Search

Towards a Comprehensive Dictionary Culture in the Digital Era. Following a brief introduction this paper offers a discussion of certain aspects of the development of theoretical lexicography. Specific attention is drawn to among others different phases in this development, provision that has to be made for the use of different lexicographic tools and also the user-perspective. The main focus of this contribution is on the development of a comprehensive dictionary culture that unites the traditional division between user-friendliness and dictionary culture in one encompassing comprehensive dictionary culture. A bidirectional relation between society and lexicography is discussed and it is indicated that certain adaptations need to be made in order to improve the comprehensive dictionary culture. This includes both lexicographic and extra-lexicographic adaptations. The distinction between a collective and an individual comprehensive dictionary culture is discussed and it is suggested that dictionary culture should not be a separate main component of dictionary research but should rather be integrated into all four existing main components. Many potential dictionary users within the digital era belong to Generation Z. Some features of this generation are briefly discussed. The need is indicated for an adaptation in lexicography that could motivate this generation to use dictionaries. It is argued that dictionary didactics should play an important role in establishing a comprehensive dictionary culture within Generation Z. This dictionary culture should also be directed at other reference sources.

The close interaction between linguistics and lexicography over the last few decades has had many good effects, not least of which has been the development of a theoretical framework or meta lexicography. However, this close link has had an unfortunate result: the marginalisation in the theoretical debate of nonlinguistic dictionaries and especially of the encyclopaedia. In this article, semantic, lexicographical and pragmatic motivations will be given for a renewed interest in encyclopaedias. The revolution caused by CD-ROM encyclopaedias and the benefits they hold for a large spectrum of users, will be the most important pragmatic motivations addressed. Microsoft Encarta 99 Encyclopedia will act as a guide for the exploration of the impact this revolution has had on the ideas of user-friendliness and dictionary accessibility. Finally, a future is envisioned in which the Internet will be the logical culmination of the ultimate potential of computers as accessible, user-friendly reference tools.

Abstract: New Things in New Words? - an overview of nonmicrostructural lexicographic innovations. This review article focuses on the nonmicrostructural lexicographic innovations which are apparent in the dictionary under discussion. The emerging notion of user-friendliness in modem lexicographic practice does in no way imply that lexicographic innovations should be limited to the microstructure of dictionaries. Innovative approaches to the presentation of information in the user's guide (where a user's guide exists in a dictionary!) and other elements of the front and back matter in dictionaries playas an important role in making a dictionary more user-friendly as do innovations in the microstructure. New Words/Nuwe woorde. as the newest contribution to the collection of Afrikaans translation dictionaries, exhibits some remarkable nonmicrostructural lexicographic innovations. These innovations are highlighted, evaluated and criticised in this article.Keywords:ACCESSIBILITY; BACK MATIER; DICTIONARY USER; FRONT MATIER; INFORMATION TYPES; LEXICOGRAPHER; LEXICOGRAPHIC INNOVATIONS; LEXICOGRAPHY; MACROSTRUCTURE; MEDIOSTRUCTURE; MICROSTRUCTURE; NONMICROSTRUCTURAL LEXICOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS; PRONUNCIATION GUIDANCE; TRANSLATION DICTIONARY; USER'S GUIDE; USER-FRIENDLINESSOpsomming: Hierdie resensieartikel fokus op die niemikrostrukturele leksikografiese vernuwingswat in die woordeboek onder bespreking voorkom. Die toenemende bewustheid van gebruikersvriendelikheidin die hedendaagse leksikografiese praktyk beteken ni~ dat leksikografiese vernuwingstot die mikrostruktuur van woordeboeke beperk moet word nie. Vemuwende benaderingstot inJigtingsaanbod in die gebruikerstoeligting (as daar een in die woordeboek is!) en anderelemente in die voor- en agterwerk van woordeboeke speel 'n ewe belangrike rol in die gebruikersvriendelikmaak van woordeboeke as vemuwings op mikrostrukturele vlak. New Words/Nuwewoorde, as die nuutste toevoeging tot die versameling Afrikaanse vertalende woordeboeke, vertoon'n aantal besondere buite-mikrostrukturele leksikografiese vemuwings. Hierdie vemuwings wordin hierdie artikel uitgelig en geevalueer.Sleutelwoorde: AGTERWERK, BUITEMIKROSTRUKTURELE LEKSIKOGRAFIESE ELEMENTE,GEBRUIKERSLEIDING, GEBRUIKERSVRIENDELIKHEID, INLIGTINGSTIPES, LEKSIKOGRAAF, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE VERNUWINGS, MAKROSTRUKTUUR,MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, TOEGANKLIKHEID, UITSPRAAKLEIDING, VERTALENOEWOORDEBOEK, VOORWERK, WOORDEBOEKGEBRUIKER

