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Nanoparticles such as magnesium oxide (MgO), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) can be used in conjunction with therapeutic agents, including anticancer drugs, gene therapy and antibiotics, to enable precise and controlled delivery. Recently, there has been significant interest in modifying biological fluid flow over arteries, particularly for drug delivery applications. This study aims to develop a comprehensive numerical model to investigate the flow dynamics of a hybrid nanofluid, specifically using pure blood as the base fluid and incorporating magnesium oxide (MgO), gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. The primary focus of this research is to explore the potential applications of this model in drug delivery systems, highlighting its promising capabilities for controlled and targeted drug release. The governing equations were transformed using the comparison transformation approach to address the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). MATLAB’s BVP4C program was used to mathematically solve this problem and analyze the effects of relevant parameters. The findings show that the tri-hybrid nanofluid (MgO, Au and Ag) is extremely effective for heat control and medication transport within arterial channels. Specifically, under conditions of strong thermal radiation, the heat transfer rate at the lower wall increased by 83.924%, while at the upper wall, it increased by 72.098% for the tri-hybrid nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research utilizes the bvp4c method to conduct a detailed numerical analysis of the hydrothermal behavior of magnetized hybrid nanofluids flowing across a permeable curved surface. The study explores the impact of crucial parameters such as curvature, magnetic field strength, viscosity and suction/injection, alongside the heat absorption coefficient, on the transport properties of copper (Cu) and ferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanomaterial’s suspended in water. Results reveal that as the curvature parameter increases, velocity profiles exhibit a decrease under suction conditions and an increase under injection conditions for both conventional and hybrid nanofluids. Furthermore, higher magnetic parameters are found to decrease velocities in general. Hybrid nanofluids display enhanced velocity and thermal performance compared to conventional nanofluids, manifesting higher skin friction and heat transfer rates. Temperature profiles exhibit a complex interplay with curvature, magnetic parameters and the injection/suction scenario, where injection conditions intensify thermal effects. The incorporation of the heat absorption coefficient further amplifies the thermal efficiency of hybrid nanofluids. These findings, supported by previous research, offer valuable insights for optimizing industrial processes, especially in sectors like ceramics, plastics and polymers, where efficient heat management is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies regarding solar heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (S-HVAC) are aimed at making modern 3D numerical forms that address the Sutterby flow ternary nanofluids circulating onward the convective heating and extendable seats. Heat transport includes joule heating, heat source or sink along with thermal radiation. Using fitting modifications, mathematically conveyed partial differential equations of energy, fixation and strength may decrease into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). They determine ODEs beyond dimension, and for this, the mathematical process is utilized. Copper–silver–aluminum alloys/sodium alginate (Cu–Ag–AA7075/C6H9NaO7) was used to address the behavior of this research work. The natural attributes, for example, heat movement and surface drag coefficients, are numerically prepared and shown in figures and tables when there is an alteration in distant factors. The field of temperature was raised to develop the Biot number. This heat transport rate was hiked to 34.0839% although the shear stress rate was hiked to 32.8043% in the single nanoparticle case compared to the triple nanoparticle case. To validate the analysis, a comparison between the presented and existing is reported under certain assumptions on the flow parameters. It is found that the results are reliable and in line with the existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanofluids were expressed by heat-transfer fluids into greater surface dispersion capabilities, stability and diffusion related for traditional nanofluids. The effort on the flow of volumetric entropy generation and convective heat transport of MHD hybrid nanofluid is considered. Hybrid nanofluid involves the field over the orderly stretchable surface for variable heat flux with the resistance of electric field. Effect on convective heating and nonlinear thermal radiation is again contained in the interpreted figure. Mathematical equations such as momentum, energy, conservation of mass and entropy were collected as conversion to governing partial differential equations by ordinary differential equations, utilizing similarity variables. An efficient finite element method (FEM) is used. Numerical calculations were accomplished for silver–magnesium oxide water (Ag-MgO/H2O) hybrid nanofluid and conventional silver water (Ag-H2O) nanofluid. The graphs were created by the temperature, velocity, and entropy profiles. to analyse the impact on governing parameters. These skin friction and heat transfer rates are analysed through regression analysis. The important allegation expressed by the hybrid Nanofluid has the best heat transfer rate, which is related to convectional nanofluid. Further, It raised the Brinkman number and Reynolds number and developed a total entropy of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis explains the magneto-hydrodynamic flow on Williamson nanofluids previous stretching surface surrounded by the permeable media. The apt magnetic field was suggested for the angle of the axial direction of the flow. Anyhow, this flow phenomenon was characterized into the added heat source/sink and conjunction of radiating heat. The impacts of convective heating and viscous heating by expanding surface were again the significant feature of the analysis. This