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Agraín, Federico (2017): Revalidation and redescription of Feltia deprivata (Walker) (= bilitura of authors) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a pest species on South America. Zootaxa 4323 (2): 250-260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4323.2.8

Feltia deprivata (Walker 1857) (Figs 1–13) Agrotis deprivata Walker 1857: 739; Berg 1882: 281 –282 (as a doubtful synonymy of Agrotis blanchardi Berg); Köhler (1961) 1963: 59–60 (synonymic list and species variability); Hayward 1969: 41 (hosts); Poole 1989: 47 (world noctuid checklist); Whitfield et al. 2002:154 (parasitoids); Pastrana 2004: 155 (hosts); León 2005: 26 (diagnosis and hosts); Parra et al. 2014: 100, fig. 1 (flight curve in Araucania region, Chile). Lycophotia atrifascia Hampson 1907: 247; Draudt in Seitz 1924: 68 (diagnosis); Köhler 1945: 71, 119, 127 (key and distribution); Köhler 1967: 296 (synonymy of Scotia deprivata (Walker)); Poole 1989: 609 (as Lycophotia of authors). Lycophotia baeckstroemi Aurivillius et al. 1922: 256, Plate 10, fig. 1; Carrera-Suárez et al. 2011: 88 –89, figs 2, 12 (new synonymy of A. bilitura Guenée); San Blas 2014: 9 (new synonymy of F. deprivata). Note: Aurivillius et al. (1922) described the species as Lycophotia bäckströmi. According to 32.5.2.1 ICZN article: “In the case of a diacritic or other mark, the mark concerned is deleted, except that in a name published before 1985 and based upon a German word, the umlaut sign is deleted from a vowel and the letter "e" is to be inserted after that vowel (if there is any doubt that the name is based upon a German word, it is to be so treated),” thus the correct spelling of this species is baeckstroemi. Scotia deprivata (Walker): Köhler 1967: 301, figs 2, 55, 56 (synonymic list). Agrotis deprivata nuda Köhler 1979: 16; Poole 1989: 52 (synonymy). According to description: “Holotype and allotype: author’s collection. Habitat: Los Tambillos, Mendoza, 2000m, Luetscher leg.” Type material not found. Agrotis backstromi [sic] (Aurivillius et al.): Poole 1989: 44 (world noctuid checklist). Feltia deprivata (Walker): Lafontaine 2004: 220 (new combination); San Blas 2014: 9 (checklist); San Blas 2015: 158, fig. 1 (Agrotis Ochsenheimer and partially Feltia Walker phylogeny). Type material. Agrotis deprivata Walker. Holotype: ♂ [Chile] Valdivia (BMNH). Image examined. Lycophotia atrifascia Hampson. Lectotype ♂ (herein designated): Argentina, Mendosa [sic], Bain, 1904-211/ Lycophotia atrifascia type ♂ Hmpsn/ ([gen. praep.] 1947-200 [Tams]), in BMNH. Paralectotypes: 2♀, Argentina, Mendosa [sic], Bain, 1904-211; 1♀, idem/ Lycophotia atrifascia type F Hmpsn; in BMNH. Lectotype image examined. Lycophotia baeckstroemi Aurivillius et al. Holotype: ♂ Masatierra January (RN). Image examined. Diagnosis. Feltia deprivata differs from other South American species of Feltia by the following combination of characters: 1) forewings with transversal lines generally undifferentiated, when present, not strongly marked; 2) discal cell black, being the most conspicuous spot on the forewing; 3) in male genitalia valve with characteristic form, with basal fourth horizontal, then strongly curved posteriorly; 4) clavus club-shaped, 8 × as long as wide; 5) vesica without cornutus; 6) in female genitalia appendix bursae as long as anterior apophysis; and 7) antrum present, sclerotized, 1/4 × as long as ductus bursae. Redescription. Male (Fig. 1). Forewing length 13.8–18.1 mm. Head. Palpus dark laterally and pale brown ventrally, segments with lamellar scales, first and second segments with ventral long and thin scales and with lateral wide and short scales, third segment only with wide and short lamellar scales; frons central projection with circular raised edge, surface smooth, projected anteriorly into a point of variable size. Antenna biserrate, doubly bifasciculate, widest at 1/5 its length, gradually tapering to apex, with apical 1/2 filiform, widest segment 1.6 × as wide as central shaft, anterior process as wide as posterior process. Thorax. Dorsally concolor with forewing ground color, ventrally light brown (even on dark specimens). Patagium and tegulum concolor with dorsal part of thorax, without differentiable lines. Forewing ground color from light grayish brown to dark grayish brown; subcostal band undifferentiated, on few specimens differentiated, lighter than ground color; transversal lines generally undifferentiated, when present, not strongly marked; basal line undifferentiated or blackish, double, from costa to CuA vein; antemedial line undifferentiated or blackish, double; claviform spot undifferentiated; orbicular and reniform spots undifferentiated or slightly lighter than forewing ground color; discal cell black; medial line undifferentiated; postmedial line undifferentiated or blackish, double, concave between veins, in some specimens as double darkish dots on veins; few specimens with one or two dark streaks between reniform spot and postmedial line, between