Abstract: In this article, a descriptive and critical analysis of the mediostructure of Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, henceforth the ISN, is given. This analysis is made within the theoretical premises of the mediostructure and its functions. The aims of the article are to shed light on the following questions: What aspects of the mediostructure are used? Why are they used? How effectively are they used to achieve text compression/condensation and text cohesion? What improvements could be made to obtain greater user-friendliness? Such an analysis, it is hoped, will, in two ways, contribute to the development of lexicography in general and Ndebele lexicography in particular. Firstly, it is hoped to make users aware of the importance of some guidance aspects of the mediostructure to improve dictionary use. Secondly, it is hoped the pointing out of some deficiencies and possible improvements in the ISN mediostructure will be useful for the compilation of future Ndebele dictionaries.Keywords: DICTIONARY, DICTIONARY STRUCTURE, MACROSTRUCTURE, MICRO-STRUCTURE, MEDIOSTRUCTURE, CROSS-REFERENCING, ACCESS STRUCTURE, USER-FRIENDLINESS, FRONT MATTER, BACK MATTEROpsomming: 'n Aantal gebreke in die mediostruktuur van Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele. In hierdie artikel word 'n beskrywende en kritiese ontleding van die medio-struktuur van Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, voortaan die ISN, gegee. Die ontleding word gedoen binne die teoretiese gegewe van die mediostruktuur en sy funksies. Die doelstellings van die artikel is om lig te werp op die volgende vrae: Watter aspekte van die mediostuktuur word gebruik? Waarom word hulle gebruik? Hoe doeltreffend word hulle gebruik om teksverdigting/-verkorting en teks-samehang te bereik? Watter verbeteringe kan gemaak word om groter gebruikersvriendelikheid te verkry? So 'n ontleding, word gehoop, sal op twee maniere bydra tot die ontwikkeling van die leksikografie in die algemeen en van die Ndebeleleksikografie in die besonder. Eerstens word gehoop dat dit gebruikers bewus sal maak van die belangrikheid van 'n aantal leidingsaspekte van die mediostruktuur om woordeboekgebruik te verbeter. Tweedens word gehoop dat die uitwys van 'n aantal gebreke en moontlike verbeteringe in die ISN-mediostruktuur nuttig sal wees vir die samestelling van toekomstige Ndebelewoordeboeke.Sleutelwoorde: WOORDEBOEK, WOORDEBOEKSTRUKTUUR, MAKROSTRUKTUUR, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, KRUISVERWYSING, TOEGANGSTRUKTUUR, GE-BRUIKERSVRIENDELIKHEID, VOORWERK, AGTERWERK

