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This narrative review delves into the intricacies of hemangiomas and vascular malformations (VMs), exploring their characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions. Hemangiomas, characterized by an abnormal growth of blood vessels, and VMs, arising from developmental abnormalities in blood vessels, present multifaceted challenges in clinical practice. The review navigates through the clinical manifestations and classifications of these vascular anomalies, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis based on clinical evaluation, imaging techniques, and histopathological assessment. Variations in presentation, ranging from asymptomatic lesions to severe complications impacting vital organs, underscore the necessity for comprehensive understanding and tailored management strategies. Moreover, this review examines current therapeutic modalities encompassing medical, interventional, and surgical interventions. It synthesizes the evolving landscape of treatment options and highlighting the benefits, limitations, and potential adverse effects associated with each approach. In addition, the review underscores the significance of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating expertise from dermatology, radiology, and surgery, to optimize patient care and outcomes. The challenges posed by these vascular anomalies necessitate ongoing research endeavors aimed at refining diagnostic criteria and advancing therapeutic innovations. This review amalgamates existing knowledge and providing clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive understanding of hemangiomas and VMs, thereby fostering continued exploration and innovation in this complex field.

Purpose: We aimed to study the ocular manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and the correlation of posterior segment lesions with CD4+ counts. Methods: This hospital-based, cross-sectional study enrolled HIV-positive patients attending the ophthalmology department of a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Complete demographic information was obtained for each patient. Comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation was done in each case. Results: A total of 184 HIV-positive patients were enrolled in the study. Ocular manifestations were detected in 62 cases. The prevalence of ocular manifestations in the present study was 33.69%. Mean age of patients included in the study was 34.8 ± 10.77 years. Prevalence of ocular manifestations was highest in the age group of 30–39 years (41.93%). Highest prevalence of ocular manifestations was noted in patients with low level of education and poor socioeconomic status. Sexual transmission was the major route of HIV transmission (in 92% of cases). Posterior segment lesions were seen in 69.35% of cases. HIV retinopathy was the most common posterior segment manifestation noted in 25 eyes. Significant positive correlation was noted between severities of posterior segment findings and CD4+ counts, which we found to increase with decrease in CD4+ counts (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Detailed ophthalmic evaluation including fundus examination is must in all cases of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients as it may help in early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sight-threatening complications due to opportunistic infections.

Introduction: So far, no study has been conducted in Iran on the effect of COVID-19 on neonates. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study has been evaluated to determine the clinical manifestations and outcomes in neonates infected with COVID-19 in the west of Iran. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted among neonates infected with COVID-19 in six provinces of Hamadan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Ilam, Zanjan and Lorestan, located in the west of Iran, from 1 March to 1 July 2020. In these neonates, the polymerase chain reaction test was positive. The data were collected by a checklist and were analysed using SPSS Statistics Software. Result: During the study period, 16 neonates infected with COVID-19 were identified including Kurdistan Province with five cases, Hamadan Province four cases, Kermanshah with three cases, and Lorestan and Zanjan provinces with two cases. Neonate gender of them had equal distribution. Two (15.38%) of them needed CPR after delivery. The delivery method for 9 (56.25%) was vaginal, and one of them died during the study period. The medical care used for these neonates was as follows: 87.5% were hospitalized in the intensive care unit and antibiotics were used for 68.75%. 12.5% underwent COVID-19-specific treatment, and for 25%, a ventilator was used. The laboratory findings in neonates infected with COVID-19 showed that in 18.75%, blood urea nitrogen has increased. 46.15% of neonates reported lymphocytopenia. The blood haematocrit and haemoglobin decreased by 31.35% and 56.25%, respectively. Conclusion: The coronavirus disease 2019 has occurred among neonates, but they seemed to have a milder disease course and better prognosis than adults. Findings showed that there is a possibility of vertical intrauterine transmission from pregnant mothers to newborns.

