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The following items are included: A alignment comprised of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs), with subsets inferred for this alignment using the SWSC-EN algorithm in PartitionUCE (Tagliacollo & Lanfear 2018) and these subsets used as input for partitioning with ModelFinder (Kalyaanamorthy et al. 2017) in IQ-Tree v. 2.1.2 (Chernomor et al. 2016; Minh et al. 2020). The .txt file specifying these subsets for partitioned maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference in IQ-Tree. Maximum-likelihood phylogram inferred from this alignment using IQ-Tree, using the subsets inferred with PartitionUCE as input and a partitioning scheme inferred with ModelFinder in IQ-Tree v. 2.1.2. Output by IQ-Tree including SH-aLRT values for the inferred phylogram. Output from ExaBayes, including output for all continuous parameters. Partitioning scheme for input into ExaBayes v. 1.5.1 (Aberer et al., 2014), inferred in IQ-Tree using ModelFinder as above. Bayesian phylogram inferred in ExaBayes inferred using the above partitioning scheme, with GTR+G imposed across all partitions.

Mogrus larisae Logunov, 1995 Mogrus larisae Logunov 1995: 596, figs 1-4, 7, 18-30 (♂♀). Material examined. 1 ♀ (ZMUI 35142), IRAN: Isfahan Province: Natanz county, Matin Abad, 33.75277��N, 51.9925��E, Jun. 2016 (leg. A. Sadeghi). Distribution. This species has been recorded from eastern Europe (Ukraine) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan) and herein recorded in the gap in the Middle East (Iran) for the first time, which represents the southernmost record in the whole range (WSC 2020)., Published as part of Zamani, Alireza, Hosseini, Marzieh Sadat & Moradmand, Majid, 2020, New data on jumping spiders of Iran, with a new species of Salticus (Araneae: Salticidae), pp. 63-66 in Arachnology Letters 59 on page 63, DOI: 10.30963/aramit5908, http://zenodo.org/record/3754507, {"references":["Logunov DV 1995 The genus Mogrus (Araneae: Salticidae) of Central Asia. - European Journal of Entomology 92: 589 - 604","WSC 2020 World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. - Internet: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (2. Feb. 2020) - doi: 10.24436 / 2"]}

Phlegra yaelae Pr��szyński, 1998 Phlegra yaelae: Pr��szyński 2003: 136, figs 536-542 (♂♀). Material examined. 1 ♀ (ZMUI 35126), IRAN: Ilam Province: Ilam county, Manesht Mountains slope, 33.68722��N, 46. 44527��E, Jun. 2011 (leg. M. Moradmand). Distribution. This species was previously recorded from Israel (type locality) and Tunisia, and now it is recorded from its easternmost distribution in western Iran (WSC 2020)., Published as part of Zamani, Alireza, Hosseini, Marzieh Sadat & Moradmand, Majid, 2020, New data on jumping spiders of Iran, with a new species of Salticus (Araneae: Salticidae), pp. 63-66 in Arachnology Letters 59 on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.30963/aramit5908, http://zenodo.org/record/3754507, {"references":["Proszynski J 2003 Salticidae (Araneae) of the Levant. - Annales Zoologici (Warszawa) 53: 1 - 180","WSC 2020 World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. - Internet: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (2. Feb. 2020) - doi: 10.24436 / 2"]}

Chalcoscirtus platnicki Marusik, 1995 (Figs 1-2) Chalcoscirtus platnicki: Logunov & Marusik 1999: 217, figs 55-56, 59-61 (♂♀). Material examined. 1 ♀ (ZMUI 35136), IRAN: Isfahan Province: Chadegan county, Rozveh, Dalan-Kouh Protected Area, 33.63111��N, 50.56861��E, May 2016 (leg. S. Alimohammadi). Distribution. This species was hitherto known from several localities in Kazakhstan (WSC 2020); thus, our record from Isfahan is the southernmost in the whole range., Published as part of Zamani, Alireza, Hosseini, Marzieh Sadat & Moradmand, Majid, 2020, New data on jumping spiders of Iran, with a new species of Salticus (Araneae: Salticidae), pp. 63-66 in Arachnology Letters 59 on page 63, DOI: 10.30963/aramit5908, http://zenodo.org/record/3754507, {"references":["Logunov DV & Marusik YM 1999 A brief review of the genus Chalcoscirtus Bertkau, 1880 in the faunas of Central Asia and the Caucasus (Aranei: Salticidae). - Arthropoda Selecta 7: 205 - 226","WSC 2020 World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. - Internet: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (2. Feb. 2020) - doi: 10.24436 / 2"]}

Rhagodes eylandti (Walter, 1889) Rhax eylandti Walter, 1889: 1101–1103, fig. 3; Birula 1890: 76–78. Rhagodes plumbescens (Walter, 1889): Kraepelin 1901: 32, 36; Roewer 1933: 267; Birula 1938: 35–36, pl. 5; Gromov 1998: 180 (New synonymy). Rhagodes eylandti (Walter, 1889): Kraepelin 1901: 33, 38; Birula 1905: 274; Roewer 1933: 270; Birula 1938: 25–27, fig. 10; Gromov 1998: 180; Maddahi et al. 2015: fig. 2; Maddahi et al. 2017: 1-10, fig. 2M. Rhagodes melanochaetus Heymons, 1902: Birula 1905: 272–274; Roewer 1933: 269-270; Birula 1938: 32–34; Roewer 1941: 101; Zilch, 1946: 120; Lawrence 1956: 116; Roewer 1960: 5–6; Gromov 1998: 180; Khazanehdari et al. 2016: 608-612, fig. 2E; Maddahi et al. 2017: 1-10, fig. 2N (New synonymy). Rhagodes melanopygus nigricans Birula, 1905: 275–276 (New synonymy). Rhagodes eylandti melanogaster Birula, 1905: 274–275 (synonymized by Birula, 1938: 25). Rhagodes melanogaster Roewer, 1933: 269, 270 (synonymized by Birula, 1938: 25). Rhagodes birulae Roewer, 1933: 268 -270 (synonymized by Birula, 1938: 25). Rhagodorta melanula Roewer, 1933: 275 (synonymized by Birula, 1938: 25). Rhagodira transcaspica Roewer, 1933: 280 (synonymized by Birula, 1938: 25)., Published as part of Maddahi, Hassan, Aliabadian, Mansour, Moradmand, Majid & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2019, New insights to the taxonomy of Rhagodes eylandti (Walter, 1889): A remarkable sexually dimorphic species (Solifugae: Rhagodidae), pp. 494-510 in Zootaxa 4648 (3) on page 500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3356382, {"references":["Walter, A. (1889) Transkaspische Galeodiden. Zoologische Jahrbe`ucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 4, 1094 - 1109.","Birula, A. (1890) Materialien zur Fauna der Solpugen Russlands. Travaux de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de St. Petersbourg, 21, 53 - 83. [in Russian]","Kraepelin, K. (1901) Palpigradi und Solifugae. Tierreich, 12, 1 - 159.","Birula, A. A. (1938) Arachnides, Ordo Solifuga. In: Fauna SSSR. 1 (3). L'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS, Moscow, Leningrad, pp. i-vii. [in Russian]","Gromov, A. V. (1998) Solpugids (Arachnida: Solifugae) of Turkmenistan. Arthropoda Selecta, 7, 179 - 188.","Birula, A. (1905) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Solifugen-Fauna Persiens. Bulletin de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St- Petersbourg, Series 5, 22, 247 - 286.","Maddahi, H., Kami, H. G., Aliabadian, M. & Mirshamsi, O. (2015) Redescription of the solifug Rhagodes eylandti (Walter, 1889) (Arachnida: Solifugae) with notes on its morphological variation and geographic distribution. Zoology in the Middle East, 61, 278 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2015.1058450","Maddahi, H., Khazanehdari, M., Aliabadian, M., Kami, H. G. Mirshamsi, A., Mirshamsi, O. (2017) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of camel spiders (Arachnida: Solifugae) from Iran. Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, 28 (6), 909 - 919. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 24701394.2016.1209194","Heymons, R. (1902) Biologische Beobachtungen an asiatischen Solifugen, nebst Beitragen zur Systematik derselben. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschafen zu Berlin, 1901, 1 - 65.","Roewer, C. F. (1941) Solifugen 1934 - 1940. Veroffentlichungen des Deutschen Kolonial Ubersee-Museums, Bremen, 3, 97 - 192.","Zilch, A. (1946) Katalog der Solifugen (Arach.) des Senckenberg Museums. Senckenbergiana, 27 (4 / 6), 119 - 154.","Lawrence, R. F. (1956) Solifugae (Chelicerata) from Afghanistan. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Danske Naturhistorisk Forening i KJObenhavn, 118, 115 - 140.","Roewer, C. F. (1960) Solifugen und Opilioniden, Araneae Orthognathae, Haplogynae und Entelegynae (contribution a l'etude de la faune d'Afghanistan 23). Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhetssamhalles Handlingar, 6 B, 8 (7), 1 - 57.","Khazanehdari, M., Mirshamsi, O. & Aliabadian, M. (2016) Contribution to the solpugid (Arachnida: Solifugae) fauna of Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40 (4), 608 - 614. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1507 - 34"]}

The surprising discovery of a new species of grass huntsman spider, Pseudomicrommata mokranica sp. nov. (♂♀), belonging to "the African clade", is reported and described from south-eastern Iran, more than 4000km away from the nearest recorded locality of the genus in Kenya. Similar vicariant occurrences of other sparassid taxa in Africa and Asia are discussed.

Pardosa mirzakhaniae sp. n. Figs 1���2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13���14, 17, 19 Pardosa pontica: Marusik et al. 2012: 117 (♂♀, in part, specimens from Golestan Province). Pardosa pontica: Ballarin et al. 2012: 179, figs 8, 17, 27, 37, 48, 61, 67, 73, 79, 85, 99, 104, 113, 122, 125 (♂♀, misidentified specimens from Turkmenistan). Etymology. The sPeCies name is a Patronym, honouring the late Professor Dr. Maryam Mirzakhani of Stanford University in Stanford, California. Dr. Maryam Mirzakhani (1977���2017) beCame the first woman and the first Iranian to be honoured with the Fields Medal in mathematiCs. Material examined. Holotype ♂ and allotyPe ♀ (MMUM), IRAN, Mazandaran Province: North Savadkuh, Kalijkhil Village, 36��19'19"N 52��50'9"E, Elev.: 90 m, 16.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie). ParatyPes: IRAN: Mazandaran Province: 2♂, 6♀ (ZMFUM), Kiakola (Simorgh), 36��35'4"N 52��48'16"E, Elev.: - 3 m, 15.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie); 8♂, 4♀ (ZMFUM), Neka, 36��39'32"N 53��19' 39"E, Elev.: 43 m, 14.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie); 4♂, 7♀ (ZMFUM), North Savadkuh, KalijKhil Village, 36��19'N 52��50'09"E, Elev.: 90 m, 16.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie); Golestan Province: 4♂ (ZMFUM), Karimabad, 6.VIII.2010 (R. Kashefi); North Khorasan Province: 3♂, 4♀ (ZMFUM), Bojnurd, Do Barar Jungle Park, 37��28'19.1"N 57��16'13.1"E, 15.VIII.2013 (M. Khalilnejad). TURKMENISTAN: Balkan Wela��aty: 1♂, 1♀ (ZMMU) Garryqala, West KoPetdagh Mountain Range, 38��25'50.46"N 56��16'49.69"E, 29.III.1993 (S.V. OvtChinnikov). Diagnosis. The new sPeCies is very similar to P. pontica and almost undistinguishable by the shaPe of CoPulatory organs. Males of the new sPeCies differ from that of P. pontica by having dark metatarsi IV (yellow in P. pontica), a smoky sternum (blaCk in P. pontica), a taPering anteriorly median band (taPering Posteriorly in P. pontica), a broken sub���marginal band (Continuous in P. pontica) (Figs 1���4) and a larger CaraPaCe size (Fig. 21). Females of the new sPeCies differ from P. pontica by laCking blaCk sPots between the yellow sub���marginal and dark marginal striPes (vs. Present in P. pontica) (Figs 17���18) and having light annulations on femora���tibia of all legs (P. pontica has blaCk and distinCt annulations on femora���metatarsi of all legs). EPigynes of the two sPeCies differ also in the ratio of the width of thinnest/widest Part of sePtum and the ratio of the length/widest width of sePtum ProPortions (Figs 22���23). The two sPeCies also differ in sPination (Tables 4���5, 7���8). Description. Male (holotyPe). Total length 10.9. CaraPaCe 5.0 long, 3.7 wide. Prosoma. CaraPaCe blaCk with anteriorly taPering yellow median band; sub���marginal striPes yellow, narrow and broken. Marginal striPes blaCk and two times wider than sub���marginal striPes. ThoraCiC Part Covered with short dark hairs and yellow Parts with whitish hairs. Endites and labium greyish. CheliCerae and ClyPeus blaCk. Sternum uniformly greyish (Figs 1���2). Abdomen. Dorsum dark with whitish yellow sPots, eaCh sPot with a dark dot in the Centre. LanCeolate striPe yellow in the anterior half and greyish Posteriorly. Venter greyish with some whitish yellow sPots. SPinnerets greyish (Figs 1���2). Legs. Coxae, troChanters and femora I���IV greyish. Patellae, tibiae and metatarsi of all legs yellow. TiPs of tarsi blaCk in all legs. Measurements and sPination as in Tables 3���4. Palp. PalP as in Figs 5, 7, 9, 11. Endites greyish. Femur, Patella and tibia yellow with blaCk hairs. Cymbium blaCk with 1 Claw. Tegular aPoPhysis thumb-shaPed, short and broad. Terminal aPoPhysis short, wide and round. Embolus unmodified. Female (allotyPe). Total length 11.7. CaraPaCe 5.3 long, 4.2 wide. Prosoma. CaraPaCe blaCk. Median band yellow with rhombiC field Covered by white setae and as wide as sub��� marginal striPes. ThoraCiC Part Covered with dark hairs. Sub���marginal striPes yellow, broad and ending at the oCular area (Fig. 17). Sternum, endites, labium, CheliCerae and ClyPeus yellow (Figs 13���14). Abdomen. Dorsum blaCk with yellow marks and with a dark dot in the Centre of eaCh, ventrally yellow. SPinnerets yellow (Figs 13���14). Legs. Coxae I���II, troChanters, femora, Patellae and tibiae I���IV with light brown annulations dorsally and laterally. Tarsi and metatarsi of all legs yellow. All legs yellow ventrally. Measurements and sPination as in Tables 3, 5. Epigyne. EPigyne as in Fig. 19. SePtum slightly longer than wide and rounded Posteriorly. ProPortions of sePtum as shown in Figs 22-23. SePtum 4.1 long, 3.7 wide. Anterior PoCkets seParated by about one width. Variation. Total length varies from 9.7 to 11.4 in males and 9.8���11.9 in females. CaraPaCe length/width 4.5��� 5.6/ 3.6���4.9 in males and 4.8���5.7/ 3.9���4.7 in females. Colour and Pattern: sternum in males and females varies from uniformly greyish to blaCk with a yellow mark in Centre. SPinnerets in males vary from greyish to yellow. Distribution. Pardosa mirzakhaniae sp. n. is known from the Mazandaran, Golestan and North Khorasan ProvinCes from Iran and Turkmenistan (Fig. 24)., Published as part of Shafaie, Sepideh, Mirshamsi, Omid, Aliabadian, Mansour, Moradmand, Majid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2018, A new Pardosa species from northern Iran (Araneae, Lycosidae), pp. 350-364 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on pages 353-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187506

Pardosa mirzakhaniae sp. n. Figs 1‒2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13‒14, 17, 19 Pardosa pontica: Marusik et al. 2012: 117 (♂♀, in part, specimens from Golestan Province). Pardosa pontica: Ballarin et al. 2012: 179, figs 8, 17, 27, 37, 48, 61, 67, 73, 79, 85, 99, 104, 113, 122, 125 (♂♀, misidentified specimens from Turkmenistan). Etymology. The sPeCies name is a Patronym, honouring the late Professor Dr. Maryam Mirzakhani of Stanford University in Stanford, California. Dr. Maryam Mirzakhani (1977‒2017) beCame the first woman and the first Iranian to be honoured with the Fields Medal in mathematiCs. Material examined. Holotype ♂ and allotyPe ♀ (MMUM), IRAN, Mazandaran Province: North Savadkuh, Kalijkhil Village, 36°19'19"N 52°50'9"E, Elev.: 90 m, 16.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie). ParatyPes: IRAN: Mazandaran Province: 2♂, 6♀ (ZMFUM), Kiakola (Simorgh), 36°35'4"N 52°48'16"E, Elev.: - 3 m, 15.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie); 8♂, 4♀ (ZMFUM), Neka, 36°39'32"N 53°19' 39"E, Elev.: 43 m, 14.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie); 4♂, 7♀ (ZMFUM), North Savadkuh, KalijKhil Village, 36°19'N 52°50'09"E, Elev.: 90 m, 16.VII.2016 (S. Shafaie); Golestan Province: 4♂ (ZMFUM), Karimabad, 6.VIII.2010 (R. Kashefi); North Khorasan Province: 3♂, 4♀ (ZMFUM), Bojnurd, Do Barar Jungle Park, 37°28'19.1"N 57°16'13.1"E, 15.VIII.2013 (M. Khalilnejad). TURKMENISTAN: Balkan Welaýaty: 1♂, 1♀ (ZMMU) Garryqala, West KoPetdagh Mountain Range, 38°25'50.46"N 56°16'49.69"E, 29.III.1993 (S.V. OvtChinnikov). Diagnosis. The new sPeCies is very similar to P. pontica and almost undistinguishable by the shaPe of CoPulatory organs. Males of the new sPeCies differ from that of P. pontica by having dark metatarsi IV (yellow in P. pontica), a smoky sternum (blaCk in P. pontica), a taPering anteriorly median band (taPering Posteriorly in P. pontica), a broken sub‒marginal band (Continuous in P. pontica) (Figs 1‒4) and a larger CaraPaCe size (Fig. 21). Females of the new sPeCies differ from P. pontica by laCking blaCk sPots between the yellow sub‒marginal and dark marginal striPes (vs. Present in P. pontica) (Figs 17‒18) and having light annulations on femora‒tibia of all legs (P. pontica has blaCk and distinCt annulations on femora‒metatarsi of all legs). EPigynes of the two sPeCies differ also in the ratio of the width of thinnest/widest Part of sePtum and the ratio of the length/widest width of sePtum ProPortions (Figs 22‒23). The two sPeCies also differ in sPination (Tables 4‒5, 7‒8). Description. Male (holotyPe). Total length 10.9. CaraPaCe 5.0 long, 3.7 wide. Prosoma. CaraPaCe blaCk with anteriorly taPering yellow median band; sub‒marginal striPes yellow, narrow and broken. Marginal striPes blaCk and two times wider than sub‒marginal striPes. ThoraCiC Part Covered with short dark hairs and yellow Parts with whitish hairs. Endites and labium greyish. CheliCerae and ClyPeus blaCk. Sternum uniformly greyish (Figs 1‒2). Abdomen. Dorsum dark with whitish yellow sPots, eaCh sPot with a dark dot in the Centre. LanCeolate striPe yellow in the anterior half and greyish Posteriorly. Venter greyish with some whitish yellow sPots. SPinnerets greyish (Figs 1‒2). Legs. Coxae, troChanters and femora I‒IV greyish. Patellae, tibiae and metatarsi of all legs yellow. TiPs of tarsi blaCk in all legs. Measurements and sPination as in Tables 3‒4. Palp. PalP as in Figs 5, 7, 9, 11. Endites greyish. Femur, Patella and tibia yellow with blaCk hairs. Cymbium blaCk with 1 Claw. Tegular aPoPhysis thumb-shaPed, short and broad. Terminal aPoPhysis short, wide and round. Embolus unmodified. Female (allotyPe). Total length 11.7. CaraPaCe 5.3 long, 4.2 wide. Prosoma. CaraPaCe blaCk. Median band yellow with rhombiC field Covered by white setae and as wide as sub‒ marginal striPes. ThoraCiC Part Covered with dark hairs. Sub‒marginal striPes yellow, broad and ending at the oCular area (Fig. 17). Sternum, endites, labium, CheliCerae and ClyPeus yellow (Figs 13‒14). Abdomen. Dorsum blaCk with yellow marks and with a dark dot in the Centre of eaCh, ventrally yellow. SPinnerets yellow (Figs 13‒14). Legs. Coxae I‒II, troChanters, femora, Patellae and tibiae I‒IV with light brown annulations dorsally and laterally. Tarsi and metatarsi of all legs yellow. All legs yellow ventrally. Measurements and sPination as in Tables 3, 5. Epigyne. EPigyne as in Fig. 19. SePtum slightly longer than wide and rounded Posteriorly. ProPortions of sePtum as shown in Figs 22-23. SePtum 4.1 long, 3.7 wide. Anterior PoCkets seParated by about one width. Variation. Total length varies from 9.7 to 11.4 in males and 9.8‒11.9 in females. CaraPaCe length/width 4.5‒ 5.6/ 3.6‒4.9 in males and 4.8‒5.7/ 3.9‒4.7 in females. Colour and Pattern: sternum in males and females varies from uniformly greyish to blaCk with a yellow mark in Centre. SPinnerets in males vary from greyish to yellow. Distribution. Pardosa mirzakhaniae sp. n. is known from the Mazandaran, Golestan and North Khorasan ProvinCes from Iran and Turkmenistan (Fig. 24).