macro- and microstructural information. In order to evaluate the methods which lexicographers employ to improve dictionary accessibility, the concept of guide structures was introduced by Hausmann and Wiegand (1989). Since the appearance of that article, various academics have written articles and read papers on guide structures in print dictionaries, but few studies have focussed on the tremendous potential of guide structures in electronic dictionaries. In this article it will be shown that electronic dictionaries add dimensions to the implementation of guide structures not possible in print versions. The role of two of the guide structures in the transfer of infonnation in CD-ROM dictionaries will be discussed. The access and mediostructures of the Microsoft Encarta World English Dictionary and the Elektroniese Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal will be analysed and critically evaluated to illustrate the advantages of electronic dictionaries over print dictionaries and the urgent need for metalexicographical discussion of this publication medium.Keywords: ACCESS STRUCTURE; ACTIVE CROSS-REFERENCES; CD-ROM DICTIONARY; DICTIONARY ACCESSIBILITY; ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY; GUIDE STRUCTURES; INNER ACCESS STRUCTURE; INNER SEARCH PATH; INTERNET; MEDIOSTRUCTURE; MULTIMEDIA; OUTER ACCESS STRUCTURE; OUTER SEARCH PATH; PASSIVE CROSSREFERENCING; USER-FRIENDLINESSOpsomming: Gidsstrukture in CD-ROM-woordeboeke, met spesifieke verwysingna EWED en ELHA T. Die sukses van modeme woordeboeke hang grootliles af vandie toeganklikheid van hulle makro- en mikrostrukturele inligting. Hausmann en Wiegand (1989)het die konsep van gidsstrukture ingevoer om die metodes te evalueer wat leksikograwe gebruikom woordeboektoeganklikheid Ie verbeter. Sedert hierdie artikel verskyn het, het verskeie akademic:i artikels gepubliseer en referate gelewer oor gidsstrukture in gedrukte woordeboeke, maarmin studies het gefokus op die geweldige potensiaal van gidsstrukture in elektroniese woordeboeke.In hierdie artikel sal dit getoon word dat elektroniese woordeboeke geleenthede vir dieimplementering van gidsstrukture skep wat rue in gedrukte weergawes moontlik is rue. Twee'vandie gidsstrukture se rol in die oordrag van inligting in CD-ROM-woordeboeke sal bespreek word.Die toegang- en mediostrukture van die Microsoft Encarta World English Dictionary en die ElektronieseHandwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal sal onHeed en krities geanaliseer word, om die voordele van elektroniese bo gedrukte woordeboeke en die dringende behoefte' aan die metaleksikografiesebespreking van hierdie publikasiemedium te iUustreer.Sleutelwoorde: AKTIEWE KRUlSVERWYINGS, CD-ROM-ENSIKLOPEDIË, EKSTERNESOEKROETE, EKSTERNE TOEGANGSTRUKTITUR, ENSIKLOPEDIESE WOORDEBOEK,GEBRUlKERSVRlENDELlKHEID, GIDSSTRUKTURE, INTERNE SOEKROETE, INTERNE TOEGANGSTRUKTUUR,INTERNET, MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, MULTIMEDIA, PASSIEWE KRUISVERWYSINGS,TOEGANGSTRUKTUUR, WODRDEBOEKTOEGANKLIKHEID

Abstract: This article analyses the microstructure of Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele. The analysis takes place on two levels: the level of availability of information and the level of accessibility of the available information to dictionary users. Data derived from two outreach exercises carried out to ascertain users' perspectives on the dictionary and their competence in using the dictionary is also scrutinised while the notion of user-friendliness and the general principles of dictionary-making form the framework within which the analysis is done.

Abstract: Bilingual dictionaries play an important role in the standardisation of a language and are often the first dictionary type to be compiled for a given speech community. However, this may never lead to an underestimation of the role and importance of monolingual descriptive dictionaries in the early lexicographic development of a language. In the planning of first descriptive dictionaries the choice of the proper subtype and a consistent application of theoretical principles should be regarded as of extreme importance. Even the compilation of a restricted descriptive dictionary should be done according to similar theoretical principles as those applying to comprehensive dictionaries. This contribution indicates a number of dilemmas confronting the lexicographer during the compilation of restricted monolingual descriptive dictionaries. Attention is given to the role of lexicographic functions and the choice and presentation of lexicographic data, with special reference to the presentation of certain types of polysemous senses which are subjected to frequency of use restrictions. Emphasis is placed on the value of a heterogeneous article structure and a micro-architecture in the articles of restricted dictionaries.Keywords: ACCESS STRUCTURE, DATA DISTRIBUTION, FRAME STRUCTURE, FRE-QUENCY OF USE, HETEROGENEOUS ARTICLE STRUCTURE, LEXICOGRAPHIC FUNC-TIONS, LEXICOGRAPHIC PROCESS, MICRO-ARCHITECTURE, MONOLINGUAL DICTION-ARY, POLYSEMY, SEMANTIC DATA, TEXT BLOCK, USER-FRIENDLINESS, USER-PERSPEC-TIVE, VERTICAL ARCHITECTONIC EXTENSIONOpsomming: Dissipline, dilemmas, besluite en dataverspreiding in die beplanning en samestelling van eentalige woordeboeke. Tweetalige woordeboeke speel 'n belangrike rol in die standaardisering van taal en is dikwels die eerste woordeboektipe wat vir 'n bepaalde taalgemeenskap saamgestel word. Dit mag egter nie tot 'n geringskatting lei van die rol en waarde van eentalige verklarende woordeboeke in die vroeë leksikografiese ontwikkeling van 'n taal nie. Van belang in die samestelling van eerste eentalige verklarende woordeboeke is die keuse van 'n korrekte subtipe en 'n konsekwente toepassing van gesonde teoretiese beginsels in die beplanning van die woordeboek. Selfs in die samestelling van 'n beperkte verklarende woordeboek moet die beplanning volgens soortgelyke teoretiese beginsels gedoen word as wat die geval is in die samestelling van 'n omvattende woordeboek. Hierdie bydrae wys op 'n aantal dilemmas waar-mee die leksikograaf gekonfronteer word in die samestelling van 'n beperkte eentalige verklarende woordeboek. Aandag word gegee aan die rol van leksikografiese funksies, die keuse en aanbod van leksikografiese data met spesifieke verwysing na die aanbieding van sekere tipes betekenis-onderskeidinge wat aan gebruiksfrekwensiebeperkinge onderhewig is. Die waarde van 'n hetero-gene artikelstruktuur en 'n mikro-argitektuur in die artikels van beperkte woordeboeke word beklemtoon.Sleutelwoorde: DATAVERSPREIDING, EENTALIGE WOORDEBOEK, GEBRUIKERSER-SPEKTIEF, GEBRUIKERSVRIENDELIKHEID, GEBRUIKSFREKWENSIE, HETEROGENE ARTI-KELSTRUKTUUR, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE FUNKSIES, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE PROSES, MIKRO-ARGITEKTUUR, POLISEMIE, RAAMSTRUKTUUR, SEMANTIESE DATA, TEKSBLOK, TOE-GANGSTRUKTUUR, VERTIKALE ARGITEKTONIESE UITBREIDING

