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Dąbrowska Izabela, Szydełko Joanna, Wolski Andrzej. Pituitary gland imaging - review of the literature. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(9):321-326. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.040 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.09.040 https://zenodo.org/record/5515870 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.09.2021. Revised: 19.09.2021. Accepted: 19.09.2021. Pituitary gland imaging - review of the literature Izabela Dąbrowska1a, Joanna Szydełko2b, Andrzej Wolski1c 1Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland anematoda@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-2284 bjszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-9058 candrzej.s.wolski@gmail.com, ORDIC ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2968-0949 Corresponding author: Izabela Dąbrowska Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology Jaczewskiego 8 Street 20-954 Lublin, Poland phone: +48 81 724 41 54 e-mail: nematoda@gmail.com Abstract Introduction: is an endocrine gland located upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica). Radiological procedures are playing essential role in present diagnostic of pituitary gland. Pituitary tumours can now be visualized more accurately due to continued improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques with gadolinium enhancement. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge about radiological imaging of pituitary gland and in particular MRI scan procedures. In this paper we also want to show how the imaging of the pituitary gland looked like in the past and nowadays. Description of knowledge: Diagnostic procedures play primary role in present diagnosis and treatment of pituitary gland and sella turcica tumours. It is crucial for further diagnostic procedures to locate the tumour its size and margins. Currently magnetic resonance imaging is the more important examination just after the laboratory results. That modality easily shows exact location and tumours smaller than 1 cm. Radiological differentiation of lessions wouldn’t be possible without contrast agents. The latest MRI study protocols involve dynamic and delayed sequences for better visualisation and differential diagnostic. Conclusions: During the years radiological techniques evolved and gave us the perfect tool to visualize the pituitary gland and its pathologies. Key words: pituitary gland; hypophysis; sella turcica; magnetic resonance imaging; radiology.

Szydełko Joanna, Litwińczuk Michał, Szydełko Magdalena. Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors as novel markers in invasive pituitary adenomas – a review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(9):828-851. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460403 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/7503 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.08.2019. Revised: 31.08.2019. Accepted: 22.09.2019. Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors as novel markers in invasive pituitary adenomas – a review Joanna Szydełko1a, Michał Litwińczuk1b, Magdalena Szydełko2c 1Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2Medical Student, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin, Poland a jszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-9058 b mlitwinczuk405@gmail.com, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4086-6779 c mszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-9934 Corresponding author: Joanna Szydełko Department of Endocrinology Jaczewskiego 8 Street 20-954 Lublin, Poland phone: +48 81 72 44 668 e-mail: jszydelko@interia.pl Abstract Introduction: Pituitary adenomas are generally benign central nervous system neoplasms with still increasing prevalence, especially in younger people. According to the recent data, approximately 30-45% of them invade the local structures, which make their total resection impossible and result in high recurrence rate. Despite the huge advances in management with pituitary tumors, there are no universal biomarkers predicting their course. That is why, the two-way relationship between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities and the microenvironment of pituitary adenomas is an important object of extensive studies. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge about selected MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in tumorigenesis of pituitary adenomas as well as their role in local invasion in different hormonally active and inactive pituitary tumors. Description of knowledge: MMPs are a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes, which are engaged in various physiological and pathological conditions. So far, their role in different malignancies have been known for many years. Nevertheless, the possible effects of MMPs and TIMPs in pituitary adenomas are not fully understood. Recent studies suggested that MMPs’ expression is significantly higher in invasive pituitary tumors as compared to non-invasive pituitary adenomas, while the expression of TIMPs is decreased, which may prove their involving in tumorigenesis. Conclusions: MMPs may be predictive factors of the invasiveness and the higher recurrence rate in the group of patients with pituitary adenomas. Understanding the changes in the MMPs-TIMPs system and discovering of its exact mechanisms may result in applying novel screening options as well as modifying diagnostic process and treatment scheme. Therefore, further researches are required to determine the effects of MMPs and TIMPs and their role in the pathogenesis of invasive pituitary tumors. Key words: matrix metalloproteinase, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase, pituitary adenoma

