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In this study, we investigate the magnetocaloric effects (MCE) and critical behavior of Gd-doped La 0. 6 5 Ca 0. 3 5 − x GdxMnO3 (x = 0 , 0. 1 0 , 0. 1 5) polycrystalline materials. Our results reveal excellent MCE in the Gd-doped samples. Under a magnetic field of 7 T, the full-width at half maximum (Δ T FWHM ) increases from 41 K (x = 0. 0 0) to 121 K (x = 0. 1 0) and 112 K (x = 0. 1 5). Additionally, the refrigerant capacity (RC) is enhanced by 149% and 145% at x = 0. 1 0 and x = 0. 1 5 , respectively, compared to the parent phase. We propose that these improvements can be attributed to the introduction of Gd 3 + ions, which possess smaller ionic radii. This reduction in the average A-site ionic radius weakens the double exchange (DE) interactions, resulting in a more continuous phase transition within the system. Supporting this view, we observe a decrease in magnetization strength after doping, a reduction in Curie temperature ( T C) from 250 K (x = 0. 0 0) to 134 K (x = 0. 1 0) and 130 K (x = 0. 1 5) and a transformation from a first-order to a second-order phase transition in the doped samples. To characterize the critical behavior of the phase transition in the doped samples, we employ the K-F method. The obtained critical exponents for x = 0. 1 0 and x = 0. 1 5 are β = 0. 3 8 0 ± 0. 0 0 6 , γ = 1. 3 2 3 ± 0. 0 0 3 , δ = 4. 4 8 2 ± 0. 0 0 5 and β = 0. 4 7 7 ± 0. 0 0 8 , γ = 1. 0 8 3 ± 0. 0 0 4 , δ = 3. 2 7 0 ± 0. 0 0 2 , respectively. Furthermore, the calculation of the n values suggests a transition of the phase transition in the doped samples from short-range ordering to long-range ordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The VO2 thin film has the advantage of thermally controlled insulator-metal phase transition. Based on this, we presented a thermally reconfigurable metamaterial with switchable wideband absorption and sensing at THz band in this paper. At low temperature ( σ VO 2 = 2 0 S/m), the metamaterial can realize nearly perfect absorption at the range of 6.88–9 THz. When the temperature rises to a certain extent ( σ VO 2 = 2 × 1 0 5 S/m), an absorption peak which can be used to sensing appears at 4.08 THz with the permittivity sensitivity of 0.5 THz/PU. The metamaterial has the advantages of simple structure and switchable wideband absorption/sensing functions with potential application value on terahertz stealth, detection, sensing, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular approach of a spin model is constructed on the Bethe lattice (BL), and then it is examined in terms of exact recursion relations. Rather than assuming that each BL site is inhabited by a single spin, each site is occupied by two spin-1/2 atoms A and B, forming a molecule. Each molecule is considered to contain two spin-1/2 atoms, as well as q = 3 , 4 , or 6 nearest-neighbor molecules. In addition to the internal interactions between the atoms of each molecule, the molecules interact via their atoms in terms of bilinear interaction parameters J. Atoms of a molecule interact with J A i B i , while the molecules interact via their atoms in terms of J A i B i + 1 = J B i A i + 1 and J A i A i + 1 = J B i B i + 1 . After obtaining the magnetizations of each atom in the central molecule of the BL, the average magnetization of the molecule is determined. It is found that the model presents first-and second-order and random phase transitions. The model also displays tricritical, bicritical and end points, in addition to reentrant behavior for appropriate J values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of rare elements on high-entropy alloys (HEAs) and provides significant insights. By integrating varying proportions of Al-Nd and Al-Ce compounds into a CoCrFeNi-based alloy, shifts were detected in the microstructure and phase composition of grains. As the proportion of rare elements rose, their localization within the grain phase structure intensified, leading to overall coarsening. The heat transfer characteristics of HEA alloys containing rare elements exhibited variability, with notable phase transitions occurring at cryogenic temperatures based on the alloying constituents. Among the tested alloys, Ce10 and Ce20 alloys demonstrated the highest heat transfer rates (800 Wg − 1 ). Notably, an escalation in the rare element ratio added to the alloy resulted in a significant augmentation in hardness, nearly doubling the original level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the shock-loading technique of a two-stage light gas gun, the yield strength of copper was measured by the shock wavefront disturbance method for the first time. Additionally, based on Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan constitutive model, a numerical simulation procedure for the evolution of perturbed shock front in copper was first constructed. Combining numerical simulation results with experimental results, the yield strength of copper was found to be 0.72 ± 0.01, 0.99 ± 0.02, 1.31 ± 0.02, 1.65 ± 0.03 and 1.82 ± 0.02GPa at pressures of 47.17, 60.67, 76.98, 101.35 and 124.26GPa, respectively. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by the AC method. According to the phase diagram of copper, there was no phase transition under experimental shock-loading pressure, and the yield strength of copper increased with increasing shock-loading pressure. Research on the yield strength of copper under shock loading was of great significance to various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an exact spherically symmetric and Yang–Mills charged AdS black hole solution in the context of 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (EGB) gravity in the presence of a cloud of strings. The regularity of the solution is checked. Thermodynamics of this solution is studied. The critical behavior, the types of phase transitions in canonical ensemble, the Joule–Thomson expansion, the Clapeyron equation and the critical exponents shall be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicles equipped with advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) can acquire information about preceding and following vehicles, which will have an undeniable impact on the phase transition of traffic flow. Therefore, we establish a new heterogeneous continuum model of traffic flow considering the jerk effect mixed with human driving (HD) and ADAS vehicles. The neutral stability condition associated with the permeability of ADAS vehicle is inferred via stability analysis. According to simulation, shock wave occurs, implying that our model can emerge correct wave propagation trend. Moreover, the simulation of density evolution and flow changes also suggests that an increase in ADAS vehicle penetration and jerk effect can enhance traffic system stability and reduce energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (EGB) 4D massive gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) in an anti-de Sitter (AdS) background and found an exact magnetically charged black hole solution. The metric function was analyzed for different values of massive gravity parameters. The first law of black hole thermodynamics and generalized Smarr formula were verified, where we treated the cosmological constant as thermodynamic pressure. We defined vacuum polarization as the conjugate to NED parameter. To analyze the local stability of the black hole, we computed specific heat. We investigated the van der Waals-like/re-entrant phase transition of the black holes and estimated the critical points. We observed small black hole (SBH)/large black hole (LBH) and SBH/intermediate black hole (IBH)/LBH phase transitions. The Joule–Thomson coefficient, inversion, and isenthalpic curves were discussed. Finally, the minimum inversion temperature and the corresponding event horizon radius were obtained using numerical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triangular-type Ising nanowire is constructed on the Bethe lattice (BL) by using the core-shell structure consisting of spin-3/2 atoms as the core and spin-1/2 atoms as the triangular shell. Each triangular plaquette of spins forms a nanoparticle which is connected to upper and lower plaquettes symmetrically. The additions of the plaquettes continue indefinitely until the thermodynamic limit to construct the nanowire. The inter- and intra-bilinear interaction parameters (J) are assumed to be positive or negative to simulate the ferromagnetic (FM) or antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions, respectively. The crystal field for spin-3/2 and external magnetic field for all sites are also included into the model. After obtaining the formulation of the model in terms of exact recursion relations (ERRs), the thermal variations of magnetizations are studied in detail to obtain the phase diagrams. It is found that the model leads to different types of FM and AFM regions with various forms of phase transitions. It is also interesting that the model presents random or oscillatory magnetization behavior regions for the appropriate values of our system parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the phenomena of order-disorder phase transition and the universality of the majority-rule model defined on three complex networks, namely the Barabási–Albert, Watts–Strogatz and Erdős–Rényi networks. Assume each agent holds two possible opinions randomly distributed across the networks' nodes. Agents adopt anticonformity and independence behaviors, represented by the probability p, where with a probability p, agents adopt anticonformity or independence behavior. Based on our numerical simulation results and finite-size scaling analysis, it is found that the model undergoes a continuous phase transition for all networks, with critical points for the independence model greater than those for the anticonformity model in all three networks. We obtain critical exponents identical to the opinion dynamics model defined on a complete graph, indicating that the model exhibits the same universality class as the mean-field Ising model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nonlocal phase-field crystal (NPFC) model is presented as a nonlocal counterpart of the local phase-field crystal (LPFC) model and a special case of the structural PFC (XPFC) derived from classical field theory for crystal growth and phase transition. The NPFC incorporates a finite range of spatial nonlocal interactions that can account for both repulsive and attractive effects. The specific form is data-driven and determined by a fitting to the materials structure factor, which can be much more accurate than the LPFC and previously proposed fractional variant. In particular, it is able to match the experimental data of the structure factor up to the second peak, an achievement not possible with other PFC variants studied in the literature. Both LPFC and fractional PFC (FPFC) are also shown to be distinct scaling limits of the NPFC, which reflects the generality. The advantage of NPFC in retaining material properties suggests that it may be more suitable for characterizing liquid–solid transition systems. Moreover, we study numerical discretizations using Fourier spectral methods, which are shown to be convergent and asymptotically compatible, making them robust numerical discretizations across different parameter ranges. Numerical experiments are given in the two-dimensional case to demonstrate the effectiveness of the NPFC in simulating crystal structures and grain boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimation of category of liquid crystalline (LC) phase based on composite lattices using linear algebra and lattice parameters is proposed. The vector space in three dimensions (3 D) is dissolved in the initial phase into two dimensions (2 D) , and one dimension (1 D) subspace in a 3D crystal, respectively, rotate and/or slide between each other during thermal process. In linear algebra, this state is designated as [ 2 D ⊕ 1 D ] composite subspaces of vector. As per linear algebraic approach, [ 2 D ⊕ 1 D ] is not identical with 3D, and the mathematical sign ⊕ indicates addition directly. The phase is represented as [ 2 D ⊕ 1 D ] lattice-based composite phase. Apart from the [ 2 D ⊕ 1 D ] phase, two more mixed phases with [ 1 D ⊕ 1 D ] and [ 1 D ⊕ 1 D ⊕ 1 D ] may also be theoretically studied using linear algebra. Finally, the category of phase is proposed to be analyzed with link to its transition temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to form functional materials has long been the cornerstone in materials physics and chemistry, which stimulates general materials scientists to eagerly explore a variety of physicochemical methods toward fabricating desirable materials. In materials formation, constituent elements undergo related phase transitions from atoms/ions/molecules to colloids, nanocrystals, microcrystals, powders/films, or bulk single crystals. These phase transition processes dramatically limit a series of materials' characteristics/features/performances, such as structures, sizes, morphologies, and properties/functions. In this paper, the formation of materials is uncovered from the viewpoint of multiscale crystallization, from both theoretical studies and experimental observations. The entire crystallization process includes both nucleation and crystal growth stages, respectively controlling the involved phase transitions among clusters/materials with multiscale features. Taking some typical materials as examples, we illustrated the dominant role of variable materials status with multiple sizes during crystallization processes in their practical applications toward energy storage and sustainability. The compromise/coupling between thermodynamics and kinetics controls variant factors to span multiscale modes during materials formation. Uncovering materials physics and chemistry from the viewpoint of multiscale crystallization may deepen our understanding in materials formation in the micro/mesoscale size range and facilitate function optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the examination of various thermodynamic properties of RN-AdS black hole surrounded by quintessence, which is considered as one of the most widely accepted models of dark energy. The investigation involves the determination of temperature, entropy, heat capacity, pressure, equation of state, and Gibbs free energy for this particular black hole. By employing the laws of thermodynamics pertaining to black holes and considering the influence of quintessence, the impact on these quantities is thoroughly analyzed. Additionally, graphical representations of these quantities are depicted, and based on the critical points obtained, the stability and phase transition of the system are assessed. The study further delves into the examination of stability, instability, and the Swallowtail behavior of the system. Notably, due to the discontinuity in the heat capacity, a phase transition occurs within the system, resembling Van der Waals-like phase transitions that transpire between small, intermediate, and large black holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the law of emotion transmission on the social