originality arises by the combination of the cross-diffusion effects of reverse behavior on the thermophoresis and Brownian motion. This form sketched into the aforesaid phenomenon was modified into the nonlinear ordinary form by the appropriate assumptions on comparison transformations. Therefore, the sets of equations were controlled for the numerical access using Lobatto-IIIa collocation method applicable to this Matlab bvp4c shooting process. This parametric performance of many components about their statistical values was given numerical imitations graphically by the rate coefficients in tabular forms. The validation and the compliance of the current result were acquired by the past study on the specific case. Further, the significant results of this analysis were: This non-Newtonian Williamson parameter combination of that magnetizing property diminishes the fluid velocities. In addition, the important influence of both viscosity parameter and radiation parameter of heating process was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the self-propelled movement on gyrotactic swimming microorganisms into this generalized slip flow by nanoliquid over the stretching cylinder with strong magnetic field is discussed. Constant wall temperature was pretended as well as the Nield conditions of boundary. The intuitive non-Newtonian particulate suspension was included into applying Casson fluid by the base liquid and nanoparticles. This formation on the bio-mathematical model gives the boundary value problem by the nonlinear partial differential equations. Primly, modeled numerical system was converted to nondimensional against this help on acceptable scaling variables and the bvp4c technique was used to acquire the mathematical outcomes on the governing system. This graphical description by significant parameters and their physical performance was widely studied. The Prandtl number has the maximum contribution (112.595%) along the selected physical parameters, whereas the Brownian motion has the least (0.00165%) heat transfer rate. Anyhow, Casson fluid was established for much helpful suspension of this method on fabrication and coatings, etc. Therefore, this magnetic field performs like the resistive force of that fluid motion, and higher energy was enlarged into the structure exhibiting strong thermal radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal aim of this investigation is to examine the gold and magnesium oxide hybrid nanoparticles in different physical capacities on the water-based hybrid nanofluid and elaborate on an erratic squeezing flow among both infinite plates. Melting effect and thermal radiation depict heat transfer features. Production of the Bejan number and entropy is upward. The explains the governing equations, and the standard transformation is supplied. The numerical solutions are carried out using an efficient finite element method. To analyze difference between heat transfer and its implication in industrial zone, the Nusselt number was arranged in a horizontal pattern. The results showed that a thicker thermal boundary layer increased the Eckert number and the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles. Anyhow, the heat transfer rate by Au–MgO/water was necessarily greater than the Au–water. The obtained results are excellent and vigorously oppose those that are applicable to the literature by the attached position. It was established for hybrid nanofluids to display higher entropy generation rates. The outcomes of this analysis were the consequence of the appraisal of the impact on few required form parameters in heat transfer and consequently on the expansion for industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents thorough computational and theoretical analyses of steady forced convective flow over a rotating disc submerged in a water-based nanofluid containing microorganisms. It delves into the examination of boundary layer flow characteristics of a viscous nanofluid, considering Stefan blowing effects and multiple slip conditions influenced by a magnetic field. Notably, the study accounts for novel aspects such as thermal radiation and both constructive and destructive chemical reactions. The movement of nanoparticles is elucidated based on thermophoresis and microscopic behaviors, while changes in volume fraction do not affect the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid. To address the altered nonlinear set of differential equations, an effective numerical approach, the Keller-Box method, is implemented for critical and efficient solutions. These appropriate transformations are defined and applied. When compared to blowing suction, it shows a better enhancement in the rate of heat transfer, mass, and microorganisms. Some of the main observations are there is a decrease in wall skin friction in the directions of radial and tangential as magnetic field strength is increased. The evaluation of thermal boundary layer thickness and temperature is noted for the radiation parameter (Rd) improvement. The present analysis has applications in electromagnetic micro-pumps and nanomechanics. As to the applications in the science and engineering fields, technologies such as micro-electromechanical systems-based microfluidic devices and microfluidic-related technologies will be accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of electro-magneto-hydrodynamics has great significance due to its numerous applications like chromatography, fluid pumping, micro coolers and fluid stirring thermal reactors and flow regulation in fluidics systems. Subject to upper functions on electrical magnetic field, the consequences of electromagnetic initiation into ternary nanofluids flow through the Riga plate were noticed. Furthermore, this ternary hybrid nanofluid flow was based on the effect on slip condition, uniform heat source, convective energy and thermal radiation. The ternary hybrid nanofluid was built from the scattering of silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles by this base fluid blood. This phenomenon had been formed by the model of the system in partial differential equations; it was made easy in the dimensionless nonlinear structure of ordinary differential equations by employing comparison substitutions. This result on the acquired set of the differential equations was simulated