Pardosa pontica (Thorell, 1875) Figs 3‒4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15‒16, 18, 20 Lycosa pontica Thorell, 1875a: 100 (♂♀); Thorell 1875b: 142 (♂♀). Pardosa caraiensis Mcheidze, 1946: 288, figs 4–5 (♀); Mcheidze 1997: 239, figs 511‒512 (♀). Pardosops pontica: Roewer 1955b: 197. Pardosa pontica: Tongiorgi 1966: 351, figs 10–11, 24 (♂♀); Fuhn & Niculescu-Burlacu 1971: 118, fig. 53a–c (♂♀); Zyuzin 1979: 434, figs 17, 20 (♂♀; Zyuzin & Logunov 2000: 316, figs 40–42 (♂♀); Marusik et al. 2012: 117, figs 4‒6, 12‒13, 18‒19, 23, 35, 41 (♂♀, in part, except specimens from Golestan Province). Types. Lectotype ♂ and ParaleCtotyPe ♀ (ZMUH), Ukraine, Crimea: Biyuk‒Lambat [=Malyi‒Mayak in Alushta], Alma River, designated by Tongiorgi 1964. No. 61.031, examined. Material examined. IRAN: West Azerbaijan Province: 3♂ (ZMFUM), Newlu Village, 37°45'44"N 45°04'20"E, Elev.: 1280 m, 30.VI.2016 (S. Shafaie); 6♀ (ZMFUM), Dizaj Takieh Village, 37°25'21"N 45°10'22"E, Elev.: 1300 m, 05.VIII.2016 (S. Shafaie); 2♀ (ZMFUM), Chubtarash Village, 37°17'55"N 45°06'02"E, Elev.: 1341 m, 06.VIII.2016 (S. Shafaie); 7♂ (ZMFUM), Takieh Ordushahi Village, 37°26'31"N 45°13'37"E, Elev.: 1332 m, 01.VIII.2016 (S. Shafaie). AZERBAIJAN: Zuvand Area: 1♂ (ZMUT), East of DivagatCh Village, 38°41'05"N 48°23'E, 26.IV.2003 (Yu.M. Marusik); Absheron Peninsula: 3♂, 4♀ (ZMUT), Bakı, Ganly‒ Gyol Lake, 40°21'46"N 48°48'36"E, 06.VII.2003 (Yu.M. Marusik). Diagnosis. See diagnosis for P. mirzakhaniae sp. n. Description. Male (from Ordushahi). Total length 9.1; CaraPaCe 4.3 long, 3.5 wide. Prosoma. CaraPaCe dark brown. Median band yellow and Covered with white setae. Sub‒marginal striPes yellow and 2 times wider than median band. Marginal striPes blaCk. Endites, labium, CheliCerae and ClyPeus blaCk. Sternum blaCk (Figs 3‒4). Abdomen. Dorsum blaCk with yellow sPots, eaCh sPot with a dark dot in Centre. Venter yellow with blaCk marks. SPinnerets blaCk with yellow tiPs (Figs 3‒4). Legs. Coxae, troChanters and femora I‒IV yellow with blaCk annulations. Patellae‒metatarsi of all legs yellow. Tarsal tiPs blaCk. Measurements and sPination as in Tables 6‒7. Palp. PalP as in Figs 6, 8, 10, 12. Endites blaCk. Femur‒Patella yellow. Tibia and Cymbium dark. Cymbium blaCk with 1 Claw. Tegular aPoPhysis short and stumPy. Terminal aPoPhysis short, stumPy and square-shaPed. Embolus unmodified. Female (from Ordushahi). Total length 11.3; CaraPaCe 5.4 long, 4.5 wide. Prosoma. CaraPaCe blaCk. Median band yellow with rhombiC field Covered by white setae. Sub‒marginal striPes yellow and two times wider than median band. Marginal striPes blaCk. BlaCk sPots between marginal and sub‒marginal striPes (Fig. 18). Endites, CheliCerae and ClyPeus yellow. Labium blaCk. Sternum yellow with blaCk marginal marks (Figs 15‒16). Abdomen. Dorsum blaCk with indistinCt marks. Venter grey. SPinnerets grey (Figs 15‒16). Legs. Coxae‒metatarsi I‒IV with dark annulations. Tarsi of all legs yellow. Measurements and sPination as in Tables 6, 8. Epigyne. EPigyne as in Fig. 20. SePtum 4.2 long, 3.3 wide. SePtum slightly longer than wide and rounded Posteriorly. Anterior PoCkets seParated. Variation of specimens from Iran. Total length varies from 7.9 to 10 in males and 9.7‒11.3 in females. CaraPaCe length/width 3.9‒5/ 3.2‒3.8 in males and 4.8‒5.5/ 3.6‒4.5 in females. ProPortions of sePtum as shown in Figs 22‒23. Notes. Males from Ordushahi village have a ComPletely blaCk sternum and the smallest body size. Some of the females from the Dizaj takieh PoPulation have blaCk tiPs on tarsi I and IV and also one female has yellow tarsi tiPs. One male from Dizaj takieh has no retrolateral sPine on femur I. Distribution. Pardosa pontica is known to be distributed from Bulgaria to Razavi Khorasan ProvinCe of Iran. Previous reCords of this sPeCies from Golestan ProvinCe refer to P. mirzakhaniae sp. n. The reCord of this sPeCies from Razavi Khorasan ProvinCe is the southeasternmost in the entire range (Fig. 24). Notably, in Bulgaria, this sPeCies was rePorted by Drensky (1936, 1942) from a single loCality south of Varna. SinCe then, the sPeCies has not been ColleCted again in Bulgaria (Deltshev, Pers. Comm.). The reCord of P. pontica from the Lugansk Area of Ukraine (see PolChaninova & ProkoPenko 2013) aPPears doubtful beCause all other reCords of this sPeCies from Ukraine are exClusively from the seashore (Fig. 24). Genetic analysis. Thirty two 16S rRNA and thirty seven COI sequenCes were inCluded in the moleCular analysis. Pardosa sPeCies belong to seven sPeCies grouPs were used in the genetiC analysis are as follow: falcata: P. falcata Marusik, Guseinov & KoPonen; falcifera: P. falcifera F.O. PiCkard-Cambridge; lapidicina: P. sierra Banks; paludicola: P. astrigera C.L. KoCh; proxima: P. hortensis (Thorell), P. morosa (C.L. KoCh), monticola: P. agrestis (Westring), P. mirzakhaniae, P. plumipes (Thorell), P. pontica; saltauria: P. californica Keyserling and Alopecosa virgata (Kishida) used as outgrouP. The neighbor joining trees for both genes were generated using K2P distanCes. As shown in the tree obtained from COI barCode region, all monticola -grouP members (P. mirzakhaniae, P. pontica and P. agrestis) are genetiCally similar (Fig. 26). Values for intrasPeCifiC distanCes within P. mirzakhaniae for COI ranged between 0% and 0.29% and values for intersPeCifiC distanCes between P. mirzakhaniae and other sPeCies ranged between 0% and 8.6%. The tree generated by 16S rRNA sequenCes showed that falcata -grouP and falcifera -grouP are grouPed in the same Clade with two distinCt monticola -grouP Clades (Fig. 25). Values for intrasPeCifiC distanCes within P. mirzakhaniae for 16srRNA ranged between 0% and 0.15% and values for intersPeCifiC distanCes between P. mirzakhaniae and other sPeCies ranged between 0% and 0.7%.The results of these two genes are inComPatible with the relative effiCienCy of DNA barCoding., Published as part of Shafaie, Sepideh, Mirshamsi, Omid, Aliabadian, Mansour, Moradmand, Majid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2018, A new Pardosa species from northern Iran (Araneae, Lycosidae), pp. 350-364 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on pages 355-358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187506, {"references":["Thorell, T. (1875 a) Verzeichniss sudrussischer Spinnen. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 11, 39 - 122.","Thorell, T. (1875 b) Descriptions of several European and North African spiders. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar, 13 (5), 1 - 203.","Mcheidze, T. S. (1946) New species of spiders in Georgia [Nov'e vid' paukov v Gruzii]. Bulletin du Museum de Georgie, 13 (A), 285 - 302. [in Georgian and Russian]","Mcheidze, T. S. (1997) Spiders of Georgia: Systematics, Ecology, Zoogeographic Review. Tbilisi University Publishing House, Tbilisi, 390 pp. [in Georgian]","Roewer, C. F. (1955 b) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Natura, Bremen, Bruxelles, 1751 pp.","Tongiorgi, P. (1966) Wolf spiders of the Pardosa monticola - group (Araneae: Lycosidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 134, 335 - 359.","Fuhn, I. E. & Niculescu-Burlacu, F. (1971) Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania. Vol. V. Fascicula 3. Arachnida: Familia Lycosidae. Academia Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucuresti, 253 pp.","Zyuzin, A. A. (1979) A taxonomic study of Palaearctic spiders of the genus Pardosa (Aranei, Lycosidae). Part 1. The taxonomic structure of the genus. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 58 (2), 431 - 447. [in Russian]","Zyuzin, A. A. & Logunov, D. V. (2000) New and little-known species of the Lycosidae from Azerbaijan, the Caucasus (Araneae, Lycosidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 11, 305 - 319.","Drensky, P. (1936) Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) der Balkanhalbinsel. Opis na Paiatzite ot Balkanikia polouostrow. Spisanie na Beulgarskata Akademia na Naoukite, 32, 1 - 223.","Drensky, P. (1942) Die Spinnenfauna Bulgariens V. Mitteilungen aus den Koniglichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten in Sofia, 15, 33 - 60.","Polchaninova, N. Y. & Prokopenko, E. V. (2013) Catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of Left - Bank Ukraine. Arthropoda Selecta, 1 - 268."]}

Cebrennus sp. Figs 3 A–D Cebrennus kochi (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872): Zamani et al. 2014: 365 (misidentification). Material examined. IRAN: Bushehr Province: 1 female, Bushehr, Chah-Kutah, 29 °03'N 51 °08'E, November 2013, M. Jahan leg (JAZM). Remarks. The shape of the female copulatory organ (Figs 3 A, B) is indeed similar to that of C. kochi (cf. Jäger 2014, figs 1–6), however both species differ in some traits, including the eye arrangement. For instance, the posterior row of eyes is straight in the Iranian species (Fig. 3 C), whereas it is strongly recurved in C. kochi. Moreover, the epigynal septum of the Iranian specimen lacks the characteristic transversal ridge in the posterior half (cf. Jäger 2014: figs 1, 4). Since characters of the female copulatory organs are not sufficiently diagnostic, the species cannot be fully assigned to any described species or be described as new to science until the conspecific male would be sampled and studied. Distribution and habitat preferences. The single specimen was collected during daytime from a sandy dune habitat in southern Iran (Fig. 4), with the majority of plants belonging to Acacia.

Cebrennus rambodjavani sp. nov. Figs 1 B, 2 A–F Type material: Holotype: male, IRAN: Qom Province: Dasht-e-Kavir, Qom-Garmsar Freeway, surroundings of Deyr-e-Gachin Caravansary, 35 °03' 29.6 "N, 51 ° 25 ' 12.5 "E, 23 October 2014, P. Beyhaghi leg. (SMF). Etymology. This species is named after Mr Rambod Javan, an Iranian actor, director and comedian in recognition of his invaluable movements seeking to improve and protect natural environments and wildlife of Iran, especially via his most popular TV-program, "Khandevaneh". Noun in genitive case. Diagnosis. This new species is unique in having a distad embolus kink and short proximad DE. Male palp of this new species is similar to that of C. logunovi Jäger, 2000 and C. kochi (cf. Jäger 2000: figs 7 –9, 17, 18) in having a relatively short embolus and a retrolaterad RTA with hump. It can be distinguished from both by the RTA hump situated proximally and the embolus with broad well developed proximal part (Figs 2 A–D); in C. logunovi and C. kochi RTA hump is situated medially and embolus without well-developed proximal part. Description. Male: Habitus as in Fig. 1 B. Measurements. Small-sized Sparassidae; total length 8.8, carapace length 4.1, width 3.6, anterior width 2.3, opisthosoma length 4.7, width 3.0. Anterior and posterior eye row slightly recurved, AME largest, PLE smallest (Fig. 2 E). Chelicerae. With 2 anterior and 3 posterior basally fused teeth, the right chelicerae with an additional small bump (might be relict of fourth teeth), subequal posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow without denticles; retromargin with three bristles at base of fang (Fig. 2 F). Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Palp 6.1 [1.8, 0.7, 1.0, 1.7], I 24.8 [7.5, 2.5, 6.1, 7.0, 1.7], II 26.6 [8.0, 2.4, 6.8, 7.6, 1.8], III 20.3 [6.3, 2.0, 5.1, 5.3, 1.6], IV 23.6 [7.6, 2.4, 6.4, 6.5, 1.7]. Spination. Palp 131, 0 0 1, 100 (one spine and the rest stiff setae); Legs: Femur I 323 / 423, II 333 / 423, III 323, IV 322 / 323 (left/right); Patella I 0 0 1, II–IV 000; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis, with cymbium two times longer than tibia, distal half of cymbium with dorsal scopula. RTA shorter than tegulum, barely extending beyond distal margin of tibia, distally pointed with its tip distoventrad, RTA with distinct hump proximally. Embolus with swollen proximal part, kink situated at distal margin of alveolus, distal part of embolus relatively short, proximo-retrolaterad, proximal part of embolus partially embedded in distal alveolus. Conductor hyaline and reduced in size. Sperm duct retrolaterally slightly S-shaped (Figs 2 A–C). Female: Unknown. Distribution and habitat preferences. Known only from the type locality in the Central Desert of Iran (Fig. 4) with a sandy steppe as habitat with dominant vegetation of Tamarix L. species (Fig. 1 A). The holotype specimen was collected during daytime, while it was sitting on a rock facing downward (as Fig. 1 B).

Cebrennus rambodjavani sp. nov. Figs 1 B, 2 A���F Type material: Holotype: male, IRAN: Qom Province: Dasht-e-Kavir, Qom-Garmsar Freeway, surroundings of Deyr-e-Gachin Caravansary, 35 ��03' 29.6 "N, 51 �� 25 ' 12.5 "E, 23 October 2014, P. Beyhaghi leg. (SMF). Etymology. This species is named after Mr Rambod Javan, an Iranian actor, director and comedian in recognition of his invaluable movements seeking to improve and protect natural environments and wildlife of Iran, especially via his most popular TV-program, "Khandevaneh". Noun in genitive case. Diagnosis. This new species is unique in having a distad embolus kink and short proximad DE. Male palp of this new species is similar to that of C. logunovi J��ger, 2000 and C. kochi (cf. J��ger 2000: figs 7 ���9, 17, 18) in having a relatively short embolus and a retrolaterad RTA with hump. It can be distinguished from both by the RTA hump situated proximally and the embolus with broad well developed proximal part (Figs 2 A���D); in C. logunovi and C. kochi RTA hump is situated medially and embolus without well-developed proximal part. Description. Male: Habitus as in Fig. 1 B. Measurements. Small-sized Sparassidae; total length 8.8, carapace length 4.1, width 3.6, anterior width 2.3, opisthosoma length 4.7, width 3.0. Anterior and posterior eye row slightly recurved, AME largest, PLE smallest (Fig. 2 E). Chelicerae. With 2 anterior and 3 posterior basally fused teeth, the right chelicerae with an additional small bump (might be relict of fourth teeth), subequal posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow without denticles; retromargin with three bristles at base of fang (Fig. 2 F). Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Palp 6.1 [1.8, 0.7, 1.0, 1.7], I 24.8 [7.5, 2.5, 6.1, 7.0, 1.7], II 26.6 [8.0, 2.4, 6.8, 7.6, 1.8], III 20.3 [6.3, 2.0, 5.1, 5.3, 1.6], IV 23.6 [7.6, 2.4, 6.4, 6.5, 1.7]. Spination. Palp 131, 0 0 1, 100 (one spine and the rest stiff setae); Legs: Femur I 323 / 423, II 333 / 423, III 323, IV 322 / 323 (left/right); Patella I 0 0 1, II���IV 000; Tibia I���IV 2024; Metatarsus I���III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis, with cymbium two times longer than tibia, distal half of cymbium with dorsal scopula. RTA shorter than tegulum, barely extending beyond distal margin of tibia, distally pointed with its tip distoventrad, RTA with distinct hump proximally. Embolus with swollen proximal part, kink situated at distal margin of alveolus, distal part of embolus relatively short, proximo-retrolaterad, proximal part of embolus partially embedded in distal alveolus. Conductor hyaline and reduced in size. Sperm duct retrolaterally slightly S-shaped (Figs 2 A���C). Female: Unknown. Distribution and habitat preferences. Known only from the type locality in the Central Desert of Iran (Fig. 4) with a sandy steppe as habitat with dominant vegetation of Tamarix L. species (Fig. 1 A). The holotype specimen was collected during daytime, while it was sitting on a rock facing downward (as Fig. 1 B)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, Zamani, Alireza & J��ger, Peter, 2016, On the genus Cebrennus Simon, 1880 in Iran with description of a new species from Iranian Central Desert (Araneae: Sparassidae), pp. 187-193 in Zootaxa 4121 (2) on page 188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4121.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/261091, {"references":["Jager, P. (2000) The huntsman spider genus Cebrennus: four new species and a preliminary key to known species. Revue Arachnologique, 13, 163 - 186."]}

Cebrennus sp. Figs 3 A���D Cebrennus kochi (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872): Zamani et al. 2014: 365 (misidentification). Material examined. IRAN: Bushehr Province: 1 female, Bushehr, Chah-Kutah, 29 ��03'N 51 ��08'E, November 2013, M. Jahan leg (JAZM). Remarks. The shape of the female copulatory organ (Figs 3 A, B) is indeed similar to that of C. kochi (cf. J��ger 2014, figs 1���6), however both species differ in some traits, including the eye arrangement. For instance, the posterior row of eyes is straight in the Iranian species (Fig. 3 C), whereas it is strongly recurved in C. kochi. Moreover, the epigynal septum of the Iranian specimen lacks the characteristic transversal ridge in the posterior half (cf. J��ger 2014: figs 1, 4). Since characters of the female copulatory organs are not sufficiently diagnostic, the species cannot be fully assigned to any described species or be described as new to science until the conspecific male would be sampled and studied. Distribution and habitat preferences. The single specimen was collected during daytime from a sandy dune habitat in southern Iran (Fig. 4), with the majority of plants belonging to Acacia., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, Zamani, Alireza & J��ger, Peter, 2016, On the genus Cebrennus Simon, 1880 in Iran with description of a new species from Iranian Central Desert (Araneae: Sparassidae), pp. 187-193 in Zootaxa 4121 (2) on pages 189-191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4121.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/261091, {"references":["Zamani, A., Nikmagham, Z., Allahdadi, M., Ghassemzadeh, F. & Mirshamsi, O. (2014) New data on the spider fauna of Iran (Arachnida: Araneae). Zoology in the Middle East, 60, 362 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 21658005.2015.1068508"]}

Moradmand, Majid, Zamani, Alireza, Jäger, Peter (2016): On the genus Cebrennus Simon, 1880 in Iran with description of a new species from Iranian Central Desert (Araneae: Sparassidae). Zootaxa 4121 (2): 187-193, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4121.2.9

Genus Pseudomicrommata Järvi, 1914 Micrommata Latreille, 1804 [in part]: BÖsenberg & Lenz 1895: 34, pl. 1, fig. 11; Simon 1897 a: 490; Simon 1897 b: 65, fig. 54; Lawrence 1927: 43, fig. 30; Lessert 1936: 271, figs 68–69 (misidentification). Pseudomicrommata JÄrvi, 1914: 49, 162, pl. 3, figs 4–6, 40; Lawrence 1942: 168; Levy 1989: 163; JÄger & Kunz 2005: 168, figs 255–258, 262–267. Type species: Pseudomicrommata longipes (Bösenberg & Lenz, 1895), subsequent designation of genus by Järvi (1914) using the material of Simon, 1897 b sub Micrommata vittigerum (junior synonym of P. longipes). Extended and comparative diagnosis: Pseudomicrommata (and Arandisa) are distinguishable from other Sparassidae genera by a distinct pair of epigynal pockets (EP) in females, while the median septum (MS) is clearly visible throughout the epigynal field (EF) between the EP (e.g. Figs 8, 28, 33) (pocket-like structures present in the Asian genera Sinopoda Jäger, 1999 and Bhutaniella Jäger, 2000 too, but in a different morphology: MS, if present, is not extended into the anterior half of the EF). In males, Pseudomicrommata (and Arandisa) have an enlarged embolic apophysis (EA) originating from the median point of the embolus. The presence of a median dark stripe running the length of the dorsum (Fig. 1) clearly distinguishes Pseudomicrommata from its closest relative, Arandisa. Additionally, in Pseudomicrommata spp. the anterior lateral eyes (ALE) are usually the largest, while in Arandisa spp. the posterior lateral eyes (PLE) are distinctly the largest eyes. Moreover, Pseudomicrommata is diagnosable from Eusparassus by the presence of three pairs of ventral tibial spines on legs I–IV (two pairs in Eusparassus). Redescription: Small to medium-sized Sparassidae; prosoma slightly longer than wide; opisthosoma elongated; leg formula IV II I III or IV II III I; two rows of eyes, with anterior row recurved and posterior row procurved, AME smallest, remaining eyes subequal (Fig. 6); chelicerae with two anterior and three to four posterior teeth, posterior row with first two larger and one or two smaller teeth, cheliceral furrow without denticles (Fig. 7); cheliceral basal segment (paturon) with single bristle at distal retromarginal end close to fang base (Fig. 19); male palp with embolus and tegulum forming “U”; EA well developed, embolus membrane (EM) present, conductor small and hyaline (Figs 3–5); tegulum with small projection at its transition part to embolus (Fig. 15); subtegulum not clearly visible; dorsal (dRTA) and ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis (vRTA) well developed, nearly the same length (Figs 3, 15, 23); female epigyne with epigynal EF longer than wide (Fig. 8) or as long as wide (Fig. 28); anterior bands of epigynal field (AB) mostly not (Fig. 20) or weakly developed (Fig. 11); median septum visible alongside epigynal field (e.g. Figs 8, 33); copulatory ducts (CD) elongated, a pair of parallel simple ducts comprising more than half of entire vulva; vulva in posterior half continuing with two turning loops, termed here first and second (f-, sTL), glandular pores present mostly on fTL (Figs 9, 10) or additionally on sTL (Figs 29, 30). Coloration (live): Body background is pale grey or greenish-brown, with prosoma and opisthosoma decorated mid-dorsally with a reddish-brown stripe; additional longitudinal stripes present on the legs (Fig. 1). Natural history and habitat preferences: Females construct a papery egg sac attached to grass leaves (one female specimen from NCA). The species were recorded mostly from savannah grasslands (Fig. 2), but also occur in bushes, small trees and leaf litter (male specimens in Guinea). Distribution:Widely distributed in tropical Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. Species included: Pseudomicrommata longipes (Bösenberg & Lenz, 1895), P. vittigera (Simon, 1897) stat. rev., P. mary sp. n. and P. schoemanae sp. n., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2015, Revision of the grass huntsman spider genus Pseudomicrommata Järvi, 1914 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 425 in African Invertebrates 56 (2) on pages 427-429, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7914200, {"references":["JARVI, T. H. 1914. Das Vaginalsystem der Sparassiden. II. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae 4: 132 - 248.","BOsENBERG, W. & LENZ, H. 1895. Ostafrikanische Spinnen gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann in den Jahren 1888 und 1889. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 12 (2): 27 - 51.","SIMON, E. 1897 a. Etudes arachnologiques. 27 e Memoire. XLII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 65: 465 - 510.","LAWRENCE, R. F. 1927. Contributions to a knowledge of the fauna of South-West Africa V. Arachnida. Annals of the South African Museum 25 (1): 1 - 75.","LEssERT, R. DE 1936. Araignees de l'Afrique orientale portugaise, recueillies par MM. P. Lesne et B. - B. Cott. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 43: 207 - 306.","LEVY, G. 1989. The family of huntsman spiders in Israel with annotations on species of the Middle East (Araneae: Sparassidae). Journal of Zoology, London 217: 127 - 176.","JAGER, P. 2000. The huntsman spider genus Cebrennus: four new species and a preliminary key to known species (Araneae: Sparassidae: Sparassinae). Revue Arachnologique 13 (12): 163 - 186."]}

Pseudomicrommata mary sp. n. Figs 23–32 Etymology: This species is dedicated to my wife Maryam (nickname: Mary), for all her love and support; noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males distinguished easily from other congeners by the EA narrow proximally, widened medially and pointed distally in ventral view (embolus tip is not as bifid as in P. longipes) (Figs 23, 25); in females, epigyne with PMP longer than AMP (Figs 28, 31) and vulva clearly with additional GPO on sTL (besides those on fTL) (Figs 29, 30, 32), currently unique amongst the known species. Description: Male (ranges: n =11, single measurements: holotype). Measurements (holotype largest): Medium sized; total length 10.9–12.9, prosoma length 4.5–4.8, prosoma width 4.2–4.7, anterior width of prosoma 2.0–2.2, opisthosoma length 5.4–6.1, opisthosoma width 2.5–3.2. Eye diameters:AME 0.22, ALE 0.38, PME 0.34, PLE 0.33; eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.14, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.38, PME–PLE 0.34, AME–PME 0.64, ALE–PLE 0.28, clypeus height at AME 0.24, clypeus height at ALE 0.31. Chelicerae: With 2 anterior and 4 posterior teeth (first two larger with two additional smaller ones) (Fig. 27). Legs: Leg formula: IV II I III. Palp 6.1 [1.8, 0.7, 1.0, 2.6], I 17.8 [5.1, 2.4, 4.3, 4.4, 1.6], II 19.1 [5.6, 2.4, 4.7, 4.7, 1.7], III 16.9 [5.2, 2.1, 4.1, 3.9, 1.6], IV 19.3 [5.8, 1.9, 4.7, 5.2, 1.7]. Spination: Palp 131, 101, 2121/2111; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321/322; Patella I–IV 000/101; Tibia I–IV 2126 /2226; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp: As in diagnosis, with cymbium nearly three times longer than tibia, dRTA distally pointed, vRTA distally hump-like, subtegulum not visible (Figs 23, 24); EA membranous and hyaline proximally, hard and sclerotized distally (Fig. 25). Female (ranges: n=8, single measurements: SD 1105). Measurements: Medium sized; total length 11.8–15.9, prosoma length 4.5–5.1, prosoma width 3.7–4.2, anterior width of prosoma 2.1–2.4, opisthosoma length 7.3–10.8, opisthosoma width 3.1–5.7. Eye diameters:AME 0.25, ALE 0.38, PME 0.36, PLE 0.34; eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.18, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.37, PME–PLE 0.32, AME–PME 0.68, ALE–PLE 0.32, clypeus AME 0.16, clypeus ALE 0.22. Chelicerae: As in males. Legs: Leg formula: IV II I III. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 5.3 [1.4, 0.9, 1.1, 1.9], I 15.0 [4.4, 2.1, 3.5, 3.6, 1.4], II 16.1 [4.9, 2.2, 3.8, 3.7, 1.5], III 14.2 [4.5, 1.8, 3.3, 3.2, 1.4], IV 16.2 [5.0, 1.8, 3.8, 4.1, 1.5]. Spination: Palp 131, 001/101, 2121, 1113; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321/322; Patella I–IV 000/101; Tibia I–IV 1016 /2026; Metatarsus I–III 0004/2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva:As in diagnosis, with EF nearly as wide as long; AMP bending posteriorly (Fig. 28), sTL extending beyond fTL in lateral view (Figs 29, 32) (for more details see the genus redescription). Holotype ♂: GUINEA: Prefecture de Lola: Mount Nimba, SE Gbakole, Plateau de Zouguépo, 07°43'N, 08°24'W, 500 m, 26.i.1952, leg. M. Lamotte, Nº 19 (SMF). Paratypes: Same data as holotype, 2♀ (SMF); Same data as holotype but 15.iii.1957, Nº 50, 4♂ 4♀ (SMF); Same data as holotype but 21.i.1957, Nº 18, 2♂ (SMF); Mount Nimba, Ga forest, 746 m, 6.ii.2012, leg. A. Henrard, C. Allard, P. Bimou & M. Sidibé, sieving soil litter, primary forest, 1♀ (MRAC 238760, SD 1105); Mount Nimba, Kpéléyi Savannah, 572 m, 7.iii.2012, leg. A. Henrard, C.Allard, P. Bimou & M. Sidibé, pitfall traps, 1♂ (MRAC 238965). IVORY COAST: Adiope Doumé (Orstom), 15–20.viii.1968, leg. J.J. van Mol, 1♀ (MRAC 134636, MM); N of Korhogo, Bandama River, iii.1980, leg. J. Everts, edge riverine forest, 2♂ (MRAC 172141-2); Bouaflé, 22.i.1981, leg. J. Everts, pitfall traps, 1♂ (MRAC 174220). Remarks: The type specimens were collected in 1952 and 1957 by mammologist Prof Dr M. Lamotte during his investigation in Mount Nimba of Guinea. A large number of spiders were donated to SMF in 1960 and kept in the collection. Mount Nimba is one of the main biodiversity hotspots in western Africa with a high level of endemicity (Lamotte & Roy 2003). It seems that P. mary sp. n. is the first of this rich collection to be described as a new species. Known geographical distribution: Recorded from Mount Nimba and surrounding areas in Guinea and Ivory Coast (Fig. 40)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2015, Revision of the grass huntsman spider genus Pseudomicrommata Järvi, 1914 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 425 in African Invertebrates 56 (2) on pages 436-440, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7914200, {"references":["LAMOTTE, M. & ROY, R. (eds) 2003. Le peuplement animal du mont Nimba (Guinee, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle series No. 190. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, France. (In French)"]}