M1–M2–M3 veins; subterminal line undifferentiated; terminal line a series of darkish lunulae between veins; fringe concolor with ground color, with whitish shine. Hind wing and fringe iridescent. Abdomen. Concolor with ventral part of thorax; sternum 8 sclerotized, subrectangular, with a wide oval almost membranous area located anteriorly, lateral projections of posterior margin reaching pleura but not tergum; tergum 8 sclerotized, longitudinally subrectangular, wide posteriorly and gradually narrowed anteriorly, anterior third slightly sclerotized. Female (Fig. 2). Differs from male as follow: forewing length: 13.9–18.6 mm; antenna filiform. Generally darker than males, but with specimens as light as males. Male genitalia. (Figs 4–7). Uncus curved basally and widened on apical 1/3, apex rounded, with long hair-like setae dorsally, tapering to apex, apical 2/3 with ventral tick spine-like setae. Tegumen without “shoulders”, anterior 1/3 strongly convex. Anal tube with two ventrolateral sclerotized bands. Transtilla sclerotized as two thin bands, widened apically, basally fused to valve and apically free, not joined together (Fig. 6). Juxta half-moon shaped, posterior margin indented, anterior margin projected into a point (Fig. 7). Clavus strongly sclerotized, cylindrical, club-shaped, 8 × as long as wide, with scattered long setae on apex. Valve subrectangular, basal 1/4 horizontal, then strongly curved posteriorly, basal 1/2 narrow, then widened to 1.5 × its basal width, dorsal margin convex after costa apex and posterior margin slightly concave; costa extended along valve basal 1/4, with subquadrate apical pouch; cucullus apex strongly projected dorsally; sacculus sclerotized, membranous close to clasper, with anterior margin differentiated and posterior margin undifferentiated and dorsally limited by clasper plate; ampulla inwards curved, 1/4 × as long as valve, basal 1/4 expanded, then narrowed to 1/2 its widest diameter, laying along a groove on valve; digitus as a sclerotized ventral area of valve grove, slightly projected apically; editum absent; saccus hemispherical, ventrally projected as a small spine, dorsal notch present. Aedeagus (Figs 8–9) fully sclerotized, projected onto base of vesica as follows: a dorsal strip with posterior 1/2 projected ventrolaterally through right margin; a thin right ventrolateral strip, raised between posterior 1/2 of the other strips; and a third strip close to latter, ventral, with an apical pouch close to right projection; vesica 3 × as long as aedeagus, with one basal tight loop, followed by a postbasal spin; diverticula, basal spined band, and cornuti absent; vesica conserving same diameter along its length. Female genitalia. (Figs 10–11). Papillae anal slightly sclerotized, laterally as long as wide, with hair-like setae; posterior apophysis 3 × as long as anterior apophysis; antrum present, sclerotized, 0.25 × as long as ductus bursae; ductus bursae 1.5 × as long as posterior apophysis, membranous, with postbasal and dorsal, small diverticulum; corpus bursae 1.5 × as long as posterior apophysis, signum absent, apex globose; appendix bursae as long as corpus bursae, strongly widened before half, then narrowed, apex rounded; ductus seminalis originating on appendix bursae apex. Distribution. This species is widely distributed in South America: Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, and Chile. In Argentina, from the northern province of Salta to the southern province of Chubut, and in Chile from Arica y Parinacota to Rios regions, including Juan Fernandez islands (Figs 12–13). Biology. Angulo & Weigert (1975) described the egg, last instar larva, and pupa, giving also identification keys of those stages. Ripa (1979a, b) provided flight curve and oviposition preferences. Artigas (1972) and Parra et al. (2014) provided flight curve for South Chile and Carrillo et al. (1988) for Central Chile. Baudino (2004) presented a temporal distribution for Central Argentina. Artigas (1994) and Molinari (1942) described some general aspects of its biology in Chile and Argentina, respectively. Parasitoidism. Glyptapanteles bourqini (Blanchard) (Whitfield et al. 2002) and Meteorus sp. (Valencia & Valdivia 1973) (Hymenoptera. Braconidae); Punaclista fidelis Reinhard, Linnaemya comta (Fallen), and “ Gonia pallens (Wiedemann) ” (Diptera. Tachinidae) (Valencia & Valdivia 1973). These authors cited “ Gonia pallens (Wiedemann) ” as belonging to the Tachinidae family, yet this species seems an incorrect identification, as it actually belongs to the genus Copestylum Macquart within the family Syrphidae (Diptera). Hosts. Molinari (1942), Artigas (1972, 1994), Koch & Waterhouse (2000), Pastrana (2004), León (2005), and Baudino & Villarreal (2007) cited numerous hosts for this species. We present below a summary list of hosts cited on those works: apple (Malus pumila Miller), artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), beet (Beta vulgaris L.), beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. v ulgaris L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.), clover (Trifolium spp.