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Phonotimpus frio sp. nov. Figures 186–188, 226–229 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva del Nacimiento del Río Frío [22.9904748°N, 99.1508810°W], 7 km S Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Feb. 18, 1973; D. McConnell), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can easily be recognized in having a tongue-shaped median septum, shallow atria, posterior epigynal margin notched at midline, bursae longer than primary spermathecae, which are elongated, expanded at mid length, distant from the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 186–188). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.94. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, two paramedian bands of dark, radiating maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon apparently with only one strong, erect bristle laterally near base; abdomen widened posteriorly, dorsum, sides light gray, anteriorly with numerous oblique rows of tiny white spots, posteriorly with two thin white chevrons followed posteriorly by larger white chevron above spinnerets, scutum tongue-shaped, restricted to cardiac area, venter white, unmarked (Figs 226–229); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large, posterior margin with a median notch, posterior half of epigynum with a shallow atrium divided by a tongue-shaped median septum, narrowed anteriorly between copulatory openings, which are small, closely spaced, situated on the anteromedian atrial margin; copulatory ducts short, slender; bursae subtriangular, about twice as long as wide, longer than primary spermathecae, which are elongated, expanded at mid length, situated posterolateral to copulatory ducts, shorter than bursae, distant from the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 186–188). Distribution. Known only from a cave in the Municipio de Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus puente sp. nov. Figures 274–276, 323–326 Type material. Female holotype taken at Cueva de la Puente, elev. 3000 m, 40 km E San Luis Potosí, Municipio de Zaragoza, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (May 16, 1972; R. Ralph, W. Elliott, M. McEachern), deposited in AMNH. This is a large cave, containing over a mile of streams and a sizable fauna (Elliott 1973, p. 51). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Female resembles those of P. schulzefenai in abdominal color pattern and epigynum, but have a wide copulatory opening and an hourglass-shaped copulatory duct chamber, about as long as spermathecae, bursae long, tapered (Figs 274–276). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.83. Carapace pale yellow, with dark lateral margins, ill-defined paramedian bands of dark maculations, pars cephalica with pair of longitudinal maculations extending back from posterior lateral eyes plus inverted T-shaped dark maculation encompassing thoracic groove, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica almost flat; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base; abdomen widened posteriorly, dark gray, with pair of V-shaped white markings, almost meeting medially, immediately behind scutum, followed posteriorly by five white chevrons, scutum almost rectangular, covering almost all of abdomen width at front, extending over one-third of abdomen length, venter white with two dark gray longitudinal bands (Figs 323–326); legs yellow, dissected but apparently without distinct dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum long, wide copulatory opening near the anterior epigynal margin; copulatory ducts extending posteriorly, contiguous, heavily sclerotized, in combination with copulatory opening forming an hourglass shape copulatory duct chamber, about as long as primary spermathecae; long tubular bursae arising at posterolateral side of copulatory duct chamber, extending anteriorly, surrounding copulatory-duct-chamber and opening; pear-shaped primary spermathecae contiguous anteriorly, about as long as copulatory duct chamber, occupying posterior one-third of epigynum length, touching the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 274–276). Distribution. Known only from a cave in the Municipio de Zaragoza in southwestern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus ahuacatlan sp. nov. Figures 267–273, 315–322 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype from leaf litter taken on surface above Sótano del Rancho de la Barranca, 5 km NNE Ahuacatlán, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (Nov. 27, 1972; J. Reddell), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males can be recognized by the sinuous retrolateral tibial apophysis, bent ventrally; dorsal apophysis slender, slightly longer than retrolateral apophysis; embolar base expanded prolaterally; tegular apophysis spineshaped apically (Figs 268–270); female epigynum with a distinctive tongue-shaped anterior median ridge leading to the copulatory opening; bursae about four times as long as the rounded primary spermathecae (Figs 271–273). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.80. Carapace yellow, sides with broad marginal band of dark maculations, pars cephalica with four longitudinal bands of dark maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently rounded; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum pale yellow, with U-shaped dark band on sides and across posterior end, area within that band with median dark marking over cardiac area, followed by two shorter dark marks, area immediately above spinnerets with additional dark stripe connecting laterally to U-shaped mark, shiny, almost rectangular scutum covering most of abdomen width anteriorly, extending to rear of cardiac area, venter pale yellow, unmarked (Figs 315–318); legs yellow, femora with proximal, distal dark rings, patellae, tibiae with distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v6-4-4; II v4-4-4; metatarsi: I v4-2-2; II v3-2-2. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, with small, retrolateral middle bump, sharply narrowed at about one-third its length, leaned to prolateral side (Figs 267, 269–270); retrolateral apophysis originating at base of tibia, with base extending far to side of segment, distal portion sinuous, bent ventrally (Figs 268–269); cymbial groove deep, situated prolaterally, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 267, 270); tegulum bulbous, proximally expanded; embolar base expanded prolaterally, moderately sclerotized; embolus long, with wide base, arched, acuminate, extended along the distal alveolus edge; embolar basal process and conductor long, both translucent; tegular distal apophysis spine-shaped pointing distally (Fig. 268). Female (allotype): Total length 2.27. As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles, abdominal dorsum with scutum small, triangular, covering cardiac area only (Figs 319–322). Leg spination as in male except tibia I v4-4-4. Epigynum long, copulatory opening at the bottom of an anterior, wide U-shaped ridge occupying about half of epigynum, leading into a rounded copulatory duct chamber; long, tube-shaped bursae pointing anteriorly, arising at posterolateral corners of copulatory duct chamber; small, rounded primary spermathecae, each smaller than the copulatory duct chamber, contiguous, touching the posterior of epigynal margin (Figs 271–273). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Xilitla in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus llera sp. nov. Figures 280–286, 331–338 Type material. Male holotype and four male paratypes taken near the summit of Llera Mesa, [23.38333°N, 98.98333°W], Tamaulipas, Mexico (Apr. 16, 1963; W. Gertsch, W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Aldama, Dec. 5, 1945, F. Bonet, 1♀ (AMNH). Arroyo de Nacimiento del Río Frío, Mar. 15, 1972, J. Cooke, 1♂ (AMNH). Rancho del Cielo, 6 mi NW Gómez Farías, Mar. 9, 1969, J. Reddell et al., 1♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of this small species can be easily recognized by the very small dorsal and retrolateral tibial apophyses (Figs 280– 283). The female described here is easily recognized by the circular, closely spaced atria situated at the posterior half of the epigynum and by rounded primary spermathecae situated between the atria and rounded bursae, which are about the same size as primary spermathecae (Figs 284–286). That female was not collected with a male, but a good match seems to be a female that was taken with the holotype but is unfortunately missing its epigynum. Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.31. Carapace yellow, with only vague indications of paramedian longitudinal bands of darker maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon with one weak bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides light gray, posterior half with four white chevrons, most anterior chevron largest, others decreasing in size toward spinnerets, anterior three situated under weak scutum covering almost full length, width of dorsum, venter white, unmarked (Figs 331–334); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0- 0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-2-2; metatarsi I v2-2-3; II v2-2- 1p. Palpal femur with one dorso-distal spine, weak retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis very short, triangular (Figs 280, 282–283); retrolateral apophysis much stronger, short, wide, truncated, slightly bent ventrally (Figs 281–283); tegulum expanded proximally; embolar base membranous, about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus weak, thin, relatively long, extending obliquely to retrolateral edge of alveolus, visible ventrally and laterally; embolar basal process about as wide as embolar base; conductor short, slender, widened at apex; apical tegular apophysis absent (Figs 280–282). Female (Aldama): Total length 1.73. As in male, but carapace maculations more obvious than in male, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base, dorsal scutum small, triangular, confined to cardiac area, white chevrons connected at sides, leaving four light gray chevrons on white background (Figs 335–338). Leg spination as in male except tibia II v4-4-2; metatarsus II 3-2-2. Epigynum small, with pair of circular, narrowly separated atria near posterior edge; small copulatory openings at anterior margin of atria; copulatory ducts sinuous, extending half-length of epigynum; rounded bursae closely spaced; rounded primary spermathecae situated between bursae and atria, about same size of bursae; fertilization ducts posteriorly directed, lateral to atria, as long as primary spermathecae (Figs 284–286). Distribution. Known only from the Municipios de Llera, El Mante, Gómez Farías, and Aldama in southern Tamaulipas (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus arcitos sp. nov. Figures 118–125, 149–155, 339 Type material. Male holotype, female allotype, and two female paratypes from the Cueva de Los Arcitos, Yerbabuena, 23.9121624°N, 99.4317541°W, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Nov. 19, 1979; J. Reddell, D. McKenzie), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Nuevo León: Sótano de Puerto los Valasos [23.8851655°N, 99.4656125°W], Cuauhtémoc, 2.5 km NW Rancho Nuevo, Jan. 2, 1987, P. Sprouse, 1♀ (AMNH). Tamaulipas: Cueva de la Onza, [23.9650267°N, 99.4750398°W], 500 m N Conrado Castillo, Mar. 21, 1982, G. Atkinson, 1♀ (AMNH). Cueva de Punto las Calaveras [23.941638°N, 99.4690283°W], 1 km ENE Revilla, Feb. 1993, P. Sprouse, 1♂, 1♀ (AMNH). Cueva del Brinco [23.960377°N, 99.4743544°W], historical section, Sept. 22, 1982, P. Sprouse, 1♀ (AMNH). Cueva del Tecolote [23.8619845°N, 99.3781012°W], Los San Pedro, Apr. 26, 1980, D. Honea et al., 1♀ (AMNH). Cueva Tecolote [23.9595018°N, 99.4748048°W], Conrado Castillo, 38 mi SW El Barretal, Aug. 24, 1973, R. Jameson, D. McKenzie, F. Pérez, 1♀ (AMNH) [N.B.: Nuevo León per label, but “ El Barretal Nuevo Leon ” is in the Municipio de Güémez, Tamaulipas]. “Entrada del Viento Baja” [apparently an entrance to the Cueva del Brinco, 23.9573068°N, 99.4763473°W], Mar. 17, 1979, G. Atkinson, 1♀ (AMNH). Sótano de las Calenturas [23.9054488°N, 99.4202091°W], Nov. 19, 1979, D. Pate et al., 1♀ (AMNH). Sótano de Trejo [23.8480868°N, 99.3539523°W], elev. 1620 m, entrance chamber, 3 km SE Los San Pedro, Nov. 24, 1987, D. Pate, 1♀ (AMNH), Nov. 25, 1987 D. Pate, 1♀ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. This species is apparently confined to caves. Males resemble those of P. chipinque sp. nov. and P. tetrico sp. nov. in having the retrolateral tibial apophysis shorter than the dorsal apophysis, with a truncated apex, but the retrolateral apophysis has a small, basal, spinelike projection (Fig. 151); females can be recognized by the deep atrium, wide U-shape formed by copulatory ducts, bursae having a posterior rounded extension and tubular spermathecae about the same length as copulatory ducts (Figs 153–155). