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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze various layers of the retina. OCT of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) is particularly useful in neuro-ophthalmology for the evaluation of patients with optic neuropathies and retrochiasmal visual pathway disorders. OCT allows for an objective quantification of edema and atrophy of the RNFL and GCIPL, which may be evident before obvious clinical signs and visual dysfunction develop. Enhanced depth imaging OCT allows for visualization of deep structures of the optic nerve and has emerged as the gold standard for the detection of optic disc drusen. In the evaluation of compressive optic neuropathies, OCT RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses have been established as the most important visual prognostic factor. There is increasing evidence that inclusion of OCT as part of the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) increases its sensitivity. Moreover, OCT of the RNFL and GCIPL may be helpful in the early detection and monitoring the treatment of conditions such as MS and Alzheimer's disease. OCT is an important aspect of the neuro-ophthalmologic assessment and its use is likely to increase moving forward.

Ocular manifestations form an important clinical component of several movement disorders. Both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders can involve the eye. Ophthalmological manifestations can arise due to dysfunction at the level of retina, optic nerves, oculomotor system, or subcortical or visual cortex. Ophthalmological findings help in differentiating various movement disorders and give a clue about their severity. These follow or may precede the diagnosis of movement disorders. Basal ganglia and its various nuclei especially substantia nigra pars reticulata play an important role in the genesis of eye movements through its connections with the superior colliculus. Eye movement abnormalities using quantitative recording techniques are now being considered as noninvasive biomarkers not only for the diagnosis but also to track the progression of disease as well as to study the effects of therapies in various movement disorders. Moreover, there is ample evidence of presence of retinal degeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases evaluated using optical coherence tomography. Various patterns of retinal thinning have been described in different movement disorders and have been found to have a correlation with the stage and severity of the disorder. In this review, we discuss ophthalmological findings of common hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ophthalmological and medical aspects of patients with a history of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) after a long-term follow-up. Design: This was a retrospective case–control study. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven consecutive CRVO patients (29 eyes) were enrolled between April 2011 and April 2012, each participant underwent a comprehensive and detailed interview and also they had an ophthalmic examination with investigations such as color retinography and optical coherence tomography. Finally, medical and cardiologic examinations, including the laboratory analysis of blood specimens, were performed to all participants. Results: Our data confirm the significant association of CRVO with age (P = 0.025) and with ischemia (P = 0.022) and also treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin. Main risk factors of developing CRVO were as follows: hypertension (59.0%), dyslipidemia (48.0%), blood diseases (15.0%), and high body mass index (15.0%). There was no any significant association between all of the thrombophilic factors (laboratory parameters) and visual acuity (VA), except IgG anticardiolipin antibodies (P = 0.004). Two patients had myocardial infarction during the follow-up period. There was a parallel reduction of VA and foveal thickness during a long follow-up period. Conclusions: VA and central foveal thickness decreased during the follow-up period probably because of a progressive atrophy of the central retinal area, which suggest an early treatment of the macular edema prior an unfavorable evolution of the clinical situation, only one laboratory parameter had association with VA, small minority of patients developed serious cardiovascular events during the follow-up period after CRVO; these data suggest no overall association of CRVO with cardiovascular events.

Local anesthesia is commonly used to perform cataract surgery. We present a case in which local anesthesia systemic toxicity, which occurred after peribulbar block. It is a life-threatening complication if it is not recognized early and appropriately resuscitated can be fatal. This case report attempts to highlight the need for trained personnel, with suitable monitoring and recent guidelines in the management of local anesthesia systemic toxicity surgery under a regional technique.