Pseudomicrommata schoemanae sp. n. Figs 33–39 Etymology: This species is named in honour of Dr Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman for her significant contributions to African arachnology and her assistance to my studies on African Sparassidae; noun in a genitive case. Diagnosis: This is the only Pseudomicrommata species with a generally elongated epigyne; the enlarged epigynal pockets (EP) occupy the majority of the epigynal field (EF) space, which is unique amongst the currently known species (Figs 33, 38). Male unknown. Description: Female (ranges: n=4, single measurements: holotype). Measurements (Holotype largest): Medium sized; total length 11.4–13.2, prosoma length 4.8–5.5, prosoma width 4.1–4.7, anterior width of prosoma 2.4–2.6, opisthosoma length 6.6–7.7, opisthosoma width 3.5–4.5. Eye diameters:AME 0.21, ALE 0.43, PME 0.36, PLE 0.35; eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.20, AME–ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.42, PME–PLE 0.32, AME–PME 0.71, ALE–PLE 0.36, clypeus AME 0.20, clypeus ALE 0.28. Chelicerae: Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 posterior teeth (two larger and two smaller ones) (Fig. 37). Legs: Leg formula: IV II I III. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 6.4 [1.4, 0.7, 1.1, 2.2], I 17.4 [5.1, 2.5, 4.1, 4.2, 1.5], II 18.2 [5.6, 2.4, 4.4, 4.3, 1.5], III 16.2 [5.2, 2.1, 3.8, 3.7, 1.4], IV 18.4 [5.6, 2.1, 4.4, 4.8, 1.5]. Spination: Palp 131, 101, 2121, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 000/101; Tibia I–IV 1016 /2026; Metatarsus I–III 0004/1014/2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva:As in diagnosis, with generally enlarged and elongated EF, posterior part of LL behind PMP small (Figs 33, 38); CD enlarged and expanded, partially covering fTLs; sTL usually extend beyond fTL laterally (Figs 34, 39), GPO present only on fTLs (Figs 34, 35). Holotype ♀: CAMEROON: North Prov.: Bossoum, 09°56'33"N 13°41'51"E, 11.iv.1914, leg. G. Tessmann (ZMB 48632). Paratypes: CAMEROON: Same data as holotype, 2♀ (ZMB 48633), 1♀ (SMF). Remarks: The type material for this study was collected by the German botanist G. Tessmann (1884–1969) during his expedition to Cameroon in 1914. Known geographical distribution: Only known from the type locality (Fig. 40)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2015, Revision of the grass huntsman spider genus Pseudomicrommata Järvi, 1914 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 425 in African Invertebrates 56 (2) on page 440, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7914200

Eusparassus barbarus (Lucas, 1846) Figs 15–16, 51a–b, 61a–b Olios barbarus Lucas, 1846: 202, pl. 11, fig. 10 (description of male and female, from Algeria: Algiers, Constantine, Lacalle, type material not located in MNHN, presumably lost). Neotype designated here (for justification see remarks). Sparassus barbarus (Lucas). Simon 1874: 262 (transfer). Eusparassus barbarus (Lucas). Reimoser 1919: 177 (listing and transfer). Type material: Neotype: male, ALGERIA: Wilaya de Ain Defla: Teniet el Haad [N 35° 52' 16'', E 2° 1' 41''], 1800 m, Cedar Forest, 19 February 1988, R. Jocqué & R. Bosmans leg. (MRAC 168777). Other material examined. ALGERIA: 1♀, with same data as for neotype (MRAC); Wilaya de Batna : 1♂, Jebel Metlili, N 35° 15', E 5° 38', Pine forest, 1000m altitude, 13 April 1987, R. Jocqué leg. (MRAC 167560); Wilaya de Biskra : 1♀, Biskra, King leg. (ZSM A20110054); Wilaya de Tizi Ouzou : 1♂, Djurdjura Mountain, Tala Guilet, 1600m, April 1983, H. Franz leg. (SMF); Wilaya de Adrar : 1♀, Great Atlas Mountains, Tadlest [N 29° 18', E 0° 16'], 2250 m, 20 June 1930 (SMF 4604); 2♂, 6♀♀, 42 juveniles, 1866–67, W.T. Taczanovski leg. [label: Olios barbarus Luc., Algeria 1866-67, leg & det. WT. Taczanovski] (MIZ F15); TUNISIA: 1♂, 1959, Kahmann leg. (SMF). Diagnosis. Male differs from other congeners by ET flattened dorso-ventrally and ET pointing first proximad and then ventrad (Fig. 15c); It resembles that of E. letourneuxi but differs in dRTA bending toward cymbium (Figs 15a, b); epigyne similar to that of E. letourneuxi but differs from it by the triangular-shape of the MS (Fig. 16a) (semicircular in E. letourneuxi) [see also diagnosis for dufouri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=6, single measurement: neotype): Measurements. Medium sized; total length: 16.5–17.6, prosoma length 7.0–7.6, prosoma width 6.4–6.8, anterior width of prosoma 3.3–3.4, opisthosoma length 9.5–10, opisthosoma width 5.6–6.0; Eye diameters: AME 0.43, ALE 0.38, PME 0.32, PLE 0.41; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.27, AME-ALE 0.17, PME-PME 0.43, PME-PLE 0.51, AME-PME 0.37, ALE-PLE 0.30, clypeus height at AME 0.35, clypeus height at ALE 0.40. AME largest (Fig. 15e). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 posterior teeth; cheliceral furrow without intermarginal denticles (Fig. 15d). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 9.4 [3.0, 1.4, 1.5, 3.5], I 30.5 [8.5, 3.6, 7.5, 8.4, 2.5], II 33.2 [9.4, 3.4, 8.5, 9.1, 2.8], III 28.3 [8.5, 3.1, 7.0, 7.2, 2.5], IV 31.2 [9.1, 3.2, 7.5, 8.8, 2.6]. Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1111; Legs: Femur I 324(5)/424, II–III 324(3)/424, IV 423/(3)424; Patella I–IV 101; Tibia I–IV 21(0)24/2224; Metatarsus I–III 1014 /2024, IV 3034/3036. Palp. As in diagnosis, with cymbium approximately twice as long as tibia; dRTA widened dorso-ventrally, vRTA small in size and shifted toward cymbium in ventral view (Figs15 a–c). Female (ranges: n=9, single measurement: MM 205): Measurements. Medium to large sized; total length: 17.5–22.5, prosoma length 7.0–10.2, prosoma width 6.1– 8.6, anterior width of prosoma 3.8–5.1, opisthosoma length 10.5–12.5, opisthosoma width 7.5–8.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.54, ALE 0.41, PME 0.42, PLE 0.46; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.36, AME-ALE 0.14, PME-PME 0.65, PME-PLE 0.75, AME-PME 0.45, ALE-PLE 0.28, clypeus height at AME 0.50, clypeus height at ALE 0.60. Chelicerae. Chelicerae as in males. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 10.7 [3.2, 1.7, 2.0, 3.8], I 31.7 [9.1, 4.3, 7.5, 8.5, 2.8], II 35.0 [10.2, 4.5, 8.5, 9.0, 2.8], III 30.7 [9.4, 4.2, 7.2, 7.3, 2.6], IV 33.7 [10.2, 3.8, 8.1, 8.8, 2.8]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–II 324/424, III 424, IV 322/423; Patella I–IV 000/101; Tibia I–IV 0004/2024; Metatarsus I–III 0004/ 2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF longer than wide (Fig. 16a); MS hyaline with a longitudinal sclerotized strip dorsally (Fig. 16b); GP present (Fig. 16c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Reddish cream, prosoma with a dark Y-shaped patch and additional transverse lines, opisthosoma with a brown band along the entire length and additional small patches (Figs 51a–b); opisthosoma ventrally with V-shaped marking with bold inner lines (Fig. 51b). Remarks. Lucas (1846) described two species (sub Olios) currently assigned to the genus Eusparassus: E. barbarus and E. oraniensis. The type material is not available at MNHN and presumed to be lost, as confirmed by other researchers (i.e. Azarkina & Logunov 2006) and verified by author’s direct investigation in MNHN. Fortunately, Lucas (1846) illustrated the habitus and eye arrangement, and provided a description of the colouration of the ventral opisthosoma. The illustration of prosoma in O. barbarus is unique. This colouration is recognized in this study among some Eusparassus specimens found nearby the type locality. Since E. barbarus can easily be mistaken with the similar parapatric species E. letourneuxi, one male is designated here as neotype to avoid taxonomic problems and misidentification in the future. The eye arrangement and colouration of the neotype correspond to the original drawings and description. Known geographical distribution and habitat. From Northern Algeria to Tunisia, up to 1800 meters altitude in mountainous pine and cedar forests, found under stones., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Lucas, H. (1846) Histoire naturelle des animaux articules. In: Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842 publiee par ordre du Gouvernement et avec le concours d'une commission academique. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 89 - 271.","Simon, E. (1874) Etudes arachnologiques. 3 e memoire. V. Revision des especes europeennes de la famille des Sparassidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Paris, 5 (4), 243 - 279.","Reimoser, E. (1919) Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) des palaarktischen Gebietes. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich- Koniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 10, 1 - 280.","Azarkina, G. N. & Logunov, D. V. (2006) Taxonomic notes on nine Aelurillus species of the western Mediterranean (Araneae: Salticidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 13, 233 - 248."]}

Eusparassus jocquei spec. nov. Figs 35–36, 55a–b, 64c, f Type material. Holotype: male, ZIMBABWE: Matabeleland North Province: Bulawayo (S 20°8'60, E 28°34'60, 1351 m) [label: Rhodesia: Bulawayo], November 1964 – January 1965, S. Bucklin leg., MM201 (MRAC 128093). Paratypes: 5♂, 1♀ (MM202), 2 juveniles, with same data as for holotype (4♂, 1♀ MRAC; 1♂ SMF). Other material examined. 1♀, “Ostafrika” [= East Africa] (potentially Tanzania, Mozambique, Rwanda or Burundi; see remarks below), December 1904, W. Triesler leg. (ZMB). Etymology. The species is named in honour of Dr Rudy Jocqué (MRAC). The visit of the author to MRAC coincided with his retirement. The author would like to dedicate the name of this conspicuous species to him in recognition of his long time of productive arachnological research especially on African spiders; noun in genitive case. Diagnosis. This is the only Eusparassus species whose male’s dRTA is bifurcated at its distal end (Figs 35a, b) and female epigyne with MS clearly visible posteriorly (Fig. 36a) [see also diagnosis for jaegeri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=6, single measurement: holotype): Measurements. Males medium-sized. Total length 12.0–13.8, prosoma length 5.7–6.3, prosoma width 4.6–5.4, anterior width of prosoma 2.7–3.0, opisthosoma length 6.3–7.5, opisthosoma width 4.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.47, ALE 0.33, PME 0.31, PLE 0.34; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.42, PME- PLE 0.45, AME-PME 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.22, clypeus height at AME 0.23, clypeus height at ALE 0.37. AME largest, other eyes subequal (Fig. 35d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 or 4 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with a line of 7 to 10 intermarginal denticles (Fig. 35e). Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 8.3 [2.8, 1.2, 1.3, 3.0], I 29.8 [7.9, 3.1, 7.5, 8.7, 2.6], II 32.0 [8.7, 3.3, 8.3, 9.1, 2.6], III 26.8 [7.7, 2.8, 6.7, 7.4, 2.2], IV 29.1 [8.1, 2.7, 7.2, 8.7, 2.4]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 322; Patella I–IV 001/101; Tibia I–IV 2124 /2224; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with weakly developed vRTA, ST huge and cymbium approximately twice as long as tibia (Figs 35a, b); ET wide and only distally narrowed, ET directed retrolaterad first and ending proximad at its distal end (Fig. 35c). Female (n=2, single measurement: paratype): Measurements. Medium sized. Total length 17.1; prosoma length 6.7, prosoma width 5.6, anterior width of prosoma 3.6, opisthosoma length 10.4, opisthosoma width 7.5. Eye diameters: AME 0.45, ALE 0.33, PME 0.31, PLE 0.33; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.25, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.45, PME-PLE 0.51, AME-PME 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.23, clypeus height at AME 0.35, clypeus height at ALE 0.45. Chelicerae. Chelicerae dentition like as male. Legs. Leg formula II I IV III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 7.5 [2.3, 1.1, 1.4, 2.7], I 23.7 [6.3, 2.9, 5.7, 6.7, 2.1], II 25.6 [7.0, 3.0, 6.2, 7.2, 2.2], III 20.0 [6.1, 2.2, 4.8, 5.3, 1.6], IV 22.3 [6.5, 2.5, 5.4, 6.3, 2.1]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 000/001; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF nearly as wide as long; MS thoroughly visible between lateral lobes (Fig. 36a); MS folded and in connection with extra membranous parts forming an inverse pocket visible in dorsal view between CDs (Fig. 36b); glandular pores restricted to a small depression near TL (Fig. 36c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Yellowish cream prosoma with dark brown dorsal opisthosoma decorated with a chevron pattern, ventral opisthosoma pale in colour (Figs 55a–b). Remarks. The copulatory structures of E. jocquei spec. nov. are strikingly different from other members of jaegeri group including the bifurcated dRTA and the distinctly visible MS between LL. However, it contains all the diagnostic characters of jaegeri species group. A female was found in ZMB, with label information “Ostafrika” [=German for “East Africa”]. German East Africa used to be a German colony at the date of collecting (1904) which included what are now modern Tanzania, Rwanda, Mozambique and Burundi. Since the majority of the former German colony currently comprises the modern countries Tanzania and Mozambique, the specimen was probably collected from one of these countries. Known geographical distribution and habitat. Known from the type locality and probably Tanzania or Mozambique in Southeast Africa., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 58-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

Cercetius perezi Simon, 1902 Figs 42–43, 57, 66a–b, e Cercetius perezi Simon, 1902: 253 (description of juvenile, holotype examined); Simon 1903: 1020, 1023, 1026 (juveniles, new geographic records from Somalia); Jäger and Kunz 2005: 170, figs. 201–204 (illustration of holotype). Type material. Holotype (designated by Simon 1902): juvenile, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Dibba, Persian Gulf shore, [label: Golfe persique: Dibba, St. XLV, Mission Bonnier–Perez, Cotes-Arabie, March–April 1901, MM. J. Bonnier & Ch. Perez leg. (MNHN 1658-21936)]. Other material examined (9♂, 6♀♀). UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Abu Dhabi : 1♂, Dibba, Sweihan, N 24˚28', E 55˚22', 160 m altitude, collected by NARC (National Avian Research Centre), 14 September 1993 (ICEAD, MM1); 1♂, 2 immatures, Persian Gulf shore, Suwayhan (= Sweihan), April 1970, C. Williams leg. (MNHN, MM158). OMAN: 2♂, 1♀ (MM 30), Mudhaybi, N 22˚12', E 58˚06', 530 m altitude, camp.p., Oman Eastern Sand Project, 12 March 1986, W. Büttiker leg. (NMB); 1♀, Al-Araqi, September 2000, S. Huber leg. (SMF); 1♂, 2 immatures, Wadi Matam, Wahiba, N 21˚53', E 58˚17', 170 m altitude, 31 January 1986, Oman Eastern Sand Project (NMB); Ad Dakhiliyah: 1♀, outside of Fallah cave, September 2000, S. Huber leg. (SMF); Mintaqat Masqat: 1♀, near Rusayl, N 25˚33', E 58˚15', March 1984, W. Cookson leg. (NMB); Mintaqat al Sharghiah: 1♂, Msirah, February 1979, K. M. Guichard leg.(NHM); 1♂, Central Oman, N 22˚25', E 56˚45' [south of Jebel Karwr Mountain, Al-Dakhiliah], sand desert, A. J. Wart leg. (NHM 26.7.63); Mintaqat Zufar: 2 immatures, near Thamarit, Dhofar, N 17˚42', E 54˚02', 450 m, under tyre on soft sand, 24 March 1980, J. N. Barnes leg. (NHM). YEMEN: Muhafazat Shabwah: 1♂, 1♀, 1 immature, Sayhut, between Al-Mukalla and border of Oman, 5–8 March 1995, B. Schätti leg. (MHNG); Tihama Region: 1♀, Tihama, Northern Yemen, 1985, F. Schüffe leg. (SMF). SOMALIA: Somaliland: 1♂, near Berbera, N 10˚14'25'', E 45˚04'55.4'', 407 m, 9 July 2011, T. Mazuch & F. Kovarik leg. (SMF, SD 840). DJIBOUTI: Region d’ Obock : 1♀, Obock, 22 February 1893, M. Maindron leg. (MNHN). Diagnosis. Large-sized and robust hairy species (total length: male 24 mm, female 28 mm, leg span up to 13.5 cm) with diagnostic uniform large black marking covering ventral opisthosoma posteriorly and partially around epigastric furrow (Fig. 57b) in both sexes; males with short and slender embolus tip pointing distad in ventral view, embolus membrane composed of folded hyaline layers (Figs 42a–c); vulva composed of several bulbous parts at turning loop, glandular pores present on a small process (Figs 43b–d). Description. Male (ranges: n=9, single measurement: MM 1): Measurements. Medium to large sized; total length 16.8–23.8, prosoma length 8.5–12.3, prosoma width 7.4– 10.4, anterior width of prosoma 4.2–6.2, opisthosoma length 8.3–11.5, opisthosoma width 5.5–8.5. Eye diameters: AME 0.70, ALE 0.75, PME 0.57, PLE 0.80; eye inter-distances: AME-AME 0.23, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.54, PME-PLE 0.55, AME-PME 0.60, ALE-PLE 0.38, clypeus height at AME 0.45, clypeus height at ALE 0.58. PLE largest, posterior eye row recurved (Fig. 42d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 to 5 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow usually with 1 or 2 intermarginal denticles close to anterior teeth; basal segment of chelicerae at distal end retro-marginally with 1 bristle (Fig. 42e). Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Measurements of palp and legs (largest male): Palp 16.3 [5.5, 2.3, 2.8, 5.7], I 54.2 [14.6, 6.8, 14.5, 14.3, 4.0], II 57.2 [16.5, 7.5, 16.1, 15.5, 3.6], III 52.7 [15.7, 6.1, 14.3, 13.1, 3.5], IV 53.2 [15.9, 6.0, 14.5, 13.3, 3.5]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111; Legs: Femur I – III 323, IV 321; Patella I –IV 000(1)/101; Tibia I–IV 2224; Metatarsus I – III 2 (1)024, IV 3034/30(1)36. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium longer than tibia; tegulum shorter than embolus; dRTA long and slender with slight median bent, vRTA weakly developed (Figs 42a, b); tip of embolus hyaline and worm-like, embolic membrane consisting of folded layers distally; conductor elongated (Fig. 42c). Female (ranges: n=7, single measurement: MM 30): Measurements. Medium to large sized; total length 21.5–28.0, prosoma length 9.5–12.5, prosoma width 8.6– 11.1, anterior width of prosoma 5.7–7.5, opisthosoma length 12.0–15.5, opisthosoma width 7.8–11.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.81, ALE 0.84, PME 0.70, PLE 0.88; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.33, AME-ALE 0.20, PME-PME 0.85, PME-PLE 0.95, AME-PME 0.90, ALE-PLE 0.75, clypeus height at AME 0.65, clypeus height at ALE 0.70. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 or 4 posterior teeth, Cheliceral furrow with 1 or 2 intermarginal denticles close to anterior teeth or without denticles. Basal segment of chelicerae at distal end retro-marginally with a single bristle. Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 16.3 [5.0, 2.5, 3.1, 5.7], I 46.4 [13.5, 6.5, 11.4, 11.8, 3.2], II 51.9 [14.9, 6.6, 14.0, 13.2, 3.2], III 44.4 [13.7, 6.0, 11.1, 10.8, 2.8], IV 45.6 [14.3, 5.8, 10.9, 11.4, 3.2]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 101; Tibia I–IV 22(1)24; Metatarsus I–III 2(1)024, IV 3034/3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with epigyne composed of two large triangular lateral lobes, epigynal field slightly longer than wide, anterior margin of lateral lobes fused together and encircling MS entirely, epigynal field bridge (EFB) present and not separated from anterior margin of lateral lobes (Figs 43a, b). Colouration. A freshly collected single male was obtained from Somalia whose prosoma and dorsal opisthosoma is creamy-white with shiny white hairs dorsally on legs (Fig. 57a); preserved specimens are reddishbrown spiders with darker scopula hairs on metatarsus and tarsus; prosoma margins, anterior part of prosoma around eyes, chelicerae and dorsal side of femora covered with dense white hairs (Figs 57a, c), in contrast, sternum, coxae of legs and basal segment of chelicerae covered with dense black hairs, ventral opisthosoma with large black marking posterior to and around epigastric furrow (Fig. 57b). Systematic position. The somatic features and the copulatory organs of Cercetius perezi correspond well with the Eusparassus delimitation as given by Moradmand and Jäger (2012a) and in this paper. The presence of intermarginal denticles of chelicerae, eyes arrangement, leg formula, spination pattern and the presence of dark marking at ventral opisthosoma are all somatic characters which are present in the immature holotype and the newly discovered adult specimens from the type locality. However, C. perezi cannot be affiliated with any of the known species groups. This species embodies some synapomorphies of the dufouri group (e.g. dark marking of ventral opisthosoma, epigyne with AMLL encircling MS entirely) and also some of the jaegeri and walckenaeri groups (presence of intermarginal denticles in some specimens). Cercetius perezi is likely to belong to an intermediate lineage among the noted Eusparassus species groups. The geographical distribution between the three groups mentioned above supports this hypothesis. Currently known distribution and habitats. Eastern and southern Arabian Peninsula in the United Arab Emirates (type locality), Oman (new country record) and Yemen (new country record), horn of Africa in Somalia and Djibouti (new country record) (Fig. 72b). Specimens were collected in wadis, sandy substrates, gravel plains and from under stones in deserts. Misplaced species, Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 70-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1902) Arachnides recueillis au cours de la Mission de MM. J. Bonnier et Ch. Perez au Golfe Persique (Mars - Avril 1901). Bulletin du Museum d'historie naturelle (Paris), 8, 252 - 254.","Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Roret, Paris, 2, 669 - 1080.","Jager, P. & Kunz, D. (2005) An illustrated key to genera of African huntsman spiders (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 85, 163 - 213.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496."]}