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.81. Carapace yellow, with only vague traces of submarginal bands of maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica rounded; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with one strong, erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum light gray, with faint traces of four threadlike white chevrons plus large white mark immediately above spinnerets, scutum oval, covering about three-fourths of abdomen length, posteriorly covering about half of abdomen width, sides light gray, posteriorly with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter white, unmarked (Figs 118–121); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Palpal femur subdistally incrassate, with retrolateral excavation extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, distally attenuate (Figs 151–152); retrolateral apophysis much shorter, with small, pointed, ventrally directed projection near base, tip truncated, notched, prolaterally excavated (Figs 150–151); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 149– 150); tegulum greatly expanded proximally, retrolaterally; embolar base membranous; embolus short, tubular, weak, extending along the distal edge of alveolus, obscured by cymbial setae; embolar basal process arched, thumb-shaped distally, covering embolus; conductor long, tip wide; apical tegular apophysis strong, hook-shaped, projecting behind conductor (Figs 149–152). Female (allotype): Total length 2.20. As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base, dorsal scutum covering only anterior one-third of abdomen length (Figs 122–125). Leg spination as in male. Epigynum very large, with deep, undivided, posterior atrium occupying two thirds of epigynum width, its anterior border straight; copulatory openings diagonally inverted U-shape about one diameter apart, occluded with dark secretions, situated at middle of atrium; copulatory ducts forming a wide U-shape, long, sclerotized, extending anteriorly to epigynal atrium, about as long as primary spermathecae; bursae large, longer than wide, with a posterior, rounded extension; tubular primary spermathecae almost reaching posterior epigynal margin, situated laterally and about as long as copulatory ducts (Figs 153–155). Distribution. Known only from caves of the Purificación area, in at least the Municipios de Ciudad Victoria, Güémez, and Hidalgo of central Tamaulipas and the Municipio de General Zaragoza in adjacent Nuevo León. There are two caves in which this species and P. tetrico have both been collected (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus farias sp. nov. Figures 45–51, 89–96 Type material. Male holotype from Rancho del Cielo, 6 mi NW Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Mar. 9, 1969; J. Reddell et al.), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Gómez Farías and vicinity, elev. 400–600 m, July 20–24, year unknown, collector unknown, 1♂, 2♀ (AMNH). Julilo, 23.14122°N, 99.21315°W, elev. 1450 m, July 19, 2006, liquidambar/oak forest litter, R. Anderson, L. Benavides, 2♀ (MCZ 140486). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. This species seems close to P. cumbres sp. nov. and P. perra sp. nov., but males have the distal half of retrolateral tibial apophysis shorter, dorsal margin straight, the ventral one sinuous in retrolateral view (Fig. 47); females have more separated copulatory openings, and elongated spermathecae, transversely oriented (Figs 49–51). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.60. Carapace olive, entire surface covered with dark maculations that are lighter submarginally, medially, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flattened; sternum, mouthparts olive, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides dark gray, dorsum with faint traces of four threadlike white chevrons just above spinnerets, scutum covering almost entire dorsum, sides with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter light gray, with scattered white spots (Figs 89–92); legs yellow, with all femora darkened, patellae, tibiae with distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-3; II v4-4-0; metatarsi I, II v4-2- 1p. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with retrolateral excavation extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, attenuate (Fig. 48); retrolateral apophysis much stronger, shorter, wide at base, abruptly narrowed at half its length, distal half with dorsal margin straight and the ventral sinuous, as seen retrolaterally (Fig. 47); tegulum slightly expanded proximally, about one fourth of embolar base sclerotized, the rest membranous; embolus short, tubular, translucent, pointing diagonally to retrolateral side, obscured by embolar basal process, which is sigmoidal, slender distally, ending at embolus tip; conductor short, widened at tip; apical tegular apophysis pointing distally, partially obscured by conductor (Fig. 46). Female (Julilo): Total length 2.02. As in male, except carapace with light median band extending from posterior half of pars cephalica to posterior margin, abdominal scutum small, triangular, restricted to anterior portion of cardiac area, dorsum with seven white chevrons, anterior two chevrons much larger than others (Figs 93–96), distal dark rings more pronounced on posterior patellae, tibiae. Leg spination as in male except tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4- 1p; metatarsi: I v4-2-2. Epigynum large, posterior half with two small, shallow atria (often occluded with dark secretions), separated by about two diameters; copulatory openings small, situated at lateral edge of atrial ridges; copulatory ducts short; bursae larger than spermathecae, subtriangular, contiguous; oblong primary spermathecae situated posteriorly, transversely oriented; secondary spermathecae tiny, fingerlike, arising at the union of copulatory duct and primary spermatheca; fertilization duct arising at first third of spermatheca length (Figs 49–51). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Gómez Farías in southern Tamaulipas, where it is sometimes sympatric with P. cima sp. nov. and P. cielo sp. nov. (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus eutypus Gertsch & Davis, 1940 Figures 113–117, 142–148 Phonotimpus eutypus Gertsch & Davis, 1940: 21, fig. 27 (female holotype from Linares, Nuevo León, Mexico, in AMNH; examined). Material examined. MEXICO: Nuevo León: Cañón de las Anahuas, Linares, July 18–19, 1942, F. Bonet, D. Peláez, 2♂, 7♀ (AMNH). Linares, Apr.14, 1942, F. Bonet, 1♀ (AMNH); 6 mi N Linares, July 3, 1936, L. Davis, 1♀ (holotype, AMNH). Diagnosis. Males differ from other species in this group by having the dorsal and retrolateral tibial apophyses subequal in length, the dorsal apophysis sinuous, distally attenuate (Figs 144–145). Females have the copulatory ducts about as long as the chili-shaped primary spermathecae, which are slightly shorter than the bursae (Figs 146–148). Carapace with a large dusky mark just anterior to fovea (Figs 113, 115). Description. Male (Cañón de las Anahuas): Total length 1.45. Carapace pale brown, with dusky markings everywhere except medially on pars cephalica, with a large dusky mark just anterior to fovea, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently rounded; sternum, mouthparts yellow, with dusky markings, endites rounded, anteromedially pale, each cheliceral paturon with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum dark gray, anteriorly with scattered white spots, posteriorly with threadlike white chevrons followed posteriorly by wide white spot immediately above spinnerets, weak, shiny scutum covering most of dorsum, sides light gray with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter yellow, without markings (Figs 113–114); legs yellow, femora, tibiae, metatarsi each with proximal, distal dark rings, patellae with distal dark ring. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-2-2; metatarsi I, II v4-2-0. Palpal femur club-shaped, with one distal, dorsal spine, retrolateral excavation shallow but extending over half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis sinuous, distally attenuate, tip curving toward cymbium; retrolateral apophysis thickened at base, arched, extending about as far anteriorly as does dorsal apophysis (Figs 144–145); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 142– 143); very shallow groove on middle of cymbium, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis; tegulum bulbous, projecting ventrally; base of embolus wide, occupying about two-fifths of bulb width, one-third sclerotized, the rest membranous; embolus short, tubular, weak, situated in the margin of alveolus, largely obscured by cymbial setae; embolar basal process sinuate, tapered distally; conductor slender, tip rhomboid; apical tegular apophysis hookshaped pointing retrolaterally (Figs 142–145). Female (Cañón de las Anahuas): Total length 1.54. As in male except each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles, dorsal abdominal scutum triangular, occupying most of front margin but extending only about half of abdominal length, covering only about one-third of abdominal width posteriorly (Figs 115–117). Leg spination as in male except tibia II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v4-2- 1p. Epigynum wide, paramedian copulatory openings less than one diameter apart; copulatory ducts long, tubular, sclerotized, about same length as primary spermathecae; bursae large, wider than long, almost contiguous medially; primary spermathecae chilli-shaped, slightly shorter than bursae, situated lateral to copulatory ducts (Figs 146– 148). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Linares in central Nuevo León (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Gertsch, W. J. & Davis, L. I. (1940) Report on a collection of spiders from Mexico. III. American Museum Novitates, 1069, 1 - 22."]}

Phonotimpus cumbres sp. nov. Figures 38–44, 81–88 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype taken at 1 km W Altas Cumbres, Ciudad Victoria, 23.60017°N, 99.21497°W, elev. 1350 m, Tamaulipas, Mexico (July 14, 2006; R. Anderson, L. Benavides), deposited in MCZ (140480). Other material examined. One male and three females taken with the types (MCZ). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. This species seems close to P. farias sp. nov. and P. perra sp. nov. but males have the distal half of retrolateral tibial apophysis sharp, triangular in retrolateral view (Figs 39–41) and females have small, circular copulatory openings and rounded primary spermathecae separated by one diameter respectively (Figs 42–44). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.54. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, two wide, paramedian bands of dark, radiating maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base, median bristle longer, stronger, than lateral bristle; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides dark gray, posterior two-thirds with five white chevrons, most anterior chevron largest, others decreasing in size toward spinnerets, all chevrons difficult to distinguish under strong scutum covering almost full length of abdomen, chevrons more obvious on sides, venter white, unmarked (Figs 81–84); legs yellow, femora, patellae, tibiae with weak distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-3; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Palpal femur with retrolateral excavation extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, narrowing smoothly to tip; retrolateral apophysis much stronger, wide at base, abruptly narrowed at about half its length, triangular and sharp in retrolateral view (Fig. 40); tegulum slightly expanded proximally; about one third of embolar base sclerotized, the rest membranous; embolus short, tubular, weak, extending obliquely toward retrolateral edge of alveolus, obscured by embolar basal process, which ends at embolus tip; conductor short, widened at apex; hook-shaped apical tegular apophysis (Fig. 39). Female (allotype): Total length 2.35. As in male, except dorsal abdominal scutum narrow, restricted to cardiac area, flanked by two paramedian, rounded white spots (Figs 85–88), distal leg rings much weaker on anterior legs than posteriors. Leg spination as in male except tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2. Epigynum wide, with pair of dark, circular copulatory openings, each situated on a shallow atrium, separated by their diameter, just anterior of spermathecae in posterior half of epigynal length; bursae large, subtriangular, contiguous; rounded primary spermathecae small, separated by their diameter, restricted to posterior quarter of epigynum length; secondary spermathecae fingerlike, lateral to copulatory ducts (Figs 42–44). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Victoria in central Tamaulipas (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus puente sp. nov. Figures 274–276, 323–326 Type material. Female holotype taken at Cueva de la Puente, elev. 3000 m, 40 km E San Luis Potosí, Municipio de Zaragoza, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (May 16, 1972; R. Ralph, W. Elliott, M. McEachern), deposited in AMNH. This is a large cave, containing over a mile of streams and a sizable fauna (Elliott 1973, p. 51). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Female resembles those of P. schulzefenai in abdominal color pattern and epigynum, but have a wide copulatory opening and an hourglass-shaped copulatory duct chamber, about as long as spermathecae, bursae long, tapered (Figs 274–276). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.83. Carapace pale yellow, with dark lateral margins, ill-defined paramedian bands of dark maculations, pars cephalica with pair of longitudinal maculations extending back from posterior lateral eyes plus inverted T-shaped dark maculation encompassing thoracic groove, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica almost flat; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base; abdomen widened posteriorly, dark gray, with pair of V-shaped white markings, almost meeting medially, immediately behind scutum, followed posteriorly by five white chevrons, scutum almost rectangular, covering almost all of abdomen width at front, extending over one-third of abdomen length, venter white with two dark gray longitudinal bands (Figs 323–326); legs yellow, dissected but apparently without distinct dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum long, wide copulatory opening near the anterior epigynal margin; copulatory ducts extending posteriorly, contiguous, heavily sclerotized, in combination with copulatory opening forming an hourglass shape copulatory duct chamber, about as long as primary spermathecae; long tubular bursae arising at posterolateral side of copulatory duct chamber, extending anteriorly, surrounding copulatory-duct-chamber and opening; pear-shaped primary spermathecae contiguous anteriorly, about as long as copulatory duct chamber, occupying posterior one-third of epigynum length, touching the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 274–276). Distribution. Known only from a cave in the Municipio de Zaragoza in southwestern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Elliott, W. (1973) Trip reports. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Newsletter, 4 (1), 47 - 62."]}