Internet. By applying higher-order network theory, ER random networks are reconstructed and higher-order network structures with multiple interaction points are generated. The I-state of the SI model is extended to set up the propagation rules of emotions based on higher-order networks. Concepts such as sentiment recession rate are introduced to make sentiment propagate through different simplexes, so as to obtain the propagation rules of higher-order networks. Qualitative analysis of emotional changes during the propagation process verifies the phase transition phenomenon of emotions in the network. By comparing simulated results with actual data, we demonstrate the accuracy of our higher-order network-based emotion propagation model in reflecting real-world trends and outcomes. The study also explores the effects of factors such as the initial proportion of extreme emotions on emotion propagation. This study provides valuable insights into understanding the operation of complex systems and offers important implications for government predictions of opinion development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the impact of Barrow's entropy on the topological classification of d-dimensional black holes (BHs). Specifically, we examine the Gauss–Bonnet (GB) and singly rotating Kerr black holes (KBHs) as well as their AdS counterparts. We notice that Barrow's entropy significantly influences the topological numbers of these BHs. To understand these effects, we use the thermodynamic domain — the space defined by thermodynamic variables like temperature and pressure — to study topologically inspired defects in the BHs. These defects are points in the thermodynamic domain where singular or discontinuous behavior occurs. By computing the winding numbers of these defects, which are integers that count how many times a loop around the defect encircles the origin, we can understand the local and global topology of the BHs. Our analysis suggest that the topological number () derived from Barrow's statistics differs from the one obtained using Gibbs–Boltzmann statistics. Furthermore, we observe that BHs can undergo topological phase transitions that characterize them in different thermodynamic topological classes. Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of Barrow's entropy in understanding the topological classification of BHs, and highlight the potential for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon is an important element which belongs to group 14 of the periodic table and shows multiple applications in our daily life as well as at the industrial scale. It is a promising element which represents the liquid–liquid phase transition (LLPT) phenomena. Additionally, it shows interesting anomalous behavior with some usual thermodynamic properties such as heat capacity (Cp) near about the liquid–liquid phase coexistence temperature (Tc). Hence, it is quite challenging and difficult to simulate carbon at or near the liquid–liquid phase coexistence temperature. This anomalous behavior also creates complications in computing the precise and equilibrated thermodynamic properties close to Tc. Therefore, we have studied the thermodynamic behavior of liquid and solid (diamond) states of carbon at liquid–liquid phase coexistence temperature (Tc) while transforming from liquid to solid state and achieving the equilibrated liquid and solid states individually. Additionally, we have also performed a similar analysis on melting temperature (Tm) to compare the system trends and its thermodynamics behavior in liquid and solid states, respectively. Furthermore, all the predicted thermodynamic results are quite consistent and able to show the equilibrium changes at the liquid–liquid phase coexistence temperature (Tc) and melting temperature (Tm), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mathematical statistical mechanics, Gibbs measures have been designed to represent equilibrium states and to model phase transition. In the literature, Gibbs measures associated with the Ising model on Cayley trees have been extensively studied. However, the Ising model has not been studied on (i,k)-ary trees before. In this paper, the phase transition problem is investigated for the Ising model on (i,k)-ary trees. Specifically, the model on Γ(1,k) and Γ(2,3), respectively, displays three distinct translation-invariant Gibbs measures in both the ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic states, whereas the traditional Ising model lacks translation-invariant Gibbs measures in the anti-ferromagnetic state. Moreover, non-translation invariant Gibbs measures are constructed as well. Furthermore, for the considered model, the standard free energy does not exist, in contrast to its existence over regular trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable evidence supports the existence of many-body localization (MBL) phase transitions, although accurately determining the critical disorder intensity remains challenging due to significant instabilities in system size within the examined parameters. In this study, we employ the global quantum discord (GQD) to investigate MBL phase transitions and identify the critical points of the quantum Ising spin chain subjected to both disordered interacting and disordered external fields. Our analysis of GQD demonstrates its effectiveness in identifying the critical points between the thermal and the MBL phases. We further utilize the temporal evolution of GQD to comprehensively explore the characteristics of MBL phase transitions in the disordered quantum Ising spin chain. Our findings suggest that MBL phase transitions adhere to the same generality category based on the scaling analysis. Additionally, we investigate the effects of these examined parameters on the GQD and its dynamics and use them to estimate the critical points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a model of inflation in the original form of Brans–Dicke (BD) theory without any modification and without adding any dark energy candidate. We consider a log function of the scale factor in the BD scalar field to discuss the inflationary era of the universe. We obtain the expressions for the deceleration parameter and the equation of state parameter, and plot their graphs against the cosmic scale factor. We observe that the universe starts with decelerated expansion and experiences an early time phase transition from a decelerated phase to an accelerated phase. After a very short period, the accelerated expansion ends in a decelerated expansion, showing the inflationary era of the cosmic evolution. To analyze the model on thermodynamic ground, we consider generalized second law of thermodynamics and observe that the law is satisfied within the model. Further, we study the stability of the model using the squared sound speed method. We plot the squared sound speed against cosmic time t and discuss the effects of the parameters on the stability of the model. We observe that for suitable values of the model parameters our model is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the quantum corrected black hole’s thermodynamic properties in this paper. To assess the local and global thermodynamic stability, we compute a number of indicators such as the geometric mass, heat capacity, Hawking temperature, thermodynamic temperature, Gibbs free energy, and energy emission. The fundamental law of thermodynamics determines the temperature of the black hole. Our results ensure the overall thermal stability of the black hole solution. Our results for Gibbs free energy and heat capacity show the phase