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Climate change has become one of the key issues affecting global society and economic development, and it is related to the sustainable development of mankind and the earth's ecological system. Firstly, this research begins with the important international conferences and agreements on Global Climate Governance, and analyzes the recent progress of the Paris Agreement, the Marrakech climate conference and the major progress of China & US climate cooperation and China's contribution. Secondly, from the perspective of China's adaptation and response to climate change, the main progress of climate change in China is reviewed from a multi-level perspective. The main scientific and technological progress and achievements in China's response to climate change have been tracked. Finally, from the environmental risk areas, the future risks of climate change are predicted from six aspects, to contribute to the scientific and technological support program for climate change governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the daily precipitation data of 545 meteorological stations in China from 1961 to 2016, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of rainstorm rainfall and rainy days in different months of China were diagnosed from three aspects: climatic characteristics, variation trend and interannual variation. The results showed that: (1) Rainstorm rainfall and rainy days in different months of China from 1961 to 2016 had similar spatial characteristics in corresponding months. From January to July, the high-value areas of rainstorm rainfall and rainy days gradually expanded from southeast coast to northwest inland, but mainly distributed in the east area of Hu Huanyong Line. From August to December, it shrank from northwest to southeast coastal areas. Rainstorm rainfall and rainy days were less distributed in different months in the west area of Hu Huanyong Line; (2) From 1961 to 2016, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of rainstorm rainfall in different months in China were basically consistent with that of rainy days. May to August was the most significant month for the variation trend of rainstorm rainfall and rainy days in China. It mainly distributed in the southeast monsoon area, and was mainly increasing trend. The trend of rainstorm rainfall and rainy days in northwest China changed slightly in different months; (3) The interannual variability of rainstorm rainfall in different months in China from 1961 to 2016 was similar to that of rainy days. The fluctuation characteristics from April to October were larger in the northern region. The southern region fluctuated greatly from November to December in January to March. With the development of the month, the high-value areas with large daily fluctuations of rainstorm rainfall and rainy days gradually expanded from southeast to northwest, northeast and southwest, and the fluctuations in southeast tended to decrease, then shrank from northwest, northeast and southwest to southeast, with the increasing fluctuations in southeast. The study has certain reference significance for flood control and disaster reduction and water resources planning and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change in the past one hundred years has brought important influence to the natural ecosystem and social - economic system of the world and China, The impact of future climate change is also long-term and huge, and many effects are negative or adverse. Therefore, from now on we must take measures adapting to climate change to overcome the adverse effects of climate change on social - economic - ecological system, In this paper, starting from the urgency of integrated climate change risk governance, the risk of natural disasters intensifying caused by climate change is briefly described, and engineering and non engineering measures of the integrated climate change risk governance in China's high risk region are proposed, as well as recommendations on integrated risk governance in the eastern, middle and western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global -warming, there are more frequent heavy rainstorms and extraordinary rainstorms, which leads to growingly severe rainstorm disasters. In previous studies, heavy rainstorms and extraordinary rainstorms were classified into rainstorms so that it was impossible to fully grasp the spatiotemporal pattern of heavy rainstorms and extraordinary rainstorms. Therefore, based on the daily precipitation data of 659 meteorological stations in China, this study calculated the rainfall amount, the rain day, and the rainfall intensity of rainstorms, heavy rainstorms, and extraordinary rainstorms in 1951-2010, and analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of rainstorms, heavy rainstorms, and extraordinary rainstorms in China. The results showed that: In terms of the proportion to the total rainstorms, rainstorms were the largest, followed by heavy rainstorms and extraordinary rainstorms; in terms of time, the rainfall amount, the rain day, and the rainfall intensity of interdecadal rainstorms and heavy rainstorms in China show a dynamic increase trend; in terms of space, only the rainfall amount and rainy days had an expansion trend, while the rainfall intensity did not change much. Temporally, the rainfall amount and the rain day of interdecadal extraordinary rainstorms were characterized by "increase--decline--increase", while their rain intensity was characterized by "decline-increase-decline". Spatially, there was no significant change in the rainfall amount, the rain day, and the rainfall intensity of extraordinary rainstorms. In short, rainstorms in China were developing towards extremes, which might be a result of combination of human factors and natural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of social economy, the strategic position