Abstract: In this article the writer evaluates the defining formats that were used in defining headwords in the first monolingual General Ndebele Dictionary, Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele (ISN). The emphasis in the ISN was on the concept of user-friendliness. The article establishes that defining formats in the ISN are a judicious mixture mainly of the defining formats of the Collins Birmingham University International Language Database (COBUILD) and of what has been referred to as traditional formats. The first part of this article is an analysis of the decisions taken by the ISN editors in formulating their defining formats. It assesses the COBUILD defining principle vis-?-vis its application in defining headwords in the ISN and the impact of this principle on the userfriendliness of the dictionary. It further discusses other formats, including the decision to retain traditional defining formats for defining headwords. One of the traditional defining styles agreed upon was that the editors were to give the hypernym in the case of semantic sets, and then to identify the concept being defined by specifying aspects that distinguish it from others of its type. The second part of the article evaluates the importance and use of the corpus in providing both definitions and examples for the ISN. However, it is further argued that since a corpus has to be "representative" in terms of size in order to be appropriately used as basis for such corpus-based dictionaries, the ISN editors whose corpus was relatively small, could not avoid relying on intuitive knowledge in constructing some examples.Keywords: COBUILD, CORPUS, DEFINITION, DEFINING FORMATS, TRADITIONAL FORMATS, EXAMPLES, USER-FRIENDLINESS, COTEXT, CONCORDANCE.Opsomming: Definieerpatrone en korpusgebaseerde voorbeelde in die AlgemeneNdebelewoordeboek, Isichazamazwi SeSiNdeble. In hierdie artikel beoordeeldie skrywer die definieerpatrone wat in die eentalige Algemene Ndebelewoordeboek, IsichazamazwiSesiNdebele (ISN) gebruik is. Die klem in die ISN was op die konsep gebruikersvriendelikheid.Die artikel toon aan dat definieerpatrone in die ISN 'n oordeelkundige mengsel is hoofsaaklikvan die definieerpatrone van die Collins Birmingham University International Language Database (COBUILD) en van waarna verwys word as tradisionele patrone. Die eerste deel van hierdie artikelis 'n ontleding van die besluite geneem deur die redakteurs van die ISN by die formulering van huldefinieerpatrone. Dit beoordeel die definieerbeginsel van COBUILD ten opsigte van die aanwendingdaarvan by die definiëring van trefwoorde in die ISN en die uitwerking van hierdie beginselop die gebruikersvriendelikheid van die woordeboek. Verder bespreek dit ander patrone, inbegrepedie besluit om tradisionele definieerpatrone te behou vir die omskrywing van trefwoorde. Eenvan die tradisionele definieerstyle waaroor ooreengekom is, was dat die redakteurs die hiperniemsou gee in die geval van semantiese stelle, en dan die konsep wat gedefineer word, te identifiseerdeur die spesifisering van aspekte wat dit onderskei van ander van sy soort. Die tweede deel vandie artikel beoordeel die belangrikheid en gebruik van die korpus in die verskaffing van soweldefinisies as voorbeelde vir die ISN. Daar word egter verder geredeneer dat, aangesien 'n korpus"verteenwoordigend" moet wees in terme van grootte ten einde toepaslik gebruik te word as basisvir sulke korpusgebaseerde woordeboeke, die redakteurs van die ISN wie se korpus relatief kleinwas, nie kon vermy om op intuïtiewe kennis te steun by die maak van sommige voorbeelde nie.Sleutelwoorde: COBUILD, KORPUS, DEFINISIE, DEFINIEERPATRONE, TRADISIONELE PATRONE, VOORBEELDE, GEBRUIKERSVRIENDELIKHEID, KOTEKS, KONKORDANSIE