transition behavior of the black hole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new quantum state, topological insulators have become the focus of condensed matter and material science. The open system research of topological insulators has aroused the interest of many researchers. In this paper, we study the response of topological insulators to a single-mode quantized field with momentum. We solve the ground state of the system after the addition of a single-mode light field with adjustable photon momentum. To be specific, the analytical solution of Hall conductance has an additional correction compared with the closed system, and the Hall conductance can no longer be expressed by the weighted sum of the Chern numbers. Furthermore, the topological properties are analyzed and discussed through the results of an instance with their illustration. The system still has a topological phase transition and the critical point of the topological phase is robust to the single-mode quantized field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP's) by reducing silver ions from a solution of silver nitrate with an aqueous extract from Azadirachta indica. Using silver ions as the catalyst, nanoparticles were formed in 8 min without the use of toxic chemicals. As evidenced by UV-vis spectroscopy, a broad surface plasmon resonance spectrum at 225 nm was detected, which indicates the colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles is stable and produces silver nanoparticles. As revealed by the fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis, the flower extract contained a variety of biomolecules that acted as capping and reducing agents for the synthesis of AgNPs. As determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), silver nanoparticles displayed a crystalline structure and ranged in size from 18 to 39 nm. In addition to these findings, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the silver nanoparticles were spherical and rod-shaped, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). A variety of pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, were tested against AgNP's antibacterial properties. A significant inhibition zone was observed for Escherichia coli when AgNPs were applied at different concentrations. Silver nanoparticles were shown to have antidiabetic effects through a diphtheria assay with inhibition rates ranging from 31.09% to 83.33% for concentrations of 50–250 μ g/mL. As researchers seek natural sources of compounds with potential health benefits, silver nanoparticles were also investigated for their antioxidant properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized, using an aqueous extract from Azadirachta indica, as a reducing agent. UV-vis spectroscopy, shown a broad surface plasmon resonance spectrum at 225 nm, where SEM and HRTEM analyses revealed that the AgNPs were spherical and rod-shaped with sizes ranging from 18 to 39 nm. The AgNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties against various pathogens and exhibited potent antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are potential materials in various areas such as engineering and medicine, and their applications are being studied for practical use. SMAs show competence in their main material properties in response to their working environment or external stimuli. Machining of NiTiCu10 SMAs is difficult using traditional machining because of their wide-ranging mechanical properties like high toughness, strength, and sensitivity to phase transformation temperature. Nonconventional machining methods such as electro-discharge machining (EDM) are suitable for effective machining SMAs. The work material NiTiCu10 SMA has been used in this study, and processed using the vacuum induction melting (VIM) technique. The addition of copper leads to increase in the martensitic transformation temperatures. This paper focuses on the electro-discharge drilling (EDD) of NiTiCu10 SMA using copper tool electrode. Experimental analysis of performance criteria has been evaluated by conducting experiments following one factor at a time (OFAT) approach. Machining features such as material removal rate (MRR), tool electrode wear rate (TEWR), and surface roughness (SR) have been studied by considering pulse current ( I p ), gap voltage ( V g ), pulse on time ( T on ), pulse off time ( T off ), and rotational speed of tool electrode (N). Experimental results have shown that machining at the highest I p of 12 A yields the highest MRR with the value of 4.077 mm3/min, whereas mcahining at T on of 15 μ s yields the lowest TEWR with the value of 0.031 mm3/min. The lowest SR is 2.8 μ m achieved at the lowest T on of 15 μ s. Surface morphology is significant in quality evaluation in the manufacturing, and building industries because it directly determines the mechanical performance of parts, and the service life of products. Morphological investigation via scanning electron microscope (SEM) has confirmed the formation of craters, debris, microcracks, and resolidified layers. The benefit of this study has been that we have been able to select the range of significant control factors, and predict their levels, for decisive experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on precisely calculating analytical critical points for rotating regular Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes, examining scenarios with and without external dark field contributions. Importantly, it represents the first attempt to compute critical points for this specific class of rotating black holes. Our primary focus is on investigating the impact resulting from variations in the charge of nonlinear electrodynamics on the critical phenomena of rotating regular AdS black holes, while also incorporating the influence of quintessence field contributions. The analytical investigation is concentrated on the horizon radius, employing two distinct approaches to simplify the complexity and length of the calculations. Furthermore, our examination extends to deciphering the intricate relationship between dark energy and critical phenomena. This involves visually portraying a range of critical behaviors and detailing a recent discovery regarding how the intensity of quintessence affects phase transitions. The shift in these transitions conforms to either a concave or convex function, a characteristic dependent on the sign of quintessence intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a comprehensive DFT investigation into the structural, mechanical and thermodynamic characteristics of four distinct Mg2C3 crystal structures across a broad pressure spectrum spanning from 0GPa to 100GPa, utilizing the GGA-PBE method. Our rigorous calculations indicate that Mg2C3 undergoes phase transitions from the Pnnm phase to the C2/m phase at PGGA1=1.3GPa, and subsequently to the P21/m phase at PGGA2=35.8GPa. Notably, within the pressure range of approximately 0–20GPa, the enthalpy difference between the Pnnm and Pbca phases shrinks considerably, hinting at the possibility of their coexistence under lower pressure conditions. Furthermore, our analysis delves into the interplay between the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Mg2C3 and pressure, revealing that the C2/m structure possesses exceptional ductility in Mg2C3 crystals under low to moderate pressure, whereas Mg2C3 exhibits brittleness under high pressure. Additionally, a notable variation in material hardness is observed throughout the phase transition process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simulation of the structural and optoelectronic