Eusparassus tuckeri (Lawrence, 1927) comb. nov. Figs 37–39, 56b, 65a–b Olios tuckeri Lawrence, 1927: 42, pl. 3, fig. 67 (description and illustration of male) [holotype ♂, examined]. New combination. Olios furcatus Lawrence, 1927: 41, pl. 2, fig. 29 [syntype ♀ examined and designated as lectotype] [paralectotype ♂, undescribed genus] New synonymy (for justification see remarks). Type material. Holotype of Olios tuckeri (designated by Lawrence 1927): male, NAMIBIA: Kunene Region : Kunene River [label: Type, 1♂, Sparassidae, Eusparassus tuckeri lawr., South West Africa, Kunene R., c1712BC, R.F. Lawrence 1922, Shelf no. SAM/Aran 2639] (SAMC B7124); Lectotype of Olios furcatus (designated here): female, NAMIBIA: Kunene Region : Kunene River [label: South West Africa, Kunene R. c 1712BC, March 1923, R.F. Lawrence, Acc.no. B6625, Shelf no. SAM/Aran 2427] (SAMC B6625). Other material examined. NAMIBIA: Kunene Region: 1♂, Epupa Falls, DK 334, 22 February 2005, D. Kunz leg. (SMF); 1♂, 1♀, 1sub ♀, 1 juvenile, Etosha National Park, Sprokieswoud, 19˚ 05' S, 15˚ 37' E, 10 October 1986, under stones, E. Griffin leg. (NMNW 40564); 1♀, Etosha Pan, 18˚ 50' S, 16˚ 20' E, 4 March 1969, B. Lamoral & R. Day leg. (NMSA 12519); 2♂, Etosha National Park: Halali, 19˚ 01' S, 16˚ 29' E, 16 December 1993, B.M. Ullig leg. (ZMB); 2♀♀, SW of Windhoek, December 1929, R. Tucker leg.(SAMC 5162). Oshikoto Region: 2♀♀, Tsumeb, 1920, E. Koodig leg. (SAMC 4810). Otjozondjupa Region: 2♀♀, Road B 8, S 19˚16.962', E 18˚26.935', 1233 m, 19 October 2009, M. Forman leg. (SD 802 & 803, SMF); 2♀♀, Grootfontein, 1919, R. M. Lightfoot leg. (SAMC 4625); ANGOLA: Namibe Province: 1♂, Parque Nacional de Iona (Iona National Park), 31 km S of Tombor, S 16˚20'36.1'', E 12˚26'21.1'', 241m, 11 January 2006, under stones, dense silk retreats, T. & C. Bird leg. (NMNW 45826); 1♀, 30–45 km NE of Namibe, 14˚ 55' 25.6'' S, 12˚ 22' 11.7'' E, 316 m, 12 January 2006, TB 06/36, T. & C. Bird leg. (NMNW 45828); 1♀, Parque Nacional de Iona, 52 km NW of Espinheira, S 17˚04'26.9'', E 12˚03'40.9'', 564 m, 10 January 2006, dense silk retreats under stones, T. & C. Bird leg. (NMNW 45829); 1♀, Iona district, “Espaniera” (Espinheira), mountainous desert on grassy plain in between, 14 July 1996, R. Harris leg. (PPRI 96 /595). Diagnosis. Males easily distinguishable by long and slender ET directed proximad and by folded process of EM extending beyond ET retrolaterally (Figs 37a–c); females vulva with simple and straight CD and TL (Figs 38b–c, 39c) [compared to E. educatus spec. nov. with complicated vulvas] [see also diagnosis for tuckeri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=6, single measurement: holotype): Measurements (holotype first). Total length 8.7–10.1, prosoma length 4.2–5.1, prosoma width 3.5–4.7, anterior width of prosoma 1.8–2.6, opisthosoma length 4.5–5.0, opisthosoma width 3.0–4.1. Eye diameters: AME 0.32, ALE 0.25, PME 0.23, PLE 0.27. Eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.36, PME- PLE 0.30, AME-PME 0.24, ALE-PLE 0.20, clypeus height at AME 0.09, clypeus height at ALE 0.17. AME largest, ALE and PME subequal and smaller than PLE (Fig. 37d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 or 4 posterior teeth; cheliceral furrow without intermarginal denticles (Fig. 37e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV=I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 5.5 [1.7, 0.8, 0.9, 2.1], I 19.4 [5.5, 1.9, 5.1, 5.3, 1.6], II 23.2 [6.3, 2.2, 6.1, 6.7, 1.9], III 17.1 [5.0, 1.7, 4.1, 4.5, 1.8], IV 19.4 [5.5, 1.7, 4.9, 5.7, 1.6]. Spination. Palp 131, 001; Legs: Femur I – III 323, IV 322; Patella I – IV 101; Tibia I–IV 2124 /2224; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3034. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium ~2.5 times longer than tibia; dRTA shortened and vRTA hump-like (Figs 37a, b). Female (ranges: n=14, single measurement: lectotype): Measurements (lectotype first). Total length: 12.2–14.3 prosoma length 4.6–6.1, prosoma width 3.9–5.0, anterior width of prosoma 3.0–3.3, opisthosoma length 7.6–8.2, opisthosoma width 4.0–5.2. Eye diameters: AME 0.36, ALE 0.26, PME 0.25, PLE 0.31; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.24, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.42, PME-PLE 0.43, AME-PME 0.21, ALE-PLE 0.17, clypeus AME 0.15, clypeus ALE 0.20. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with intermarginal denticles; one bristle at distal end of cheliceral basal segment. Legs. Leg formula: II IV=I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 5.4 [1.4, 0.7, 1.0, 2.3], I 16.5 [4.7, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 1.4], II 19.1 [5.4, 2.3, 4.8, 5.1, 1.5], III 14.0 [4.2, 1.7, 3.3, 3.4, 1.4], IV 16.9 [4.7, 2.2, 4.0, 4.6, 1.4]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I – III 323, IV 321 /322; Patella I –IV 000/001; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3034. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF slightly longer than wide (Fig. 38a), but in some specimens clearly longer than wide (Figs 39a, b); AMLL arch-shaped and LL enlarged laterally (Figs 38a, 39a, b); vulva with part of glandular pores shifted close to TL (Figs 38b, c; 39c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Yellowish brown with uniform body colour in prosoma and legs; dorsal opisthosoma with a darker band and surrounding dark patches (Fig. 56b). Remarks. The type specimens were collected during the museum (SAMC) expedition to Kunene River in 1923. Lawrence (1927) described male and female of a single species under two different specific names. He classified them in the genus Olios. At that time, usage of the generic names Eusparassus and Olios was a subject of disputes, as the genera were not explicitly diagnosed. Simon (1932) was the first reviewer who distinguished between the genera Olios and Eusparassus (for more details see Moradmand and Jäger 2012b). However, this problem existed until recently as these two genera are very similar in terms of somatic characters and many transfers have been proposed (Moradmand & Jäger 2012a). Lawrence (1927) found two different male morphs and one female morph from the same locality, Kunene River. He described a male under the name tuckeri using a single male specimen. For some unexplained reason he described the female of tuckeri under the name furcatus along with a different male. This strange male (Lawrence 1927: fig. 68) belongs to a different, undescribed genus of Eusparassinae. According to the original description by Lawrence (1927), specific name furcatus is clearly assigned to the female. There are two main reasons for this judgment: first, Lawrence (1927) didnot list the accession number of the male (SAMC B6751) in the description, second he gave differential diagnosis just for the female. Thus, O. furcatus sensu Lawrence, 1927 is explicitly the female. Accordingly, the female and male of O. furcatus are designated as lectotype and paralectotype, respectively. The female (lectotype of Olios furcatus) was misidentified by Lawrence and is clearly the conspecific female of E. tuckeri comb. nov. Finding of several sympatric males and females confirms this decision. Consequently, O. furcatus is proposed to be the junior synonym of E. tuckeri comb. nov. The paralectotype male of Olios furcatus resembles the genus Eusparassus in many somatic and genital characters but belongs to an undescribed genus. The vial of these specimens contained several male and also a female with a pre-epigyne, this female was probably overlooked by Lawrence. Known geographical distribution and habitat. Northern Namibia and southern Angola (new country record) (Fig. 71b)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 61-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Lawrence, R. F. (1927) Contributions to a knowledge of the fauna of South-West Africa V. Arachnida. Annals of the South African Musuem, 25, 1 - 75.","Simon, E. (1932) Les arachnides de France. Tome VI. Synopsis generale et catalogue des especes francaises de l'ordre des Araneae; 4 e partie. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 773 - 978.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 b) Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae): proposed conservation of the generic name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 69, 249 - 253.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496."]}

vestigator species group Diagnosis. Chelicerae without intermarginal denticles, one to four retromarginal bristles at distal end of cheliceral basal segment (Figs 25e, 28d); ventral opisthosoma with a distinct dark marking (Figs 52b, f, 53c); male with unique prominent and elongated vRTA (at least one third of dRTA length) (Figs 25a, 27a); epigyne with AMLL fused together and entirely encircling MS, epigyne with MS noticeably enlarged and fully sclerotized (Figs 26a, d; 28a). Species composition. Three species: E. vestigator (Simon, 1897) comb. nov.; E. reverentia spec. nov.; E. pearsoni (Pocock, 1901) (for latter species description, see Moradmand & Jäger 2012a). Distribution. Central to Eastern Africa and an isolated area in South Asia (India) (Fig. 71a)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Pocock, R. I. (1901) Descriptions of some new species of spiders from British India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 478 - 498.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496."]}

Eusparassus schoemanae spec. nov. Figs 31–33, 54b–c, 64b, e Type material. Holotype: male, SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape Province: Namaqualand, Lieliefontein, S 30.39 ˚, E 18.28 ˚, 1048 m, Malaise trap, 28 October 2001, (PH II6), C. Mayer leg. (ZMB 48505). Paratypes (2♂, 2♀♀): SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape Province : 1♂, with same data as for holotype (SMF); 2♀♀, Kamiesberg Mountain, 22–24 km E of Kamieskroon, S 30˚ 18', E 18˚ 05', 4–5 November 1985, C. Griswold, J. Doyen & T.M. Griswold leg. (NMSA 20184); 1♀, Farm Loeriesfontein, Aberdeen, Great Karroo, under stone, 1972–73, M. Stiller leg. (PPRI 80 /194); NAMIBIA: Karas Region : 1♂, Near Kodaspiek, 3 September 1992, S. Neser leg. (PPRI 92 /543). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape Province: 4♀♀, Calvinia, 10 km N of Loeriesfontein, [S 30.58 ˚, E 19.26 ˚, 3152 m], 22 October 1990, L.N. Lotz leg. (BMSA 5490). Etymology. The specific name is a patronyme in honour of Dr Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman who promotes the arachnological science in Africa; noun in genitive case. Diagnosis. Small-sized Eusparassus species. Male with diagnostic triangular ET and lobe of EM projecting behind base of conductor on tegulum (Figs 31a, c). Epigyne and MS elongated (Figs 32a, 33a); vulva with humplike glandular process (Figs 32c, 33b) [see also diagnosis for jaegeri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=3, single measurement: holotype): Measurements. Small-sized species. Total length 10.4, prosoma length 4.6, prosoma width 3.8, anterior width of prosoma 2.1, opisthosoma length 5.8, opisthosoma width 3.5. Eye diameters: AME 0.38, ALE 0.25, PME 0.24, PLE 0.27; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.17, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.38, PME-PLE 0.25, AME-PME 0.20, ALE-PLE 0.12, clypeus height at AME 0.17, clypeus height at ALE 0.25. AME largest, other eyes subequal (Fig. 31d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 to 6 posterior teeth (3 or 4 larger teeth followed by smaller ones), cheliceral furrow with 2 to 5 intermarginal denticles close to anterior teeth (Fig. 31e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV=I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 6.0 [2.0, 0.8, 1.1, 2.1], I 22.4 [5.9, 2.3, 5.8, 6.4, 2.0], II 24.8 [6.7, 2.5, 6.5, 7.0, 2.1], III 20.3 [5.8, 2.1, 5.2, 5.5, 1.7], IV 22.5 [6.4, 2.2, 5.7, 6.2, 2.0]. Spination. Palp 131, 000/001, 1111; Legs: Femur I–III 323(422), IV 322(332); Patella I–IV 000/001; Tibia I– IV 2024 /2124; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3034/3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium approximately twice as long as tibia (Fig. 31b); T and ST bulged and expanded, dRTA pointing distad and vRTA hump-like (Fig. 31a). Female (ranges: n=7, single measurement: paratype MM 182): Measurements. Small sized; total length: 8.5–10.2, prosoma length 4.5–5.5, prosoma width 4.0–4.7, anterior width of prosoma 2.3–2.7, opisthosoma length 7.0–9.3, opisthosoma width 4.2–5.8. Eye diameters: AME 0.37, ALE 0.30, PME 0.26, PLE 0.28; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.26, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.43, PME- PLE 0.45, AME-PME 0.28, ALE-PLE 0.23, clypeus height at AME 0.20, clypeus height at ALE 0.28. Chelicerae. Chelicerae dentition as in males, sometimes with fewer intermarginal denticles. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 6.6 [1.8, 1.0, 1.4, 2.4], I 19.4 [5.3, 2.5, 4.8, 5.4, 1.6], II 21.2 [6.1, 2.1, 5.3, 6.1, 1.6], III 17.3 [5.1, 2.0, 4.2, 4.5, 1.5], IV 19.4 [5.6, 2.1, 4.6, 5.5, 1.6]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321/322; Patella I–IV000/001; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis, epigyne with hyaline MS generally elongated (Figs 32a, 33a), anterior bands of epigynal field present (Fig. 33a), CD narrow and TL hidden behind MS dorsally (Fig. 32b). Colouration [in ethanol]. Prosoma and legs uniformly yellowish brown, opisthosoma brownish gray dorsally with a line of small dark chevrons (Figs 54b–c). Known geographical distribution and habitat. South Africa (Northern Cape) and Namibia (Fig. 71b); under stones at higher elevations in mountains., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

Eusparassus reverentia spec. nov. Figs 27–28, 53, 63c–d Type material. Holotype: male, BURKINA FASO: Houet Province: Bobo Dioulasso [N 11˚11', W 4˚17'], 1965, B. Steinstra leg. (MRAC 128181). Paratype: NIGERIA: Plateau State: 1♀, Jos [N 9˚56', E 8˚53'], female with hatched spiderlings (second instar) in papery egg sac, 7–26 April 1963, E. Bouquiaux leg. (MRAC 123751). Diagnosis. Closely similar to E. vestigator comb. nov., but male differing by flatter and wider ET equipped with pointed triangular process (Fig. 27c), and more robust dRTA flattened dorso-ventrally (Figs 27a, b). Female differing in the shape of GP attached to main vulva by most of its length (in E. vestigator comb. nov. separated) (Figs 28b, c) [see also diagnosis for vestigator species group above]. Etymology. The specific name is a Latin translation derived from the German phrase “Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben” (English: “the reverence for life”), in honour of the idea of Dr Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1952) because of it. The idea could be defined in the following statement by J. Brabazon: “...we are brothers and sisters to all living things, and owe to all of them the same care and respect that we wish for ourselves.” Term in apposition. Description. Male (n=1, holotype): Measurements. Male medium sized; total length 15.1, prosoma length 8.6, prosoma width 7.3, anterior width of prosoma 4.2, opisthosoma length 6.5, opisthosoma width 3.5. Eye diameters: AME 0.53, ALE 0.45, PME 0.40, PLE 0.46; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.32, AME-ALE 0.16, PME-PME 0.55, PME-PLE 0.65, AME-PME 0.40, ALE-PLE 0.32, clypeus height at AME 0.40, clypeus height at ALE 0.45. AME largest, lateral eyes subequal (Fig. 27d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow lacking intermarginal denticles (Fig. 27e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 11.1 [3.7, 1.6, 1.7, 4.1], I 37.3 [9.8, 4.2, 9.5, 10.7, 3.1], II 40.6 [11.5, 4.2, 10.2, 11.5, 3.2], III 34.6 [10.2, 3.6, 8.6, 9.5, 2.7], IV 38.9 [11.0, 3.7, 9.6, 11.5, 3.1]. Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1111; Legs: Femur I – III 424, IV 322; Patella I – IV 101; Tibia I–IV 2224; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium more than twice as longer as tibia (Fig. 27b); ET with a pointed triangular process (Fig. 27c). Female (n=1, paratype): Measurements. Female large sized; total length 22.8, prosoma length 9.8, prosoma width 8.6, anterior width of prosoma 5.5, opisthosoma length 13.0, opisthosoma width 8.2. Eye diameters: AME 0.58, ALE 0.45, PME 0.38, PLE 0.47; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.50, AME-ALE 0.22, PME-PME 0.82, PME-PLE 0.70, AME-PME 0.69, ALE-PLE 0.48, clypeus height at AME 0.52, clypeus height at ALE 0.65. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 5 posterior teeth. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 10.4 [3.1, 1.7, 2.0, 3.6], I 31.9 [9.1, 4.1, 8.2, 8.6, 2.7], II 34.0 [10.1, 4.4, 8.2, 8.6, 2.7], III 28.9 [8.6, 4.0, 6.8, 7.2, 2.3], IV 32.8 [9.6, 3.8, 8.0, 8.7, 2.7]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I – III 424, IV 322; Patella I – IV 001; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF slightly longer than wide but MS is distinctly wider than long (Fig. 28a); CD partially to fully sclerotized, GP not well developed but parallel to CD (Figs 28b, c) Colouration [in ethanol]. Reddish brown with darker bands on tibiae and femora of the legs, ventral opisthosoma with a V-shaped dark marking (Figs 53 a–c). Remarks. The holotype male and paratype female both share the same somatic characters including eyes arrangement, leg formula, spination pattern, cheliceral dentition and presence of the ventral opisthosoma dark marking and three to five thick bristles at the retromarginal side of chelicerae basal segment. Known geographical distribution and habitat. From Burkina Faso to Nigeria (Jos Plateau) in Central Africa (Fig. 71a)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 47-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

Eusparassus syrticus Simon, 1909 Figs 24, 51c–d, 62c Eusparassus argelasius syrticus Simon, 1909: 30–31 (description of female). [2 female and 1 immature syntypes from Tunisia, MNHN, examined] 1 female lectotype designated here, (for justification see remarks). Eusparassus dufouri syrticus (Simon). Denis 1945: 54. Type material. Lectotype: female, TUNISIA: Governorat de Tataouine: Tataouine [N 32° 25' 32'', E 10° 10' 29''] (label: Eus. argel. syrticus E.S. Tunesia S of Triholitaine, Tatahouine), Jar number: 1668, Simon number: 22701 (MNHN). Diagnosis. Copulatory duct very robust and wide like that of E. oraniensis but differing from it by TL not visible in dorsal view (Fig. 24b) and having larger and semispherical GP overlapping with distal end of CD (Fig. 24c) [see also diagnosis for dufouri species group above]. Description. Female (lectotype): Measurements. Large sized Eusparassus species; total length 22.8, prosoma length 9.5, prosoma width 8.6, anterior width of prosoma 4.8, opisthosoma length 13.3, opisthosoma width 9.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.55, ALE 0.60, PME 0.55, PLE 0.62; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.23, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.50, PME-PLE 0.51, AME-PME 0.62, ALE-PLE 0.39, clypeus height at AME 0.52, clypeus height at ALE 0.58. PLE largest; LE larger than ME (Fig. 24d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 posterior teeth, intermarginal denticles absent (Fig. 24e). Legs. Leg formula: IV II I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 11.2 [3.5, 1.7, 2.2, 3.8], I 34.4 [10.0, 4.3, 8.6, 9.1, 2.4], II 36.2 [10.7, 4.4, 9.4, 9.2, 2.5], III 34.1 [10.7, 4.0, 8.4, 8.5, 2.5], IV 37.5 [11.7, 3.8, 9.2, 10.2, 2.6]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I – III 424, IV 423; Patella I – IV 101; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I 1014, II–III 2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF longer than wide, MS as long as wide (Fig. 24a); CD widened and covered by TL, only parts of GP extending beyond CD in dorsal view of vulva (Fig. 24b); GP enlarged (Fig. 24c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Reddish brown with banded legs: femur with a distal dark band, tibia with two strong bands (Fig. 51c); ventral opisthosoma with a robust V-shaped dark marking (Fig. 51d). Male: unknown. Remarks. The type series consists of two females and one immature female. The one medium sized female belongs to the known species E. barbarus. The larger female and immature female both belong to the same species. Thus, in order to conserve the specific name syrticus, this latter female is selected and designated here as lectotype. Levy (1989: 137, figs 22–23) studied one female (sub Sparassus syrticus) from Morocco but it was a misidentification and the species is actually belonged to E. atlanticus stat. nov. Known geographical distribution. Southern Tunisia (type locality)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1909) Etude sur les arachnides recueillis au Maroc par M. Martinez de la Escalera en 1907. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 6, 1 - 43.","Denis, J. (1945) Descriptions d'araignees nord-africaines. Bulletin de la Societe de Historie naturelle (Toulouse), 79, 41 - 57.","Levy, G. (1989) The family of huntsman spiders in Israel with annotations on species of the Middle East (Araneae: Sparassidae). Journal of Zoological Society of London, 217, 127 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1989. tb 02480. x"]}

“ Eusparassus” ubae Strand, 1906 nomen dubium Eusparassus ubae Strand, 1906a: 684 (description of female) [type from Uba in East Africa, lost, see Renner 1988: 322]; Strand 1908c: 41, pl. 2, fig. 8 (redescription and illustration of epigyne). Remarks. The sketchy illustration of the epigyne by Strand (1908c) reveals that this species does not belong to the genus Eusparassus, as it lacks the diagnostic triangular lateral lobes and the median septum is visible throughout median line posteriorly. However, it cannot be affiliated with any sparassid genus., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1906 a) Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelter Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 604 - 637.","Renner, F. (1988) Liste der im Krieg vernichteten Typen des Koniglichen Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. In: Haupt, J. (Ed.), XI. Europaisches Arachnologisches Colloquium. Technische Universitat Berlin, 319 - 329. [TUB-Dokumentation Kongresse und Tagungen, Heft 38]","Strand, E. (1908 c) Verzeichnis der von Oscar Neumann in Sud-Aethiopien gesammelten Spinnen. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 74, 13 - 66."]}

tuckeri species group Diagnosis. Lacking intermarginal denticles in chelicerae (Figs 37e, 40e); female epigyne with AMLL fused together and encircling MS entirely (Figs 38a, 41a); male palps with an enlarged sub-tegulum (not as large as those of jaegeri -group) and very long embolus tip, embolus much longer relative to tegulum compared to other species groups; EM developed and forming a process covering ET partially (Figs 37a–c) to completely (Figs 40a–c). Species composition. Two species: E. tuckeri comb. nov., E. educatus spec. nov. Distribution. South-west Africa: Namibia and Angola (Fig. 71b)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

Eusparassus borakalalo spec. nov. Figs 34, 55c, 64g Type material. Holotype: female, SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo Province: Borakalalo Nature Reserve, Rust de Winter, S 25.15 ˚, E 28.29 ˚, in grass, April 1986, M. Filmer leg. (PPRI 87 /137, MM65). Paratype (1♀): SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province : 1♀, Johannesburg, October 1995, A. Harrington leg. (PPRI 2001 /94, MM68). Etymology. The species is named after the type locality; noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species is the only known member of the jaegeri -group whose EF is distinctly wider than long (Figs 34a, f) [see also diagnosis for jaegeri species group above]. Description Female (n=2) [holotype first with measurements of paratype in parenthesis]: Measurements. Medium sized; total length 12.1, prosoma length 6.4 (5.7), prosoma width 5.7 (4.9), anterior width of prosoma 3.4 (3.1), opisthosoma length 9.3 (7.0), opisthosoma width 5.1 (4.5). Eye diameters: AME 0.41, ALE 0.30, PME 0.28, PLE 0.33; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.27, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.48, PME- PLE 0.50, AME-PME 0.25, ALE-PLE 0.23, clypeus height at AME 0.30, clypeus height at ALE 0.35. AME largest (~1.4 times larger), others subequal (Fig. 34e). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 or 5 posterior teeth (2 or 3 larger teeth followed by smaller ones), cheliceral furrow with a median line of 8 to 10 intermarginal denticles (Fig. 34d). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 7.0 [2.1, 1.2, 1.5, 2.2], I 22.3 [5.9, 3.0, 5.3, 6.1, 2.0], II 24.9 [7.0, 3.0, 6.2, 6.7, 2.0], III 20.5 [5.7, 2.5, 4.8, 5.1, 1.8], IV 23.1 [6.1, 2.5, 6.1, 6.4, 2.0]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321(322); Patella I–IV 000; Tibia I–IV 0004/ 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036/3034. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with AMLL straight (Fig. 34a) or with bulge (Fig. 34f), posterior margin of LL expanded laterally (Fig. 34a); CD slender and in connection with membranous MS, TL visible in dorsal view (Fig. 34b); glandular pores restricted to small circular depression on vulva (Fig. 34c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Yellowish brown, opisthosoma darker dorsally with a line of small dark chevrons (Fig. 55c). Male. Unknown. Known geographical distribution and habitat. South Africa (central), sympatric in some area with E. jaegeri spec. nov., collected in grass., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

“ Eusparassus” palystiformis Strand, 1907 nomen dubium Eusparassus palystiformis Strand, 1907a: 541 (description of female) [type from Capeland in South Africa, Museum Lübeck, lost]; Strand 1907b: 671. Remarks. According to the original description, this species could not be placed in the genus Eusparassus, as its legs have three pairs of ventral tibial spines (two pairs in Eusparassus). Strand (1907a) expressed doubts on placing his new species in Eusparassus by using a question mark. Remarks on Ethiopian types of Strand. The type specimens of the following four species were unfortunately destroyed during World War II (Renner 1988). The excursion of the author to Ethiopia (June 2011) as well as investigations in major spider collections in Europe resulted in the recognition of two known valid species of Eusparassus distributed in the country, namely E. laevatus comb. nov. (East and North-East), and E. vestigator comb. nov. (South). These two species were described before those of Strand. Therefore, Strand’s species are most likely junior synonyms of E. laevatus comb. nov. and/or E. vestigator comb. nov.., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1907 a) Vorlaufige Diagnosen afrikanischer und sudamerikanischer Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31, 525 - 558.","Strand, E. (1907 b) Afrikanische Spinnen (exkl. Aviculariiden) hauptsachlich aus dem Kapland. Zoologische Jahrbucher Systematik, 25, 557 - 731.","Renner, F. (1988) Liste der im Krieg vernichteten Typen des Koniglichen Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. In: Haupt, J. (Ed.), XI. Europaisches Arachnologisches Colloquium. Technische Universitat Berlin, 319 - 329. [TUB-Dokumentation Kongresse und Tagungen, Heft 38]"]}

