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Abstract This study traced the style and forms of fashion and clothing in the Abbasid society during the second and third centuries AH, the study aims to show the disparity in clothing between the classes of Abbasid society, where the caliphs, ministers and leaders wore the most sophisticated clothes and the role of the model was sponsored by them, and their official uniforms differed from the clothes of their own councils Where each occasion has its own uniform, and the successors of the Banu al-Abbas were interested in fashion and the gaining of luxurious clothes, and they imitated the Persian kings from Persia, so people followed them and were affected by them, in addition to the fact that the clothes covered all parts of body such as turbans, hoods, body covers, footwear, and others. The importance of the study is in identifying the objectives of dress in the Abbasid era, which is to impart aspects of urbanization to society, such as adornment and beautification, so their methods of acquiring clothes varied and focusing on the precious and remarkable, as well as standing on the interest of the Caliphs and their keenness on the appearance. The Caliph was keen on Gifts to his followers on many occasions, especially from luxurious textiles and expensive clothes.The study followed the historical, descriptive and analytical methods through a group of sources and references, and come out with results that are summarized in the development of the fashion and clothing industry in its various forms, colors and names, as a result of the mixing of new races and races that came to the Abbasid community from the countries of Turkey, Persia and Rome, and became one of its basic components. Thus, classesof Abbasid societyappeared, each of which was distinguished by its own style and shape in fashion and clothing, through which their material, professional and class levels are reflected. The study also recommends examining the role of the Abbasid caliphsin the development of the textile industry and its transformation into an art industry and the emergence of skilled craftsmen and the use of expensive raw materials. Key words; Model,The society, Dresses, The public, Abbassi

Background: Human milk meets all the nutritional requirements of infants for the first 6 months of life, and it is associated with a lower incidence of diarrhea than partial or artificial feeding. The infant should be exclusively breastfed for at least 4 months of life and if possible for 6 months, as recommended by WHO and UNICEF. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine the breastfeeding status for children under 24 months in Arar city, and to determine breastfeeding practice in relation to some socidemographic and nutrition related variables. Participants and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Arar city, mothers were selected from the attendees of the female side of 6 randomly selected primary health care centers in the city. They interviewed and filled a questionnaire which included the needed questions. Results: Among the 400 studied children,17.2% got breastfeeding, 41.0% had both breast and artificial feeding while 41.8% depended on artificial feeding only. Absolute breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life was found in 34.7% of infants and in the first 4 months of life was found in 13.8%. Sources of health education of the mothers about absolute breastfeeding period were doctors in 12.1%, health education team of the hospitals in 24.1%, relatives and friends in 11.8%, the media in 3.8% while no health education about absolute breastfeeding period was reported by 48.2% of the studied mothers. The reported causes of artificial feeding was difficulty of breastfeeding during working hours in 41.8%, missing of support in 25.7%, preference of formula milk in 11%, thinking that breastfeeding leads to breast enlargement and redundancy in 8.6% and thinking that breastfeeding leads to obesity of the mothers in 4.5%. No significant relationship between type of child feeding and child age, sex, mother education, mother's working status, father's work or mother age group [P >0.05]. Conclusion: 17.2% got breastfeeding, 41.0% had both breast and artificial feeding while 41.8% depended on artificial feeding only. Absolute breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life was found in 34.7% of infants and in the first 4 months of life was found in 13.8%. With deficiency of exclusive breastfeeding among infants of Arar, Saudi Arabia. Programs promoting exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of age must be conducted to increase mothers’ awareness of the exclusive breastfeeding duration is recommended. Keywords: Breastfeeding; Exclusive breastfeeding; Breastfeeding Practice; Arar, Saudi Arabia.