properties of Scandium Arsenide (ScAs) and Aluminum Arsenide (AlAs) compounds. Theoretical modeling was performed using ab initio first-principles calculations, specifically the density functional theory (DFT), and the Mindlab numerical software. The software used two methods: the full-potential muffin-tin orbital method (FP-LMTO) and the full-potential plane-wave method (FP-LAPW). These two methods are employed to solve the Schrödinger equation. The exchange correlation effects have been computed using two different approximations: the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and the local density approximation (LDA). Our findings indicate that the zinc blende structure (B3) is the stable phase, while the Wurtzite phase (B4) is metastable for the AlAs compound. On the other hand, the ScAs compound crystallizes in the NaCl phase (B1). The AlAs compounds undergo three phase transitions: B3→B4, B3→B2 and B3→B1. In contrast, ScAs does not undergo any transition. The obtained results for equilibrium energies, lattice parameters and gap energies are in closer agreement with the experimental and theoretical data. The AlAs compound exhibits a semiconducting character, while ScAs exhibits a semi-metallic character. Additionally, the refractive index of these two compounds is similar to that of silicon, which is crucial for their application in photovoltaic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flat, nondispersive bands and topological phase transition in multiple Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) chains, cross-linked via periodically arranged nodal points are explored within a tight binding framework. We give an analytic prescription, based on a real space decimation scheme, which extracts the energy eigenvalues corresponding to the flat bands along with their degeneracy. The topological phase transition is confirmed through the existence of quantized Zak phase for all the Bloch bands, and the edge states that are protected by chiral symmetry, consistent with the bulk-boundary correspondence. In addition to the edge states, the entangled systems are shown to give rise to clusters of localized eigenstates in the bulk of the system, in contrast to a purely one-dimensional SSH system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we propose a simple model for the emergence of drug dealers. For this purpose, we built a compartmental model considering four subpopulations, namely susceptibles, passive supporters, drug dealers and arrested drug dealers. The target is to study the influence of the passive supporters on the long-time prevalence of drug dealers. Passive supporters are people who are passively consenting to the drug trafficking cause. First we consider the model on a fully connected network, in such a way that we can write a rate equation for each subpopulation. Our analytical and numerical results show that the emergence of drug dealers is a consequence of the rapid increase in the number of passive supporters. Such increase is associated with a nonequilibrium active-absorbing phase transition. After that, we consider the model on a two-dimensional square lattice, in order to compare the results in the presence of a simple social network with the previous results. The Monte Carlo simulation results suggest a similar behavior in comparison with the fully connected network case, but the location of the critical point of the transition is distinct, due to the neighbors’ correlations introduced by the presence of the lattice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the first principle, the change of photoelectric properties of non-metal-doped CrS2 under biaxial tension was studied. The formation energy indicates that the doping system is stable. Studies have shown that the partial doping system achieves a semiconductor metal phase transition. The strain opens the bandgap of the F-doped system, and the system changes from metal to n-type semiconductor. The Te-doped system realizes the transition from indirect bandgap to direct bandgap under the adjustment of 2% strain. The O and Se doping systems realize the reverse regulation of the bandgap under strain, and the conductivity gradually increases with the increase of strain. The absorption efficiency of Te doping under a certain strain is significantly enhanced, the static dielectric properties of the F doping system are increased by more than two times, the absorption spectrum response range is increased, and the absorption capacity of the system is enhanced. This lays a foundation for applying monolayer CrS2 in microelectronics and optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the 2-flavor equation of state of the quantum chromodynamics at zero temperature and finite chemical potentials with a modified Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model, where the beta equilibrium and electric charge neutrality conditions of the system (including u, d quarks, electrons and muons) are considered. The related chiral phase transition is also discussed in this paper. For comparison, we show the results with four different parameter sets, and find only quantitative differences. As chemical potential increases, the crossover instead of first-order chiral phase transition happens. Finally, we calculate the binding energy per baryon for different parameter sets, and find that the 2-flavor quark system with a smaller G 1 (or a larger m) possesses the lower binding energy per baryon, indicated to be more stable than the other case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical birefringence measurements were performed on Ising-spin antiferromagnets with the chemical formula ACo X 3 . The temperature dependences of the birefringences of CsCoCl3 and CsCoBr3 reflect the thermal shrinkage of the crystal lattice and the development of magnetic short-range correlation in Ising spin chains. Moreover, the temperature dependences of the birefringences of RbCoBr3 and TlCoCl3 show marked anomalies at structural phase transition points. We demonstrate a method of numerically analyzing the birefringence in magnetic compounds that undergo structural phase transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swarmalator model attracts the attention of numerous scholars because of its rich dynamical behaviors. We investigate the reason for the phase transition that occurs in a 2D swarmalator model, and conclude that the limit cycle, a reflection of the coexistence of the forces of maintaining and disrupting orders, results in the various clustering phenomena. Through novel mean-field approximation and using the self-consistency argument method, we prove the clustering conditions and the influence of the number of clusters on the existence of clusters, and provide estimates of the cluster size of the splintered phase wave state and the phase transition threshold between the splintered phase wave state and active phase wave state. Due to the widespread presence of nonlinearity, our study is essential to the analysis of clustering phenomena in real physical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equilibrium behaviors of the anisotropic XY ferromagnet, with nonmagnetic impurity, have been investigated in three dimensions by Monte Carlo simulation using Metropolis algorithm. Two different types of anisotropy, namely, the bilinear exchange type and single-site anisotropy are considered here. The thermodynamic behaviors of the components of the magnetizations (M), susceptibility (χ) and the specific heat (C) have been studied systematically through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The