of civil aviation in the national economy is highlighted, and its development potential is enormous. Extreme weather events under the background of climate change have brought great challenges to aviation safety. Starting with the rapid development of civil aviation in China, based on the trend of increasing the risk of aviation security and the risk of economic loss under the warming background, the effect of climate change on aviation safety development was analyzed from seven aspects: extreme weather and climate events affecting aviation safety, the number of takeoff limit days, fog and haze (low visibility) affecting aviation safety, flight time increasing, takeoff condition of high plateau airport changing, aircraft corrosion and clear-air turbulence, and the possible impact of the development of aviation industry on climate change was analyzed. Finally, based on the mutual influence of climate change and aviation industry, five policy suggestions were proposed, including the scientific planning of the new airport layout, the construction of the aviation meteorological data sharing platform, the comprehensive assessment of the impact of climate change on the aviation, the development of the aeronautical weather index insurance and new risk response training for aviation staff under the background of climate change. This study has a reference value for a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between climate change and the development of aviation safety in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, based on the data on the frequency of waterlogging events and the number of waterlogging days of 1,638 stations from 1961 to 2016, a variety of mathematical statistics methods were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of waterlogging events in eastern China. The results showed that: ① In terms of time, the annual frequency of waterlogging events and the number of waterlogging days in eastern China in 1961–2016 showed an increasing trend despite of fluctuations. In the interdecadal changes, the highest frequency of waterlogging events and the greatest number of waterlogging days occurred in the 1990s, and from the 1960s to the 1980s, the frequency of waterlogging events and the number of waterlogging days in eastern China showed a decreasing trend. There were 6-year and 30-year periodic variations in the frequency of waterlogging events and the number of waterlogging days in eastern China, and mutations occurred in 1991. ② In terms of space, from 1961 to 2016, the areas with high frequency of waterlogging events in various years in eastern China were mainly South China, western and southern Yunnan, northern Jiangsu, southern Zhejiang, northern Fujian, junction areas between Hunan and Chongqing, northern Sichuan, and eastern Liaoning. ③ In the spatial distribution of change trends and fluctuation characteristics, the frequency of waterlogging events and the number of waterlogging days in eastern China increased significantly in the southeastern coastal areas from 1961 to 2016, and the fluctuations of the frequency of waterlogging events and the number of waterlogging days in eastern China from 1961 to 2016 presented a spatial variation pattern of low in the southwest and high in the northwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many regions are pounded with heavy rainfall, causing flood, casualties, property damage and severe destruction to ecosystem in multiple urban areas. Frequent occurrence of extremely heavy precipitation event under the background of global climate change has caused terrible harm on economic and social development, life security, ecosystem, etc. ; brought profound impact on sustainable development of disaster area; become a key factor of global and regional disasters and environmental risk; and been widely concerned by academic circle and all sectors of the society. So severe disasters caused by extreme precipitation events have attracted more and more attention, while the relationship between heavy rainfall with different duration and total heavy rainfall has become the hottest scientific frontier issue. Contribution of heavy rainfall with different duration to the total heavy rainfall has significant spatial differences. Here we used daily rainfall data from 1961 to 2015 of 659 meteorological stations in China. When the rainfall is greater than 50 mm in 24 hours, that is a heavy rainfall event. Heavy rainfall only lasting one day is defined as short-duration heavy rainfall, while heavy rainfall lasting more than two days is defined as long-duration heavy rainfall. Results indicated that: on the basis of duration days defined long-duration heavy rainfall, on the spatial distribution, total rainfall, total heavy rainfall and short-duration heavy rainfall showed "increasing -decreasing -increasing" from the southeast coast to northwest inland in China from 1961 to 2015, and on the whole meteorological station with increasing trend predominant. In the meantime, long-duration heavy rainfall showed "increasing -decreasing" spatial pattern, and on the whole meteorological station with decreasing trend predominant. We detected that there was a belt of becoming drought from northeast to southwest. The contribution of total heavy rainfall to total rainfall as well as long-duration heavy rainfall to total heavy rainfall showed "high in southeast - low in northwest" spatial distribution pattern. On the contrary, the contribution of short-duration heavy rainfall to total heavy rainfall showed " low in southeast - high in northwest" spatial distribution pattern. The contribution trend of total heavy rainfall to total rainfall and short-duration heavy rainfall to total heavy rainfall showed " increasing -mosaic with increasing and decreasing -increasing" spatial distribution pattern from northeast to southwest, and on the whole meteorological station with increasing trend