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrates a statistically significant increase in number of LC in LP than in LM, indicating the possible different immunopathogenic mechanisms.