Opsomming: Die gebruikersperspektief staan tans sentraal in die leksikografiese gesprek. Dit spruit uit die beginsel dat enige woordeboek in die eerste plek vir gebruik deur 'n bepaalde teikengebruikersgroep bedoel moet wees, en as sodanig moet die woordeboek op daardie gebrui-kersgroep afgestem wees — dit moet gebruikersvriendelik wees. In hierdie artikel word van die standpunt uitgegaan dat die gebruik van 'n woordeboek as 'n kommunikatiewe handeling begryp moet word, wat die geleentheid bied om insigte uit die kommunikasiewetenskap in die metalek-sikografie te benut. Na aanleiding van die algemene kommunikasiemodel vir interpersoonlike kommunikasie wat in die literatuur oor kommunikasiewetenskap voorkom, word 'n leksikogra-fiese kommunikasiemodel voorgestel. Uit hierdie model kan minstens elf leksikografiese para-meters afgelei word aan die hand waarvan gebruikersvriendelikheid in woordeboeke sistematies beskryf kan word. Die struktuur wat hierdie parameters aan 'n gesprek oor gebruikersvriendelik-heid in woordeboeke kan gee, bemiddel die formulering van die ware doel van 'n gebruikers-vriendelike woordeboek.Sleutelwoorde: GEBRUIK, GEBRUIKER, GEBRUIKERSPERSPEKTIEF, GEBRUIKERSVER-WYSINGSRAAMWERK, GEBRUIKERSVRIENDELIKHEID, KANAAL, KOMMUNIKASIEMODEL, KONTEKS, LEKSIKOGRAAF, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE KOMMUNIKASIEMODEL, MEDIUM, META-TEKS, STYLGIDS, TERUGVOER, WERKLIKE DOEL, WOORDEBOEK, WOORDEBOEKPLANAbstract: A Preliminary Model for the Systematic Description of User-friendliness in Dictionaries. The user perspective is a central notion in current lexico-graphical discourse. This stems from the principle that a dictionary should in the first place be meant for use by a specific target user group, and as such the dictionary should be aimed at that target user group — it should be user friendly. In this article the point of departure is that the use of a dictionary should be regarded as a communicative act, which presents the opportunity to util-ise insights gained in communication science in the metalexicography. From the general communi-cation model for interpersonal communication, as found in literature on communication science, a lexicographical communication model is developed. From this model at least eleven lexicographi-cal parameters can be derived according to which user-friendliness in dictionaries can be described in a systematic way. The structure that these parameters can offer in debating user-friendliness in dictionaries informs the formulation of a definition for the genuine purpose of a user-friendly dic-tionary.Keywords: CHANNEL, COMMUNICATION MODEL, CONTEXT, DICTIONARY PLAN, DICTIONARY, FEEDBACK, GENUINE PURPOSE, LEXICOGRAPHER, LEXICOGRAPHICAL COMMUNICATION MODEL, MEDIUM, METATEXT, STYLE GUIDE, USE, USER, USER'S FRAME OF REFERENCE, USER'S PERSPECTIVE, USER-FRIENDLINESS