Background: Paediatric rhinosinusitis is mostly different than that in adults. More frequently, children presented with cough, bad breath, crankiness, low energy, and swelling around the eyes, besides a thick yellow-green nasal or post-nasal discharge. About 5- 13% of childhood viral upper respiratory tract infections may advance to acute rhinosinusitis, with some of them developing a chronic condition. Aim: To assess prevalence and clinical presentation of sinusitis in the paediatric age group in Aseer, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A retrospective record-based study was conducted in Abha Maternity and Children Hospital in Abha city, Saudi Arabia between January 2015 and January 2018. All medical records during the study period for children whose from to 15 years old attended the hospital and diagnosed as having sinusitis were included. Results: The study included 100 children with complete files whose ages ranged from less than 1 year to up to 13 years old with a mean age of 5.3 4.2 years. Nearly 51% of the children aged 4 years or less and male were 53 (53%). Past history for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) was positive among 30 children. Regarding clinical presentations of rhinosinusitis (RS) as reported by the children caregivers, fever was the most reported complaint (50%) followed by red eye (44%), ringing nose (42%), cough (41%) and headache (36%). Mucous culture was positive among 58 cases. The most isolated pathogens were streptococcus pneumoniae (45.6%), Haemophilis influenza (24.6%). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that CRS is a common disease in children at different ages, especially, maxillary and frontal sinuses. In most of the cases, medical treatment is highly appreciated; though, surgical intervention may be needed in a small percentage.

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pandemic which has taken away more than over 4 million lives all over the world as of July 9, 2021, with the USA, India, and Brazil being the most affected countries. Apart from the respiratory tract, the cardiovascular (CV) system is one of the important organ systems affected by this complex multisystem disease. Various studies have confirmed that COVID-19 predisposes an individual to increased risk of CV complications. In fact, hospitalized patients have been consistently reported to have modulated levels of biomarkers demonstrating coagulation and acute cardiac injury. Understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying CV involvement is strongly believed to be the foundation for developing strategies for early diagnosis and management of COVID-19-affected individuals. We review here various molecular mechanisms underlying CV involvement in COVID-19 and discuss several biochemical prognostic markers, as they have evidently revealed their importance in predicting severe prognosis such as mortality, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected patients with or without previous history of myocardial injury. The therapeutic strategies that could be employed to treat and manage CV manifestations in COVID-19-positive individuals are also discussed.

Background: While the name of the virus indicates respiratory disease, and the respiratory spread of COVID-19 has been well documented in the literature, the ongoing pandemic has shown that the virus is not confined to just the lung. Hence, physicians should be aware of the “many faces” that this singular disease can present with, for timely diagnosis and prompt initiation of best treatment options. Materials and Methods: A total of 1754 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were admitted at a rural tertiary care center, Karnataka, India. This study is a cross-sectional study done for a period of 6 months from July 2020 to December 2020. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters, management, and outcomes were recorded and compared. Results: Out of 1754 COVID-19 patients, pulmonary manifestations were seen in 1222 patients, extrapulmonary manifestations in 360 patients, and 172 patients were asymptomatic. Males were affected more than females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1. Most common pulmonary manifestation seen was cough in 83.06%, followed by fever in 67.59%. Most common extrapulmonary manifestation seen was neurological followed by gastrointestinal in 60.83% and 35.8% patients, respectively. Fatality in patients with pulmonary manifestations was 5% and extrapulmonary manifestation was 3%. All patients were managed according to standard COVID-19 treatment protocol. Conclusion: Early recognition of COVID-19 infections remains a big challenge. COVID-19 can have diverse range of clinical manifestations. Hence, COVID-19 infection should be considered in the differential of any systemic disease during the current pandemic, even in the absence of pulmonary manifestations like fever or cough.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused due to a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has swept across the planet and has become a public health emergency of international concern. Like other coronaviruses, it predominantly involves the respiratory system. However, several atypical manifestations of the disease have been reported worldwide in a short span of time. Almost all organ systems (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, endocrine, and nervous system) have been reported to be involved. This review concisely summarizes the systemic effects of COVID-19, thus emphasizing that the disease can present in various forms and the healthcare workers need to be extra vigilant, approaching all patients with a high index of suspicion.