Phonotimpus ahuacatlan sp. nov. Figures 267–273, 315–322 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype from leaf litter taken on surface above Sótano del Rancho de la Barranca, 5 km NNE Ahuacatlán, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (Nov. 27, 1972; J. Reddell), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males can be recognized by the sinuous retrolateral tibial apophysis, bent ventrally; dorsal apophysis slender, slightly longer than retrolateral apophysis; embolar base expanded prolaterally; tegular apophysis spineshaped apically (Figs 268–270); female epigynum with a distinctive tongue-shaped anterior median ridge leading to the copulatory opening; bursae about four times as long as the rounded primary spermathecae (Figs 271–273). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.80. Carapace yellow, sides with broad marginal band of dark maculations, pars cephalica with four longitudinal bands of dark maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently rounded; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum pale yellow, with U-shaped dark band on sides and across posterior end, area within that band with median dark marking over cardiac area, followed by two shorter dark marks, area immediately above spinnerets with additional dark stripe connecting laterally to U-shaped mark, shiny, almost rectangular scutum covering most of abdomen width anteriorly, extending to rear of cardiac area, venter pale yellow, unmarked (Figs 315–318); legs yellow, femora with proximal, distal dark rings, patellae, tibiae with distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v6-4-4; II v4-4-4; metatarsi: I v4-2-2; II v3-2-2. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, with small, retrolateral middle bump, sharply narrowed at about one-third its length, leaned to prolateral side (Figs 267, 269–270); retrolateral apophysis originating at base of tibia, with base extending far to side of segment, distal portion sinuous, bent ventrally (Figs 268–269); cymbial groove deep, situated prolaterally, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 267, 270); tegulum bulbous, proximally expanded; embolar base expanded prolaterally, moderately sclerotized; embolus long, with wide base, arched, acuminate, extended along the distal alveolus edge; embolar basal process and conductor long, both translucent; tegular distal apophysis spine-shaped pointing distally (Fig. 268). Female (allotype): Total length 2.27. As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles, abdominal dorsum with scutum small, triangular, covering cardiac area only (Figs 319–322). Leg spination as in male except tibia I v4-4-4. Epigynum long, copulatory opening at the bottom of an anterior, wide U-shaped ridge occupying about half of epigynum, leading into a rounded copulatory duct chamber; long, tube-shaped bursae pointing anteriorly, arising at posterolateral corners of copulatory duct chamber; small, rounded primary spermathecae, each smaller than the copulatory duct chamber, contiguous, touching the posterior of epigynal margin (Figs 271–273). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Xilitla in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus chipinque sp. nov. Figures 134–141, 163–169 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype taken in a baited pitfall trap set in a forest at the Chipinque Mesa, elev. 1646 m, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico (June 21–25, 1969; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Nuevo León: Chipinque, Monterrey, July 15, 1942, C. Bolivar, F. Bonet, B. Osorio, D. Peláez, 4♀ (AMNH), Dec. 2, 1943, F. Bonet, 1♀ (AMNH). Chipinque Mesa, elev. 1646 m, Monterrey, June 21–25, 1969, human dung trap, forest, S., J. Peck, 2♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males resemble those of P. arcitos sp. nov. and P. tetrico sp. nov. but the apex of the retrolateral tibial apophysis is partially truncated and has a small, pointed tip (Figs 164–165). Females have an epigynum resembling that of P. eutypus, but have tubular primary spermathecae slightly wider posteriorly, reaching almost the posterior epigynal margin, longer than copulatory ducts (Figs 167–169). The carapace has a dusky U-shaped mark (Figs 134, 138). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.05. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, dusky markings restricted to U-shaped wide band situated about halfway between lateral margins and unmarked median area, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica almost flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon slightly darkened, with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum dark gray, with broad white marking over cardiac area, connected posteriorly with first of five white chevrons, anterior two chevrons much larger than others, anteriorly with scattered white spots, weak, shiny scutum covering about three-fourths of abdominal length, most of width, sides, venter pale yellow, unmarked (Figs 134–137); legs yellow, leg III with distal dark markings on patella, tibia, metatarsus, leg IV with distal dark marking on tibia. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Palpal femur club-shaped, with one dorso-distal spine, retrolateral excavation deep, extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, narrow, extending to about one-third of cymbial length (Fig. 166); retrolateral apophysis much wider, much shorter, arched toward venter, apex truncated with small pointed tip (Figs 164–165); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 163–164); tegulum bulbous, projecting ventrally; embolar base membranous, occupying about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, narrow, weak, situated in the margin of alveolus, obscured by cymbial setae; embolar basal process distally touching embolus; conductor relatively long, narrow, tip widened; apical tegular apophysis slender, hook shaped, tip blunt, pointing retrolaterally (Figs 163–165). Female (allotype): Total length 2.86.As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles, abdominal dorsum anteriorly with only weak, narrow cardiac white marking, abdominal scutum triangular, occupying most of front margin but extending only about one-fourth of abdominal length, covering less than one-third of abdominal width posteriorly (Figs 138–141); femur, tibia, metatarsus III each with proximal, distal dark markings, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus IV each with distal dark markings. Leg spination as in male. Epigynum wide, copulatory openings about one diameter apart, located about at middle length of shallow atrium; copulatory ducts tubular, sclerotized, shorter than primary spermathecae; bursae large, semicircular, longer than wide, almost contiguous posteriorly; primary spermathecae tubular, slightly wider posteriorly, almost reaching posterior epigynal margin, about the same length as bursae and lateral to copulatory ducts (Figs 167–169). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Monterrey in northern Nuevo León, where it is sympatric with P. boneti sp. nov. (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus boneti sp. nov. Figures 126–133, 156–162 Type material. Female holotype from Chipinque, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico (Sept. 25, 1943; F. Bonet), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Nuevo León: Chipinque Mesa, Monterrey, elev. 1646 m, June 21–25, 1969, human dung trap, forest, S., J. Peck, 1♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of the collector of the holotype and many other significant specimens of the genus. Diagnosis. The female resembles P. valles sp. nov. by having copulatory openings on the anterior border of the atrium, copulatory ducts laterally directed, and tubular primary spermathecae, but the atrium has a shallow, median septum, and a distinctive anterior, transverse epigynal hood, with posterior rim sclerotized (Figs 160–162). The only available male is in poor condition but can be readily separated by having the retrolateral tibial apophysis longer and much larger than the dorsal apophysis, tip hooked (Figs 157–159), and apical tegular apophysis pointing to distalmargin (Fig. 157). The male was not collected with the female, but both were collected in the same locality. Description. Male (Chipinque): Total length 1.68. Specimen darkened, poorly preserved, original coloration uncertain, pars cephalica sloping evenly from elevated pars thoracica to clypeus, each cheliceral paturon with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, coloration uniformly faded, dorsal scutum shiny, rectangular, occupying about two thirds of abdominal length, half width (Figs 126–129). Legs darkened from poor preservation, markings indeterminate. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-2-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-2. Palpal femur club-shaped, with one dorso-distal spine, retrolateral excavation shallow but extending over twothirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis distally attenuate, shorter and thinner than retrolateral tibial apophysis, which is long, massive, base occupying full length of tibia at that point, inner margin sinuous, with subdistal expansion, tip strongly hooked (Figs 157–159); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 156–157); very shallow groove on middle of cymbium, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis (Fig. 159); tegulum expanded proximally; base of embolus slender, membranous, occupying about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, tubular, weak, distally directed; embolar basal process slender; conductor narrow, tip slightly widened; apical tegular apophysis rod-shaped, tip blunt, pointing to distal-retrolateral margin (Fig. 157). Female (holotype): Total length 1.80. Carapace yellow, with undarkened lateral margins, dusky markings restricted to U-shaped wide band situated about halfway between lateral margins and unmarked median area, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica as in male; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon slightly darkened, with two erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum light gray, with indistinct cardiac markings, posteriorly with five white chevrons, most anterior and most posterior ones largest, extending fully to sides, weak, shiny scutum triangular, covering only cardiac area, sides, venter pale yellow, unmarked except for dark circle around spinnerets (Figs 130–133); legs yellow, all femora, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi each with distal dark markings. Leg spination as in male except tibia I v4-4-4; II v4-2-2-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-2- 1p. Epigynum large, transverse hood with sclerotized posterior rim, overhanging a deep, rounded atrium, with low, longitudinal septum; small copulatory openings situated on each side of septum; copulatory ducts short, sclerotized, laterally oriented; bursae globose, almost contiguous distally; primary spermathecae tube-shaped, thickened distally, about as long as bursae, posteriorly directed, extending almost to posterior epigynal margin; secondary spermathecae tiny, hook-shaped (Figs 160–162). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Monterrey in northern Nuevo León, where it is sympatric with P. chipinque sp. nov. (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

The pozas group Members of this group have a single, small copulatory opening situated near the anterior epigynal margin, at a shallow, median, longitudinal groove; first part of copulatory ducts parallel, first directed posteriorly, then diverging laterally or anteriorly; the elongated bursa arise far and postero-laterally from copulatory opening, primary spermathecae elongated, located postero-laterally, touching the posterior epigynal margin. Composition. P. gertschi sp. nov., P. pozas sp. nov. and P. xilitla sp. nov. Distribution. San Luis Potosí., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus valles sp. nov. Figures 203–205, 287–290 Type material. Female holotype from state highway marker 85, 51.5 mi W Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (Oct. 17, 1972; V. Roth, B. Firstman), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can be easily recognized by the greatly elevated bulge on the anterior half of epigynum, copulatory ducts extending laterally from the paramedian exposed copulatory openings and lateral, tubular primary spermathecae (Figs 203–205). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.42. Carapace pale yellow, with dark lateral margins, dusky markings covering entire surface except for unmarked submarginal U-shaped band and unmarked spot just anterior to fovea, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from elevated thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen ovoid, narrowed anteriorly, posteriorly, dorsum, sides light gray with scattered white spots arranged in procurved rows, large posterior white spot separated from spinnerets by gray band, strong, shiny scutum pentagonal, occupying about three-fourths of abdominal width at its widest point, extending to almost half of abdomen length, venter white, without markings (Figs 287–290); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large with anterior half occupied by greatly elevated, sclerotized bulge, posterior half concave with two circular, exposed, paramedian copulatory openings just posterior to bulge; copulatory ducts short, laterally directed; bursae large, semicircular, almost contiguous, occupying most of anterior half of epigynum; long, tubular, lateral primary spermathecae extending posteriorly, almost touching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 203–205). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Ciudad Valles in eastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus valles sp. nov. Figures 203–205, 287–290 Type material. Female holotype from state highway marker 85, 51.5 mi W Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (Oct. 17, 1972; V. Roth, B. Firstman), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can be easily recognized by the greatly elevated bulge on the anterior half of epigynum, copulatory ducts extending laterally from the paramedian exposed copulatory openings and lateral, tubular primary spermathecae (Figs 203–205). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.42. Carapace pale yellow, with dark lateral margins, dusky markings covering entire surface except for unmarked submarginal U-shaped band and unmarked spot just anterior to fovea, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from elevated thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen ovoid, narrowed anteriorly, posteriorly, dorsum, sides light gray with scattered white spots arranged in procurved rows, large posterior white spot separated from spinnerets by gray band, strong, shiny scutum pentagonal, occupying about three-fourths of abdominal width at its widest point, extending to almost half of abdomen length, venter white, without markings (Figs 287–290); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large with anterior half occupied by greatly elevated, sclerotized bulge, posterior half concave with two circular, exposed, paramedian copulatory openings just posterior to bulge; copulatory ducts short, laterally directed; bursae large, semicircular, almost contiguous, occupying most of anterior half of epigynum; long, tubular, lateral primary spermathecae extending posteriorly, almost touching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 203–205). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Ciudad Valles in eastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus elviejo sp. nov. Figures 180–182, 218–221 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva de El Viejo [23.9757700°N, 99.6983200°W], 1 km SW La Escondida, 7.5 km E Zaragoza, Nuevo León, Mexico (July 19, 1984; T. Sprouse), deposited in AMNH. According to Sprouse (1991), this cave is situated at an elevation of 2550 m, extends for a length of 162 m, and reaches a depth of 64 m; the list of arthropods collected on the 1984 expedition, during which the cave was mapped, does not mention this specimen. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Female can be recognized by having an epigynum with a pair of large, almost contiguous, circular atria, close to posterior epigynal margin, copulatory openings on the posteromedian edge of atria, copulatory ducts slightly shorter than chili-shaped primary spermathecae, which touch the posterior epigynal margin; bursae large, almost contiguous posteriorly, about as long as primary spermathecae (Figs 180–182). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.79. Carapace brown, with undarkened lateral margins, dusky markings only vaguely detectable as U-shaped wide band situated about halfway between lateral margins and unmarked median area, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts light brown, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base; abdomen with dorsum dark gray, posterior half with four white chevrons, most anterior much larger than others, plus wide, recurved white spot immediately above spinnerets, scutum light brown, shiny, occupying most of abdominal width anteriorly, almost as much posteriorly, extending over entire cardiac area, sides gray, with longitudinal rows of tiny white spots, venter light gray, with two longitudinal, sinuous, faded purple bands (Figs 218–221); legs light brown, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0- 0-2; II d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Epigynum large, with posterior pair of large, almost contiguous, circular atria, separated by a longitudinal median septum, close to posterior epigynal margin; copulatory openings located at posteromedian edge of atria; copulatory ducts slightly shorter than primary spermathecae; bursae anterior, large, about one and a half as long as wide, almost contiguous posteriorly; chili-shaped primary spermathecae lateral to copulatory ducts, touching posterior edge of epigynum, about as long as bursae (Figs 180–182). Distribution. Known only from the Cueva de El Viejo in the Municipio de General Zaragoza in central Nuevo León (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Sprouse, P. (1991) Caves of Cerro el Viejo. Death Coral Caver, 1, 14 - 31."]}

Phonotimpus pozas sp. nov. Figures 253–259, 299 –306 Type material. Male holotype from Berlese sample taken in a tropical forest fragment at Las Pozas, [21.39722°N, 98.99389°W], elev. 600 m, Xilitla City, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (Nov. 14–18, 2011; Álvarez-Padilla Lab.), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: San Luis Potosí: Las Pozas, [21.39722°N, 98.99389°W], elev. 600 m, Xilitla City, Nov. 14–18, 2011, tropical forest fragment, Álvarez-Padilla Lab., 2♂, 1♀ (AMNH), same, Mar. 23–30, 2012, 1♂, 7♀ (AMNH), same, June 10–15, 2012, pitfall, 4♂ (AMNH). Tamazunchale, Jan. 5, 1952, W. Creighton, 1♀ (AMNH), same, [21.25°N, 98.8°W], Apr. 19, 1963, W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, 4♀ (AMNH), same, [21.25°N, 98.78333°W], Aug. 17, 1964, J., W. Ivie, 1♂ (AMNH). 8 mi NNW Tamazunchale, [21.33333°N, 98.83333°W], Apr. 19, 1963, W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, 2♂, 3♀ (AMNH). 7.2 km NE Xilitla, 21.42821°N, 98.94101°W, elev. 180 m, Aug. 19, 2009, sifted leaf litter, disturbed tropical moist forest, M. Branstetter, 1♀ (MCZ 95377), same 7♀ (MCZ 94686). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males can be easily recognized by the long, acuminate, arched embolus, subtriangular apical tegular apophysis, and dorsal tibial apophysis with a prolateral rounded bump at mid length (Figs 253–255). Females are also readily recognizable by a median, longitudinal groove, which encompass the copulatory opening and the first part of copulatory ducts, extending up the anterior half of the epigynum, primary spermathecae long, curved, distal half touching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 257–259). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.47. Carapace light brown, entire surface with dark maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently sloping from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts light brown, with dark maculations except on anteromedian corners of endites, each cheliceral paturon with one weak, erect bristle near base; abdomen almost rectangular, narrowed posteriorly, dorsum dark gray, with scattered tiny white spots, shiny, almost rectangular scutum covering over three-fourths of abdominal length, width, sides dark gray with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter pale yellow, unmarked (Figs 299–302); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with one dorso-distal spine, retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, sharply bent at about one-third its length, with mid rounded bulge, tip attenuated, directed prolaterally (Figs 253–256); straight retrolateral apophysis originating at base of tibia, with base extending far to side of segment, sharply bent at about half length, distally excavated (Figs 254–255); cymbial groove deep, situated on proximal, prolateral part, corresponding with distal part of dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 253, 256); tegulum bulbous, expanded proximally; embolar base small, membranous; embolus with wide, triangular base, tip long, fang-shaped, extending over prolateral, distal edge of alveolus; long embolar basal process translucent; conductor long, slender, tip widened; apical tegular apophysis subtriangular (Figs 253–254). Female (Las Pozas): Total length 1.82. As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles, abdominal dorsum with white spots forming five threadlike chevrons, scutum triangular, rounded posteriorly, occupying most of front margin but extending only about one-third of abdominal length, covering about one-third of abdominal width posteriorly (Figs 303 –306). Leg spination as in male except tibiae: I v4-4-3; II v4-4-2. Epigynum long, with a median groove, about two-thirds of epigynum length, encompassing the copulatory opening and first part of copulatory ducts; second part of copulatory ducts wide, sclerotized, laterally directed; bursae long, tube-shaped, anteriorly directed; elongated primary spermathecae about half as long as bursae, occupying posterior portion of epigynum, curved, distal half touching posterior epigynal margin, almost contiguous distally (Figs 257–259). Distribution. Known only from the Municipios Xilitla and Tamazunchale in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus escondida sp. nov. Figures 183–185, 222–225 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva del Soyate Viejo [23.9882118°N, 99.7008982°W], elev. 2700 m, 1 km NW La Escondida, Nuevo León, Mexico (Oct. 11, 1987; P. Sprouse), deposited in AMNH. According to Sprouse (1991), who first reported on this specimen (as Phonotimpus sp., presumably identified by W. Gertsch), this is a limestone cave situated at the base of Cerro el Viejo, in the highest parts of the Purificación Karst Area, within the Municipio de General Zaragoza of Nuevo León, and consisting of a single chamber measuring 10x 25 m. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can be recognized by having an epigynum with a pair of large, contiguous, oval atria, separated by a septum, an epigynal hood produced posteriorly at midline, copulatory openings on the anteromedian edges of atria, copulatory ducts shorter than the kidney-shaped bursae, which are contiguous anteriorly; chili-shaped primary spermathecae longer than bursae and posterolateral to copulatory ducts (Figs 183–185). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.22. Carapace yellow, with undarkened lateral margins, dusky markings only vaguely detectable as U-shaped wide band situated about halfway between lateral margins and unmarked median area, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base; abdomen dorsum, sides light orange, without distinct dark markings, limits of dorsal scutum indistinct but apparently covering most of abdominal width anteriorly, extending over entire cardiac area, venter white without markings (Figs 222–225); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Epigynum wide, with a pair of large, contiguous, oval atria separated by a septum which is wider posteriorly, with sinuous anterior hood produced posteriorly at midline; copulatory openings closely spaced, situated near anteromedian of atrial edges; copulatory ducts shorter than spermathecae, divergent; bursae anterior, large, kidneyshaped, contiguous anteriorly; chili-shaped primary spermathecae posterolateral to copulatory ducts, longer than bursae, posterior portion of primary spermathecae paralleling posterior epigynal margin, secondary spermathecae very small, fingerlike (Figs 183–185). Distribution. Known only from the Cueva del Soyate Viejo in the Municipio de General Zaragoza in central Nuevo León (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Sprouse, P. (1991) Caves of Cerro el Viejo. Death Coral Caver, 1, 14 - 31."]}

Phonotimpus revilla sp. nov. Figures 189–191, 230–233 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva de Rancho Revilla [23.9401223°N, 99.4803097°W], Tamaulipas, Mexico (Aug. 22, 1973; D. McKenzie, R. Jameson), deposited in AMNH; the label reads Nuevo León, but according to Barr (1982: 174, fig. 47), the Cueva de Rancho Revilla is also called the Cueva de Revilla (see Other Material Examined below) and is in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Cueva de Revilla [23.9401223°N, 99.4803097°W], Revilla, Purificación area, Apr. 19, 1980, T. Treacy et al., 1♀ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. The epigynum of this cave species resembles that of the surface species P. cuauhtemoc sp. nov. but can easily be distinguished by its straight, anterior margin of atrium, without hood, posterior third with median septum, copulatory openings evident, copulatory ducts about as long as primary spermathecae, shorter fertilization ducts, far from posterior epigynal margin (Figs 189–191). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.25. Carapace yellow, with only vague traces of submarginal bands of maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides light gray, with scattered tiny white spots plus large white mark immediately above spinnerets, scutum wide, covering full width of abdomen anteriorly, extending to about one-third of abdomen length, where covering about half of abdomen width, venter white, unmarked (Figs 230–233); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v4-2-2; II v2-2-3. Epigynum very large, posterior half with a deep atrium extending over entire epigynal width, posterior third with elevated, median septum; widely separated copulatory openings at anterior margin of atrium; long, tubular, heavily sclerotized copulatory ducts anterolaterally directed, about same length as primary spermathecae; bursae large, semicircular, almost contiguous; primary spermathecae tubular, about as long as bursae, anterior to atrium, lateral and parallel to copulatory ducts; fertilization ducts slender, directed posteriorly, about half as long as primary spermathecae, ending far from posterior epigynal margin (Figs 189–191). Distribution. Known only from the Cueva de Rancho Revilla (=Cueva de Revilla) in the Purificación area, Municipio de Güémez, Tamaulipas (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Barr, T. C. Jr. (1982) The cavernicolous anchomenine beetles of Mexico (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Agonini. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin, 8, 161 - 192."]}