Litwińczuk Michał, Szydełko Joanna, Szydełko Magdalena. The role of gut microbiota in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases – current status and future perspectives. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(9):816-827. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460391 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/7506 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.08.2019. Revised: 31.08.2019. Accepted: 22.09.2019. The role of gut microbiota in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases – current status and future perspectives Michał Litwińczuk1a, Joanna Szydełko1b, Magdalena Szydełko2c 1Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2Medical Student, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin, Poland a mlitwinczuk405@gmail.com, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4086-6779 b jszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-9058 c mszydelko@interia.pl, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-9934 Corresponding author: Michał Litwińczuk Department of Endocrinology Jaczewskiego 8 Street 20-954 Lublin, Poland phone: +48 81 72 44 668 e-mail: mlitwinczuk405@gmail.com Abstract Introduction: Autoimmune diseases constitute a significant clinical problem, due to the increasing incidence, that is why the potential causes that determine their occurrence are sought. Intestinal microbiota greatly outnumber the all of human body’s cells. Its metabolic activity and disorders in the structure, resulting from, for example, antibiotic therapy, lead to homeostasis dysregulation, and in this way gain a new meaning in the etiology of autoimmune diseases. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge about gut microbiota in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases as well as discussed the alterations in the gut microbiota and their potential relationship with thyroid cancer. Description of knowledge: The analyzed scientific literature revealed a relationship between the occurrence of autoimmune diseases and intestinal flora disorders. It is believed that the microbiota that colonized the entire human body, due to diversity, co-formation of the intestinal barrier, its own metabolic activity and participation in many metabolic processes, plays an important role in regulating the immune system functioning. Many data indicate, that the changes in the composition of the intestinal flora in many autoimmune diseases can also be influenced by individual factors, environmental conditions, genetic predisposition, and diet. Conclusions: Gut microbiota is an important element of the immune system and due to the demonstrated changes in its composition in various disease processes and its significant effects on metabolism, the researchers are still underway to clarify all pathogenetic mechanisms of microbiota influencing human homeostasis. Therefore, further studies are required to determine the effect of microbiota and its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Key words: Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, gut microbiota, immune system &nbsp

Szymczyk Agnieszka, Szydełko Magdalena, Szydełko Joanna, Jaworski Jakub, Onyshchuk Yuliya, Dziedzic Rafał, Hus Marek, Podhorecka Monika. The diagnostic difficulties of eosinophilia in clinical practice - case series. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(3):387-400. eISNN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2598929 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6718 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/908359 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.02.2019. Revised: 15.02.2019. Accepted: 20.03.2019. The diagnostic difficulties of eosinophilia in clinical practice - case series Agnieszka Szymczyk1*, Magdalena Szydełko2*, Joanna Szydełko3, Jakub Jaworski2, Yuliya Onyshchuk2, Rafał Dziedzic4, Marek Hus5, Monika Podhorecka5 1Department of Clinical Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin 2Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin 3Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin 4Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital Nr 2 in Rzeszów 4Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin *ASz and MSz contributed equally to this work Corresponding author: Agnieszka Szymczyk Staszica 11 Str. 20-081 Lublin, Poland phone: +48 (81) 534 54 96 e-mail: agnieszka.szymczyk.med@wp.pl Key words: eosinophilia, differential diagnosis, hematological and non-hematological causes

Szydełko Joanna, Szydełko Magdalena, Szymczyk Agnieszka, Podhorecka Monika. Assessment of white blood cell distribution as a prognostic factorin type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications - literature overview. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(8):713-722. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345823 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5817 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2018; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.08.2018. Revised: 15.08.2018. Accepted: 16.08.2018. Assessment of white blood cell distribution as a prognostic factorin type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications - literature overview Joanna Szydełko1, Magdalena Szydełko2, Agnieszka Szymczyk3, Monika Podhorecka4 1Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin 2Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin 3Independent Clinical Transplantology Unit, Medical University of Lublin 4 Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin Corresponding author: Magdalena Szydełko Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Staszica 11 Str. 20-081 Lublin, Poland phone: +48 81 53 45 468 e-mail: mszydelko@interia.pl Key words: diabetes mellitus type 2, white blood cells, prognostic factors Abstract Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mellitus is the chronic, low-grade inflammatory disorder, which is considered to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Wherefore, it is indispensable to look for new, non-invasive and widely available markers that will allow for early detection of predisposition to the development of diabetes as well as its macro- and microvascular complications. Aim of the study: The aim of our study was to present the role of white blood cells (WBC) count as a prognostic factor in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, we discussed the perspectives for the usefulness of WBC subtypes and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a marker of glycemic control as well as an indicator of the risk of developing diabetes complications. Description of knowledge: The abundant number of previous studies revealed that the elevated level of total WBC count strongly correlates with the predisposition to prediabetes and T2DM development. There is also association between the insulin resistance as well as the function and mass of b-cells. The numerous research confirm that the increase in NLR may be the useful laboratory tool to evaluate the glycemic control and the effectiveness of antidiabetic treatment. NLR ratio as a marker, which directly reflects the level of inflammation is considered to indicate the risk of development of cardiovascular complications, diabetic peripheral neuropathy or nephropathy, even in the early stage of T2DM duration. Conclusions: Measurements of WBC count and changes in the number of subpopulations of them seem to be a useful, widely accessible marker of development of T2DM as well as its complications and may be helpful in management of T2DM patients.