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Background: Hernias occur when weak points in the abdominal wall give way and organs emerge from the body cavity. They can develop in the umbilical area, in the groin area or in any other place where there is an operation scar. Groin hernias are the most common type of hernias and are particularly common in men. An inguinal hernia is often noticeable as a protuberance in the groin region. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the prevalence of different hernia types among Saudi population. The study was carried out at universities, hospitals and malls in KSA. Data were collected from patients and general population during a period from May to November 2021. Results: Among the 517 participants; the most frequent age group was 20-30 years [n= 212, 41%] while the least frequent age group was more than 50 years of age [n= 37, 7.2%]; with very close male to female ratio. Furthermore, 120 participants had DM [23.2%], 146 participants were smoking [28.2%] and 57 participants were ex-smokers [11%]. Moreover, 150 participants were suffering from constipation, 104 had cough, 134 perform weight lifting and 65 had previous hernia [the most frequent hernia was umbilical hernia and the least frequent hernia was femoral hernia]. When comparing the risk factors with the presence of hernia, there was no any statistically significant relationships except for the umbilical hernia is statistically significant for females [P = 0.01]. Conclusion: The most common hernia type among the participant was the umbilical hernia and the least common type is the femoral hernia. Moreover, there were no significant hernia risk factors among the participants, except for the female gender, which had a statistically significant relationship with the umbilical hernia.

Background: Hernias occur when weak points in the abdominal wall give way and organs emerge from the body cavity. They can develop in the umbilical area, in the groin area or in any other place where there is an operation scar. Groin hernias are the most common type of hernias and are particularly common in men. An inguinal hernia is often noticeable as a protuberance in the groin region. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the prevalence of different hernia types among Saudi population. The study was carried out at universities, hospitals and malls in KSA. Data were collected from patients and general population during a period from May to November 2021. Results: Among the 517 participants; the most frequent age group was 20-30 years [n= 212, 41%] while the least frequent age group was more than 50 years of age [n= 37, 7.2%]; with very close male to female ratio. Furthermore, 120 participants had DM [23.2%], 146 participants were smoking [28.2%] and 57 participants were ex-smokers [11%]. Moreover, 150 participants were suffering from constipation, 104 had cough, 134 perform weight lifting and 65 had previous hernia [the most frequent hernia was umbilical hernia and the least frequent hernia was femoral hernia]. When comparing the risk factors with the presence of hernia, there was no any statistically significant relationships except for the umbilical hernia is statistically significant for females [P = 0.01]. Conclusion: The most common hernia type among the participant was the umbilical hernia and the least common type is the femoral hernia. Moreover, there were no significant hernia risk factors among the participants, except for the female gender, which had a statistically significant relationship with the umbilical hernia.

Leadership development can be defined as the “longitudinal process of expanding the capacities of individuals, groups, and organizations to increase their effectiveness in leadership roles and processes”. Leadership is the cornerstone for success in most collaborative institutions. Therefore, the effort spent on leadership development will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the successful delivery of work by such institutions, in multiple different areas. Our understanding of leadership and its development has changed drastically in recent years. This has resulted in the rapid emergence of leadership development programs that focus on both the personal and social qualities and behaviors of already assigned leaders, as well as on the whole chain of prospective leaders or leadership groups, to develop their personal, cognitive and collaborative capabilities.

This review is aiming to discuss the Radiation related risk of imaging. The present review was conducted by searching in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, BMJ journal and Google Scholar for, researches, review articles and reports, published over the past years. Books published on Radiation related risk of imaging. If several studies had similar findings, we randomly selected one or two to avoid repetitive results. Based on findings and results this review found Radiation doses varied significantly between the different types of CT studies. During follow-up, 74 of 178 604 patients were diagnosed with leukemia and 135 of 176 587 patients were diagnosed with brain tumors. We noted a positive association between radiation dose from CT scans and leukemia. Effective radiation doses for whole-body CT and for CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis were calculated using Monte Carlo simulation studies. Keywords: Radiation, risk , imaging