Psoriasis is a disease characterized by the presence of papules and plaques over the surface of skin with variable morphology, distribution and severity. The lesions of psoriasis are distinct from these other entities and are classically very well circumscribed, circular, red papules or plaques with a grey or silvery-white, dry scale. In addition, the lesions are typically distributed symmetrically on the scalp, elbows, knees, lumbosacral area, and in the body folds. The oral manifestations of psoriasis may involve the oral mucosa or the tongue. The dorsal surface of the tongue shows characteristic red patches surrounded with a yellow white border. The relationship between eye lesions and psoriasis are the current findings in the literature. The ocular complications along with the several extracutaneous manifestations are common complications seen in psoriasis. The pathogenesis of exact relationship between these two is still controversial. Immunological studies have shown a positive relationship between T helper cells and uveitis. Various signs and symptoms of ocular psoriasis may be overlooked. Thus, a complete understanding of ophthalmic involvement is important to the comprehensive care of patients with psoriasis. Almost any part of the body can be affected in psoriasis, but the ophthalmic complications of psoriasis usually remain clinically subtle. This review highlights the various manifestations of psoriasis with their clinical sign and symptoms.

Introduction: HIV infection remains as a major challenge facing medical sciences in the world today. Mucocutaneous manifestation was first observed in patients with HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s. The aim of this study was to identify various skin manifestations based on making careful clinical observations and performing the necessary tests. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 patients whose disease was diagnosed using WB and ELISA tests, with dermatologic manifestations and were older than 18 years, participated in this study. These patients had referred to the voluntary counseling and testing center in Shiraz for routine examinations. Results: From the total of 240 participants, 158 were males (65.8%) and 82 were females (34.2%). The mean age was 40.87 ± 8.04 years. Dermatologic manifestations were of infectious origin in 79 (33%) of the participants. As the most common viral skin infections, herpes simplex was seen in 16 patients (6.7%), with herpes zoster ranking second with 15 patients (6.3%). No relationship was found between CD4 cell count and infectious or noninfectious dermatologic manifestations (P = 0.274). Conclusion: No association was found between CD4 cell counts and dermatologic manifestations. Many skin disorders may appear in HIV/AIDS patients with normal CD4 cell counts.

Rosacea is a multisystem disorder and to the general practitioner, involvement of the skin is what comes to the mind first of all. A broad array of ocular manifestations encompasses this condition and ocular examination is as essential as examination of other part of body when rosacea is talked about. Here, we present an in depth review of ocular rosacea so that adequate knowledge is shared among all the doctors regarding thglalit7@gmail.come subject.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a hereditary disorder that affects primarily the elastic tissues in the skin, the eyes and the blood vessels.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a pandemic with more than 40 million infected people worldwide. The virus attacks the immune system of the host thus exposing them to opportunistic infections in various systems of the body. The use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has converted a previously lethal condition to a chronic condition with relatively benign cause. This has allowed infected patients to live longer than before. Though beneficial, however, this has been associated with increased incidence of complications seen in these patients involving many systems. Urogenital system is not an exception to this and indeed is a common site for these complications. Urological symptoms or signs are often seen in HIV patients and sometimes appear as the first indicator of the disease. These manifestations can be benign or malignant, infective or non-infective, disease or drug-related. Their appearance may also be a pointer to the deterioration of the infection into a full blown AIDS. It is therefore important that every doctor has a good knowledge of the possible urological manifestations of the disease. Early recognition and prompt treatment of these complications may be of prognostic significance as they may produce significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. This article highlights the clinical features and management of common urological manifestations of HIV.

Stress, both physical and psychological, is attracting increasing attention among neuroresearchers. In the last 20 decades, there has been a surge of interest in the research of stress-induced manifestations and this approach has resulted in the development of more appropriate animal models for stress-associated pathologies and its therapeutic management. These stress models are an easy and convenient method for inducing both psychological and physical stress. To understand the behavioral changes underlying major depression, molecular and cellular studies are required. Dysregulation of the stress system may lead to disturbances in growth and development, and may this may further lead to the development of various other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the different types of stress and their neurobiology, including the different neurotransmitters affected. There are various complications associated with stress and their management through various pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. The use of herbs in the treatment of stress-related problems is practiced in both Indian and Western societies, and it has a vast market in terms of anti-stress medications and treatments. Non-pharmacological techniques such as meditation and yoga are nowadays becoming very popular as a stress-relieving therapy because of their greater effectiveness and no associated side effects. Therefore, this review highlights the changes under stress and stressor and their impact on different animal models in understanding the mechanisms of stress along with their effective and safe management.