Acute Appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in the developed world. It occurs most commonly in the second and third decades of life. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, it is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives: to determine the prevalence, determinants, management and outcome of different types of management of acute appendicitis among Saudi population in Riyadh, KSA. Methods: The present cross sectional community based study was conducted in Riyadh city, the capital of KSA on 336 participant. Data was collected through filling the pre-designed online questionnaire which guided us to the needed data. We utilized the SPSS program version 16. The X2 test was used as a test of significance, and differences considered significant at P value less than 0.05. Results: There were 29.2% of participants had a life time attack of acute appendicitis. It was more prevalent in females than males (P=0.009) and among age group 21-30 years (P=0.01). Regarding symptoms, pain in the lower abdomen was the most common by 42.9% followed by vomiting 34.7%, fever 20.5%, loss of appetite 19.4%, vague abdominal pain 9.3%, and pain in the right side 7.2%, nausea 6.1% and pain in the left side by 4.1%. As regards the management, 54.1% managed by surgery, 33.7% medical management and 12.2% by Herbal remedies at home but 8.2% reported recurrence after conservative treatment.. Complications occurred in 22.4% of cases; the most common was surgical wound infection reported by 14.3% followed by paralytic ileus 8.2%. Conclusion: In our study, the prevalence of a life time attack of acute appendicitis was 29.2%. It was more prevalent in the age group (21-30) years and in females than males, mainly managed by surgery. But recurrence after conservative treatment was reported in some cases. Key words: Acute Appendicitis, Symptoms, Management, Surgery, Conservative Treatment, Complications, Riyadh, Ksa. &nbsp

Background: The clinical significance of the ABO blood group system extends beyond transfusion medicine as several reports have suggested an important involvement in the development of neoplastic and cardiovascular disorders, peptic ulcers, coagulation and infection. Objective: to show the prevalence of hypothyroidism in various ABO and Rh blood group subjects, and to examine the strength of association between hypothyroidism and ABO, Rh blood groups subjects in Arar City, Northern Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional study, conducted in Arar city, Northern Saudi Arabia. During the period from 1 January to 31 May 2018. The study included 746 participants. Collected data analyzed using the SPSS program (version 22). P-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: the total prevalence of hypothyroidism was 5.9%. As regards the blood group, blood group O was the most common (44.5%), followed by blood group A (26.7 %) and B (20.8 %), and the least common one was AB (8%). Rhesus factor (Rh) was positive in 86.1% and negative in 13.9%. The majority (86.4%) of hypothyroid patients were females (P value=0.0001). The data show a significant difference in hypothyroidism in the different blood groups (P value= 0.048) with group A subjects of the highest association (8% of group A subjects). Rh blood type had no statistically significant association with hypothyroidism. Conclusion: The results of our study showed a significant difference in hypothyroidism in the different blood groups with group A subjects of the highest association. Our findings support the need for further investigation to look for the association between ABO blood groups and hypothyroidism, further investigations in a larger population are warranted.

Background: Irregular menstruation is a factor that increases the rate of emotional and psychological stresses. This study was conducted to determine the patterns of menstrual cycles and the prevalence of menstrual disorders; menstrual irregularity and prolonged menstrual bleeding among adolescent and adult females. Methods: This was a cross sectional community-based study, conducted in the Eastern area of Saudi Arabia on 639 females aged 10-52 years, during the period from 1 Abril to 31 June 2018. Data was analyzed using SPSS program, version 20.0. A 5% level was chosen as a level of significance in all statistical tests used. Results: The mean age of study participants was calculated to be 29.3±8.1 years, the mean length of the menstrual cycle was (18.73± 9.9 days), and the mean Length of period is (6.22 ± 1.63 days). Prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularities among the studied sample was (29.7%). Subjects complained of dysmenorrhea were 77.9%, of them 29.1% had irregular cycles with no statistical difference. No statistical difference between age of menarche and menstrual cycle regularity (P>0.05), higher education is associated with more cycle regularity (P33% of our study subjects, more abnormal texture of menstrual blood found in subjects with regular cycles (P= 0.037). 54.9% were suffering continuous stress with statistically significant association between suffering from continuous stress and menstrual irregularity (P-value =0.007) with people suffering continuous stress more prone to menstrual irregularity. No statistically significant association between drinking tea or coffee repeatedly and menstrual regularity (P>0.05). Conclusion: in this study, the prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularities was 29.7%. Higher education is associated with more cycle regularity (P Key words: Pattern, determinant factors, irregular menstruation, women, Eastern area of Saudi Arabia.