over the bvp4c method. It has been discovered that the ternary hybrid nanofluid velocity is essentially lower along the differing numbers of permeable media, although it amplifies along the upshot on the Hartmann number. Moreover, an enhanced heat transport rate of up to 14% was marked for the triple nanoparticle nanofluid by relating it to another nanofluid and establishing an excellent behavior on triple nanoparticle nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Riga plate is the inventive magnetic mechanism created from assembly of arranged constant magnets and alternate electrode through the plane surface. The inventive magnetic mechanism produces the wall-parallel Lorentz force into postponing the boundary layer division and reducing turbulence effect. In this analysis, the flow performance on silver-engine oil-based nanoparticles by Casson–Jeffrey, Casson–Oldroyd-B and Casson–Maxwell binary nanofluids through the Riga plate was analyzed. By analyzing the correlation transformation, the controlling model was changed into a system of ordinary differential equations, it has been resolved by applying finite element methods. The investigation of the acquired outcomes had been verified by the flow by second-grade fluids which affected importantly the governing parameters. The both EMHD parameter and nanoparticles had acted on the thermal improvement of these non-Newtonian employing fluids. The velocity profiles were magnified when the Lorentz force was instigated over the EMHD parameter. Overall, this Casson–Jeffrey and Casson–Maxwell nanofluid model is more effective than the Casson–Oldroyd-B nanofluids model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the free convection flow phenomenon on magnetized second-grade nanofluid over a nonlinear elongating surface has been modeled under the assumptions of generalized Fick's and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux relations. The non-uniform heat source and sink and thermal radiation effects are used in the energy equation with the Buongiorno nanofluid model. The effect on activation energy and chemical processes is also examined, making the current numerical scrutinization innovative. The current mathematical model begins with partial derivative equations (PDEs), which are then transformed into ordinary derivative equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. The outcomes are obtained using a combination of the finite-difference scheme with the collocation method, approximated up to desirable accuracy, and the effects of various parameters on the modified second-grade nanofluid are discussed using tables and graphs. The temperature distribution for the thermal boundary layer is raised with nonlinear thermal radiation and Brownian motion parameters. The present thorough analysis identified several technical and industrial applications, including Biomedical applications in cancer treatment, electrical wire manufacturing, oil friction control in pipelines, manufacturing processes, and aerodynamic expulsion utilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids are the fluid suspensions in nanoparticles. A considerable enhancement in their features is less nanoparticle concentrations. Various studies on nanofluids focused on representing their performance with respect to the functions — here enhancing straight heat transfer was critical, like that in nuclear reactors, transportation, different industrial settings, biology, food and electronics. Hence, this consideration analyzes the utilization of the novel mathematical method, called the bvp4c method by viscous heat energy research in Buongiorno-modeled nanoliquid confined by the apt permeable plate along with slip mechanism. The thermophoresis and Brownian dispersion affects are again assumed. This transfer of solutal and thermal energy was dependent on the appreciable effect on heat source, variable chemical reactions and nonlinear thermal radiation. The dimensional model of partial differential equations (PDEs), applied to precise related applications, had been adapted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This modified Nusselt number decreases with increasing viscous heating, thermal radiation, thermophoresis parameter and Brownian motion, always it rises due to increasing temperature ratio parameter. The validation of the outcomes was attained with past solutions by free convectional flow and non-magnetic research. There are many functions in petroleum industries and engineering like electroplating, chemical processing of substantial metals and solar water heaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of bioconvection into the application of nanoparticles has had a significant impact on fundamental technological and industrial functions in recent years. These discussions are being carried forward by the bioconvection appearance on that flow by attracting nanoparticles into additional features on thermal radiation and activation energy. The investigation had been proposed on the appealing features of the mass and thermal convective boundary constraints. The high desirable subclass on rate-type fluid, especially Williamson fluid, was used to anticipate the absolute rheological parameters. The designated partial differential system was modified along with nonlinear ordinary differential equations applying enhance being related conversion, the designated partial differential system was modified along nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The governing equations are interpreted into ordinary differential equations, and in the following, shooting process was obeyed to build up the mathematical classification on the convert dimensionless flow problem. This value of physical restraint was displayed on the table and plots tests. This noted theoretical imitation could be highly successful in improving the solar energy systems and thermal extrusion processes. The outcomes reported that the rise in Weissenberg number and Hartmann number decreased the nanoparticles velocity distribution. The progressing temperature distribution was observed to develop radiation parameter and thermal conductivity parameter. That was further noted to modify bioconvection Lewis number and Peclet number that were reduced into motile microorganism distribution effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]