The aim of this paper is to review the literature and identify orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases with special reference to hemato-oncologic, immuno-deficiency disorders, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. A computerized literature search using MEDLINE was conducted for published articles on orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases with emphasis on hemato-oncologic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Mesh phrases used in the search were: Oral diseases AND hematological disorders; orofacial diseases AND leukemias; orofacial lesions AND lymphomas; orofacial diseases AND multiple myeloma, orofacial manifestations AND HIV. The Boolean operator "AND" was used to combine and narrow the searches. The full texts of these articles were thoroughly examined. References in these articles also were manually searched non-Medline articles. Only relevant articles were selected for the review. Orofacial manifestation of malignant hematological diseases may present as primary clinical features due to infiltration of orofacial tissues, or as secondary due to the subsequent infiltration of normal bone marrow elements, or tertiary due to the side effects of the treatment. HIV-associated orofacial lesion may be a clinical indicator of HIV infection in otherwise healthy, undiagnosed individuals; an early clinical feature of HIV infection; clinical markers for the classification and staging of HIV disease or may be a predictor of HIV disease progression. Orofacial manifestations of malignant hematological diseases and HIV infection are not uncommon findings in clinical practice. These manifestations may be clinical indicators of hematologic disorders in otherwise healthy, undiagnosed individuals.

The nervous system manifestations of HIV infection are protean. Initially assumed to be a late feature of HIV infection, neurologic involvement can occur quite early. Recognition and management of this condition can be very challenging. A review of the literature is presented. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was made using library sources. Current research findings were also included. The pathogenesis of neuro-HIV, components of the syndrome, methods of evaluation and guidelines for management are discussed. The early detection of neurological disease due to HIV infection is of paramount importance to the clinician as there are implications not just for management but also for prognosis.

Background: The recent focus is on the increase in the burden of falciparum cases with a varied spectrum of presentation and outcome, especially in developing countries like India. This study was undertaken to analyze the trend and manifestations of falciparum malaria in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out at the Gauhati Government Medical College and Hospital from June 2006 to May 2007. The data were collected on demographic and time characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings, the outcome of disease and expressed in proportion or percentages. Results: Out of the 100 cases, around 2nd/3rd (63%) of cases were in the age group of 15–30 years and the mean age was found to be 29.51 years. About 66% of them were males. Clinical presentations included pain abdomen (42, 42%), nausea and vomiting (35, 35%), jaundice (34, 34%), oliguria (24, 24%), altered sensorium (24, 24%), breathing difficulty (10, 10%), and seizures (5, 5%). Number of cases and mortality were more with a peak in the month of May and September. Manifestations of severe falciparum malaria included hepatopathy (38%), renal failure (28%), shock (9%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (7%), hypoglycemia (3%), and severe anemia (1%). Eighty-two cases (82%) recovered and 18 cases (18%) expired. Conclusion: Falciparum malaria is more among younger adult age group and males. Complications and mortality are also more due to falciparum malaria.

Aim: To asses the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among E.N.T. patients at U.N.T.H. Enugu. Patients and Methods: Records of 224 patients who attended the E.N.T. Clinic for surgery between May 1995 and April 1998 were retrospectively evaluated. The prevalence, spectrum, and characteristics of head and neck complications of the AIDS patients were evaluated. Results: Out of 224 patients, 12 (5.4%) were HIV seropositive, with a male/female ratio of 1:0.7. They were aged between the second and fifth decade with highest incidence in the age group 21 – 30 years. Transmission was by heterosexual relationships. Patients were neither drug abusers nor homosexuals and there were equal numbers of single and married patients. Businessmen were the highest occupational group (50%), followed by students, civil servant and hoteliers at 16.6% each. Patients presented with varied multiple symptomatology; productive cough 5 (50%), neoplasm 5(42%), catarrh 4 (33.3%), fever 3 (25%), sore – throat 3 (25%), cervical lymphadenopathy 3 (25%), dysphonia 3 (25%). Conclusion: Although the above symptoms are common in everyday otolaryngology practice, there should be awareness that AIDS could present in a similar way.