predominant. On the contrary, the contribution trend of long-duration heavy rainfall to total heavy rainfall showed mosaic with increasing and increasing in the northeast, slightly decreasing in the southwest, and on the whole meteorological station with decreasing trend predominant. There was a climate transition zone from northeast to southwest, which was essentially coincident with the arid zone. The results suggested that the precipitation in China was changing to extremely accompanied by short-duration storm increased significantly. Chinese heavy rainfall especially the increase of short-duration heavy rainfall suggests that human activity is likely to be triggered an increasing in extreme precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization, climate governance has become one of the unavoidable challenges of human society. Therefore, climate engineering is increasingly mentioned in the international climate negotiations. For solar radiation management with the most controversy in climate engineering method, based on two scenarios of climate engineering (G4) and non climate engineering ( RCP4.5) of BNU-ESM model. 95% and 99% percentiles of daily rainfall data during 2010-2099 were taken as thresholds of heavy rainfall and extreme rainfall events. The data of over threshold sampling (POT) were fitted by Weibull distribution to diagnose the heavy rainfall and extreme rainfall in 10, 20. 50 and 100 years of return period. The results showed that: in two scenarios, strength of heavy rainfall and extreme rainfall enhanced with return period increased, and they showed a southeast high-northwest low spatial characteristics. Climate engineering, in general, contributes to the increase in heavy rainfall and extreme rainfall in China, as well as spatial heterogeneity, which represents the suppression of heavy rainfall and extreme rainfall in parts of the country. This research is of great significance for the future global climate control and regional climate adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data of hail days at 2 481 stations during 1961 -2016, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and periodic variation of gale days in China and seven geographical regions were analyzed by using a variety of statistical methods. The results showed that: in time, the gale days in China and the seven geographical areas all showed a decreasing trend from 1961 to 2016. In the Tibet (Southeast China and Southwest China) region, the annual number of single-station gale days was the most (least), but the decrease ratio was the least (most). In the significance oscillation period, it was 14 years in the whole country, 60 years in Northeastern China, Northern China and east part of Northwestern China, 7, 14 and 60 years in the west of Northwestern China, Southwestern China and Southeastern China, 7 and 60 years in the Tibet region. The mutation of gale days generally occurred in 1991, 1993, 1989, 1997, 1986, 1997, 1992 and 1984 in the whole country. Northeastern China, Northern China, east part of Northwestern China, west part of Northwestern China, Tibet, Southwestern China and Southeastern China, but only the east of Northwestern China and Tibet region passed 0.05 of significance test. In space, the annual average gale days showed the pattern of southeast low and northwest high in China from 1961 to 2016. The annual average gale days were more abundant in the central and western Tibet, the southern Qinghai, eastern Xinjiang, western Sichuan, northern Inner Mongolia and northern Gansu. These regions were dominated by positive anomaly in the 1970s and the 1980s, but negative in other decades. Annual gale days in most regions of China showed a decreasing trend during 1961-2016, and fluctuation presented high in east region and low in west region beside " Hu Huanyong line". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data of hail, gale, thunderstorm and lightning days in 2 481 stations in China from 1961 to 2016, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, periodicity and climate abruption characteristics of four kinds of disastrous convective weather in China were analyzed by various mathematical statistics methods. The results showed that in time, the days of four kinds of disastrous convective weather in China decreased, and the hail and thunderstorm days were characterized by "increasing firstly and then decreasing" from 1961 to 2016. The hail, gale, thunderstorm and lightning days in China had oscillation cycles of 3-5, 2-3, 1 -2 and 1 - 4 a respectively, and the hail and thunderstorm days changed suddenly in 2002 and 1992 respectively. In space, the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau and western Sichuan were the high-value distribution areas of hail, gale and thunderstorm days. The high-value distribution areas of thunderstorm days were also distributed to the south of the Yangtze River. South China and its southwestern regions at the same latitude were the high-value distribution areas of lightning days. In terms of trend, the hail days in China showed a decreasing trend mainly in the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau. The gale days in China decreased in the east, was unchanged in the central region, and increased and decreased alternately in the west. The thunderstorm days in China increased in Tibet, North China, Chongqing, Zhejiang and northwestern Heilongjiang. The lightning days in China decreased obviously to the south of the Yangtze River. In terms of the fluctuation, the hail days fluctuated greatly in the southeast. The gale days fluctuated greatly to the east of Hu Huanyong line. The thunderstorms days in China fluctuated greatly in the northwest and slightly in the southeast. In addition to the small fluctuation in northern Xinjiang and South China, the lightning days fluctuated greatly in other regions of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]