ferro–para phase transition has been observed to take place at a lower temperature for impure anisotropic XY ferromagnet. The pseudocritical temperature ( T c ∗ ) has been found to decrease as the system gets more and more impure (impurity concentration p increases). In the case of bilinear exchange type of anisotropy (λ), the pseudocritical temperature ( T c ∗ ) increases linearly with λ for any given concentration of nonmagnetic impurity (p). The slope of this linear function has been found to depend on the impurity concentration (p). The slope decreases linearly with the impurity concentration (p). In the case of the single-site anisotropy (D), the pseudocritical temperature ( T c ∗ ) has been found to decrease linearly with p for fixed D. The critical temperature (for a fixed set of parameter values) has been estimated from the temperature variation of fourth-order Binder cumulants ( U L ) for different system sizes (L). The critical magnetization (M (T c)) and the maximum value of the susceptibility ( χ p ) are calculated for different system sizes (L). The critical exponents for the assumed scaling laws, M (T c) ∼ L − β ν and χ p ∼ L γ ν , are estimated through the finite size analysis. We have estimated, β ν , equals 0. 4 8 ± 0. 0 5 and 0. 3 7 ± 0. 0 4 for bilinear exchange and single-site anisotropy, respectively. We have also estimated, γ ν equals 1. 7 8 ± 0. 0 5 and 1. 8 1 ± 0. 0 5 for bilinear exchange and single-site anisotropy, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a traditional solid-state method was adopted to prepare dense Ba 0. 8 5 Ca 0. 1 5 [(Zr 0. 1 Ti 0. 9 ) 1 − x –(Nb 0. 5 La 0. 5 )x]O3(BCZT–xNL) lead-free relaxation ferroelectrics with excellent energy storage performance (ESP). Remarkably, a large breakdown field strength of BDS (∼ 4 1 0 kV/cm) resulting from decreased grain size by double ions doping at the B-site was achieved in BCZT–xNL ceramics. Especially, the BCZT–0.12NL ceramic displays a good recoverable energy density ( W rec ) of 3.1 J/cm3, a high efficiency of 86.7% (η) and a superior fatigue resistance, as well as a superior charge–discharge performance ( C D ∼ 1 6 2 3. 1 4 A/cm2, P D ∼ 1 6 2. 3 1 MW/cm3, W D ∼ 1. 3 0 J/cm3, t 0. 9 ∼ 4 9. 6 ns) and good thermal stability. Besides, upon NL doping, the FE to RFE phase transition results in a dielectric behavior traversing the relaxation phase (γ ∼ 1. 8 4) accompanied by frequency dispersion, which is beneficial to improve ESP. The superior ESP in this work indicates that BCZT–0.12 NL ceramics are a promising candidate used in energy storage capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the thermodynamic geometry of two types of asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes in four-dimensional Einsteinian cubic gravity, including the uncharged rotating and charged non-rotating black holes, applying the Ruppeiner thermodynamic geometry method. The divergence of the scalar curvature of the Ruppeiner metric (RR) is found to be related to the vanishing of the heat capacity. The stability of the solutions is shown to be affected by the Einsteinian cubic gravity coupling constant λ. In the unstable phase of the rotating black hole, the RR appeared to possess additional diverging points, where the number of these points and the behavior of RR are controlled by the angular momentum parameter. Also, for the charged non-rotating black hole case, we show that depending on the values of λ, the solution may enjoy two types of phase transition and RR behaviors. The characteristic behavior of RR of these two types of black holes enabled us to recognize the types of interactions between microscopic degrees of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the thermodynamic and phase transition properties of asymptotically AdS black holes within Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity, focusing on Joule–Thomson expansion. Thermodynamics is studied in the extended phase space, where the cosmological constant serves as thermodynamic pressure. We observe that the black hole undergoes a phase transition similar to that of a van der Waals system. We analyze charged and neutral cases separately to distinguish the effect of charge and Gauss–Bonnet parameter on critical behavior and examine the phase structure. We find that the Gauss–Bonnet coupling parameter behaves similarly to black hole charge or spin, guiding the phase structure. To understand the underlying phase structure determined by the Gauss–Bonnet coefficient α , we introduce a new order parameter. We discover that the change in the conjugate variable to the Gauss–Bonnet parameter acts as an order parameter, demonstrating a critical exponent of 1 ∕ 2 in the vicinity of the critical point. Since the phase structure is analogous to that of a van der Waals fluid, we investigate the Joule–Thomson expansion of the black hole. We analytically study the Joule–Thomson expansion, focusing on three key characteristics: the Joule–Thomson coefficient, inversion curves and isenthalpic curves. We obtain isenthalpic curves in the T–P plane and illustrate the cooling–heating regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we reconsider the concept of bulk viscosity in Brans–Dicke theory to study accelerated expansion of the universe in a flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric. In recent works on bulk viscosity in Brans–Dicke theory, the power-law form of Brans–Dicke scalar field has been taken to explain recent phase transition of the universe, however, power-law form confronts constant deceleration parameter problem. Therefore, we consider recently proposed well-motivated logarithmic form of Brans–Dicke scalar field to discuss bulk viscous model in Brans–Dicke theory. We obtain the values of deceleration parameter and equation of state parameter for the model, and plot their graphs against the redshift parameter z. The plots show that the model is able to explain the recent phase transition of the universe and equation of state parameter shows the behavior of dark energy. Further, we apply two important analysis, namely, w − w ′ analysis and thermodynamic analysis to examine our model. The w − w ′ analysis shows that our model belong to thawing region and shows similarities with quintessence model. All the trajectories start from the point w ′ = 0 with different negative values of w having quintessence behavior. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the model satisfies generalized second law of thermodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study emphasizes the efficacy of employing matrices resembling Wishart matrices, derived from magnetization time series data within specific dynamics, to elucidate phase transitions and critical phenomena in the Q-state Potts model. Through the application of appropriate statistical methods, we not only identify second-order transitions but also distinguish weaker first-order transitions by carefully analyzing the density of eigenvalues and their fluctuations. Additionally, we investigate the method’s sensitivity to stronger first-order transition points. Notably, we establish a robust correlation between the system’s actual thermodynamics and the spectral thermodynamics encapsulated within the eigenvalues. Our findings are further supported by correlation histograms of the time series data, revealing insightful patterns. Building upon our core results, we provide a didactic analysis that draws parallels between the spectral properties of criticality in a spin system and matrices intentionally imbued with correlations (a toy model). Within this framework, we observe a