Phonotimpus pozas sp. nov. Figures 253–259, 299 –306 Type material. Male holotype from Berlese sample taken in a tropical forest fragment at Las Pozas, [21.39722°N, 98.99389°W], elev. 600 m, Xilitla City, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (Nov. 14–18, 2011; Álvarez-Padilla Lab.), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: San Luis Potosí: Las Pozas, [21.39722°N, 98.99389°W], elev. 600 m, Xilitla City, Nov. 14–18, 2011, tropical forest fragment, Álvarez-Padilla Lab., 2♂, 1♀ (AMNH), same, Mar. 23–30, 2012, 1♂, 7♀ (AMNH), same, June 10–15, 2012, pitfall, 4♂ (AMNH). Tamazunchale, Jan. 5, 1952, W. Creighton, 1♀ (AMNH), same, [21.25°N, 98.8°W], Apr. 19, 1963, W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, 4♀ (AMNH), same, [21.25°N, 98.78333°W], Aug. 17, 1964, J., W. Ivie, 1♂ (AMNH). 8 mi NNW Tamazunchale, [21.33333°N, 98.83333°W], Apr. 19, 1963, W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, 2♂, 3♀ (AMNH). 7.2 km NE Xilitla, 21.42821°N, 98.94101°W, elev. 180 m, Aug. 19, 2009, sifted leaf litter, disturbed tropical moist forest, M. Branstetter, 1♀ (MCZ 95377), same 7♀ (MCZ 94686). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males can be easily recognized by the long, acuminate, arched embolus, subtriangular apical tegular apophysis, and dorsal tibial apophysis with a prolateral rounded bump at mid length (Figs 253–255). Females are also readily recognizable by a median, longitudinal groove, which encompass the copulatory opening and the first part of copulatory ducts, extending up the anterior half of the epigynum, primary spermathecae long, curved, distal half touching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 257–259). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.47. Carapace light brown, entire surface with dark maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently sloping from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts light brown, with dark maculations except on anteromedian corners of endites, each cheliceral paturon with one weak, erect bristle near base; abdomen almost rectangular, narrowed posteriorly, dorsum dark gray, with scattered tiny white spots, shiny, almost rectangular scutum covering over three-fourths of abdominal length, width, sides dark gray with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter pale yellow, unmarked (Figs 299–302); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with one dorso-distal spine, retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, sharply bent at about one-third its length, with mid rounded bulge, tip attenuated, directed prolaterally (Figs 253–256); straight retrolateral apophysis originating at base of tibia, with base extending far to side of segment, sharply bent at about half length, distally excavated (Figs 254–255); cymbial groove deep, situated on proximal, prolateral part, corresponding with distal part of dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 253, 256); tegulum bulbous, expanded proximally; embolar base small, membranous; embolus with wide, triangular base, tip long, fang-shaped, extending over prolateral, distal edge of alveolus; long embolar basal process translucent; conductor long, slender, tip widened; apical tegular apophysis subtriangular (Figs 253–254). Female (Las Pozas): Total length 1.82. As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles, abdominal dorsum with white spots forming five threadlike chevrons, scutum triangular, rounded posteriorly, occupying most of front margin but extending only about one-third of abdominal length, covering about one-third of abdominal width posteriorly (Figs 303 –306). Leg spination as in male except tibiae: I v4-4-3; II v4-4-2. Epigynum long, with a median groove, about two-thirds of epigynum length, encompassing the copulatory opening and first part of copulatory ducts; second part of copulatory ducts wide, sclerotized, laterally directed; bursae long, tube-shaped, anteriorly directed; elongated primary spermathecae about half as long as bursae, occupying posterior portion of epigynum, curved, distal half touching posterior epigynal margin, almost contiguous distally (Figs 257–259). Distribution. Known only from the Municipios Xilitla and Tamazunchale in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus xilitla sp. nov. Figures 260–262, 307–310 Type material. Female holotype from dung trap taken at a tropical forest [elev. 762 m], at Xilitla, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (July 18, 1970; A. Newton), deposited in MCZ (63207). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females resemble those of P. pozas sp. nov. in carapace color pattern (Fig. 307) and epigynum with a narrow, median, longitudinal groove (Fig. 260) but the second portion of copulatory ducts are obliquely oriented, V-shaped, and the primary spermathecae are widely separated posteriorly and not curved (Figs 261–262). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.85. Carapace yellow, with pale brown maculations scattered everywhere except on two elongated yellow bands behind posterior eyes, pars thoracica gradually sloping, pars cephalica gently rounded; sternum, mouthparts yellow, cheliceral paturon bristles broken off, base of only one detectable, abdomen narrow, dorsum in bad condition, color pattern not visible, sides light gray, with longitudinal rows of white spots, abdominal scutum small, triangular, covering cardiac area only, venter white, unmarked (Figs 307– 310). Most legs missing, only one leg II, one leg IV present. Leg spination: femur II p0-0-1; tibia II v4-4-2; metatarsus II v3-2-2. Epigynum long, with a longitudinal, median groove encompassing the copulatory opening and first part of copulatory ducts, which are directed posteriorly, then second part obliquely divergent, V-shaped; long, tube-shaped bursae, lateral to median groove; elongated primary spermathecae, about one-half of bursae length, lateral to copulatory ducts, widely separated, distally touching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 260–262). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Xilitla in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus schulzefenai (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) Figures 263–266, 311–314 Gosiphrurus schulzefenai Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936: 14, pl.2, figs 15–16 (female holotype from Chilapa, Guerrero, Mexico, in Museum für Naturkunde; not examined); Platnick & Ubick, 1989: 3. Phonotimpus schulzefenai Chamé-Vázquez et al., 2021: 575, figs 3A–J, 4A–G. Other material examined. MEXICO: San Luis Potosí: 40 Km W Xilitla, elev. 1700 m, June 12, 1983, litter from oak forest, S., J. Peck, 2 ♂ (AMNH _ IZC 00326983) [N.B.: San Luis Potosí: 40 Km W Xilitla per label, but that location is in the state of Querétaro]. Diagnosis. Males can be recognized by the retrolateral tibial apophysis arising at base of tibia, extending far to the side of segment, distal portion bent distally, with a subdistal expansion on the ventral edge, and dorsal apophysis strongly curved ventrally (Chamé-Vázquez et al. 2021: figs 4A, D; Figs 263–266). Females resemble those of P. puente sp. nov. in abdominal color pattern and epigynum, but have a smaller copulatory opening and a shorter, round copulatory duct chamber (Chamé-Vázquez et al. 2021: figs 3A–H). Description. See redescription by Chamé-Vázquez et al. (2021). Distribution. Ciudad de México, Estado de México, Guerrero, San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Chamberlin, R. V. & Ivie, W. (1936) New spiders from Mexico and Panama. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 27, 1 - 103.","Chame-Vazquez, D., Campuzano, E. F. & Ibarra-Nunez, G. (2021) A new species of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from Mexico and the transfer of Gosiphrurus schulzefenai Chamberlin & Ivie to Phonotimpus. Zootaxa, 4938 (5), 571 - 580. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4938.5.4"]}

Phonotimpus tetrico sp. nov. Figures 192–198, 234–241 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype from Pozo Tetrico [23.8866572°N, 99.4499501°W], 2500 m N Rancho Nuevo, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Nov. 1992; male, P. Sprouse, female, C. Savvas), deposited in AMNH. Details on this cave and its inhabitants can be found in Fogarty et al. (1994). Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Cueva de California [23.8930600°N, 99.4472400°W], 4 mi NE Rancho Nuevo, Aug. 23, 1973, D. McKenzie, R. Jameson, 1♀ (AMNH) [N.B.: Nuevo León per label]. Cueva Tecolote [23.9595018°N, 99.4748048°W], Conrado Castillo, 38 mi SW El Barretal, Aug. 24, 1973, R. Jameson, D. McKenzie, F. Pérez, 1♀ (AMNH) [N.B.: Nuevo León per label, but “El Barretal Nuevo Leon ” is in the Municipio de Güémez, Tamaulipas]. Pozo del Arrecife [23.8764631°N, 99.4518891°W], 800 m NE Rancho Nuevo, Mar. 15, 1982, P., T. Sprouse, 1♀ (AMNH). Pozo del Sueño Mandarino [23.8727552°N, 99.4441954°W], 1 km NE Rancho Nuevo, Nov. 1992, P. Sprouse, 1♀ (AMNH). Sótano de las Calenturas [23.9054488°N, 99.4202091°W], Nov. 19, 1979, D. Pate, 1♀ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Male resembles those of P. arcitos sp. nov., P. chipinque sp. nov. and P. vacas sp. nov., but has a distinctive, subrectangular, ventral laminar projection near tip of the retrolateral tibial apophysis (Figs 193–194). Females can be easily recognized by the remarkable epigynal hood, prolonged medially into a sharp septum that extends almost to the posterior epigynal margin, bursae shorter than the conical, long primary spermathecae (Figs 196–198). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.27. Carapace yellow, with only vague traces of submarginal bands of maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with one strong, erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum light gray, with faint traces of four threadlike white chevrons on posterior one-third, scutum oval, covering about three-fourths of abdomen length, posteriorly covering about half of abdomen width, sides light gray, posteriorly with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter white, unmarked (Figs 234–237); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Palpal femur slightly incrassate distally, with one dorso-distal spine, retrolateral excavation extending over more than three-fourths of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, slightly leaned to retrolateral side, gently curved ventrally (Figs 194–195); retrolateral apophysis much shorter, thicker, with large, subrectangular, ventrally directed, laminar projection near tip (Figs 193–194); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 192–193); shallow groove on middle of cymbium, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis (Fig. 195); tegulum greatly expanded proximally, laterally; membranous embolar base narrow, about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, extending along the alveolus edge, obscured by the embolar basal process that is wider distally; conductor long, greatly widened at tip; hook-shaped apical tegular apophysis strong, pointing retrolaterally (Figs 193–195). Female (allotype): Total length 2.52.As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles, proximal one near base, strong, more distal bristle weaker, dorsal scutum covering only anterior one-third of abdomen length (Figs 238–241). Leg spination as in male. Epigynum very large, dominated by the epigynal hood, produced medially into a sharp septum, ending near posterior margin; copulatory openings diagonally inverted U-shape, about two diameters apart, situated about at middle length of large, deep atria; copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized, greatly elongated, extending just anteriorly to atria; bursae oval, wider than long, with posterior, rounded extension; primary spermathecae conical, about twice as long as bursae, touching posterior epigynal margin, lateral to copulatory ducts; secondary spermatheca tiny, thumblike (Figs 196–198). Distribution. Known only from caves of the Purificación area, in at least the Municipios de Güémez and Hidalgo of central Tamaulipas. There are two caves in which this species and P. arcitos sp. nov. have both been collected (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Fogarty, J., Kambesis, P., Scheibner, S. & Sprouse, P. (1994) Purificacion area cave descriptions. Death Coral Caver, 4, 15 - 26."]}

Phonotimpus escondida sp. nov. Figures 183–185, 222–225 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva del Soyate Viejo [23.9882118°N, 99.7008982°W], elev. 2700 m, 1 km NW La Escondida, Nuevo León, Mexico (Oct. 11, 1987; P. Sprouse), deposited in AMNH. According to Sprouse (1991), who first reported on this specimen (as Phonotimpus sp., presumably identified by W. Gertsch), this is a limestone cave situated at the base of Cerro el Viejo, in the highest parts of the Purificación Karst Area, within the Municipio de General Zaragoza of Nuevo León, and consisting of a single chamber measuring 10x 25 m. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can be recognized by having an epigynum with a pair of large, contiguous, oval atria, separated by a septum, an epigynal hood produced posteriorly at midline, copulatory openings on the anteromedian edges of atria, copulatory ducts shorter than the kidney-shaped bursae, which are contiguous anteriorly; chili-shaped primary spermathecae longer than bursae and posterolateral to copulatory ducts (Figs 183–185). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.22. Carapace yellow, with undarkened lateral margins, dusky markings only vaguely detectable as U-shaped wide band situated about halfway between lateral margins and unmarked median area, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base; abdomen dorsum, sides light orange, without distinct dark markings, limits of dorsal scutum indistinct but apparently covering most of abdominal width anteriorly, extending over entire cardiac area, venter white without markings (Figs 222–225); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Epigynum wide, with a pair of large, contiguous, oval atria separated by a septum which is wider posteriorly, with sinuous anterior hood produced posteriorly at midline; copulatory openings closely spaced, situated near anteromedian of atrial edges; copulatory ducts shorter than spermathecae, divergent; bursae anterior, large, kidneyshaped, contiguous anteriorly; chili-shaped primary spermathecae posterolateral to copulatory ducts, longer than bursae, posterior portion of primary spermathecae paralleling posterior epigynal margin, secondary spermathecae very small, fingerlike (Figs 183–185). Distribution. Known only from the Cueva del Soyate Viejo in the Municipio de General Zaragoza in central Nuevo León (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus cima sp. nov. Figures 31–37, 73–80 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype from a Winkler sample of sifted cloud forest leaf litter taken at El Cielo, 3 km SE Alta Cima, 23.03440°N, 99.18697°W, elev. 860 m, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Aug. 24, 2009; M. Branstetter), deposited in MCZ (94044). Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: El Cielo, 1.2 km SE Alta Cima, 23.05005°N, 99.19926°W, elev. 920 m, Aug. 24, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, cloud forest, M. Branstetter, 1♀ (MCZ 95746). El Cielo, 1.3 km NW Joya de Manantiales, 23.0233°N, 99.28830°W, elev. 1620 m, Aug. 22, 2009, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 1♂ (ex MCZ 95546). El Cielo, 1.8 km W Alta Cima, 23.06110°N, 99.21564°W, elev. 1340 m, Aug. 23, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 2♀ (ex MCZ 93767). El Cielo, 2.5 km SSE Alta Cima, 23.03787°N, 99.18941°W, elev. 870 m, Aug. 24, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, cloud forest, M. Branstetter, 1♀ (MCZ 95691). El Cielo, Julilo, 23.14122°N, 99.21315°W, elev. 1450 m, July 19, 2006, liquidambar/oak forest litter, R. Anderson, L. Benavides, 3♀ (ex MCZ 140486). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of this species are easily recognized by the twisted dorsal tibial apophysis, the tip of which is directed prolaterally rather than distally, retrolateral tibial apophysis projecting far to the side of the tibia, embolus short, apical tegular apophysis absent (Figs 31–34). Females have an epigynum that resembles that of P. separatus, but the copulatory openings are more separated, the bursae and the secondary spermathecae are much longer, the primary spermathecae are much shorter and separated by the chalice-shaped gap formed by the borders of the spermathecae and copulatory ducts (Figs 33–37). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.94. Carapace pale olive, with dark maculations everywhere except median, top portion of pars cephalica, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently sloping; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon anteriorly darkened, with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, greatly narrowed posteriorly, dorsum, sides dark gray, dorsum with single broad, white chevron at about half its length, with small white spot above spinnerets, scutum covering entire dorsum, sides with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter white, unmarked (Figs 73–76); legs yellow, with vague indications of dark rings proximally, distally on femora, patellae, tibiae. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae I v4-4-4-1r; II v4-4-4; metatarsi: I v2-2-3; II v3-2-2. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with retrolateral excavation extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, sinuous, base massive, subbasally widened, tip acuminate, directed prolaterally (Figs 33–34); retrolateral apophysis projecting far to the side of the tibia, bent ventrally at about half its length (Figs 32–33); tegulum slightly expanded retrolaterally; embolar base narrow, occupying about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, narrow, weak, directed retrolaterally, obscured by the embolar basal process and conductor; embolar basal process narrower than embolar base; conductor narrow, slightly widened at apex; apical tegular apophysis absent. Female (allotype): Total length 2.57. As in male, except abdomen wider posteriorly, dorsal abdominal scutum short, triangular, covering cardiac area only, dorsum with three threadlike white chevrons on posterior half, followed by larger white chevron above spinnerets, dorsum, sides with longitudinal rows of white spots (Figs 77–80), leg rings even less obvious. Leg spination as in male except tibiae: II v4-4-2- 1p. Epigynum narrow, small copulatory openings situated at middle of epigynum; first part of copulatory ducts short, laterally directed, second part longer than first, posteriorly directed; bursae large, elongated, narrower at base, contiguous at its distal ends; primary spermathecae subquadrate, much smaller than bursae, shorter than copulatory ducts; fingerlike secondary spermathecae arising near the union of copulatory ducts and primary spermathecae, parallel and contiguous to copulatory ducts; fertilization ducts horn-shaped, lateral to primary spermathecae; the borders of the spermathecae and copulatory ducts form a chalice-shaped gap (Figs 35 –37). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Gómez Farías in southern Tamaulipas, where it is sometimes sympatric with P. cielo sp. nov. and P. farias sp. nov. (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus sanpedro sp. nov. Figures 55–61, 101–108 Type material. Male holotype from Los San Pedro, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Nov. 21–27, 1988; D. Pate), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Cuauhtémoc, Purificación area, elev. 2100–2200 m, Mar. 22, 1988, D. Pate, 1♀ (AMNH). Ejido Yerbabuena, Mar. 22–24, 1979, T. Treacy, D. Pate, 2♀ (AMNH). Los San Pedro, surface, Nov. 23–29, 1986, D. Pate, 1♀ (AMNH). 3.4 km SSE Yerbabuena, surface, Oct. 11–17, 1986, D. Pate, 1♀ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. This species is close to P. cumbres sp. nov., P. farias sp. nov. and P. perra sp. nov., but males differ by having a retrolateral tibial apophysis longer than dorsal tibial apophysis, and distal border of palpal tibia notched prolaterally (Figs 56–58); females differ by having wider, closely spaced, atria and copulatory openings, and pearshaped spermathecae (Figs 59–61). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.80. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, two wide, paramedian bands of dark maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base, median bristle longer, stronger than lateral bristle; abdomen wide, dorsum, sides gray, posterior two-thirds with five white chevrons, most anterior chevron largest, others decreasing in size toward spinnerets, scutum covering more than three-fourths of abdomen length, venter white, with pair of small, dark maculations at about three-fourths of length (Figs 101–104); anterior legs yellow, posterior legs pale yellow, all unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II p0-0-1; III, IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Palpal femur with retrolateral excavation extending over distal half, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, acuminate (Fig. 58); retrolateral apophysis much stronger, extending about half of cymbial length, acuminate and prolaterally excavated at apex (Figs 56–58); tegulum expanded proximally; prolateral half of embolar base sclerotized, the rest membranous; embolus slightly sclerotized, narrow, short, extending obliquely to distal edge of alveolus, obscured by cymbial setae and embolar basal process, which is as wide as embolar base; conductor short, widened at apex which ends in front of embolus tip (Fig. 56). Female (Los San Pedro): Total length 2.29. As in male, except dorsal abdominal scutum restricted to cardiac area, posteriorly rounded, where occupying less than one-third of abdomen width (Figs 105–108). Leg spination as in male except femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1. Epigynum wide, with pair of dark, circular, closely spaced copulatory openings, which are on shallow atria, situated medially, just anterior to spermathecae; bursae subtriangular, larger than spermathecae, which are pearshaped, restricted to posterior quarter of epigynal length (Figs 59–61). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Güémez in central Tamaulipas, where it is sympatric with P. cuauhtemoc sp. nov. (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus calenturas sp. nov. Figures 277–279, 327–330 Type material. Female holotype from the Sótano de las Calenturas [23.9054488°N, 99.4202091°W], Yerbabuena, Purificación area, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Apr. 28–29, 1980; P Sprouse et al.), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Although taken in a cave that also houses P.arcitos sp. nov., this species is not a member of the eutypus group. Indeed, judging by the substantial pigmentation, it may be a surface species only incidentally occurring in the cave. Females can be recognized by the small epigynum, the pair of small, round copulatory openings situated at the posterior end of the epigynum, leading to narrow copulatory ducts, directed anteriorly, bursae elongated; oval primary spermathecae contiguous to copulatory ducts, touching the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 277–279). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.63. Carapace yellow, with dark maculations radiating from lateral margins, opposite each leg, toward thoracic groove, median area without maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, except each cheliceral paturon anteriorly darkened, with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum dark gray, with vague traces of four white chevrons on posterior half, followed posteriorly by larger white chevron above spinnerets, scutum small, triangular, restricted to cardiac area, narrowed posteriorly, where occupying only about one-seventh of abdomen width at that point, sides dark gray, with oblique, longitudinal rows of small white spots, venter white, unmarked (Figs 327–330); legs yellow, femora, patellae, tibiae with dusky markings over most of their surface. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum small, with pair of small, round copulatory openings set at posterior margin, separated by about their diameter; copulatory ducts sinuous, as long as primary spermathecae, extending anteriorly; bursae elongated, anteriorly directed, contiguous; oval primary spermathecae situated laterally and contiguous to copulatory ducts; secondary spermathecae fingerlike arising at union of copulatory duct and spermatheca; fertilization ducts arising latero-posteriorly (Figs 277–279). Distribution. Known only from the Sótano de las Calenturas, in the Purificación area, Municipio de Güémez, Tamaulipas (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus cuauhtemoc sp. nov. Figures 177–179, 214–217 Type material. Female holotype taken at Cuauhtémoc, Purificación area, elev. 2100–2200 m, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Mar. 22, 1988; D. Pate), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. One female taken with the holotype (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can be recognized by having a deep atrium, anteriorly divided, atrial hood wide, produced only slightly at midline; copulatory ducts shorter than tube-shaped primary spermathecae, which are anterior to atria and lateral to semicircular, almost contiguous bursae; long fertilization ducts posteriorly directed, about the same length as primary spermathecae, almost touching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 177–179). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.13. Carapace brown, with darkened lateral margins, dusky markings covering most of surface except for posterior portion of pars cephalica, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts light brown, unmarked, except cheliceral paturons with proximal two-thirds of anterior surface darkened, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base; abdomen with dorsum, sides dark gray, with oblique rows of small white spots plus large, wide, hexagonal white spot immediately above spinnerets, scutum light brown, shiny, triangular, restricted to cardiac area, venter light gray, unmarked (Figs 214–217); legs light brown, femora with lateral dark markings, posterior patellae, tibiae with weak distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large, with a deep atrium anteriorly divided, atrial hood wide, produced posteriorly only slightly at midline; copulatory openings beneath anterolateral sides of hood, widely separated; copulatory ducts shorter than spermathecae; bursae large, semicircular, almost contiguous, occupying most of epigynum anterior half; primary spermathecae narrow, tube-shaped, about as long as bursae, located anterior to atrium, lateral to bursae; long, slender fertilization ducts, posteriorly directed, about as long as primary spermathecae, almost reaching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 177–179). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Güémez in central Tamaulipas (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus cielo sp. nov. Figures 170–176, 206–213 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype from a Winkler sample of sifted cloud forest leaf litter taken at El Cielo, 2.5 km SSE Alta Cima, 23.03787°N, 99.18941°W, elev. 870 m, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Aug. 24, 2009; M. Branstetter), deposited in MCZ (95633). Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: El Cielo, near Alta Cima, 23.06518°N, 99.20433°W, elev. 980 m, Aug. 21, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, riparian wet forest, M. Branstetter, 3♂, 1♀ (MCZ 93908), L. Sáenz, 3♀ (MCZ 95638). El Cielo, 1.8 km W Alta Cima, 23.06110°N, 99.21564°W, elev. 1340 m, Aug. 23, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 1♀ (MCZ 93767). El Cielo, Joya de Manantiales, 23.00835°N, 99.28511°W, elev. 1430 m, Aug. 22, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 1♂ (MCZ 95332). El Cielo, 1.3 km NW Joya de Manantiales, 23.0233°N, 99.28830°W, elev. 1620 m, Aug. 22, 2009, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 5♂ (MCZ 95549). El Cielo, 1.2 km N La Gloria, 23.05717°N, 99.25206°W, elev. 1780 m, Aug. 23, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 2♂ (MCZ 94169). El Cielo, 1.8 km NW La Gloria, 23.05871°N, 99.26343°W, elev. 2030 m, Aug. 23, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 2♂ (MCZ 94279). Near Gómez Farías, elev. 1000 m, Aug. 7, 1983, cloud forest litter, S., J. Peck, 1♀ (AMNH). Julilo, 23.14122°N, 99.21315°W, elev. 1450 m, July 19, 2006, liquidambar/oak forest litter, R. Anderson, L. Benavides, 1♂, 2♀ (ex MCZ 140486). Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi NW Gómez Farías, July 1–4, 1969, human dung trap, S., J. Peck, 1♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of this distinctive species can easily be recognized by the massive, rectangular retrolateral tibial apophysis, which bears a subtriangular ventral projection just below its tip, dorsal apophysis sinuous and wide embolar base (Figs 171–173); females have an epigynum with a pair of wide, deep, circular atria, copulatory openings located on the anteromedian edge of atria, short copulatory ducts, bursae longer than the chili-shaped primary spermathecae, which touch the posterior epigynal margin, secondary spermathecae small, thin, one-coiled (Figs 174–176). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.86. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, submarginal unmarked areas extending completely around carapace except for ocular area, followed medially by two longitudinal bands of dark maculations, central portion unmarked, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently sloping to ocular area; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon proximally darkened, with one strong, erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides dark gray, dorsum with four threadlike white chevrons on posterior half, scutum covering almost entire dorsum, sides with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter white, with U-shaped band of light gray maculations (Figs 206–209); legs yellow, femora II–IV with proximal, distal dark rings, patellae III, IV, tibiae II–IV with distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Palpal femur with shallow retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, acuminate, extending to about one-third of cymbial length, sinuate (Figs 172–173); retrolateral apophysis shorter but massive, rectangular in retrolateral view, with subtriangular, blunt, ventral projection near tip (Fig. 172); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 170–171); tegulum greatly expanded proximally, retrolaterally; embolar base wide, about two-fifths of bulb width; embolus tubular, long, narrow, extending obliquely beyond alveolus; embolar basal process very narrow; conductor slender basally, widened distally; apical tegular apophysis absent (Figs 170–172). Female (allotype): Total length 2.42. As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base, abdomen wider, dorsum with additional, most posterior white chevron much larger than others, scutum strong, covering most of anterior half of dorsum (Figs 210–213); all patellae distally dusky, metatarsi II–IV with proximal, distal dark rings. Leg spination as in male. Epigynum large, posterior half with two wide, circular atria (often occluded with dark secretions), moderately deep, with small atrial hoods, separated by a subtriangular septum; copulatory openings small, situated at anteromedian atrial edges; copulatory ducts short; bursae elongated, about twice as long as wide, subtriangular, almost contiguous posteriorly; chili-shaped primary spermathecae situated laterally, curving around atria, touching posterior epigynal margin, shorter than bursae; secondary spermathecae small, thin, one-coiled (Figs 174–176). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Gómez Farías in southern Tamaulipas, where it is sometimes sympatric with P. cima sp. nov., P. farias sp. nov. and P. frio sp. nov. (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