“ Eusparassus” bicorniger (Pocock, 1898) Sparassus bicorniger Pocock, 1898: 519, pl. 41, fig. 9 (description and illustration of male), [holotype male, label: type, Ndi, Weiss Rd. Camp, by Steuart Betton/ Nd (Weiss Rd Camp), Aug 4–25, 1897, NHM 94.11.20.61, examined]. Eusparassus biocorniger (Pocock) Strand 1908b: 22 (unjustified combination). Remarks. The species cannot be categorized in any known Sparassidae genus, and it certainly does not belong to the genus Eusparassus. More likely it is a member of an undescribed genus which would be grouped within the subfamily Sparassinae, when more material (especially the conspecific female) from the type locality is recovered. The holotype was most likely collected between Mombasa and Lake Victoria in Kenya, formerly known as “ British East Africa ”., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Pocock, R. I. (1898) On the scorpions, spiders and solpugas collected by Mr C. Stuart Betton in British East- Africa. Proceeding of the Zoological Society of London, 1898, 497 - 524. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1898. tb 03172. x","Strand, E. (1908 b) Nordafrikanische, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelte Clubioniden. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 29, 1 - 70."]}

Cercetius Simon, 1902 The monotypic genus Cercetius was erected by Simon (1902) based on a juvenile specimen. The genus and its type species, C. perezi Simon, 1902 have never been explicitly diagnosed prior to this study. Examination of the type material revealed that Cercetius falls into the synonymy of Eusparassus as defined by Moradmand and Jäger (2012a). To maintain stability of nomenclature case proposal 3596 was submitted to ICZN to give the widely used name Eusparassus Simon, 1903 priority over Cercetius (for details see Moradmand & Jäger 2012b). In accordance with Article 82.1 of the Code, the prevailing usage of names is maintained until the ruling of the Commission is published. Therefore, both generic names Eusparassus and Cercetius are used in this paper, and formal synonymization is postponed until final ICZN decision., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1902) Arachnides recueillis au cours de la Mission de MM. J. Bonnier et Ch. Perez au Golfe Persique (Mars - Avril 1901). Bulletin du Museum d'historie naturelle (Paris), 8, 252 - 254.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496.","Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Roret, Paris, 2, 669 - 1080.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 b) Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae): proposed conservation of the generic name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 69, 249 - 253."]}

doriae species group Diagnosis. Chelicerae without intermarginal denticles; ventral opisthosoma pale in colour (Fig. 58b); ST small in size and located behind EM (e.g. Fig. 67a); AMLL of epigyne not fused anteriorly (e.g. Fig. 67b); GP present. Species composition. Seven species: Eusparassus doriae (Simon, 1874); E. oculatus (Kroneberg, 1875); E. potanini (Simon, 1895); E. maynardi (Pocock, 1901); E. kronebergi Denis, 1958; E. fuscimanus Denis, 1958 and E. mesopotamicus Moradmand and Jäger, 2012 (for full descriptions, see Moradmand & Jäger 2012a). Distribution. From the Middle East to Central and parts of South Asia (Fig. 72a). Species with unclear group affiliation The following three species, Eusparassus xerxes (Pocock, 1901), E. pontii Caporiacco, 1935 and Cercetius perezi Simon, 1902 cannot be placed in the species groups recognized above. They show a transition in character states. Eusparassus pontii is closely allied to the members of the doriae group but differ from them by having a distinct dark marking on the ventral opisthosoma (Fig. 56f). Eusparassus pontii is also similar to E. xerxes (presence of ventral opisthosoma marking) but differs by having a single bristle instead of four at the basal segment of the chelicerae. This species is probably derived from the members of the doriae group in the Himalayas. For full description of E. pontii, see Moradmand & Jäger 2012a. The distribution of these three species is shown in Fig. 72b., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1874) Etudes arachnologiques. 3 e memoire. V. Revision des especes europeennes de la famille des Sparassidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Paris, 5 (4), 243 - 279.","Pocock, R. I. (1901) Descriptions of some new species of spiders from British India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 478 - 498.","Denis, J. (1958) Araignees (Araneidea) de l'Afghanistan. I. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorike Forenning, 120, 81 - 120.","Jager, P. (2012) Revision of the genus Sinopoda Jager, 1999 in Laos with discovery of first eyeless huntsman spider species (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae). Zootaxa, 3415, 37 - 57.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496.","Caporiacco, L. di. (1935) Aracnidi dell'Himalaia e del Karakoram, raccolti dalla Missione italiana al Karakoram (1929 - VII). Memoire della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 13,161 - 263.","Simon, E. (1902) Arachnides recueillis au cours de la Mission de MM. J. Bonnier et Ch. Perez au Golfe Persique (Mars - Avril 1901). Bulletin du Museum d'historie naturelle (Paris), 8, 252 - 254."]}

“ Eusparassus” cornipalpis Strand, 1906 nomen dubium Eusparassus cornipalpis Strand, 1906a: 631 (description of male), [type from Mane River in Ethiopia, lost, see Renner 1988: 322]., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1906 a) Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelter Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 604 - 637.","Renner, F. (1988) Liste der im Krieg vernichteten Typen des Koniglichen Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. In: Haupt, J. (Ed.), XI. Europaisches Arachnologisches Colloquium. Technische Universitat Berlin, 319 - 329. [TUB-Dokumentation Kongresse und Tagungen, Heft 38]"]}

Eusparassus letourneuxi (Simon, 1874) Figs 22–23, 49e–f, 61e–f Sparassus letourneuxi Simon, 1874: 252–253, pl. 5, fig. 8 (description of male, syntypes from Algeria: Constantine Prov., and around Algiers, not located in MNHN, presumably lost). Levy 1989: 137, figs. 24–26 (illustration of female). Neotype designated here. Eusparassus letourneuxi (Simon). Strand 1908b: 19 (transfer); Denis 1938: 388; Denis 1947: 50, Pl. 2, fig. 13 (description of female). Eusparassus dufouri kabylianus Denis, 1937: 1050 (description of male and female) [synonymy by Denis 1938]. Type material: Neotype: female, ALGERIA: Wilaya de Tizi Ouzou: Kabylie region: Yakouren [N 36° 44', E 4° 27'], [label: Eus. letourneuxi E.S., Kabilia, Yakouren, C.M. 1905] (MNHN 22629). Other material examined. ALGERIA: 2♀♀, with same data as for neotype (MNHN). Wilaya de Blida: 1♂, 1♀, Atlas Blidéen, Djebel Ferroukha, Gellaï, 1350 m, pitfalls in planted Cedrus forest, 20 June 1987 – 9 May 1988, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Wilaya de Tizi Ouzou: 2♀♀, Tala Guilef, 1550–2000 m, litter in old, open Cedrus forest, 29 April 1984, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB); 1♀, Massif du Djurdjura, Col de Tizi N’Kouillal, 1700 m, among stones in montane grassland, 22 October 1982, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB); 1♂, Massif du Djurdjura, Tala Guilef, 1420 m, pitfall in grassland in Cedrus forest, 20 June 1993, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB); Wilaya de Bejaia: 1♀, Oued Daas, 15 m, beach near river mouth, 22 May 1988, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Wilaya de M’sila: 1♀, Djebel Maadid, 1500 m, Quercus ilex forest, 9 March 1990, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB); Wilaya de Boumerdes: 1♂, entre Toulmout et Keddara, 500 m, 27 April 1989, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Wilaya de Tissemsslit: 2♂, Theniet El Had, around Djebel Meddad, 1780 m, 19 February 1988, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB); 1♂, Theniet-el-Had, Djebel Meddad, 1450 m, stones mixed Cerdrus atlanticus and Querqus faginea forest, 18 May 1988, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Wilaya de Bouira: 1♂, Massif du Djurdjura, Tikjda, 1450 m, among stones around Hotel, 17 September 1987, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Diagnosis. Resembles E. barbarus in having a short ET but differs by having a slimmer ET (Fig. 22c) and dRTA directed distad (Figs 22a, b); female epigyne with unique MS semicircular (Figs 23a, f) [see also diagnosis for dufouri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=7, single measurement: MM 195): Measurements. Medium sized. Total length 15.6–17.8, prosoma length 7.1–8.3, prosoma width 6.3–6.7, anterior width of prosoma 3.3–3.8, opisthosoma length 8.5–9.5, opisthosoma width 5.0–5.5. Eye diameters: AME 0.45, ALE 0.35, PME 0.32, PLE 0.38; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.26, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.38, PME-PLE 0.55, AME-PME 0.34, ALE-PLE 0.28, clypeus height at AME 0.25, clypeus height at ALE 0.38. Chelicerae. Chelicerae as in females. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 8.9 [2.5, 1.3, 1.5, 3.6], I 31.9 [8.6, 3.3, 8.0, 9.0, 3.1], II 34.2 [9.4, 3.2, 8.9, 9.7, 3.0], III 29.2 [8.5, 3.2, 7.1, 7.6, 2.8], IV 32.5 [9.1, 3.1, 8.0, 9.3, 3.0]. Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1111; Legs: Femur I 323 (4)/324, II–III 324/424, IV 322/422/423; Patella I – IV 001 / 101; Tibia I–IV 2224; Metatarsus I – III 1014 /2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium nearly twice as long as tibia, dRTA sickle-shaped and vRTA not developed (Figs 22a, b); ET shortened distally but robust proximally (Fig. 22c). Female (n=9): Measurements. Neotype: Total length: 18.8, prosoma length 7.4, prosoma width 6.3, anterior width of prosoma 3.8, opisthosoma length 11.2, opisthosoma width 7.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.50, ALE 0.34, PME 0.35, PLE 0.41; Eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.28, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.43, PME-PLE 0.51, AME-PME 0.31, ALE- PLE 0.28, clypeus AME 0.37, clypeus ALE 0.41. AME largest and ALE smallest (Fig. 23d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 or 5 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow lacking intermarginal denticles; one bristle at distal end of cheliceral basal segment (Fig. 23e). Legs. Leg formula: IV II I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 8.3 [2.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.9], I 25.3 [7.1, 3.5, 6.0, 6.6, 2.1], II 25.0 [7.2, 3.2, 6.1, 6.3, 2.2], III 23.6 [7.3, 3.1, 5.5, 5.6, 2.1], IV 26.3 [7.8, 3.0, 6.2, 7.1, 2.2]. Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I 224 /324, II–III 123/424, IV 421/422; Patella I –IV 000/ 101; Tibia I – II 0004 /2024, III–IV 2024; Metatarsus I – III 1014 /1024/2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF approximately quadrangulate in shape (Figs 23a, f); MS partially (Fig. 23a) to fully sclerotized (Fig. 23f); MS dorsally with a sclerotized strip (Fig. 23b); vulva equipped with a glandular process (GP) (Fig. 23c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Yellowish brown or reddish brown, dorsal opisthosoma dark brown with small series of yellow chevrons, legs (tibia and femur) clearly banded (Fig. 49e); ventral opisthosoma with V-shaped dark marking in which the mark is not filled with dark colour but is only outlined as “V” with especially the inner lines bold (Fig. 49f). Remarks. The type specimens were collected from Northern Algeria in Constantine Province and around the capital city Algiers (Simon 1874: 253). Unfortunately, the type series could not be located in MNHN neither could the other male specimens identified by Simon. Exceptionally, in this species, females are easily recognized by the shape of the MS of epigyne. Several different tubes containing E. letourneuxi females and juveniles were found in MNHN. Among them a female collected near to the original type locality from Kabylie: Yakouren was selected and designated as neotype to clarify the species identity and reduce taxonomic problems in distinguishing this species from closely similar species in nearby regions of Western Algeria (E. oraniensis), Eastern Algeria (E. barbarus) and Southern Tunisia (E. syrticus). The designated neotype was identified by Simon as E. letourneuxi as clearly indicated by his abbreviation “E.S” on the label, confirming that the specimen is correctly identified to E. letourneuxi. Several sympatric male and female from different localities were used to describe the male. Known geographical distribution and habitat. North-Eastern Algeria in the Atlas Mountains, inhabiting stony areas of mountainous grassland, Cedar and Oak forests., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 39-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1874) Etudes arachnologiques. 3 e memoire. V. Revision des especes europeennes de la famille des Sparassidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Paris, 5 (4), 243 - 279.","Levy, G. (1989) The family of huntsman spiders in Israel with annotations on species of the Middle East (Araneae: Sparassidae). Journal of Zoological Society of London, 217, 127 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1989. tb 02480. x","Strand, E. (1908 b) Nordafrikanische, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelte Clubioniden. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 29, 1 - 70.","Denis, J. (1938) Sur la synonymie de quelques araignees. Bulletin de la Societe de Historie naturelle (Toulouse), 62, 379 - 389.","Denis, J. (1947) Spiders. In: Results of the Armstrong College expedition to Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert), 1935. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad 1 er d'entomologie, 31, 17 - 103.","Denis, J. (1937) On a collection of spiders from Algeria. Proceeding of the Zoological Society of London, 1936, 1027 - 1060. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1936. tb 06301. x"]}

“ Eusparassus” laterifuscus Strand, 1908 Eusparassus laterifuscus Strand, 1908a: 5 (description of juvenile) [subadult male holotype, Madagascar, 18 Decemper 1885, A. Stumpff leg., SMF 4571, examined]. Remarks. The subadult male holotype was collected from Madagascar. The combination of somatic characters clearly distinguishes it from Eusparassus: three anterior teeth in chelicerae (two in Eusparassus), a patch of several intermarginal denticles close to anterior teeth (scattered or in a line in Eusparassus, if present) and the number of ventral tibial spines: I–II 8, III–IV 6 (I–IV 4 in Eusparassus); the species is tentatively classified in “ Rhitymna ” saccata group and is actually an undescribed genus endemic to Madagascar (Peter Jäger, unpublished data). There is no other record of the genus Eusparassus from Madagascar., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1908 a) Neue aussereuropaische Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33, 5 - 7."]}

“ Eusparassus” quinquedentatus Strand, 1906 nomen dubium Eusparassus 5-dentatus Strand, 1906b: 71–73 (description of female from Ghana [sub Gold Coast], lost, original incorrect spelling). Eusparassus quinquedentatus (Strand) Roewer 1954: 675 (justified emendation)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1906 b) Tropisch-afrikanische Spinnen des Kgl. Naturalien-kabinetts in Stuttgart. Jahreshefte des Verein fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg, Stuttgart, 62, 13 - 103.","Roewer, C. F. (1954) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. Institute royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 2, 923 pp."]}

Eusparassus oraniensis (Lucas, 1846) Figs 17–19, 50, 62a, b Olios oraniensis Lucas, 1846: 201, Pl. 11, fig. 9 (description of female, from Algeria: Oran: Djebel Santon, Santa Cruz [N 35°42 ΄25.3", W 0°39 ΄55.34"], type material not located in MNHN, presumably lost). Neotype designated here (for justification see remarks). Sparassus currax Blackwall, 1858: 429 (description of male, holotype from Algeria, not located in HECO, presumably lost). Sparassus oraniensis (Lucas). Simon 1874: 255 (description of male, material not located in MNHN, presumably lost); Simon 1880: 291; Levy 1989: 137, fig. 21. Eusparassus argelasius maximus Strand, 1906a: 630 (description of male and female) [syntypes from Algeria (South-west): Naâma Province: Tiout oase, lost in Stuttgart collection]. New synonymy. Eusparassus oraniensis (Lucas). Strand 1908b: 23. Eusparassus argelasius oraniensis (Lucas). Simon 1909: 31. Eusparassus dufouri oraniensis (Lucas). Denis 1947:49, pl. 2, fig.12 (illustration of female from Egypt: Siwa, material not located in NHM, probably misidentified). Type material: Neotype: female, ALGERIA: Wilaya de Oran , 1906, Scherer leg. (ZSM A20110055). Other material examined. ALGERIA: 1♀, with same data as for neotype (ZSM A20110056); Wilaya de Bechar: 1♀, Beni Ounif, March 1955, Fittkau leg. (ZSM A20110053); Wilaya de Biskra: 1♀, 1 juv., Biskra, September 1912 B.H. Boxtux leg. (NHM 1948.11.29.4-5); 2♀♀, Biskra, 1903 (NHM 10.10.29.26.27); MOROCCO: Region de Guelmim-Es Semara : 1♂, N 28 56'11.54", W 8 57'10.08", point 37, September 2011, S. Henriques leg. (SMF, SD843); Region de Souss-Massa-Draa: 1♂, 1♀, Anti-Atlas, between Tizuit and Tafraut, 2 km E of Kerdouss, 1100m, under stone, 22 July 2000, S. Huber leg. (SMF); 1♀, Anti-Atlas, ca. 15km S of Igherm, under stone, 28 August 2001, S. Huber leg. (SMF); 1♂, Zagora, December 2008, G. Ackermann leg. (SMF, SD444); 1♂, E of Bou Rbia, N 30°07'60.2", W 6°23'0.27", 16 September 1999, H. Nickel leg. (SMF); Region de Meknes-Tafilalet: 1♂, Erg Chebbi, N 31°16'12.69", W 3°59'28.50", 760m, under stone, 13 July 2009, J. Achenberg leg. (SMF, SD615, MM9); 1♂, Meski, around water source, 29 July 1971, R. Jocqué leg. (MRAC 154281). Diagnosis. PLE largest (unique character within the group, Fig. 18d), ET retrolaterad first, slightly proximad, finally distad (Fig. 17c); vulva robust and widened as in E. syrticus but differring from it in having smaller and spherical GP (Figs 18b, c) [see also diagnosis for dufouri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=5, single measurement: MM 9): Measurements. Medium to large sized Eusparassus species [largest male (MM9) with 13.3 cm legspan]. Total length 14.2–24.8, prosoma length 7.8–11.5, prosoma width 6.8–11.3, anterior width of prosoma 3.5–5.6, opisthosoma length 6.4–13.3, opisthosoma width 4.0–9.1. Eye diameters: AME 0.62, ALE 0.64, PME 0.61, PLE 0.75; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.28, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.64, PME-PLE 0.70, AME-PME 0.80, ALE-PLE 0.57, clypeus height at AME 0.53, clypeus height at ALE 0.66. PLE larger than others. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 to 5 posterior teeth; cheliceral furrow lacking intermarginal denticles Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 15.5 [5.2, 2.6, 2.3, 5.4], I 55.5 [15.5, 5.6, 15.0, 15.7, 3.7], II 57.9 [16.1, 5.8, 15.5, 16.7, 3.8], III 51.1 [15.5, 5.4, 13.3, 13.8, 3.1], IV 56.7 [16.7, 5.1, 14.5, 16.6, 3.8]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111; Legs: Femur I–III 424, IV 333/433; Patella I–IV 101; Tibia I–IV 2(1)224; Metatarsus I–III 1014 / 2024, IV 3034/3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with robust cymbium longer than tibia; vRTA pointed and triangular in ventral view (Figs 17a, b); ET hardened and sclerotized (Fig.17c). Female (ranges: n=8, single measurement: neotype): Measurements. Medium to large sized Eusparassus species. Total length (neotype) 29.5, prosoma length 6.7– 11.5, prosoma width 5.8–9.7, anterior width of prosoma 3.5–5.4, opisthosoma length 8.5–18.0, opisthosoma width 5.5–15.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.64, ALE 0.63, PME 0.61, PLE 0.68; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.33, AME- ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.67, PME-PLE 0.60, AME-PME 0.85, ALE-PLE 0.53, clypeus height at AME 0.43, clypeus height at ALE 0.52. PLE largest (Fig. 18d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae dentition as in males (Fig. 18e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I=III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 15.8 [4.2, 2.2, 2.4, 5.0], I 42.7 [12.4, 5.2, 10.7, 11.3, 3.1], II 48.6 [13.8, 5.7, 12.7, 13.2, 3.2], III 42.9 [12.9, 5.1, 10.6, 11.3, 3.0], IV 47.8 [14.0, 5.0, 12.1, 13.5, 3.2]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I – III 424, IV 422 /423; Patella I –IV 000/101; Tibia I–IV 2024 /2224; Metatarsus I–III 2124 /2224, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF longer than wide (Figs 18a, 19a); MS as long as wide (Fig. 18a) or longer than wide (Fig. 19a); FD partially (Fig. 19b) to fully sclerotized (SMF, MM 192 from Algeria: Beni Ounif). Colouration. Creamy gray or yellowish brown, prosoma with distinct radial small dark bands especially along posterior eyes, opisthosoma with a longitudinal band in which outer lines are dark. Femora of legs without any band, but two clear dark patches on tibia ventrally (Figs 50a–b); ventral opisthosoma with a uniform dark marking with a notch at its anterior side (Fig. 50c). Remarks. Lucas (1846) provided an illustration and a detailed description of colouration of this species, and noted that the ventral opisthosoma is decorated with two dark brown longitudinal bands, which meet in their posterior part, resembling the letter V. This character can be seen in specimens preserved for a long time in several species of the dufouri group. Even a compact marking in a freshly collected specimen can turn into V-shaped marking after preservation. In the illustration of O. oraniensis (Lucas 1846: pl. 11, fig. 9) no pattern is present on dorsal opisthosoma and no dark bands on the legs are illustrated, the body is uniformly coloured. This can be generally observed in specimens preserved for a long period. Lucas (1846) named the species after the type locality, the Oran region in the north-western part of Algeria. One Eusparassus specimen collected from Oran (deposited in ZSM) is designated here as neotype to avoid confusion with similar parapatric species of the group. Known geographical distribution and habitat. Western Algeria and South-Eastern Morocco, under stones near to water sources., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 32-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Lucas, H. (1846) Histoire naturelle des animaux articules. In: Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842 publiee par ordre du Gouvernement et avec le concours d'une commission academique. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 89 - 271.","Blackwall, J. (1858) Descriptions of six newly discovered species and characters of a new genus of Araneida. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 426 - 434.","Simon, E. (1874) Etudes arachnologiques. 3 e memoire. V. Revision des especes europeennes de la famille des Sparassidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Paris, 5 (4), 243 - 279.","Simon, E. (1880) Revision de la famille des Sparassidae (Arachnides). Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 34, 223 - 351.","Levy, G. (1989) The family of huntsman spiders in Israel with annotations on species of the Middle East (Araneae: Sparassidae). Journal of Zoological Society of London, 217, 127 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1989. tb 02480. x","Strand, E. (1906 a) Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelter Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 604 - 637.","Strand, E. (1908 b) Nordafrikanische, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelte Clubioniden. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 29, 1 - 70.","Simon, E. (1909) Etude sur les arachnides recueillis au Maroc par M. Martinez de la Escalera en 1907. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 6, 1 - 43.","Denis, J. (1947) Spiders. In: Results of the Armstrong College expedition to Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert), 1935. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad 1 er d'entomologie, 31, 17 - 103."]}

“ Eusparassus” fulviclypeus Strand, 1906 nomen dubium Eusparassus fulviclypeus Strand, 1906a: 630 (description of male and female), [types from Mane River and Ginir-Daua in Ethiopia, lost, see Renner 1988: 322]. Olios fulviclypeus (Strand). Caporiacco 1940: 843 (transfer)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1906 a) Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelter Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 604 - 637.","Renner, F. (1988) Liste der im Krieg vernichteten Typen des Koniglichen Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. In: Haupt, J. (Ed.), XI. Europaisches Arachnologisches Colloquium. Technische Universitat Berlin, 319 - 329. [TUB-Dokumentation Kongresse und Tagungen, Heft 38]","Caporiacco, L. di. (1940) Aracnidi raccolti nella regione dei Laghi Etiopici della Fossa Galla. Atti della Reale Accademia d'Italia, Memorie della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Mathematiche e Naturali, 11, 767 - 873."]}

