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Purpose: We evaluated biochemical relapse-free survival after surgery for localized prostate cancer, comparing rates between black and white men in the early and late prostate specific antigen eras. Our hypothesis was that the gap in biochemical relapse-free survival between these groups would lessen in the later prostate specific antigen era due to catch-up awareness/availability of screening and treatment in the black population. Materials and Methods: Data on 2,910 men treated with prostatectomy from 1987 to 2004 were evaluated. The primary end points were 1) rates of organ confined disease and 2) biochemical relapse-free survival after prostatectomy in the early (1987 to 1997) and late (1998 to 2004) prostate specific antigen eras. Rates of organ confined disease were compared using the chi-square test. Biochemical failure was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Median followup for the early and late prostate specific antigen periods was 9.8 (range 1.2 to 18.2) and 3.3 years (range 1.0 to 7.7), respectively. Based on rates of organ confined disease in the early vs late periods black and white men had significant gains in the number presenting with favorable disease at diagnosis in the late prostate specific antigen period (54% vs 76% and 49% vs 71%, respectively, each p <0.01). Despite gains of similar magnitude in favorable features at presentation biochemical relapse-free survival for black men lagged behind white men by 11% at 5 years in the early era and by 12% in the late era. Race was a significant predictor of biochemical relapse-free survival on multivariate analysis in each era. Conclusions: Despite similar increases in the rate of organ confined disease between black and white men in the late vs early prostate specific antigen eras black men continue to show higher rates of biochemical failure after surgery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]