The pennimani group Female members of this group have paired copulatory openings, each on a deep, wide atrium (P. talquian with atrial hoods) on the posterior half of the epigynum; copulatory ducts anteriorly directed, nearly parallel, heavily sclerotized; bursae arising anteriorly, distant from copulatory openings; oblong or liver-shaped primary spermathecae situated lateral to copulatory ducts; fertilization ducts long. Males have a slender, straight embolus pointing distoretrolaterally; embolar basal process thin distally; conductor long with wide tip, and apical tegular process absent. Composition. P. pennimani and P. talquian. For detailed descriptions see Chamé-Vázquez et al. (2018). Distribution. Chiapas., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Chame-Vazquez, D., Ibarra-Nunez, G. & Jimenez, M. L. (2018) Redescription of Phonotimpus separatus Gertsch & Davis, 1940 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) and description of two new species of Phonotimpus from Mexico. Zootaxa, 4407 (2), 213 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4407.2.3"]}

Phonotimpus perra sp. nov. Figures 52–54, 97–100 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva Capilla de La Perra, La Perra, 8 mi NW Gómez Farías, [23.1065811°N, 99.2569952°W], Tamaulipas, Mexico (July 2, 1969; S. Peck, R. Norton), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. The epigynum of this cave species resembles that of the surface species P. cumbres sp. nov. and P. farias sp. nov. but differs in having wide, semicircular, laterally directed atria and small, rounded spermathecae more widely separated (about twice their diameter) (Figs 52–54). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype, in poor condition): Total length 2.39. Carapace yellow, with only vague indications of darker maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles laterally near base; abdomen ovoid, dorsum light gray, with only vague indications of three tiny white chevrons posteriorly, scutum light gray, very small, triangular, occupying about one-half of abdomen width and about a quarter of its length, sides light gray, with oblique, longitudinal rows of white spots, venter white, unmarked (Figs 97–100); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large, with two wide, semicircular atria separated by a narrow septum; copulatory openings at the lateral side of each atria, posterior rims arched, widely separated; first part of copulatory ducts directed laterally, then second part directed posteriorly; bursae large, subtriangular, almost contiguous; rounded spermathecae much smaller than bursae, separated about two diameters, touching posterior margin of epigynum; secondary spermatheca tiny, fingerlike, arising at union between copulatory duct and spermatheca; fertilization ducts arising at center of spermathecae (Figs 52–54). Distribution. Known only from a cave in the Municipio de Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus taman sp. nov. Figures 62–64, 109–112 Type material. Female holotype from Berlese sample of forest log litter taken in a coffee plantation at Tamán, 20 km SW Tamazunchale, (elev. 350 m), San Luis Potosí, Mexico (June 11, 1983; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. The female resembles those of P. cima sp. nov., P. marialuisae and P. padillai by the origin of bursae widely separated, lateral to the copulatory openings, but P. taman sp. nov. has a distinctive median, subtriangular sclerotization, encompassing the single, deep atrium, and the first part of copulatory ducts (Figs 62–64). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.58. Carapace pale yellow, unmarked but possibly faded, as little pigmentation is detectable around eyes, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica almost flat; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base, lateral bristle much weaker than median; abdomen narrow, pale white, unmarked but possibly faded, scutum small, triangular, covering less than one-third of abdominal width at front, extending only over anterior half of cardiac area, venter pale white with two faded, light brown longitudinal bands (Figs 109–112); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; III, IV d1-0-0; tibiae I, II v3-4-2; metatarsi: I v4-2-1p, II v3-2-2. Epigynum large, one median, deep atrium with copulatory openings at posterior margin; first part of copulatory ducts slightly sclerotized, pointing diagonally, second part very short, directed posteriorly; atrium and first part of copulatory ducts form a subtriangular shape; bursae ovoid, larger than pear-shaped spermathecae that touch posterior margin of epigynum (Figs 62–64). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Tamazunchale in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339).

Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David, Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo (2022): The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico. Zootaxa 5219 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1

Phonotimpus vacas sp. nov. Figures 199–202, 242–245 Type material. Male holotype from the Sótano de Agua de las Vacas [23.9629889°N, 99.4911614°W], 1 km NNE Agua de las Vacas, Nuevo León, Mexico (Dec. 29, 1986; P., T. Sprouse), deposited in AMNH. According to Pate & Sprouse (1993), this pit is on a forested slope at an elevation of 2050 m and reaches a depth of 31 m; those authors listed these specimens as Phonotimpus sp. and considered them possible troglophiles. Other material examined. One male taken with the holotype (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males can be easily recognized by the short, slim, lanceolate retrolateral tibial apophysis, which has a prolateral, bicuspid process (Figs 200–201). The reduced pigmentation around their eyes suggest that they may indeed be troglophiles (Fig. 242). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.55. Carapace pale yellow, with dusky markings restricted to faint lines radiating from thoracic groove, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides light gray with scattered white spots, dorsum posteriorly with about three threadlike white chevrons followed posteriorly by wide white spot immediately above spinnerets, weak, shiny scutum notably darkened at its edges, covering about two-thirds of abdomen width, extending more than three-quarters of abdomen length, widening slightly to its posterior edge, venter pale yellow, without markings (Figs 242–245); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v3-4-2; metatarsi: I v4-2-1p, II v3-2-2. Palpal femur long, club-shaped, with one dorso-distal spine, with retrolateral excavation extending most of distal half of segment, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, gently curved ventrally, bearing one long, erect, basal macroseta (Figs 201–202); retrolateral apophysis shorter, bent at about onethird its length, tip arrow-shaped, with a bicuspid, laminar process at half of inner side, directed prolaterally (Figs 200–201); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 199–200); shallow groove on middle of cymbium, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis; tegulum greatly expanded proximally, laterally; membranous embolar base except prolaterally and distally, narrow, about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, extending along the alveolus edge, obscured by cymbial setae and embolar basal process, which has tip wide; conductor long, greatly widened at tip; hook-shaped apical tegular apophysis strong, pointing retrolaterally (Figs 199–202). Female: Unknown. Distribution. Known only from the Sótano de Agua de las Vacas in the Municipio de General Zaragoza in southwest Nuevo León (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus calenturas sp. nov. Figures 277–279, 327–330 Type material. Female holotype from the Sótano de las Calenturas [23.9054488°N, 99.4202091°W], Yerbabuena, Purificación area, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Apr. 28–29, 1980; P Sprouse et al.), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Although taken in a cave that also houses P.arcitos sp. nov., this species is not a member of the eutypus group. Indeed, judging by the substantial pigmentation, it may be a surface species only incidentally occurring in the cave. Females can be recognized by the small epigynum, the pair of small, round copulatory openings situated at the posterior end of the epigynum, leading to narrow copulatory ducts, directed anteriorly, bursae elongated; oval primary spermathecae contiguous to copulatory ducts, touching the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 277–279). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.63. Carapace yellow, with dark maculations radiating from lateral margins, opposite each leg, toward thoracic groove, median area without maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, except each cheliceral paturon anteriorly darkened, with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum dark gray, with vague traces of four white chevrons on posterior half, followed posteriorly by larger white chevron above spinnerets, scutum small, triangular, restricted to cardiac area, narrowed posteriorly, where occupying only about one-seventh of abdomen width at that point, sides dark gray, with oblique, longitudinal rows of small white spots, venter white, unmarked (Figs 327–330); legs yellow, femora, patellae, tibiae with dusky markings over most of their surface. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum small, with pair of small, round copulatory openings set at posterior margin, separated by about their diameter; copulatory ducts sinuous, as long as primary spermathecae, extending anteriorly; bursae elongated, anteriorly directed, contiguous; oval primary spermathecae situated laterally and contiguous to copulatory ducts; secondary spermathecae fingerlike arising at union of copulatory duct and spermatheca; fertilization ducts arising latero-posteriorly (Figs 277–279). Distribution. Known only from the Sótano de las Calenturas, in the Purificación area, Municipio de Güémez, Tamaulipas (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 42-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Chamberlin, R. V. & Ivie, W. (1936) New spiders from Mexico and Panama. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 27, 1 - 103."]}

Phonotimpus vacas sp. nov. Figures 199–202, 242–245 Type material. Male holotype from the Sótano de Agua de las Vacas [23.9629889°N, 99.4911614°W], 1 km NNE Agua de las Vacas, Nuevo León, Mexico (Dec. 29, 1986; P., T. Sprouse), deposited in AMNH. According to Pate & Sprouse (1993), this pit is on a forested slope at an elevation of 2050 m and reaches a depth of 31 m; those authors listed these specimens as Phonotimpus sp. and considered them possible troglophiles. Other material examined. One male taken with the holotype (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males can be easily recognized by the short, slim, lanceolate retrolateral tibial apophysis, which has a prolateral, bicuspid process (Figs 200–201). The reduced pigmentation around their eyes suggest that they may indeed be troglophiles (Fig. 242). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.55. Carapace pale yellow, with dusky markings restricted to faint lines radiating from thoracic groove, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides light gray with scattered white spots, dorsum posteriorly with about three threadlike white chevrons followed posteriorly by wide white spot immediately above spinnerets, weak, shiny scutum notably darkened at its edges, covering about two-thirds of abdomen width, extending more than three-quarters of abdomen length, widening slightly to its posterior edge, venter pale yellow, without markings (Figs 242–245); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v3-4-2; metatarsi: I v4-2-1p, II v3-2-2. Palpal femur long, club-shaped, with one dorso-distal spine, with retrolateral excavation extending most of distal half of segment, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, gently curved ventrally, bearing one long, erect, basal macroseta (Figs 201–202); retrolateral apophysis shorter, bent at about onethird its length, tip arrow-shaped, with a bicuspid, laminar process at half of inner side, directed prolaterally (Figs 200–201); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 199–200); shallow groove on middle of cymbium, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis; tegulum greatly expanded proximally, laterally; membranous embolar base except prolaterally and distally, narrow, about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, extending along the alveolus edge, obscured by cymbial setae and embolar basal process, which has tip wide; conductor long, greatly widened at tip; hook-shaped apical tegular apophysis strong, pointing retrolaterally (Figs 199–202). Female: Unknown. Distribution. Known only from the Sótano de Agua de las Vacas in the Municipio de General Zaragoza in southwest Nuevo León (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Pate, D. & Sprouse, P. (1993) Purificacion area cave descriptions. Death Coral Caver, 3, 15 - 21."]}