Eusparassus atlanticus Simon, 1909 stat. nov. Figs 12–14, 49a–b, 60e–f Eusparassus argelasius atlanticus Simon, 1909: 30 (description of female) [syntypes, MNHN, examined], [in Platnick (2013) as E. dufouri atlanticus]. Elevated to species level. Sparassus syrticus (Simon). Levy 1989: 137, figs. 22–23 (misidentification, illustration of ♀). [1♀, MNHN, examined]. Type material. Syntypes (designated by Simon 1909): 7♀♀ and 1 immature ♀, MOROCCO: Region de Doukkala-Abda: Djebel Demnata (=Demnate), Jar N. 1669, Simon N. 5732 (MNHN). Other material examined. MOROCCO: Region de Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz: 1♂, 1♀, Marrakesh, Sidi Mimoun, G. Buchat leg. 1903 (MNHN); Region de Souss-Massa-Draa: 1♀ (MM21), ca. 20 km S of Tizi-n-Test, under stone in retreat, 23 July 2000, S. Huber leg. (SMF). Diagnosis. Male differentiated by simple pointed and retrolaterad ET (Fig. 12c) and slightly curved dRTA (Fig. 12a); compared to other congeners in dufouri group, LL and MS more elongated (Figs 13a, 14a, b) [see also diagnosis for dufouri species group above]. Description. Male (n=1, MM 191): Measurements. Medium sized; total length 13.3, prosoma length 6.5, prosoma width 5.8, anterior width of prosoma 2.7, opisthosoma length 6.8, opisthosoma width 4.7. Eye diameters: AME 0.37, ALE 0.28, PME 0.26, PLE 0.31; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.25, AME-ALE 0.15, PME-PME 0.40, PME-PLE 0.47, AME-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.30, clypeus height at AME 0.20, clypeus height at ALE 0.28. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 posterior teeth; cheliceral furrow lacking intermarginal denticles. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 8.7 [2.8, 1.2, 1.4, 3.3], I 30.0 [8.2. 3.1, 7.3, 8.6, 2.8], II 32.9 [9.2, 3.1, 8.3, 9.5, 2.8], III 27.1 [7.9, 2.7, 6.5, 7.4, 2.6], IV 30.7 [8.8, 2.6, 7.5, 9.1, 2.7]. Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1111; Legs: Femur I 324, II 424, III 324, IV 322; Patella I – IV 101; Tibia I–IV 2224; Metatarsus I 1014, II–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium twice as long as tibia; vRTA not well developed (Figs. 12 a, b); EM not covering ET in ventral view (Fig. 12c). Female (ranges: n=9, single measurement: syntype): Measurements. Medium sized; total length 16.6–18.8, prosoma length 7.2–8.6, prosoma width 6.5–7.8, anterior width of prosoma 4.1–4.5, opisthosoma length 9.4–10.2, opisthosoma width 5.7–6.2. Eye diameters: AME 0.53, ALE 0.42, PME 0.40, PLE 0.44; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.30, AME-ALE 0.15, PME-PME 0.51, PME-PLE 0.65, AME-PME 0.42, ALE-PLE 0.35, clypeus height at AME 0.47, clypeus height at ALE 0.62. Eyes subequal; AME slightly larger than others (Fig. 13d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 to 5 posterior teeth, intermarginal denticles absent (Fig. 13e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 10.5 [3.1, 1.6, 2.0, 3.8], I 30.6 [8.6, 3.9, 7.3, 8.4, 2.4], II 33.1 [9.7, 4.1, 8.2, 8.6, 2.5], III 29.2 [8.8, 3.7, 7.0, 7.3, 2.4], IV 32.4 [9.7, 3.6, 7.8, 8.8, 2.5]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 424, IV 321/423; Patella I–IV 000/101; Tibia I–IV 0004/2024; Metatarsus I 0004/1014, II 1014 /2024, III 2024, IV 3034/3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF generally elongated; MS longer than wide, hyaline (Figs 13a, 14b) to fully sclerotized (Fig. 14a); vulva with glandular process (Fig. 13c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Reddish brown, prosoma with transverse dark lines leading to fovea, dorsal opisthosoma with series of large chevrons at proximal end turning smaller gradually at distal end, legs clearly banded (Figs 49a–b); ventral opisthosoma with a uniform compact dark marking below epigastric furrow (Fig. 49b). Remarks. E. atlanticus stat. nov. is elevated from subspecies to species level here. In the original description, Simon (1909) emphasized on the dark marking of the ventral opisthosoma and placed this species under E. dufouri (sub E. argelasius atlanticus). After E. dufouri was defined by Moradmand and Jäger (2012a), the description of the male and female of E. atlanticus stat. nov. revealed that this species must be considered as its own valid species and not a subspecies. The male is described here for the first time. Known geographical distribution and habitat. Western Morocco in Atlas Mountains, under stones, and gravel in dry river beds., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 24-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1909) Etude sur les arachnides recueillis au Maroc par M. Martinez de la Escalera en 1907. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 6, 1 - 43.","Platnick, N. I. (2013) The world spider catalog, version 13.5. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / iz / spiders / catalog (Accessed 15 April 2013)","Levy, G. (1989) The family of huntsman spiders in Israel with annotations on species of the Middle East (Araneae: Sparassidae). Journal of Zoological Society of London, 217, 127 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1989. tb 02480. x","Simon, E. (1932) Les arachnides de France. Tome VI. Synopsis generale et catalogue des especes francaises de l'ordre des Araneae; 4 e partie. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 773 - 978.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496."]}

jaegeri species group Diagnosis. Intermarginal denticles of chelicerae present (Figs 29e, 31e, 35e); in female epigyne, AMLL fused together and encircling MS entirely (Figs 30a, 32a, 34a, 36a); male palp exhibiting an obviously enlarged subtegulum (Figs 29a, 31a, 35a). Species composition. Four species: E. jaegeri spec. nov., E. jocquei spec. nov., E. schoemanae spec. nov. and E. borakalalo spec. nov. Distribution. From Southern Africa to Zimbabwe (Fig. 71b)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

Genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 Type species: Eusparassus dufouri Simon, 1932, subsequent designation by Simon (1932). The type species was misidentified by Simon (1903) under the name “ E. argelasius ” sensu Latreille, 1818. The females misidentified by Latreille (1818) under the name “ Micrommata argelasia ” were type specimens which are not available. Thus, the neotype was designated from Montalvão (Portugal), re-described and illustrated by Moradmand and Jäger (2012a) [for more details on the nomenclature, see Moradmand and Jäger (2012b)]. Micrommata Latreille, 1804 [part]. Latreille 1818: 517; Dufour 1820: 299, pl. 2 (misidentification). Sparassus Walckenaer, 1805 [part]. Walckenaer 1830: 108, pl. 7, fig. 1; Walckenaer 1837: 584, 585; Simon 1874: 252; Simon 1880: 290; Simon 1897b: 388; Bonnet 1958: 4098; Levy 1989: 138, fig. 20 (misidentification). Olios Walckenaer, 1837 [part]. Pocock 1901: 489–493; Lawrence 1927:42, pls 2, 3, figs 29, 67. Cercetius Simon, 1902: 253 (description of juvenile, holotype examined from Dibba, Persian Gulf). Simon 1903: 1020, 1023, 1026; Jäger & Kunz 2005: 170, figs 201–204 (illustration of juvenile holotype) [see the nomenclatural note in the description of Cercetius perezi Simon, 1902, below]. Eusparassus Simon, 1903: 1020, 1023, 1025. Simon 1909: 31; Järvi 1912: 57, 175, fig. 49, pl. 4, figs 9, 10; 1914: 173–175; Reimoser 1919: 200; Petrunkevich 1928: 155; Gravely 1931: 238; Schenkel 1936: 9, 283; Roewer 1928: 118, pl. 2, figs 38–39; 1955a: 775; 1962: 4, figs 82–84; Caporiacco 1935: 216, pl. 6, fig. 4; 1939: 353; 1941: 109, fig. 40; Denis 1937: 1050; 1938: 388; 1945: 54; 1947: 49, pl. 2, fig. 12; 1958: 102, f. 30; Barrientos & Urones 1985: 356, figs 4, 5; Jäger 1999: 1, 4, 6; 2001: 16, 18, figs 13 a–c, ä, ö; Song et al. 1999: 467, f. 268H, K; Jäger & Yin 2001: 132; Jäger & Kunz 2005: 168, 169, figs 205–213; Urones 2006: 100, figs 1–43; Dunlop et al. 2011: 519, figs 1–3; Deltshev 2011: 28; Gabriel 2011: 9–12, figs 2, 9; Moradmand & Jäger 2012a: figs 1–23. Eusparassus (Doubtful usage). Strand 1906a: 630; 1907a: 437; 1907b: 671; 1908b: 19. Diagnosis. Eusparassus is easily diagnosable from other members of subfamily Eusparassinae by the presence of two pairs of ventral tibial spines on legs I–IV (three pairs in Pseudomicrommata, Arandisa, Leucorchestris Lawrence, 1962 and Carparachne Lawrence, 1962); from Olios (subfamily Sparassinae) by a combination of characters including the presence of intermarginal denticles in some Eusparassus spp. (absent in Olios spp.), presence of a single bristle on the anterior margin of cheliceral basal segment below fangs but that number can reach a maximum of five (mostly> 10 in Olios spp.). However, the best characters to distinguish between these two morphologically closely similar genera are those of the copulatory structures. In Eusparassus spp. the male palp is characterized by embolus and tegulum nearly of the same length arranged as a U-shaped structure, presence of embolus membrane (EM) [EM can be considered a well developed pars pendula, personal communication with C.A. Rheims], lack of any tegulum apophysis (Fig. 1); female epigyne shows two large lateral lobes (LL), and simple straight copulatory ducts leading to a more complex turning loop (TL) (Fig. 2). Description. See Moradmand and Jäger (2012a). Natural history and habitat preferences. The knowledge on the biology of stone huntsman spiders is quite scanty. They produce large silken papery retreats attached to the underside of stones or in crevices of rocks. They hide during the day in these retreats and also use them to moult in. The excuvia are mostly found within the abandoned retreats (personal observation). Females construct a sealed egg-sac inside the larger retreat and guard it until the spiderlings hatch. In E. walckenaeri (Audouin, 1826), it took nearly one month from pre-larval stage to hatching stage (Gabriel 2011). Like most Sparassidae, the stone huntsman spiders are nocturnal predators. They are known from semi-arid pine forest in the Atlas Mountains and the borders of the Sahara in Northern Africa to the Wahiba sand dunes and Wadis in Arabia, from the Mediterranean area to Central Asian deserts and the slopes of the Himalayas, and throughout the Eastern and Southern African Savannah to the arid borders of the Namib and Kalahari deserts. They can occur in very high elevations above sea level (e.g., E. pontii up to 3000–4000 m in Himalayas, Moradmand & Jäger 2012a). Earlier biological notes are restricted to some observations on the species E. walckenaeri by Gerhardt (1928, 1933) who documented his observations on the mating behaviour of this species (sub Sparassus sp. from Greece). Gabriel (2011) published his observations of the developments of spiderlings and some parasites and predators from Turkey. Copulation. The first photographical documentation of the copulation process of palp and epigyne in the genus Eusparassus is recorded and presented here. Combining knowledge of the morphology of the copulatory structures in Eusparassus spp. and the detailed documentation on how they function in action provide some valuable data on the functional morphology of the pedipalp and epigyne. Juvenile specimens of E. walckenaeri were collected by Dr Peter Jäger in the Negev desert (during the 26 th European congress of Arachnology) in September 2011. Specimens were reared in captivity until they reached maturity in August 2012. On the 7 th of August, the female was housed in a glass terrarium (30cm diameter x 20cm high) and one day later, the male was introduced into the terrarium. A few minutes later, the male started searching and tracing the female. Suddenly he attacked her and tried to grab her by the legs and chelicerae but the female autotomized one leg and escaped. He fed on the leg of the female and subsequently killed a cricket roaming in the terrarium but did not consume it. The male approached the female again. This time the female did not struggle and the male seized her, face to face, using both his legs and chelicerae. He gently bit the female’s pedicel area between prosoma and opisthosoma and held her with his legs (Fig. 44a). They remained in this position for a few seconds until the female was totally subdued and did not move till the end of mating. The male attempted to reach the female’s epigyne, first from her right side using his left palp but without inserting his embolus (Figs 44b–d). Then he shifted to the left side of the female. The process of coupling palp and epigyne was initiated by anchoring the RTA (dRTA) into the posterior margin of epigyne between the lateral lobes (Figs 45a, d), the male stretched his right palp next, which suddenly expanded and the embolus was inserted into the copulatory opening (Fig. 45b). This observation (inserting dRTA into posterior margin between lateral lobes of epigyne) gives some evidence about a similar structure in the vulva which was recently recognized in the species of the genus Sinopoda Jäger, 1999. This structure was named membranous sac (Msa) and is supposed to hold the dRTA during copulation (Jäger 2012). The Msa can be mistaken for intermediate tissue and muscles around vulva, and is usually removed during vulva preparation since its presence restricts the view on scleriotized vulva structures.. The Msa in Eusparassus species is located medially between the fertilization ducts (Figs 11d, e). Another modification in the female copulatory organ might be the following: Eusparassus species with a more robust dRTA have special modifications dorsally of the median septum, from a simple hyaline structure (Fig. 2b) to a sclerotized longitudinal band (Fig. 16b) and even a complex folded structure (Fig. 36b). Identification key to species of Eusparassus In the following key, a combination of the somatic and copulatory characters are used, nevertheless, species identification should be confirmed by checking the detailed diagnoses and descriptions given in the text for each species. The key should be used with special care when identifying females. Species descriptions of the doriae group as well as E. pearsoni (Pocock, 1901) (vestigator group), E. pontii Caporiacco, 1935 and E. xerxes (Pocock, 1901) (both incertae sedis), E. dufouri Simon, 1932 and E. levantinus Urones, 2006 (both dufouri group) are given in Moradmand and Jäger (2012a). The character ventral opisthosoma dark marking must be used with special care as preserved specimens could have been faded. Since Cercetius perezi is regarded congeneric (retained usage until ICZN decision on case 3596), this species is included in the Eusparassus key. 1. Cheliceral furrow with intermarginal denticles (e.g. Fig. 1f).................................................... 2 – Cheliceral furrow without intermarginal denticles (e.g. Fig. 13e)............................................... 16 2. Male [unknown in E. borakalalo spec. nov.]................................................................ 3 – Female.............................................................................................. 9 3. Palp with enlarged and bulged ST (e.g. Fig. 35a)............................................................. 4 – Palp with small and hidden ST behind T (e.g. Fig. 1a)......................................................... 6 4. dRTA bifurcated at its tip (Figs 35a, b) [Zimbabwe]............................................ jocquei spec. nov. – dRTA pointed and not bifurcated at its tip.................................................................. 5 5. ET triangular and flattened proximally and pointed distally (Fig. 31c) [South Africa: Northern Cape Province]............................................................................................... schoemanae spec. nov. – ET slender and curved at its distal end (Fig. 29c) [South Africa].................................... jaegeri spec. nov. 6. dRTA bent toward cymbium and pointed disto-ventrad (Fig. 4a) [Horn of Africa to Arabia]..................... laevatus – dRTA directed distad................................................................................... 7 7. Ventral opisthosoma with large solid black marking (Fig. 57b), ET directed distad (Fig. 42c, f) [Arabia and Horn of Africa].......................................................................................... Cercetius perezi – Ventral opisthosoma pale, ET directed retrolaterad (e.g. Fig. 1d)................................................ 8 8. Palp and dRTA robust, PE and AE roughly subequal (Figs 1a–e) [Eastern Mediterranean to Egypt and Algeria].. walckenaeri – Palp and dRTA elongated and slender, PE distinctly larger than AE (Figs 7a–d) [Arabian Peninsula]..... arabicus spec. nov. 9. Epigyne with AMLL fused together anteriorly (e.g. Fig. 32a).................................................. 10 – Epigyne with AMLL not fused together anteriorly (e.g. Fig. 2a)................................................ 14 10. Epigyne with MS clearly visible posteriorly (Fig. 36a) [Zimbabwe]................................ jocquei spec. nov. – Epigyne with MS not visible posteriorly (LL are in contact)................................................... 11 11. Vulva composed of several bulbous parts in TL (Figs 43c, d) [Horn of Africa to Arabia]................. Cercetius perezi – Vulva different (with single large TL)..................................................................... 12 12. MS as long as wide, CD and MS partially to fully sclerotized (Figs 30a–d) [South Africa]............... jaegeri spec. nov. – MS longer than wide and membranous, CD hyaline......................................................... 13 13. EF longer than wide (Figs 32a, 33a) [South Africa: Northern Cape Province].................... schoemanae spec. nov. – EF wider than long (Figs 34a, f) [South Africa]............................................. borakalalo spec. nov. 14. PE distinctly larger than AE (Fig. 7d), EF bridge present, (Fig. 8a) [Arabian Peninsula]............... arabicus spec. nov. – PE and AE nearly equal, EF bridge mostly absent........................................................... 15 15. MS as wide as long, MS length ¼ EF length, vulva with Gpo situated in a depression in connection with collar form a continuous ridge (Figs 5a–c) [Horn of Africa to Arabia]....................................................... laevatus – MS mostly longer than wide, MS length ½ of EF length, vulva with Gpo situated in a depression separated from collar part (Figs 2a–c) [Eastern Mediterranean to Egypt and Algeria]............................................ walckenaeri 16. Male [unknown in syrticus, pearsoni, maynardi, pontii]...................................................... 17 – Female............................................................................................. 35 17. Ventral opisthosoma with distinct dark marking............................................................. 18 – Ventral opisthosoma lacking distinct dark marking.......................................................... 28 18. vRTA well developed: as long as one-third of dRTA (e.g. Fig. 25a)............................................. 19 – vRTA not well developed: less than one-third of dRTA....................................................... 20 19. ET flat and wide with a pointed triangular process, dRTA robust and flattened dorso-ventrally (Figs 27a–c) [Burkina Faso and Nigeria]............................................................................. reverentia spec. nov. – ET and dRTA different (Figs 25a–c) [Eastern Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania]......................... vestigator 20. EM with projecting bulge covering proximal end of ET in ventral view (Figs 20a–c) [Eastern Morocco]........... fritschi – EM without any projecting bulge........................................................................ 21 21. ET directed proximad (Fig. 11a)......................................................................... 22 – ET pointing in differentdirection......................................................................... 23 22. ET robust and flat, dRTA sickle-like (Figs 11a, b), ventral opisthosoma with V-shaped marking (Fig. 48b) [Western Iberian Peninsula]...................................................................................... dufouri – ET slim, dRTA more straight (Fig. 60c), V-shaped marking with additional median band (Fig. 48d) [Eastern Iberian Peninsula] levantinus 23. AE larger than or subequal as PE....................................................................... 24 – PE generally larger than AE, PLE largest.................................................................. 27 24. ET directed retrolaterad (Figs 12a, c) [Morocco]...................................................... atlanticus – ET directed ventrad (Fig. 22c), PLE subequal to PME........................................................ 25 25. ET flattened, dRTA bent toward cymbium, directed ventrad (Figs 15a–c) [Northern Algeria]................... barbarus – ET slim, dRTA directed distad (Figs 22a–c)................................................................ 26 26. Small to medium Eusparassus species (16 to 18 mm) with ventral opisthosoma marking more solid in fresh samples and Vshaped in preserved ones (lines of marking are bold dark) (Fig. 49f) [North-Eastern Algeria]................. letourneuxi – Large Eusparassus species (21 to 25 mm), a vase-like black marking on ventral opisthosoma (Fig. 56d) [Iran to Pakistan].................................................................................................... xerxes 27. ET directed retrolaterad, vRTA pointed and triangular in ventral view (Figs 17a–c, 62a) [Algeria to Morocco].... oraniensis – ET directed distad, vRTA broad and not pointed (Figs 42a–c, 66a, e)................................. Cercetius perezi 28. Embolus long and ET slender (e.g. Figs 37a–c)............................................................. 29 – ET short and robust................................................................................... 30 29. Palpal structures strongly elongated, embolus covered by slender embolus membrane (Figs 40a–c) [Southern Namibia]........................................................................................... educatus spec. nov. – Embolus membrane projected into a folded part close to ET (Figs 37a–c) [Northern Namibia, Angola]............. tuckeri 30. AME strikingly larger (~1.5 times) than other eyes (Fig. 58e) [Central Asia]................. oculatus (Kroneberg, 1875) – AME subequal to or fuscimanus Denis, 1958 – ET shorter and directed in different orientations............................................................. 32 32. vRTA rounded and not well developed (e.g. Fig. 68a)........................................................ 33 – vRTA pointed and clearly triangular (e.g. Fig. 68e, see Moradmand & Jäger, 2012a: Fig 17C)........................ 34 33. ET slim (Fig. 67e) [Afghanistan to Rajasthan in India]...................................... kronebergi Denis, 1958 – ET robust (Fig. 68a) [Iran, Iraq and Turkey]............................... mesopotamicus Moradmand & Jäger, 2012 34. dRTA straight and beak-like, distal end of ET pointing distad (Fig. 68e) [China: Xinjiang Uyghur]... potanini (Simon, 1895) – dRTA with a slight bend in proximal half, ET leaf-like, distal end of ET pointing proximad (Fig. 67a) [Central Iran]............................................................................................ doriae (Simon, 1874) 35. Ventral opisthosoma with distinct dark marking............................................................. 36 – Vent, Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Roret, Paris, 2, 669 - 1080.","Simon, E. (1932) Les arachnides de France. Tome VI. Synopsis generale et catalogue des especes francaises de l'ordre des Araneae; 4 e partie. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 773 - 978.","Latreille, P. A. (1818) Articles sur les Araignees. Dictionnaire (Nouveau) d'histoire naturelle, Nouvelle edition, Paris.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 b) Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae): proposed conservation of the generic name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 69, 249 - 253.","Dufour, L. (1820) Observations generales sur les arachnides et description de quelques especes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales generales des sciences physiques (Bruxelles), 6, 289 - 306.","Walckenaer, C. A. (1830) Araneides. In: Faune francaise ou histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des animaux qui se trouvent en France, constamment ou passagerement, a la surface du sol, dans les eaux qui le baignent et dans le littoral des mers qui le bornent par Viellot, Desmarrey, Ducrotoy, Audinet, Lepelletier et Walckenaer. Levrault, Paris, livr. 26, 97 - 175, livr. 29, 177 - 240.","Walckenaer, C. A. (1837) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Apteres. Roret, Paris, 682 pp.","Simon, E. (1874) Etudes arachnologiques. 3 e memoire. V. Revision des especes europeennes de la famille des Sparassidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Paris, 5 (4), 243 - 279.","Simon, E. (1880) Revision de la famille des Sparassidae (Arachnides). Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 34, 223 - 351.","Simon, E. (1897 b) Etudes arachnologiques. 27 e Memoire. XLII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Scociete Entomologique de France, 65, 465 - 510.","Bonnet, P. (1958) Bibliographia araneorum. Les Freres Douladoure, Toulouse, 2 (4), 3027 - 4230.","Levy, G. (1989) The family of huntsman spiders in Israel with annotations on species of the Middle East (Araneae: Sparassidae). Journal of Zoological Society of London, 217, 127 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1989. tb 02480. x","Pocock, R. I. (1901) Descriptions of some new species of spiders from British India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 478 - 498.","Lawrence, R. F. (1927) Contributions to a knowledge of the fauna of South-West Africa V. Arachnida. Annals of the South African Musuem, 25, 1 - 75.","Simon, E. (1902) Arachnides recueillis au cours de la Mission de MM. J. Bonnier et Ch. Perez au Golfe Persique (Mars - Avril 1901). Bulletin du Museum d'historie naturelle (Paris), 8, 252 - 254.","Jager, P. & Kunz, D. (2005) An illustrated key to genera of African huntsman spiders (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 85, 163 - 213.","Simon, E. (1909) Etude sur les arachnides recueillis au Maroc par M. Martinez de la Escalera en 1907. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 6, 1 - 43.","Jarvi, T. H. (1912) Das Vaginalsystem der Sparassiden. I. Allgemeiner Teil. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (A), 4, 1 - 131.","Reimoser, E. (1919) Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) des palaarktischen Gebietes. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich- Koniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 10, 1 - 280.","Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta), 33, 211 - 282.","Schenkel, E. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin and Prof. Su Ping-chang. Araneae gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. Arkiv for Zoologi, 29 A, 1 - 314.","Roewer, C. F. (1928) Araneae. In: Zoologische Streifzuge in Attika, Morea, und besonders auf der Insel Kreta, II. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen, 27, 92 - 123.","Caporiacco, L. di. (1935) Aracnidi dell'Himalaia e del Karakoram, raccolti dalla Missione italiana al Karakoram (1929 - VII). Memoire della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 13,161 - 263.","Denis, J. (1937) On a collection of spiders from Algeria. Proceeding of the Zoological Society of London, 1936, 1027 - 1060. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1936. tb 06301. x","Denis, J. (1938) Sur la synonymie de quelques araignees. Bulletin de la Societe de Historie naturelle (Toulouse), 62, 379 - 389.","Denis, J. (1945) Descriptions d'araignees nord-africaines. Bulletin de la Societe de Historie naturelle (Toulouse), 79, 41 - 57.","Denis, J. (1947) Spiders. In: Results of the Armstrong College expedition to Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert), 1935. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad 1 er d'entomologie, 31, 17 - 103.","Barrientos, J. A. & Urones, M. C. (1985) La coleccion de araneidos del Departamento de Zoologia de la universidad de Salamanca, V: aranas clubionoideas y tomisoideas. Boletin de la Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia, 9, 349 - 366.","Jager, P. (1999) Sparassidae - the valid scientific name for the huntsman spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 17, 1 - 10.","Song, D. X., Zhu, M. S. & Chen, J. (1999) The spiders of China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 640 pp.","Jager, P. & Yin, C. M. (2001) Sparassidae in China. 1. Revised list of known species with new transfers, new synonymies and type designations (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Arachnologica, 50, 123 - 134. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 50.123","Urones, C. (2006) El genero Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae, Sparassidae) en la Peninsula Iberica, con la descripcion de una especie nueva. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 12, 99 - 115.","Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D., Daluge, N., Jager, P., McNeil, A., Bradley, R. S., Withers, P. J. & Preziosi, R. F. (2011) Computed tomography recovers data from historical amber: an example from huntsman spiders. Naturwissenschaften, 98, 519 - 527. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 011 - 0796 - x","Deltshev, C. (2011) The faunistic diversity of cave-dwelling spiders (Arachnidae, Araneae) of Greece. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 40, 23 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 4004","Gabriel, R. (2011) Some notes on the development of the young and parasites of Eusparassus walckenaeri (Audouin, 1826) collected in Turkey (Araneae, Sparassidae). Newsletter of British Arachnological Society, 122, 9 - 12.","Strand, E. (1906 a) Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelter Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 604 - 637.","Strand, E. (1907 a) Vorlaufige Diagnosen afrikanischer und sudamerikanischer Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31, 525 - 558.","Strand, E. (1907 b) Afrikanische Spinnen (exkl. Aviculariiden) hauptsachlich aus dem Kapland. Zoologische Jahrbucher Systematik, 25, 557 - 731.","Strand, E. (1908 b) Nordafrikanische, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelte Clubioniden. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 29, 1 - 70.","Audouin, V. (1826) Explication sommaire des planches d'arachnides de l'Egypte et de la Syrie. Description de l'Egypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Historie Naturale (Paris), 1 (4), 99 - 186.","Gerhardt, U. (1928) Biologische Studien an griechischen, korsischen und deutschen Spinnen. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere (Berlin), 10, 576 - 675. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00419324","Gerhardt, U. (1933) Neue Untersuchungen zur Sexualbiologie der Spinnen, insbesondere an Arten der Mittelmeerlander und der Tropen. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere (Berlin), 27, 1 - 75. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00406040","Jager, P. (2012) Revision of the genus Sinopoda Jager, 1999 in Laos with discovery of first eyeless huntsman spider species (Sparassidae: Heteropodinae). Zootaxa, 3415, 37 - 57.","Denis, J. (1958) Araignees (Araneidea) de l'Afghanistan. I. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorike Forenning, 120, 81 - 120."]}