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.), field marigold (Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), insigne pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), melon (Cucumis melo L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), pepper (Capsicum annum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) either on tubercle or leafs, silverbeet (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duchesne), "sweet cucumber" (Solanum muricatum Ait.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Th.)), wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.), fruit plants in nurseries and numerous forage and weeds. Note: (*) indicates that the work states working with P. bilitura and do not present photos or drawings, yet, either the diagnosis or information provided indicate that they were working with F. deprivata, or these works deals with pests in Southern South America, thus it is very likely that they were working with F. deprivata, not with P. bilitura. Citation Remark Angulo 1978: 14, 16 (*) Some characters of larva and pupa. Angulo 1994: 56, 60–61, figs 1, 2 Female genitalia. Angulo & Olivares 2001: 58 (*) Key for pupae. Angulo & Olivares 2002: 57 (*) Noctuids at the Museum of the Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Angulo & Olivares 2005: 131, 135 (*) Redescription Angulo & Weigert 1975: 65–67, 98, 103–104, 133, 135, figs Description of egg, last instar larva, and pupa. 10, 29–30, 44, 55, 64, 83, 90, 108, 117, 132–133, 157, 188 Artigas 1972: 7, 34–36, figs 14–15, 50, 55 Redescription of larva and adult, biology, and flight curve. Artigas 1994: 560–562, plate 27, fig. 4 Adult and larva diagnosis, life cycle, hosts, and parasitoids. Baudino 2004: 35, table 1 (*) Presence and importance in La Pampa, Argentina. Baudino & Villarreal 2007: 13, 15, 33–37 (*) Hosts Butler 1889: 378 (*) Diagnosis Carrera-Suárez et al. 2011: 88–89 (*) Diagnosis and hosts Carrillo et al. 1988: 37–38 (*) Flight curve in Valdivia, Chile Carrillo et al. 2001: 27–31 (*) Presence in winter in Valdivia, Chile Forbes 1933: 18, 21, figs 14, 19 Male genitalia, fig. 14 is cited as male genitalia of Agrotis annexa Treitschke but it corresponds to F. deprivata. Hampson 1903: 290, plate 66, fig. 4 Diagnosis. Jana-Sáenz 1989: 65, 68, figs 3, 19–20, 24–25 Redescription and key for Chilean Agrotis and Feltia pests. Koch & Waterhouse 2000: 45, 52, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 67, 74, Economic importance in Chile 77, 88, 99, 101, 122, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 144, 147, 161, 173, 175, 219, 224–226 (*) Köhler 1945: 70, 71, 86–87, figs 2, 6d–d’ Redescription. León 2005: 20–23, 63, 67–69, 71, figs 9–11, 49–52, 87–91 Redescription with hosts, keys, and cladistic analyses for Chilean Agrotis. Molinari 1942: 329–330, fig. 276 Adult diagnosis, life cycle, and control. Olivares & Angulo 1989: 24–25, figs 7–8 (*) Some larval characters Parra et al. 1986: 88, 96, 100, figs 19, 72–73 Redescription and key for economic important Lepidoptera of Chile. Pastrana 2004: 159–160 (*) Hosts Ripa 1979a: 139–144 (*) Flight curve and oviposition preferences Ripa 1979b: 38–41 (*) Biology and oviposition. Solving a persisting problem. To our knowledge the first citation of F. deprivata as a junior synonymy of A. bilitura corresponds to Butler (1882: 128). From his work onwards, F. deprivata has been in general confused with A. bilitura in several works. In table 1, we list those works dealing with F. deprivata, yet treating it as Agrotis, Pseudoleucania, or Euxoa bilitura. We have corrected the identification using photos or drawings published on each work. In addition to the references listed in table 1, the following works cite A. bilitura as a different species from F. deprivata, including A. bilitura (Walker 1856: 337), Paranicla bilitura (Köhler (1961) 1963: 60), and Pseudoleucania bilitura (Köhler 1967: 297, fig. 157; Poole 1989: 850). The revision of photographs of the holotype (Fig. 3) and genitalia clearly indicates that the correct identification for this species is Pseudoleucania bilitura (Guenée) stat. rev. Finally, it is worth to point out that Seitz (1924: 48, fig. 8c) gives a diagnosis for Euxoa bilitura, but both diagnosis and the figures corresponds to Feltia hispidula (Guenée). Material examined. (230 ♂, 255 ♀). ARGENTINA. Chubut. Epuyen (106), 680m, 1♀ 11-III-1986 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Ecuela La Hoya (132), 900m, 1♂ 19-III-1991 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Gualjaina (30), 550m, 3♂ 1♀ 19-XII-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); Sierra Cuadrada, 1♀ III-1959 (M. Gentili) (IPCN). La Pampa. Santa Rosa. Univ. Nac. De La Pampa, Campus Universitario, Trampa Luz, 36°33’08.20’’S, 64°18’8.24’’O, 215m, 3♂ 13-X- 2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 2♂ 4♀ 18-X-2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 1♂ 1♀ 29-X-2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 1♂ 31-X- 2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 11♂ 6♀ 23-X-2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 1♂ 13-X-2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 8♂ 5♀ 21-X- 2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 1♀ 10-X-2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 2♂ 23-III-2016 (GSB) (UNLPam), 1♂ 1♀ 24-III-2016 (GSB) (UNLPam). Mendoza. Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola, UNC, 1♀ 1968 (IFML); Malargüe, 1♀ 18-XI-1961 (IFML); Pismata, 5♀ 19-X-1966 (IFML); San Rafael, 5♂ 5♀ I-1963 (IFML), 2♂ 2♀ III-1963 (IFML); General Alvear, 2♀ 20-III-1961 (IFML), Soitue, 3♂ 16-XI-1961 (IFML); Tambillos, 2000m, 5♂ I-1966 (IFML), 4♂ II- 1964 (IFML), 8♂ 16♀ (IFML), 1♂ 23-V (IFML); Tunuyán, 1500m, 2♀ I-1963 (IFML); Uspallata, 6♂ (IFML). Neuquen. 1♂ (IFML); San Martín de Los Andes, 640m, 1♂ 7-III-1983 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♂ 10-III-1 982 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Chapelco, Techos, 1400m, 1♀ 25-XI-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); Aeropuerto Chapelco (22), 780m, 2♂ 6-XII-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 2♂ 12-XII-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♀ 9-XII-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♀ 11-IV-1982 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♂ 7-IV-1982 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♀ 2-XII-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♀ 8-XII-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♀ 1-XII-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♀ 30- XI-1981 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); Aguada Florencio (59), 870m, 3♂ 17-XII-1982 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); Bajada Los Molles, 5♀ 26-XI-1961 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Bajada Marucho, 1♂ 21-XI-1965 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), (25), 870m, 5♂ 7♀ 27-X-1981 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♂ 24-III-1981 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Collón Curá, Carro Quebrado, (198), 780m, 6♂ 3♀ 19-III-1996 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♂ 27-XII-1995 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 3♂ 8♀ 6-IV-1995 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♂ 6-II-1995 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 2♂ 3♀ 27-XI-1995 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Collón Curá, Rincón León (48), 650m, 1♀ 15-III-1997 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Loncopué, Catán Lil, Estancia Santa Isabel, 900m, 1♀ 24- III-1973 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Collón Curá, 1♂ 18-XII-1959 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Confluencia Traful, 1♂ 18-XI- 1966 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), (21), 700m, 1♂ 17-X-1981 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Copahue, 9♀ II-1964 (IFML); Cordón Chapelco (16), 1750m, 1♀ 22-I-1985 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); Covunco (usina), 1♀ 29-X-1962 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 1♀ 24-XI-1964 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Cuchillo Curá (109), 900m, 1♂ 7-I-1987 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); Estancia Alicura, 650m, 1♂ 2♀ 20-III-1972 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Laguna Blanca (26), 1270m, 2♂ 3- III-1 984 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN), 2♀ 15-II-1 993 (M. Gentili) (IPCN), 2♀ 3-III-1984 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); 1♂ 11-XI-1973 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Loncopué, 4♂ 1♀ 14-XI-1959 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Marucho, Colorada (124), 900m, 2♂ 1♀ 11-III-1989 (M. y P. Gentili) (IPCN); Neuquén (Capital), 2♀ 29-IX-1 962 (M. Gentili) (IPCN); Pampa Puttkamer (125), 975m, 2♂ 4♀ 5-XII-1, Published as part of Agraín, Federico, 2017, Revalidation and redescription of Feltia deprivata (Walker) (= bilitura of authors) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a pest species on South America, pp. 250-260 in Zootaxa 4323 (2) on pages 251-258, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4323.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/898981, {"references":["Walker, F. (1857) List of the specimens of the Lepidopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. XI. Noctuidae. Edward Newman, London, 272 pp. [pp. 493 - 764]","Berg, C. (1882) Analecta lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna de la republica Argentina y otros paises americanos. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 14, 275 - 288.","Kohler, P. E. (( 1961) 1963) Noctuidarum corrigenda et addenda. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 24, 59 - 61.","Hayward, K. J. (1969) Datos para el estudio de la Ontogenia de Lepidopteros Argentinos. Vol. 31. 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