universal behavior characterized by the distribution of eigenvalues into two distinct groups, separated by a gap dependent on the level of correlation, influenced by temperature-induced changes in the spin system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy and its storage systems play an extensive role in day-to-day life. They store renewable energy and are capable of recovering generated heat from different systems. Storage of thermal energy can be classified into three types: sensible, latent and sorption heat storages. Thermal heat storages use different types of materials based on their capacity of heat storage, stability of duration and thermal conductivity. Various phase change materials (PCMs) that are suitable for thermal storage are reported. Low conversion ability limits their effectiveness. We reviewed some of the traditional materials synthesized recently that are used for thermal energy storage (TES). Recently developed TES materials exhibit high thermal conductivity, reduced super cooling and multiple phase change temperatures. Nano-enhanced PCMs produced an increase in thermal conductivity up to 32% with a reduction in latent heat by 32%. At this juncture, MXenes with high performance and extraordinary properties (thermal, mechanical, etc.) are of special significance. MXenes displayed an increased thermal conductivity up to 16% and 94% efficiency. In view of their structure and adaptability to be used in thermal storage systems, an attempt was made to review their role also in thermal storage applications. It is observed that MXenes highly impact storage and efficiency. Apart from MXenes, various types of PCMs along with their thermal characteristics are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical state plays an important role in emerged behavior of neural networks. Excitable networks are widely used in simulation studies. However, the simulation of critical state is sophisticated because the state sensitively depends on dynamical and topological features. We study the effect of refractory period of dynamical units and connection symmetry on the excitable network with critical branching ratio. In bidirectional random networks with refractory period, the critical branching ratio is well known. Here, we show that the collective behavior changes from critical state into ceaseless activity, when refractory period vanishes. Instead of mean degree of all nodes, we show that the control parameter is determined by the mean degree of active nodes which is larger than the average degree and induces the transition. When refractory period is present, the number of effective links connected to resting nodes is equal to average degree. The mechanism ensures the critical branching ratio is unity. In directed networks, collective behavior keeps the critical state when refractory period vanished. However, a few reciprocal links make the network without refractory period becoming ceaseless. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertisement and propaganda have changed continuously in the past decades, mainly due to the people's interactions at online platforms and social networks, and operate nowadays reaching a highly specific online audience instead targeting the masses. The impacts of this new media effect, oriented directly for a specific audience, are investigated on this study, in which we focus on the opinion evolution of agents in the majority-rule model, considering the presence of directed propaganda. We introduce p as the probability of a "positive" external propaganda and q as the probability to the agents follow the external propaganda. Our results show that the usual majority-rule model stationary state is reached, with a full consensus, only for two cases, namely when the external propaganda is absent or when the media favors only one of the two opinions. However, even for a small influence of external propaganda, the final state is reached with a majority opinion dominating the population. For the case in which the propaganda influence is strong enough among the agents, we show that the consensus cannot be reached at all, and we observe the polarization of opinions. In addition, we show through analytical and numerical results that the system undergoes an order–disorder phase transition that occurs at q c = 1 ∕ 3 for the case p = 0. 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to unravel the physical and mathematical mystery of synchronized-flow mechanism and to reveal the fundamental mechanism and origin of synchronized flow produced by nonlinear stochastic processes, we have produced simple stochastic traffic flow models (the gradual-NaSch, Phoenix and mPhoenix models) with nonlinear safe speeds. In the mNaSch model and our gradual-NaSch model, the i th vehicle's speed is the same as or different from the j th vehicle's speed because they are discrete values. In the mNaSch and gradual-NaSch models, the same discrete values of the i th and j th states make it easy to identify synchronized flow with speed-synchronized phase of the i th and j th states. On the other hand, when we deal with synchronized flow in continuous traffic flow models, we face a problem. Continuous values cause the difficulty in identification of synchronization. In order to definitely clarify whether or not synchronized flow occurs in continuous models, we have established a novel idea of Exchange approach to recognizing synchronized flow as speed-synchronized phase. Our idea is generated from the analogical image that the whole system of synchronized metronomes does not change even if the i th and j th synchronized metronomes are exchanged. The Exchange approach (exchanging the i th vehicle's state for any j th vehicle's state in the whole system of traffic flow), which causes distortion such as a collision if non-synchronized vehicle's states are exchanged and makes it possible to definitely clarify whether or not synchronized flow occurs in continuous models, is applied to our simple stochastic continuous model (the mPhoenix model). On the basis of the Exchange approach, we can recognize that the mPhoenix model surely reproduces synchronized flow. In addition, we have proposed mathematical approach to deriving nonlinear safe speeds which guarantee collision free driving and reproduce synchronized flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-to-charge conversion and vice versa due to spin-orbit coupling in ferromagnet-heavy metal heterostructure is of paramount interest for developing energy-efficient spintronic devices. Here, we have systematically investigated the effect of Ar deposition pressure ( P Ar ) on the tungsten (W) crystalline phase and extracted spin-dependent transport parameters. X-ray diffraction results show that 10 nm-thick W films exhibit a structural phase transition from a mixed phase of (α + β) -W to a single phase of β -W as a function of P Ar . The observed phase transition is due to a decrease in adatom's energy and surface mobility. Interestingly, only the (α + β) -W phase is found to stabilize when W sputtered on a seed Ni 8 0 Fe 2 0 (Permalloy or Py) film. The growth of (α + β) -W on the seed Py layer could be due to the strain that facilitates the mixed phase. W deposited on the Py layer is shown to be dependent on P Ar , in which the β -W relative phase fraction is relative. A ferromagnetic resonance (FMR)-based spin pumping method was employed for spin current injection. The FMR linewidth (Δ H) is enhanced for Py/W compared to the bare Py layer due to the spin current transport across the interface. The spin-mixing conductance ( g ↑ ↓) is found to be a function of the relative phase fraction of W. The extracted g ↑ ↓ is 4. 