“ Eusparassus” nigrichelis Strand, 1906 nomen dubium Eusparassus nigrichelis Strand, 1906a: 631 (description of female), [type from Mane River in Ethiopia, lost, see Renner 1988: 322]., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1906 a) Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelter Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 604 - 637.","Renner, F. (1988) Liste der im Krieg vernichteten Typen des Koniglichen Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. In: Haupt, J. (Ed.), XI. Europaisches Arachnologisches Colloquium. Technische Universitat Berlin, 319 - 329. [TUB-Dokumentation Kongresse und Tagungen, Heft 38]"]}

Eusparassus jaegeri spec. nov. Figs 29–30, 54a, 64a, d Type material. Holotype: male, SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province: 20 km NE of Pretoria, S 25˚36.321', E 28˚19.450', under stone in retreat, collected at night, 8 September 2004, D. Kunz leg. (SMF, SD295, MM52). Paratypes (7♂, 5♀♀): SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province : 1♀, Pretoria, Baviaanspoort, under stones, 22 October 1988, M. Filmer leg. (PPRI 90 /387); 1♀, Western Transvaal, 4 April 1987, H. Uys leg. (PPRI 88 /354); Limpopo Province: 1♀, Roodeplaat, S 25˚36.052', E 28˚19.731', 1226 m, under stone in retreat, 13 July 2004, D. Kunz leg. (SMF, SD34, MM51); 1♀, Klein Kariba, S 24º50'59'', E 28º20'20'', 26 November 1996, A.V.D Berg leg. (PPRI 97 /163). North West Province: 1♂, Borakalalo Nature Reserve, label: “ Buphuthatswana”, S 25˚, E 27˚, October 1986, M. Filmer leg. (PPRI 87 /720); 1♂, same data as previous (PPRI 87 /75); 1♂, same data as previous, April 1986 (PPRI 87 /131); 1♂, same data as previous, 20 November 1986 (PPRI 87 /120); 1♂, Magaliesberg, May 1990, L. Prendini leg. (PPRI 91 /1435); 1♂, Farms Elandsfontein / Buffelshoek, 37 km W of Thabazimbi, under stone in cocoon, area covered with dry leaves, 3 November 1979, M. Stiller leg. (PPRI 80 /174), 1♂, Buffelspoort dam, Rustenburg District, under dry bark of protea stump, 14 October 1979, M. Stiller leg. (PPRI 80 /185); BOTSWANA: 1♀, Rooikop, 15 January 1994, A. Harington leg. (PPRI 2001 /96). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo Province: 2♀♀, 6 juveniles, Makapan, S 23º 10' 60'', E 28º 36' 0'', (MNHN 16.851); 1♀, Northen Cape Province: Kimberley (MNHN 13.037). Etymology. The species is named in honour of Dr Peter Jäger (SMF) in recognition of his scientific support of this project and also his invaluable help, motivation and encouragement; noun in genitive. Diagnosis. Males differing from congeners by slender and curving ET pointing smoothly distad at its distal end (Fig. 29c) and dRTA with a ventral bulge (Figs 29a, b); epigyne with two large triangular processes at posterior margine of lateral lobes (LL) (Fig. 30a) [see also diagnosis for jaegeri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=8, single measurement: holotype): Measurements. Males medium sized; total length 13.5, prosoma length 5.7–6.3, prosoma width 4.7–5.8, anterior width of prosoma 2.5–3.1, opisthosoma length 7.8–8.0, opisthosoma width 4.0–4.7. Eye diameters: AME 0.40, ALE 0.30, PME 0.25, PLE 0.27; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.38, PME-PLE 0.44, AME-PME 0.28, ALE-PLE 0.24, clypeus height at AME 0.23, clypeus height at ALE 0.31. AME largest (>1.5 times larger than PME) (Fig. 29d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 or 5 posterior teeth (3 or 4 larger teeth followed by smaller ones), cheliceral furrow with median line of 3 to 5 intermarginal denticles (Fig. 29e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 6.9 [2.2, 1.1, 1.1, 2.5], I 24.2 [6.5, 2.1, 6.0, 6.5, 2.1], II 28.2 [7.8, 2.7, 7.3, 8.2, 2.2], III 22.5 [6.5, 2.3, 5.5, 6.2, 2.0], IV 25.0 [7.0, 2.3, 6.2, 7.4, 2.1]. Spination. Palp 131, 000/001, 1111; Legs: Femur I – III 323 (423), IV 322; Patella I – IV 101; Tibia I–IV 2224; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium more than twice as long as tibia (Fig. 29b), dRTA beak-like and vRTA wide and triangular in ventral view (Fig. 29a); ET retrolaterad with distal tip bent at right angle (Fig. 29c). Female (ranges: n=8, single measurement: paratype MM51): Measurements. Medium sized; total length: 13.4–19.2, prosoma length 5.3–7.2, prosoma width 4.8–6.3, anterior width of prosoma 3.0–3.8, opisthosoma length 8.1–12.0, opisthosoma width 5.2–7.6. Eye diameters: AME 0.45, ALE 0.34, PME 0.31, PLE 0.35; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.31, AME-ALE 0.10, PME-PME 0.51, PME-PLE 0.52, AME-PME 0.32, ALE-PLE 0.25, clypeus height at AME 0.34, clypeus height at ALE 0.40. Chelicerae. Chelicerae dentition as in males. AME largest. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 7.4 [2.3, 1.2, 1.5, 2.4], I 24.7 [6.6, 3.3, 5.9, 6.8, 2.1], II 27.3 [7.5, 3.5, 6.6, 7.5, 2.2], III 22.9 [6.7, 2.8, 5.4, 6.0, 2.0], IV 25.1 [7.0, 2.8, 6.0, 7.2, 2.1]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321/322; Patella I–IV000/101; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with MS enlarged, roundish and bulged outward ventrally (Fig. 30a), CD massive and dark in colour and fully to partially sclerotized (Fig. 30b), GP reduced in size and situated close to TL (Figs 30c, d). Colouration. Body uniformly coloured with pale brownish gray hairs and a longitudinal darker strip on dorsal opisthosoma (Fig. 54a) Known geographical distribution and habitat. South Africa: central region and Botswana collected from retreats under stones covered by bushes. One specimen sampled with an Euprosthenops sp. (Pisauridae)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 50-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

Olios quesitio comb. nov. et replacement name Replacement name for Eusparassus concolor Caporiacco, 1939: 353 (description of subadult male) [subadult male holotype, Ethiopia: Moyale, 13 May 1973, Prof. Zavattari leg., MZUF 212, examined] (preoccupied by Olios concolor Keyserling, 1884: 682, pl. 21, fig. 29). Etymology. The largest Sparassidae genus in terms of species number, Olios, needs a comprehensive revision to uncover its hidden diversity and several misplacements. “Quesitio” is the Latin translation for the term “investigation”, referring to the need for taxonomic revision of Olios spp. Noun in apposition. Remarks. The subadult male holotype was collected by Prof Edoardo Zavattari from Borana region in Southern Ethiopia. The combination of somatic characters revealed that the specimen belongs to the genus Olios based on eye arrangement, equal length and width of prosoma, absence of intermarginal denticles, presence of two to five thick bristles at retromarginal side of chelicerae basal segment and spotted legs. The new combination is a secondary homonym of Olios concolor Keyserling, 1884 (currently considered a junior synonym of O. giganteus Keyserling, 1884), therefore a replacement name is proposed here. Systematics and zoogeography With completion of this revision, 30 species of the stone huntsman spiders, genus Eusparassus are known (including C. perezi), of which 27 species are classified into six species groups and the rest three species are listed as incertae sedis. All species groups show a continuous range of distribution, fully to partially separated from nearby groups. The intermarginal denticles of chelicerae are present in just two species groups namely walckenaeri and jaegeri (present also in some specimens of C. perezi, but in different pattern). Thus, it could be assumed that these two groups are phylogenitically closely related. Consequently, the recently discovered Eusparassus fossil (amber), E. crassipes, is probably allied to one of these groups, since its chelicerae have distinct intermarginal denticles (Dunlop et al. 2011: figs 2e–f). The jaegeri group is endemic to Southern Africa (Fig.71b) which is far from the locality of E. crassipes in Northern Europe. Thus, E. crassipes is probably closely related to the walckenaeri group whose distribution range extends into the Eastern Mediterranean region (Fig.70a). The remaining four species groups lack any intermarginal denticles on their chelicerae. Nevertheless, the presence of intermarginal denticles could be also the result of homoplasy and gain and loss of the character might have been taken place several times during the evolution of the members. The dufouri and vestigator groups are related in terms of the presence of the dark marking ventrally on the opisthosoma and the spination of the legs femora (I–IV 424, exception E. pearsoni 323). The disjunctive distribution of the isolated member of vestigator group, E. pearsoni in India, far from its closest relatives in Eastern Africa (Fig. 71a) can be explained by the following hypothesis: the occurrence of this species in Indian plate is a secondary distribution of its ancestral stock from Eastern Africa. The Indian subcontinent was not totally isolated from Africa after its separation from Gondwanaland. India was reattached to northeast Africa via Greater Somalia around 65–60 MYA (million years ago), on its northward drift toward Eurasia (Briggs 2003). The hypothesized ancestor of E. pearsoni may have dispersed from Eastern Africa to Western India at that time. A similar scenariao was proposed for the distribution of the genus Mallinella Strand, 1906 (Zodariidae) by Dankittipakul et al. (2012). The doriae group - distributed in the Middle East to parts of Central and South Asia - might have evolved from the walckenaeri group by losing their intermarginal denticles. The tuckeri group represents an endemic lineage in Southwest Africa (Fig.71b). Since most parts of the distribution range of Eusparassus species are not explored yet, more species are to be expected, especially in the transition zones between different species groups. The stone huntsman spiders inhabit semidry and dry deserts. Tectonic drifts have caused major changes in the position of the continents and consequently those of deserts. Many of the current deserts are geologically young, but in contrast, the world’s oldest desert is believed to be the Namib Desert, originating from some 55 MYA (Ward 2009). Since the close relatives of Eusparassus and Eusparassinae (e.g. Pseudomicrommata, Arandisa, Leucorchestris and Carparachne) are living in the Namib Desert and nearby regions, this area is a potential centre of origin of Eusparassus spp. This hypothesis of a Southern African origin of Eusparassus is supported by the absence of representatives in the Americas, Madagascar and Australia (previous records from these regions proved to be misidentifications). Thus, Eusparassus does not have a Gondwanan distribution and probably evolved after the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwanaland, which was completed in Early Cretaceous at around 110–100 MYA (Briggs 1995). Diversification of the genus and area expansion probably occurred during the Tertiary., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 75-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Caporiacco, L. di. (1939) Arachnida In: Missione biologica nel paese dei Borana. Raccolte zoologiche. Reale Accademia d'Italia, 3, 303 - 385.","Keyserling, E. (1884) Neue Spinnen aus America. V. Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 33, 649 - 684.","Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D., Daluge, N., Jager, P., McNeil, A., Bradley, R. S., Withers, P. J. & Preziosi, R. F. (2011) Computed tomography recovers data from historical amber: an example from huntsman spiders. Naturwissenschaften, 98, 519 - 527. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 011 - 0796 - x","Briggs, J. C. (2003) The biogeography and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 381 - 388. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.2003.00809. x","Dankittipakul, P., Jocque, R. & Singtripop, T. (2012) Systematics and biogeography of the spider genus Mallinella Strand, 1906, with description of new species and new genera from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Zodariidae). Zootaxa, 3369, 1 - 327.","Ward, D. (2009) The biology of deserts. Oxford University Press, New York, 304 pp.","Briggs, J. C. (1995) Global biogeography. Elsevier, Amsterdam, XVII, 452 pp."]}

Eusparassus fritschi (Koch, 1873) stat. rev. Figs 20–21, 49c–d, 61c–d Ocypete fritschi C. Koch, 1873: 114 (description of female, syntypes, SMF, examined) Sparassus oraniensis (Lucas). Simon 1880: 291 (unjustified synonymy). Removed from junior synonymy. Type material. Syntypes (designated by Koch 1873): 2 ♀♀, MOROCCO: Region de Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz: Mtouga [label: 2 Types, Ocypete fritschi C. Koch, Marroko: Mtüga] 1872, Fritsch & Rein leg. (SMF 4569). Other material examined. MOROCCO: Region de Souss-Massa-Draa: 4♂, 2♀♀, Agadir, April 1939, L. Bulaud (MNHN); 2♀♀, 1juv, Tafraoute, camp place, 21 August 1999, H. Nickel (SMF); 1♂ (MM 198), 1♀, June 1986, Wirtz leg. (SMF); Region de Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz: 1♂ (MM 194), Tizi-n-Test, Taroudannt, Buland leg. (MNHN); 1♂, Atlas, river gravel at Ouirgane, May 1976, 1200 m, P. Hillyard leg. (NHM). 5♀♀, 1sub ♀, S.E. of Marrakesh, Lala Aziza (MNHN 6550); Region de Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate: 2♀♀, Taza Province, Taza (N 34° 12' 36, W 4° 0' 36), 19 May 1936 (SMF 4656); Region de Meknes-Tafilalet: 1♀, Azrou, 28 May 1930 (SMF 4603). Diagnosis. Compared to other group members, it is the only species with posterior eyes (especially PME) distinctly reduced in size (~1.4 times smaller than AME) (Fig. 21d); male distinguished easily from other congeners by EM with a projected bulge (Fig. 20c); epigyne with MS and EF as long as wide (Fig. 21a) [see also diagnosis for dufouri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=7, single measurement: MM 198): Measurements. Males of medium size. Total length 14.6–16.7; prosoma length 7.1–8.2, prosoma width 6.0– 7.1, anterior width of prosoma 3.2–3.5, opisthosoma length 7.5–8.5, opisthosoma width 5.0–5.3. Eye diameters: AME 0.46, ALE 0.38, PME 0.37, PLE 0.40; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.21, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.42, PME-PLE 0.47, AME-PME 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.25, clypeus height at AME 0.32, clypeus height at ALE 0.37. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 or 5 posterior teeth; cheliceral furrow lacking intermarginal denticles. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 9.9 [3.1, 1.5, 1.7, 3.6], I 35.5 [9.9, 3.7, 9.0, 9.8, 3.1], II 38.9 [11.1, 3.8, 10.2, 10.6, 3.2], III 33.1 [9.8, 3.4, 8.5, 8.6, 2.8], IV 37.8 [10.9, 3.3, 9.4, 11.1, 3.1]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111; Legs: Femur I 324 /424, II 323/424, III 424, IV 322/422; Patella I – IV 101; Tibia I–IV 2224; Metatarsus I 1014, II–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with ST not visible; vRTA rounded and weakly developed; cymbium longer than tibia (Figs 20a, b); ET pointing first proximad and distally ventrad; hyaline EM bulging and covering part of ET (Fig. 20c). Female (ranges: n=10, single measurement: syntype): Measurements. Females of large size. Total length 20.8–25.0, prosoma length 8.8–10.0, prosoma width 7.5– 9.4, anterior width of prosoma 4.6–6.0, opisthosoma length 12.0–15.0, opisthosoma width 7.0–10.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.50, ALE 0.43, PME 0.38, PLE 0.36; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.33, AME-ALE 0.16, PME-PME 0.60, PME-PLE 0.75, AME-PME 0.56, ALE-PLE 0.46, clypeus AME 0.45, clypeus ALE 0.53. AE distinctly larger than PE, with AME distinctly larger than others (Fig. 21d). Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 or 5 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow lacking intermarginal denticles; one bristle at distal end of cheliceral basal segment (Fig. 21e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 11.5 [3.4, 1.8, 2.2, 4.1], I 34.1 [9.4, 4.5, 8.1, 9.3, 2.8], II 36.7 [10.7, 4.5, 9.0, 9.7, 2.8], III 31.6 [9.7, 4.0, 7.6, 7.8, 2.5], IV 36.1 [10.3, 4.3, 8.8, 10.0, 2.7]. Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I 223/224/424, II–III 424, IV 322/422; Patella I–IV 000; Tibia I–II 0004/2024, III–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 1014 /2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF as long as wide (Fig. 21a) or slightly longer than wide, longitudinal band on MS (dorsal view) weakly developed (Fig. 21b), GP well developed (Fig. 21c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Reddish brown with series of chevron like patterns on dorsal opisthosoma, legs banded (Figs 49c–d), ventral opisthosoma with V-shaped dark marking (Fig. 49d). Remarks. Koch (1873) described two females from the Mtuga Plateau, Morocco. He noted the general similarities in traits between this species and E. walckenaeri (sub Ocypete tersa). Simon (1880) listed this species as synonym of E. oraniensis but with a question mark (sub Sparassus oraniensis). Probably he did not see the syntypes, but referred to the colouration of the ventral opisthosoma for his judgment. The dark marking is a diagnostic character in all members of the dufouri group. In E. fritschi stat. rev. clear differences exist between the characters of the copulatory organs (especially the newly discovered male) compared to other species. Thus, species rank is re-established and the male is described here for the first time. Known geographical distribution and habitat. The Atlas Mountains in Morocco, river gravel under stones., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Koch, C. (1873). Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Arachniden Nord-Afrikas, insbesondere einiger in dieser Richtung bisher noch unbekannt gebliebenen Gebiete des Atlas und der Kusten-Lander von Marocco. Bericht uber die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 1873, 104 - 118.","Simon, E. (1880) Revision de la famille des Sparassidae (Arachnides). Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 34, 223 - 351."]}