Anal fissure causes severe pain and bleeding with bowel movements, and is associated with spasm of the internal anal sphincter which may lead to delayed healing. It is a common clinical problem, and the incidence varies substantially by age and sex. Objectives: to investigate the prevalence of anal fissure and its manifestations and causes among young general population of Eastern Governorate in KSA. Methods: This is across sectional study was conducted among 372 of studied population, during the period from 1 March to 31 July, 2018. Data collected using a pre-designed online questionnaire. Results: the prevalence of anal fissure among the studied participants was 31.9%, it was more prevalent among males (54.6%) than females (P= 0.03). However, there was no significant correlations with age (P= 0.244) and it was mostly found among the age group 22-40 years. Symptoms included severe pain during and after defecation in 47.1%, anal itching in 36.1%, anal bleeding especially after defecation in 35.3% and only 9.2% reported blood tinged secretions accompanied by foul odor. As regards the causes of anal fissure, we found that the most common cause was chronic constipation by 32.8% followed by anal itching 12.6%, chronic dysentery and pregnancy reported by 5.9% for each of them, Crohn's diseasein 3.4% and anal fistula in 1.7%. Transformation of the fissure from acute to chronic was the most common complication (15.1%) followed by anal fistula in 13.4%, narrow anus due to scar formation in 12.6%. Regarding the treatment of anal fissure, herbal remedies was the most common method for treatment used by 53.8%, followed by laxatives, analgesics in 24.4% and topical ointments 21.8%. Improvement was found in only 47.9%. Conclusion: AF is a common clinical problem, more common in males. Constipation is the most commonly associated comorbidity. herbal remedies was the most common method for treatment followed by laxatives, topical ointments, analgesics and topical ointments. Keywords:Anal fissure, Risk factors, Causes, Treatment.

Background: Dysmenorrhea has a negative impact on the quality of life of affected females. For example, dysmenorrhea might negatively affect relationships, academic and professional performance, and social and recreational activities. The study aim to find the prevalence, types, predisposing factors and management options of dysmenorrhea in the western area of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a cross sectional community based study, conducted in Western area of Saudi Arabia on 476 females aged 10-52 years, during the period from 1 March to 31 June 2018. Data was collected using a pre-designed online self-administered questionnaire included the relevant questions to collect data about socio-demographic characteristics and special habits of the participants, menstrual cycle related data and data related to menstrual pain, how to deal with menstrual pain and using drugs for menstrual pain. Results: Our study reported the prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 83.6%; 59.3% was moderate pain, 29.1% severe and only 10.6% mild. The majority were non-smokers 80.6% (p=0.888). ). About half (53.5%) of dysmenorrhea cases was suffering from continuous stress (p=0.325). From dysmenorrhea cases, 70.8% had regular menstruation and 29.1% had irregular menstruations, 41.2% had menarche at 13-14 years old and only 1.7% had menarche at ≥ 17 years olds. Conclusion: A high prevalence of dysmenorrhea was detected among female in the western area of Saudi Arabia. Advanced large-scale researches, health education programs, and health promotion are recommended. Keywords: Dysmenorrhea, Prevalence, Determinants, Outcome

Background: Impaired sleep has significant negative impact on health. Adequate sleep duration not only maintains body function, but also prevents adverse cardiovascular outcomes. For instance, inadequate sleep has been associated with hypertension. Objective: to determine sleep quality among hypertensive patients and the point out the score differences between hypertensive and control groups using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index on patients living in the central area of Saudi Arabia. Methods: case control study conducted among 73 already physician diagnosed hypertensive patients and 73 matched control non-hypertensive group from the central area of Saudi Arabia, during the period from 1 January to 31 May, 2018. Data were collected by personal interview with the hypertensive and control group and filling the questionnaire. We used the Arabic Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (A-PSQI). Results: About two thirds (67.1%) of hypertensive patients were females and almost the proportions (68.5% Vs. 31.5%) in the control group. By using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) we found that, among hypertensive patients 71.2% had poor sleep quality and only 28.8% had good sleep quality. While in the control group 20.5% had good sleep quality and 79.5% poor sleep quality and there was insignificant difference in sleep quality between hypertensive patients and control (P=0.249). The Mean± S.D sleep quality global score was 8± 4.33 in hypertension patients and 7.16 ± 3.6 in the control group but the difference was statistically insignificant (P=0.370). Conclusion: from this study we concluded that By using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) we found that, there was insignificant difference in sleep quality between hypertensive patients and control (P=0.249). Keywords: Hypertension; PSQI; Sleep quality