9 0 × 1 0 1 8 m − 2 for P Ar = 5 mTorr and 4. 0 5 × 1 0 1 8 m − 2 for P Ar = 1 0 mTorr. From the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) measurements, the effective spin Hall angle ((θ SH ) is estimated to be − 0. 1 7 for α -W rich mixed phase of (α + β) -W, whereas it is − 0. 1 0 for β -W rich (α + β) -W. Our systematic study demonstrates the relatively large effective spin Hall angle via low-longitudinal resistivity by controlling the relative phase fraction of W and helps in developing energy-efficient spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, BNBT-KNN-xTa2O5 was designed and synthesized, successfully achieving a reduction in the relaxor-ferroelectric phase transition temperature. Synergy between temperature-dependent ferroelectric testing and dielectric spectroscopy confirmed that the depoling temperature gradually decreased with increasing doping concentration. Fitting of the relaxation parameter and freezing temperature substantiated that the incorporation of Ta2O5 increased the degree of relaxation in BNBT-KNN-xTa2O5, thereby effectively lowering the relaxor-ferroelectric phase transition temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is believed that cores of neutron stars provide a natural laboratory where exotic high baryon density phases of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD) may exist. In fact, the theoretically well-established neutron superfluid phase is also believed to be found only inside neutron stars. Focus on neutrons stars has tremendously intensified in recent years with the direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs) by LIGO/Virgo from binary neutron star (BNS) merger events which has allowed the possibility of directly probing the properties of the interior of a neutron star. A truly remarkable phenomenon manifested by rapidly rotating neutron stars is in their avatar as Pulsars. The accuracy of pulsar timing can reach the level of one part in 10 1 5 , comparable to that of atomic clocks. Indeed, it was such a great accuracy which had allowed the first indirect detection of GWs from a BNS system. Such an incredible accuracy of pulse timings points to a very interesting possibility. Any deformation of the pulsar, even if it is extremely tiny, has the potential of leaving its imprints on the pulses through introduction of tiny perturbations in the entire moment of inertia (MI) tensor. While, the diagonal components of perturbed MI tensor affect the pulse timings, the off-diagonal components lead to wobbling of pulsar, directly affecting the pulse profile. This opens up a new window of opportunity for exploring various phase transitions occurring inside a pulsar core, through induced density fluctuations, which may be observable as perturbations in the pulse timing as well as its profile. Such perturbations also naturally induce a rapidly changing quadrupole moment of the star, thereby providing a new source of GW emission. Another remarkable possibility arises when we consider the effect of an external GW on neutron star. With the possibility of detecting any minute changes in its configuration through pulse observations, the neutron star has the potential of performing as a Weber detector of GW. This brief review will focus on these specific aspects of a pulsar. Specifically, the focus will be on the type of physics which can be probed by utilizing the effect of changes in the MI tensor of the pulsar on pulse properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly encountered shapes in nuclei are spherical, prolate and oblate. The shape of a nucleus is decided by the residual interactions among its nucleons. In our current investigation, we incorporate both axial and triaxial degrees of freedom to study how the shape of thorium nuclei changes within the boundaries of the drip lines. We employed the relativistic mean-field theory and utilized density-dependent meson-exchange as the functional throughout our calculations. We calculated the total binding energy as it varies with the deformation parameter β 2 and subsequently depicted the resulting binding energy curves. Furthermore, we examined the self-consistent energy surface for thorium isotopes with triaxial quadrupole deformations. The emergence of potential energy minima can be attributed to the presence of gaps or regions with reduced density of single-particle energy levels around the Fermi surface, as the nucleus undergoes deformation. The nuclear shape evolution of thorium isotopes ranging from 2 0 4 Th to 2 8 0 Th was investigated, 2 1 6 Th and 2 7 4 Th are spherical in shape and the nearby isotopes are less deformed and nearly spherical. Isotopes ranging from 2 2 0 Th to 2 6 4 Th exhibit a higher level of deformation. The most deformed nucleus is 2 4 0 Th and is prolate. The weak triaxial behavior is observed within the region associated with shape phase transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex spatiotemporal patterns in nature significantly challenge reductionism-based modern science. The lack of a paradigm beyond reductionism hinders our understanding of the emergence of complexity. The diversity of countless patterns undermines any notion of universal mechanisms. Here, however, we show that breaking the symmetry of three simple and self-organization rules gives rise to nearly all patterns in nature, such as a wide variety of Turing patterns, fractals, spiral, target and plane waves, as well as chaotic patterns. The symmetry breaking is rooted in the basic physical quantities, such as positive and negative forces, space, time and bounds. Besides reproducing the hallmarks of complexity, we discover some novel phenomena, such as abrupt percolation of Turing patterns, phase transition between fractals and chaos, chaotic edge in traveling waves, etc. Our asymmetric self-organization theory established a simple and unified framework for the origin of complexity in all fields, and unveiled a deep relationship between the first principles of physics and the complex world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies of group percolation models in interdependent networks with reinforced nodes have rarely addressed the effects of the degree of reinforced nodes and the heterogeneity of group size distribution. In this paper, a cascading failure model in interdependent networks with reinforced crucial nodes and dependency groups is investigated numerically and analytically. For each group, we assume that if all the nodes in a group fail on one network, a node on another network that depends on that group will fail. We find that rich percolation transitions can be classified into three types: discontinuous, continuous, and hybrid phase transitions, which depend on the density of reinforced crucial nodes, the group size, and the heterogeneity of group size distribution. Importantly, our proposed crucial reinforced method has higher reinforcement efficiency than the random reinforced method. More significantly, we develop a general theoretical framework to calculate the percolation transition points and the shift point of percolation types. Simulation results show that the robustness of interdependent networks can be improved by increasing the density of reinforced crucial nodes, the group size, and the heterogeneity of group size distribution. Our theoretical results can well agree with numerical simulations. These findings might develop a new perspective for designing more resilient interdependent infrastructure networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]