Eusparassus walckenaeri (Audouin, 1826) Figs 1–3, 46a–e, 59a, b Philodromus walckenaerii Audouin, 1826: 390, pl. 6, fig. 1 (description of female, Egypt; no type series designated). Philodromus linnaei Audouin, 1826: 390, pl. 6, fig. 2 (description of male, Egypt, no type series designated) [synonymy by Simon 1906]. Drassus civilis Reuss, 1834: 207 (description of juvenile; holotype, immature, examined) [synonymy by Levy 1989]. Sparassus walckenaeri (Audouin). Walckenaer 1837: 585 (transfer); Pavesi 1880: 364; 4; Levy 1989: 132–138, figs 3–18. Ocypete tersa C. L. Koch, 1837: 83, fig. 305 (description of female; from Greece, type not available) [synonymy by Levy 1989]. C. L. Koch 1845: 39, figs 980–981. Sparassus cambridgii Simon, 1874: 257 (description of juvenile, from Egypt) [synonymy by Simon 1880]. Sparassus validus Thorell, 1875a: 80 (description of female; holotype female, MZH, examined) [synonymy by Levy 1989]. Thorell 1875b: 124. Sparassus cognatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 588 (description of female; syntypes, one female and 10 immatures, Egypt, not examined) [synonymy by Levy 1989]. Sparassus extensipes Karsch, 1880: 383, pl. 12, fig. 12. (description of male, holotype, male, Egypt: Cairo, not examined) [synonymy by Simon 1906]. Sparassus walckenaerius (Audouin). Simon 1880: 292. Sparassus tersa (C. L. Koch). Simon 1880: 291 (in part, material from Greece, MNHN, examined). Sparassus linnaei (Audouin) Kulczyn'ski. 1901: 43 (transfer) (one male examined from Cairo in MIZ). Eusparassus walckenaeri (Audouin). Simon, 1906: 1168; Strand 1908b: 24; Denis 1947: 50, pl. 2, figs 14–16.); Deltshev 2011: 28; Gabriel 2011: 9–12, figs 2, 9; Moradmand and Jäger 2012a: 2453, figs 1B, 5–6, 23A (designation of neotype, neotype male from EGYPT examined). Eusparassus tersa (C. L. Koch). Järvi 1912: 57, fig. 48, pl. 4, figs 4–8 (transfer); Järvi 1914: 173. Heteropoda civilis (Reuss). Strand 1916: 36 (unjustified combination). Type material. Neotype of E. walckenaeri (subsequent designation by Moradmand and Jäger 2012a): male, EGYPT: Muhafazat al Qahirah : Cairo [N 30° 3', E 31° 15'], 1971 (SNSD 52); Holotype of Drassus civilis (designated by Reuss 1834): immatere, EGYPT: Sinai : Tor, 1827 Rüppell leg. (SMF 4575); Holotype of Sparassus validus (designated by Thorell, 1875a): female, TURKAY: Taurus Mountains, (label: Taur. Merid., Ent.etikett nr=232), Nordmann leg. (MZH 20.492). Other material examined. (16 ♂, 18 ♀♀ ): EGYPT: 1♂, 1♀ (MM 121), with same data as for neotype (SNSD); Muhafazat al Qahirah: 1♂, Helwan, March 1901, in house (NHM); 1♂, Fayid, gravel area, 15 April 1947, J.H. Graham leg. (NHM 1948.10.11.7); 1♂, Cairo, with label: “ Sparassus linnaei, Cairo, det. Kulczy ṅski, F.1691” (MIZ 212984); Muhafazat al Qina: 1♂ (MM 3), 2♀♀ (MM 17, MM 206), Luxor (Al Uqsur), Thebes (SMF 5557); Muhafazat al Jizah: 1♂ (MM 7), Al Jizah (= Gizeh) (SMF 5576); Muhafazat al Suways: 1♀, Djebel Genaifa, W of Suez Canal, 9 June 1947, G. Konieczny leg. (SMF); 3♂, 7♀♀, 1 juv., “ Prof. J. Omer-Cooper SIWA Expedition 1935 ”, Libyan Desert, Siwa Oasis, 20–30 May (2♀♀, 1 juv.: NHM 1936.2.12.94–96, 2♂: NHM 1936.2.12.97–98), 29 April (1♂: NHM 1936.7.10.6), 22 July (1♀: NHM 1936.2.12.176), August (1♀: NHM 1936.2.12.157), 22 August (1♀: NHM 1936.2.12.177), 30 August (1♀: NHM 1936.2.12.560); 1♂, 2♀♀, 18 October 1985, Sörensen & Kollend leg. (ZMUC); LIBYA: Baladiyat al Kufrah: 1♂, Jebel Uweinat, Karkur Talh [N 21° 54’, E 024° 58’], “Mission Scientifique Belge”, 25 October 1968 (MRAC 135886); 1♀, Baladiyat Shahhat, Susa (=Soussa) (MNHN 227.61); SUDAN: Wilayat al Khartoum : 1♂, Khartoum, July 1909, S.S. Floman leg. (NHM 09.10.13.1048); 1♀, 1 juv., Khartoum, October 1979, El Hamin El Rayal leg. (MRAC 152086–87); Wilayat al Bahar al Ahmar: 1♀, Gabet al Maadin, 20 km S of Mohammed Qul., 21 September 1960, Prof. J. C. Thompson leg. (NHM); ALGERIA: Wilaya d' El Oued: 1♂, 1♀, El Oued, C. I.E. coll: 13593-1559, 1953, L. Past al Ag leg. (NHM); Wilaya d' Illizi: 1♂, Fort Polignac, C. I.E. coll: 13593-3585, September 1953, L. Pastal Ag leg. (NHM); Wilaya d' Tamanghasset: 1♀, 1 juv., Tamarnaset, C. I.E. coll: 13593, 1953, L. Past al Ag leg. (NHM); TUNISIA: Gouvernorat de Gafsa: 1♂, Gafsa, 1904, Weiss leg. (MNHN); Gouvernorat de Kebili: 1♂. Kebili, Zaafrane 15 km w Douz, N 33° 26' 44.2'', E 8° 54' 7.6'', 21 May 2007, C. Muster leg. (CCM). Diagnosis. Embolus tip (ET) retrolaterad and subsequently twisted distad (Fig. 1d); dRTA extending laterodistally (Fig. 1b); MS (compared to that of E. laevatus comb. nov.) enlarged and longer than wide (Figs 2a; 3a, c). [see also diagnosis for walckenaeri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=17, single measurement: MM7): Measurements. Medium sized; total length 13.6–16.7, prosoma length 7.1–8.4, prosoma width 6.0–7.2, anterior width of prosoma 2.8–3.8, opisthosoma length 6.5–8.3, opisthosoma width 5.0–5.8. Eye diameters: AME 0.50, ALE 0.48, PME 0.47, PLE 0.51; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.44, PME-PLE 0.52, AME-PME 0.42, ALE-PLE 0.30, clypeus height at AME 0.63, clypeus height at ALE 0.69. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 to 5 posterior teeth (first three larger with additional smaller ones); cheliceral furrow with 8 to 20 intermarginal denticles; mostly with one bristle at distal end of cheliceral basal segment (Fig. 1f). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs (MM7): Palp 11.8 [3.8, 1.7, 2.2, 4.1], I 44.7 [12.0, 4.6, 12.2, 12.3, 3.6], II 48.1 [13.1, 4.8, 13.4, 13.2, 3.6], III 40.8 [11.7, 4.2, 11.2, 10.6, 3.1], IV 45.5 [12.5, 4.0, 12.0, 13.7, 3.3]. Spination. Palp 131, 001/101, 1111; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321/322; Patella I–IV 001/101; Tibia I–IV 2124 /2224; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium less than two times longer than tibia (Fig. 1c); ET hyline and not covered by EM ventrally (Fig. 1d); vRTA pointed and triangular in ventral view (Fig. 1b). Female (ranges: n=18, single measurement: MM17): Measurements. Medium to large sized; total length 17.8–26.6, prosoma length 7.5–10.1, prosoma width 6.4– 8.7, anterior width of prosoma 3.7–5.0, opisthosoma length 10.3–16.5, opisthosoma width 7.2–11.0. Eye diameters: AME 0.47, ALE 0.42, PME 0.44, PLE 0.51; eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.41, PME-PLE 0.57, AME-PME 0.50, ALE-PLE 0.39, clypeus AME 0.71, clypeus ALE 0.65. Chelicerae. Chelicerae as in males. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 12.0 [3.6, 1.8, 2.5, 4.1], I 36.6 [10.0, 4.5, 9.2, 9.7, 3.2], II 40.6 [11.3, 4.9, 10.5, 10.7, 3.2], III 34.3 [10.1, 4.1, 8.8, 8.5, 2.8], IV 38.7 [11.0, 4.1, 9.7, 10.7, 3.2]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321/322; Patella I–IV 000/001; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3034/3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF slightly longer than wide (Fig. 2a) or as wide as long (Figs 3a, c); MS lacking a sclerotized strip dorsally (Fig. 2b); TL of vulva simply spherical (Fig. 3b) or folded (Fig. 3d). Colouration (Live). Varies from dark brown with darker W-shaped distinct pattern on prosoma, a series of chevrons on dorsal opisthosoma and surrounding additional dark patches; legs clearly banded (Figs 46 a, c–e) to a milky cream body decorated with fewer dark patches on prosoma and opisthosoma, femora not banded with dark rings (Fig. 46b); ventral opisthosoma lacking dark marking (Fig. 46d). Remarks. Species boundaries in walckenaeri species group remain obscure, despite distinguishing three valid species. Since E. walckenaeri shows a great similarity in copulatory structures in a vast area, it requires an additional and robust molecular investigation to uncover potential hidden diversity. For example, specimens from the Seychelles (MRAC 144729) examined by Benoit (1978) were studied and confirmed to be an Eusparassus sp. of the walckenaeri species group. Levy (1989) and Saaristo (2010) mentioned this record referring to Benoit (1978) but it seems that they did not study the specimens, as no illustration of the specimens appeared in their publications. These specimens closely resemble undescribed species from Eastern Africa and Arabia and were probably introduced to the islands by ships. Benoit (1978) stated that E. walckenaeri was introduced to the Seychelles Islands from the Mediterranean region. These specimens resemble E. walckenaeri but the diagnostic characters are neither sufficient to describe a new species nor to list them under E. walckenaeri. These speciemens are larger and more robust than E. walckenaeri and the epigyne has dorsally an additional sclerotized median band on the MS (Figs 9d, e; 10a–b), Gpo is located in a small circular depression on vulva but with considerable distance from TL (Figs 9f, 10e), compared to that of E. walckenaeri. The specimens from Somalia and Sudan have a similar dark pattern as E. walckenaeri group but with white background (Fig. 46f) (instead of dark brown or creamy as in other walckenaeri group members). DNA barcoding from freshly collected samples hopefully will assist in any final decision. Known geographical distribution and habitat. From Greece in the North to Chad in the South and from Algeria in the West to Iraq in the East (Fig. 70a), collected near vicinities of villages, orchards, stony deserts, living under stones., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 11-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Audouin, V. (1826) Explication sommaire des planches d'arachnides de l'Egypte et de la Syrie. Description de l'Egypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Historie Naturale (Paris), 1 (4), 99 - 186.","Simon, E. (1906) Ergebnisse der mit Subvention aus der Erbschaft Treitl unternommenen zoologischen Forschungsreise Dr F. Werner's nach dem agyptischen Sudan und Nord-Uganda. VII. Araneida. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 115, 1159 - 1176.","Reuss, A. (1834) Zoologische Miscellen. Museum Senckenbergianum, 1, 195 - 276.","Levy, G. (1989) The family of huntsman spiders in Israel with annotations on species of the Middle East (Araneae: Sparassidae). Journal of Zoological Society of London, 217, 127 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1989. tb 02480. x","Walckenaer, C. A. (1837) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Apteres. Roret, Paris, 682 pp.","Pavesi, P. (1880) Studi sugli Aracnidi africani. I. Aracnidi di Tunisia. Annali del Museu civico di storia naturale di Genova, 15, 283 - 388.","Koch, C. L. (1837) Die Arachniden. Nurnberg, Dritter Band, pp. 105 - 119, Vierter Band, pp. 1 - 108.","Koch, C. L. (1845) Die Arachniden. Nurnberg, Zwolfter Band, pp. 1 - 166.","Simon, E. (1874) Etudes arachnologiques. 3 e memoire. V. Revision des especes europeennes de la famille des Sparassidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Paris, 5 (4), 243 - 279.","Simon, E. (1880) Revision de la famille des Sparassidae (Arachnides). Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 34, 223 - 351.","Thorell, T. (1875 a) Verzeichniss sudrussischer Spinnen. Horae Societatis entomologicae Rossicae, 11, 39 - 122.","Thorell, T. (1875 b) Descriptions of several European and North African spiders. Konglige Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 13, 1 - 203.","Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1876) Catalogue of a collection of spiders made in Egypt, with descriptions of new species and characters of a new genus. Proceeding of the zoological society of London, 1876, 541 - 630. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1876. tb 02595. x","Karsch, F. (1880) Arachnologische Blatter (Decas I). Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften (Leipzig, Stuttgart), Dritte Folge, 5, 373 - 409.","Strand, E. (1908 b) Nordafrikanische, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelte Clubioniden. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 29, 1 - 70.","Denis, J. (1947) Spiders. In: Results of the Armstrong College expedition to Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert), 1935. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad 1 er d'entomologie, 31, 17 - 103.","Deltshev, C. (2011) The faunistic diversity of cave-dwelling spiders (Arachnidae, Araneae) of Greece. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 40, 23 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 4004","Gabriel, R. (2011) Some notes on the development of the young and parasites of Eusparassus walckenaeri (Audouin, 1826) collected in Turkey (Araneae, Sparassidae). Newsletter of British Arachnological Society, 122, 9 - 12.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496.","Jarvi, T. H. (1912) Das Vaginalsystem der Sparassiden. I. Allgemeiner Teil. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (A), 4, 1 - 131.","Jarvi, T. H. (1914) Das Vaginalsystem der Sparassiden. II. Annales Academiae Scientiarus Fennicae (A), 4, 132 - 248.","Strand, E. (1916) Systematische-faunistische Studien uber palaarktische, afrikanische und amerikanische Spinnen des Senckenbergischen Museums. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Berlin), 81, 1 - 153.","Benoit, P. L. G. (1978) Contributions a l'etude de la faune terrestre des iles granitiques de l'archipel des Sechelles (Mission P. L. G. Benoit - J. J. Van Mol 1972). Araneae Sparassidae. Revue de Zoologie et de botanique africaines, 92, 680 - 689.","Saaristo, M. I. (2010) Araneae. In Gerlach, J. & Y. Marusik (eds.), Arachnida and Myriapoda of the Seychelles islands. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, United Kingdom, 306 pp."]}

Eusparassus arabicus spec. nov. Figs 7–8, 47d–e, 59e–f Type material. Holotype: male, SAUDI ARABIA: Mintaqat ar Riyad: Wadi Mizbil [N 24˚ 30', E 46˚ 25'], 13 April 1977, W. Büttiker leg. (NMB-ARAN 20666). Paratypes (4♂, 1♀): SAUDI ARABIA: 1♂, same data as for holotype (SMF); Mintaqat al Hail: 1♀, Wadi Naqben [in Jebel Aja Mountain], N 27˚ 41', E 41˚ 38', 1050 m, 27 May 1981, W. Büttiker leg. (NMB-ARAN 20667); Mintaqat Makkah: 1♂, Abha, Asir Mountains, 2200 m, April 1977, Dr. C. Lowe leg. (NHM); 1♂, Abulat Island, Red Sea, “Mission de la Calypso Mer Rouge 1952”, Cherbounier leg. (MNHN); UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Dubayy: 1♂, Barasti, Jumeriah, 1964, Peck leg. (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is taken from the type locality. Adjective. Diagnosis. This is the only walckenaeri group member with PLE distinctly larger than AME (~1.2 times) (Figs 7d, 47d–e); male palp closely similar to that of E. walckenaeri (especially ET) but can be easily recognized by the more slender and longer dRTA and less developed vRTA (Figs.7a–b) [see also diagnosis for walckenaeri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=5, single measurement: holotype): Males medium-sized; total length 13.2, prosoma length 6.7, prosoma width 5.8, anterior width of prosoma 2.8, opisthosoma length 6.5, opisthosoma width 4.6. Eye diameters: AME 0.44, ALE 0.50, PME 0.46, PLE 0.53, eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.02, PME-PME 0.30, PME-PLE 0.33, AME-PME 0.38, ALE-PLE 0.25, clypeus height at AME 0.35, clypeus height at ALE 0.40. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 to 4 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with intermarginal denticles (Fig. 7e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 10.6 [3.6, 1.6, 2.2, 3.2], I 40.4 [10.7, 4.2, 11.2, 11.5, 2.8], II 44.9 [12.1, 4.2, 12.8, 12.7, 3.1], III 38.6 [11.1, 3.7, 10.9, 10.3, 2.6], IV 41.4 [12.0, 4.0, 11.4, 11.3, 2.7]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111; Legs: Femur I – III 323, IV 322; Patella I – IV 001 /101; Tibia I–IV 2124 /2224; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with generally elongated and slender palp, cymbium slightly longer than tibia, dRTA elongated, vRTA not pointed (Figs 7a–b); ET retrolaterad and twisted at its distal end, ET covered partially by conductor (Fig. 7c). Female (n=1, paratype): Large sized; total length: 21.3, prosoma length 8.5, prosoma width 7.6, anterior width of prosoma 4.3, opisthosoma length 12.8, opisthosoma width 8.5. Eye diameters: AME 0.51, ALE 0.56, PME 0.54, PLE 0.63. Eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.01, PME-PME 0.41, PME-PLE 0.46, AME-PME 0.53, ALE-PLE 0.41, clypeus height at AME 0.42, clypeus height at ALE 0.55. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 posterior teeth; cheliceral furrow with 10 intermarginal denticles. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 11.6 [3.5, 1.7, 2.3, 4.1], I 36.4 [10.2, 4.3, 9.4, 9.8, 2.7], II 40.4 [11.3, 4.6, 11.5, 1.3, 2.7], III 34.8 [10.5, 4.0, 9.3, 8.6, 2.4], IV 38.3 [11.0, 4.0, 10.2, 10.5, 2.6]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I – III 323, IV 322; Patella I –II 000, III–IV 001; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Epigyne/vulva. EF slightly longer than wide, EF fused anterioly with a bridge but AMLL not encircling MS entirely (Fig. 8a); CD membranous (Fig. 8b), TL spherical and robust (Fig. 8c). Colouration [in ethanol]. Reddish to yellowish brown with darker W-shaped patches on prosoma, remains of cardiac mark on dorsal opisthosoma and legs with pale bands (Figs 47d, e). Known geographical distribution and habitat. Endemic to Northern Arabian Peninsula collected from wadis and oases (Fig. 70a)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 19-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593

Eusparassus laevatus (Simon, 1897) comb. nov. Figs 4–6, 47a–c, 59c, d Sparassus laevatus Simon, 1897c: 388 (description of female, listing field numbers of one male and one female). [Syntypes, NHM, examined] Olios laevatus (Simon) Roewer 1955b: 695 (unjustified transfer). Type material. Syntypes (designated by Simon 1897c): 1♀, 1♂, ETHIOPIA: 1♀, West of Shebelle River, (label: Sparassus laevatus Simon, Type, W of Shebeli River, 15.12.94), (NHM 97.11.10.55); 1♂ Shebelle River, (label: Sparassus laevatus Sim, Shebeli, 1.9.94) (NHM). Other material examined. (17♂, 15♀♀): ETHIOPIA: Afar Region: 1♂, Awash National Park, RAS Hotel, 08° 59’N, 040° 10’ E, in gravely area, 5 October 1988, A. Russell-Smith leg. (MRAC 236211); 1♂, Awash National Park, RAS Hotel, 08° 59’N, 040° 10’ E, in Caravan, 18 February 1986, A. Russell-Smith leg. (MRAC 236152); DJIBOUTI: Tadjourah Region: 3♂, 4♀♀, Tadjoura, Randa, 1958 [label: Coloniales Cote francaise de Somalies, Tadjoura, Roünda, 1958] (MNHN); SOMALIA: Nugal: 1♂, Run, Valle del Nogal, July 1969 (MRAC 173159); Gobolka Woqooyi Galbeed: 1♀, Somaliland, NE Hargeshia, 1111 m, 8 July 2011, F. Kovařík leg. (SMF, SD 841, MM 163); YEMEN: Muhafazat al Mahwit: 1♂, 1♀, Ar Rujum, 16 October 2000 – 15 January 2001, in Malaise trap, A.van Harten & A. M. Hayer (15.26 N, 43.40E, 1900 m) leg. No. 1500 (SMF); 2♂, Ar Rujum, 9 April–5 June 2001, in Malaise trap, A. van Harten leg. No. 1500 (SMF); 1♂, 2♀♀, Al Lahima, 1 January–8 April 2001, in Malaise trap, A. van Harten leg. No. 1368 (SMF); 1♂, 1♀, 12 km NW of Mankha, 5 May–6 July 2001, in Malaise trap, A. van Harten leg. No. 1795 (SMF); Muhafazat Hadramawt: 1♀, Hadhramaut, D. Anderion (NHM 94.11.1); 1♀, Haraz Mountain, Southern slope of Al Lan, 2600 m, 23 June 2010, V. Hula & J. Niedobová (SMF, SD 813, MM164); SAUDI ARABIA: 1♂, Arabian, A. B. Derewal leg. (NHM 99.12.2.16); Al Bahah: 1♂, Bani Sar, 29 February–7 March 1984, W. Büttiker leg. (NMB); 2♂, 1♀, An-Namas, 17 April 1980, 2380 m, W. Büttiker leg.(NMB); 1♂, 1♀, An-Namas, 19 September 1980, 2380 m, W. Büttiker leg. (NMB); 1♀, Wadi Damad, 800 m, 24 September 1981, W. Büttiker leg. (NMB); OMAN: 1♂, Mudhaybi, 530 m, N 22˚ 12', E 58˚ 06', camp 12, 12 March 1986, W. Büttiker leg. (NMB); Muhafazat Zufar: 1♀, ca. 40 km NE Dhofar, Tawi Atayr, Wadi Hinna, Salah Collection permit granted to Prof. Weygoldt No.07/2000, 23 September 2000, S. Huber leg. (SMF, MM32); UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Ra's al Khaymah: 1♀, Wadi Shawkah, 5–12 May 2007, in water trap, A. van Harten leg. (SMF, MM49) Diagnosis. Closely similar to E. walckenaeri but males differ in shape and direction of dRTA which extends disto-ventrally (Fig. 4a); female differ in having MS reduced in size (Figs 5a; 6a, d); Gpo situated in an indentation in connection with TL collar forming a continuous ridge (Figs 5b–c, 6b–c) [see also diagnosis for walckenaeri species group above]. Description. Male (ranges: n=18, single measurement: syntype): Measurements. Medium sized; total length: 12.3–15.7, prosoma length 5.8–7.5, prosoma width 4.5–6.7, anterior width of prosoma 2.1–3.6, opisthosoma length 6.5–8.2, opisthosoma width 3.5–5.2. Eye diameters: AME 0.50, ALE 0.40, PME 0.37, PLE 0.43, Eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.01, PME-PME 0.36, PME-PLE 0.38, AME-PME 0.39, ALE-PLE 0.23, clypeus height at AME 0.25, clypeus height at ALE 0.41. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 4 or 5 posterior teeth; cheliceral furrow with intermarginal denticles. Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 9.4 [3.1, 1.1, 1.7, 3.5], I 35.0 [9.2, 3.6, 9.6, 9.7, 2.9], II 37.1 [10.2, 3.7, 10.0, 10.3, 2.9], III 30.9 [9.0, 3.1, 8.0, 8.2, 2.6], IV 35.2 [10.0, 3.0, 9.1, 10.2, 2.9]. Spination. Palp 131, 001/101, 1111; Legs: Femur I – III 323, IV 321 / 322; Patella I – IV 001 /101; Tibia I–IV 2124 /2224; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036. Palp. As in diagnosis with cymbium longer than tibia but not more than twice tibia length (Fig. 4b); vRTA pointed and triangular (Fig. 4a); ET retrolaterad first and slightly distad (Fig. 4c). Female (ranges: n=17, single measurement: syntype): Measurements. Medium sized; total length: 16.3–18.1, prosoma length 7.0–8.6, prosoma width 6.2–7.5, anterior width of prosoma 3.5–4.3, opisthosoma length 9.3–9.5, opisthosoma width 6.3–6.5. Eye diameters: AME 0.51, ALE 0.37, PME 0.36, PLE 0.41; Eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.23, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.50, PME-PLE 0.45, AME-PME 0.37, ALE-PLE 0.23, clypeus AME 0.43, clypeus ALE 0.56. Chelicerae. Chelicerae with 2 anterior and 3 to 5 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with 8 to 20 intermarginal denticles; one bristle at distal end of cheliceral basal segment (Fig. 5e). Legs. Leg formula: II IV I III. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 10.0 [2.8, 1.5, 2.0, 3.7], I 29.7 [7.8, 3.7, 7.7, 8.0, 2.5], II 32.5 [9.2, 3.7, 8.5, 8.6, 2.5], III 26.8 [8.2, 3.2, 6.7, 6.6, 2.1], IV 30.7 [9.1, 3.1, 7.8, 8.3, 2.4]. Spination. Palp 131, 001, 1111, 1013; Legs: Femur I – III 323, IV 321 /322; Patella I –IV 000/001; Tibia I–IV 2024; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3034/3036. Epigyne/vulva. As in diagnosis with EF slightly wider than long (Fig. 5a) or as long as wide (Figs 6a, d); longitudinal sclerotized strip on MS present (Fig. 6b) or absent (Fig. 5b); CD short, vulva robust and compact (Figs 5c, 6c) compared to other walckenaeri group members. Colouration (Live). Yellowish brown with distinct dark pattern on prosoma, dorsal opisthosoma with a long cardiac mark, legs clearly banded (Fig. 47b) to paler bands (Fig. 47c); specimen in ethanol reddish brown with pale body (Fig. 47a). Remarks. Simon (1897c) described only the female of E. laevatus comb. nov. but he listed two different field numbers corresponding to specimens collected from the type locality, Shebelle River (Simon 1897c: 389). My investigation in the collection of NHM revealed that the second number (1.9.94) refers to a male sympatrically collected from the type locality and definitely examined by Simon (1897c). According to Article 72.4.1 of the Code (ICZN 1999), the male belongs to the type series, and is, as the female, a syntype. The type specimens were collected by the American investigator, A.D. Smith during “The first expedition from Somaliland to Lake Lamu ” in 1893–94. The female is redescribed but the male, even though it is a syntype, is described for the first time. Known geographical distribution and habitat. East Africa from southern Ethiopia to the horn of Africa in Somalia and Djibouti (new country record), and the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen (new country record), Saudi Arabia (new country record) and Oman (new country record) (Fig. 70a)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Simon, E. (1897 c). Araneae. In: Smith, A. (Ed.), Through unknown African countries. London, pp. 386 - 391.","Roewer, C. F. (1955 b) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. Institute royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 2, 1751 pp.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th edition, online version. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 c / o The Natural History Museum, London. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / hostedsites / iczn / code / (Accessed 5 November 2012)"]}

“ Eusparassus” sexdentatus Strand, 1906 nomen dubium Eusparassus 6-dentatus Strand, 1906b: 73 (description of juvenile, from Togo: Lome, lost, original incorrect spelling). Eusparassus sexdentatus (Strand) Roewer 1954: 675 (justified emendation)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Strand, E. (1906 b) Tropisch-afrikanische Spinnen des Kgl. Naturalien-kabinetts in Stuttgart. Jahreshefte des Verein fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg, Stuttgart, 62, 13 - 103.","Roewer, C. F. (1954) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. Institute royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 2, 923 pp."]}

Eusparassus xerxes (Pocock, 1901) Figs 56c–d, 66c–d Sparassus xerxes Pocock, 1901: 489–490 (description of male and female; syntypes, NHM, examined). Olios xerxes (Pocock). Gravely 1931: 240–241, figs 5A, 6A (transfer); Sethi and Tikader 1988: 35, figs 157–162. Eusparassus xerxes (Pocock). Moradmand and Jäger 2012a: 2481, figs 19, 20, 23B (transfer; redescription and illustration of male and female syntypes). Type material: Syntypes (designated by Pocock 1901): 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 immatures, IRAN: Bushehr Province : 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Bushehr (sub Bushier), F.W. Townsend leg. (NHM 1882.109); 1 ♂, PAKISTAN: Baluchistan Province : Ormara, Makran Coast, F.W. Townsend leg. (NHM 1899.10.6.7); 1 ♂, Ormara, Makran Coast, F.W. Townsend leg. (NHM 0.5.6.20). Material examined. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Ajman: 1♂, S of Al Manamah, Wadi Siji, 1995, Ziegler leg. (SMF). Remarks. This is the first record of E. xerxes from the Arabian Peninsula. According to the distribution range of E. xerxes, it occurs along the Northern strip of the Persian Gulf in Iran to the Makran Coast and central parts of Pakistan (Fig. 72b). However, it was not surprising to encounter this species on the Southern shores of the Persian Gulf. This single male specimen has all the diagnostic character of this species. In addition to the characters of copulatory structure, it has the diagnostic vase-like dark marking on the opisthosoma ventrally (Fig. 56d). For detailed species description, see Moradmand and Jäger (2012a: 43). Systematic position. Eusparassus xerxes is similar to the dufouri and vestigator groups due to the presence of the dark marking on the ventral opisthosoma, but the females differ in having not fused AMLL of epigyne. It is similar to doriae group in the latter character. Eusparassus xerxes has four thick bristles, a character shared with the vestigator group, but it differs in lacking the autapomorphic character of the vestigator group, the strongly developed vRTA. Consequently, E. xerxes could not be placed in any of the vestigator, doriae or dufouri groups. Its geographical distribution also supports this intermediate status. Known geographical distribution. From the Middle East [Iran and UAE (new country record)] to Pakistan (Fig. 72b)., Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593, {"references":["Pocock, R. I. (1901) Descriptions of some new species of spiders from British India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 478 - 498.","Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta), 33, 211 - 282.","Sethi, V. D. & Tikader, B. K. (1988) Studies on some giant crab spiders of the family Heteropodidae from India. Records of the zoological survey of India, Miscellanous Publications, Occasional Paper, 93, 1 - 94.","Moradmand, M. & Jager, P. (2012 a) Taxonomic revision of the huntsman spider genus Eusparassus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Sparassidae) in Eurasia. Journal of Natural History, 46, 39 - 40, 2439 - 2496."]}