Phonotimpus boneti sp. nov. Figures 126–133, 156–162 Type material. Female holotype from Chipinque, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico (Sept. 25, 1943; F. Bonet), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Nuevo León: Chipinque Mesa, Monterrey, elev. 1646 m, June 21–25, 1969, human dung trap, forest, S., J. Peck, 1♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of the collector of the holotype and many other significant specimens of the genus. Diagnosis. The female resembles P. valles sp. nov. by having copulatory openings on the anterior border of the atrium, copulatory ducts laterally directed, and tubular primary spermathecae, but the atrium has a shallow, median septum, and a distinctive anterior, transverse epigynal hood, with posterior rim sclerotized (Figs 160–162). The only available male is in poor condition but can be readily separated by having the retrolateral tibial apophysis longer and much larger than the dorsal apophysis, tip hooked (Figs 157–159), and apical tegular apophysis pointing to distalmargin (Fig. 157). The male was not collected with the female, but both were collected in the same locality. Description. Male (Chipinque): Total length 1.68. Specimen darkened, poorly preserved, original coloration uncertain, pars cephalica sloping evenly from elevated pars thoracica to clypeus, each cheliceral paturon with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, coloration uniformly faded, dorsal scutum shiny, rectangular, occupying about two thirds of abdominal length, half width (Figs 126–129). Legs darkened from poor preservation, markings indeterminate. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-2-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-2. Palpal femur club-shaped, with one dorso-distal spine, retrolateral excavation shallow but extending over twothirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis distally attenuate, shorter and thinner than retrolateral tibial apophysis, which is long, massive, base occupying full length of tibia at that point, inner margin sinuous, with subdistal expansion, tip strongly hooked (Figs 157–159); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 156–157); very shallow groove on middle of cymbium, corresponding with dorsal tibial apophysis (Fig. 159); tegulum expanded proximally; base of embolus slender, membranous, occupying about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, tubular, weak, distally directed; embolar basal process slender; conductor narrow, tip slightly widened; apical tegular apophysis rod-shaped, tip blunt, pointing to distal-retrolateral margin (Fig. 157). Female (holotype): Total length 1.80. Carapace yellow, with undarkened lateral margins, dusky markings restricted to U-shaped wide band situated about halfway between lateral margins and unmarked median area, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica as in male; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon slightly darkened, with two erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum light gray, with indistinct cardiac markings, posteriorly with five white chevrons, most anterior and most posterior ones largest, extending fully to sides, weak, shiny scutum triangular, covering only cardiac area, sides, venter pale yellow, unmarked except for dark circle around spinnerets (Figs 130–133); legs yellow, all femora, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi each with distal dark markings. Leg spination as in male except tibia I v4-4-4; II v4-2-2-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-2- 1p. Epigynum large, transverse hood with sclerotized posterior rim, overhanging a deep, rounded atrium, with low, longitudinal septum; small copulatory openings situated on each side of septum; copulatory ducts short, sclerotized, laterally oriented; bursae globose, almost contiguous distally; primary spermathecae tube-shaped, thickened distally, about as long as bursae, posteriorly directed, extending almost to posterior epigynal margin; secondary spermathecae tiny, hook-shaped (Figs 160–162). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Monterrey in northern Nuevo León, where it is sympatric with P. chipinque sp. nov. (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus cielo sp. nov. Figures 170–176, 206–213 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype from a Winkler sample of sifted cloud forest leaf litter taken at El Cielo, 2.5 km SSE Alta Cima, 23.03787°N, 99.18941°W, elev. 870 m, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Aug. 24, 2009; M. Branstetter), deposited in MCZ (95633). Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: El Cielo, near Alta Cima, 23.06518°N, 99.20433°W, elev. 980 m, Aug. 21, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, riparian wet forest, M. Branstetter, 3♂, 1♀ (MCZ 93908), L. Sáenz, 3♀ (MCZ 95638). El Cielo, 1.8 km W Alta Cima, 23.06110°N, 99.21564°W, elev. 1340 m, Aug. 23, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 1♀ (MCZ 93767). El Cielo, Joya de Manantiales, 23.00835°N, 99.28511°W, elev. 1430 m, Aug. 22, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 1♂ (MCZ 95332). El Cielo, 1.3 km NW Joya de Manantiales, 23.0233°N, 99.28830°W, elev. 1620 m, Aug. 22, 2009, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 5♂ (MCZ 95549). El Cielo, 1.2 km N La Gloria, 23.05717°N, 99.25206°W, elev. 1780 m, Aug. 23, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 2♂ (MCZ 94169). El Cielo, 1.8 km NW La Gloria, 23.05871°N, 99.26343°W, elev. 2030 m, Aug. 23, 2009, Winkler trap, sifted leaf litter, mesophyll forest, M. Branstetter, 2♂ (MCZ 94279). Near Gómez Farías, elev. 1000 m, Aug. 7, 1983, cloud forest litter, S., J. Peck, 1♀ (AMNH). Julilo, 23.14122°N, 99.21315°W, elev. 1450 m, July 19, 2006, liquidambar/oak forest litter, R. Anderson, L. Benavides, 1♂, 2♀ (ex MCZ 140486). Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi NW Gómez Farías, July 1–4, 1969, human dung trap, S., J. Peck, 1♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of this distinctive species can easily be recognized by the massive, rectangular retrolateral tibial apophysis, which bears a subtriangular ventral projection just below its tip, dorsal apophysis sinuous and wide embolar base (Figs 171–173); females have an epigynum with a pair of wide, deep, circular atria, copulatory openings located on the anteromedian edge of atria, short copulatory ducts, bursae longer than the chili-shaped primary spermathecae, which touch the posterior epigynal margin, secondary spermathecae small, thin, one-coiled (Figs 174–176). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.86. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, submarginal unmarked areas extending completely around carapace except for ocular area, followed medially by two longitudinal bands of dark maculations, central portion unmarked, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica gently sloping to ocular area; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon proximally darkened, with one strong, erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides dark gray, dorsum with four threadlike white chevrons on posterior half, scutum covering almost entire dorsum, sides with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter white, with U-shaped band of light gray maculations (Figs 206–209); legs yellow, femora II–IV with proximal, distal dark rings, patellae III, IV, tibiae II–IV with distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Palpal femur with shallow retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, acuminate, extending to about one-third of cymbial length, sinuate (Figs 172–173); retrolateral apophysis shorter but massive, rectangular in retrolateral view, with subtriangular, blunt, ventral projection near tip (Fig. 172); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 170–171); tegulum greatly expanded proximally, retrolaterally; embolar base wide, about two-fifths of bulb width; embolus tubular, long, narrow, extending obliquely beyond alveolus; embolar basal process very narrow; conductor slender basally, widened distally; apical tegular apophysis absent (Figs 170–172). Female (allotype): Total length 2.42. As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base, abdomen wider, dorsum with additional, most posterior white chevron much larger than others, scutum strong, covering most of anterior half of dorsum (Figs 210–213); all patellae distally dusky, metatarsi II–IV with proximal, distal dark rings. Leg spination as in male. Epigynum large, posterior half with two wide, circular atria (often occluded with dark secretions), moderately deep, with small atrial hoods, separated by a subtriangular septum; copulatory openings small, situated at anteromedian atrial edges; copulatory ducts short; bursae elongated, about twice as long as wide, subtriangular, almost contiguous posteriorly; chili-shaped primary spermathecae situated laterally, curving around atria, touching posterior epigynal margin, shorter than bursae; secondary spermathecae small, thin, one-coiled (Figs 174–176). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Gómez Farías in southern Tamaulipas, where it is sometimes sympatric with P. cima sp. nov., P. farias sp. nov. and P. frio sp. nov. (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus taman sp. nov. Figures 62–64, 109–112 Type material. Female holotype from Berlese sample of forest log litter taken in a coffee plantation at Tamán, 20 km SW Tamazunchale, (elev. 350 m), San Luis Potosí, Mexico (June 11, 1983; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. The female resembles those of P. cima sp. nov., P. marialuisae and P. padillai by the origin of bursae widely separated, lateral to the copulatory openings, but P. taman sp. nov. has a distinctive median, subtriangular sclerotization, encompassing the single, deep atrium, and the first part of copulatory ducts (Figs 62–64). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.58. Carapace pale yellow, unmarked but possibly faded, as little pigmentation is detectable around eyes, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica almost flat; sternum, mouthparts pale yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base, lateral bristle much weaker than median; abdomen narrow, pale white, unmarked but possibly faded, scutum small, triangular, covering less than one-third of abdominal width at front, extending only over anterior half of cardiac area, venter pale white with two faded, light brown longitudinal bands (Figs 109–112); legs yellow, without dark markings. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; III, IV d1-0-0; tibiae I, II v3-4-2; metatarsi: I v4-2-1p, II v3-2-2. Epigynum large, one median, deep atrium with copulatory openings at posterior margin; first part of copulatory ducts slightly sclerotized, pointing diagonally, second part very short, directed posteriorly; atrium and first part of copulatory ducts form a subtriangular shape; bursae ovoid, larger than pear-shaped spermathecae that touch posterior margin of epigynum (Figs 62–64). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Tamazunchale in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus chipinque sp. nov. Figures 134–141, 163–169 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype taken in a baited pitfall trap set in a forest at the Chipinque Mesa, elev. 1646 m, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico (June 21–25, 1969; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Nuevo León: Chipinque, Monterrey, July 15, 1942, C. Bolivar, F. Bonet, B. Osorio, D. Peláez, 4♀ (AMNH), Dec. 2, 1943, F. Bonet, 1♀ (AMNH). Chipinque Mesa, elev. 1646 m, Monterrey, June 21–25, 1969, human dung trap, forest, S., J. Peck, 2♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males resemble those of P. arcitos sp. nov. and P. tetrico sp. nov. but the apex of the retrolateral tibial apophysis is partially truncated and has a small, pointed tip (Figs 164–165). Females have an epigynum resembling that of P. eutypus, but have tubular primary spermathecae slightly wider posteriorly, reaching almost the posterior epigynal margin, longer than copulatory ducts (Figs 167–169). The carapace has a dusky U-shaped mark (Figs 134, 138). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.05. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, dusky markings restricted to U-shaped wide band situated about halfway between lateral margins and unmarked median area, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica almost flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon slightly darkened, with one erect bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum dark gray, with broad white marking over cardiac area, connected posteriorly with first of five white chevrons, anterior two chevrons much larger than others, anteriorly with scattered white spots, weak, shiny scutum covering about three-fourths of abdominal length, most of width, sides, venter pale yellow, unmarked (Figs 134–137); legs yellow, leg III with distal dark markings on patella, tibia, metatarsus, leg IV with distal dark marking on tibia. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v3-2-2. Palpal femur club-shaped, with one dorso-distal spine, retrolateral excavation deep, extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, narrow, extending to about one-third of cymbial length (Fig. 166); retrolateral apophysis much wider, much shorter, arched toward venter, apex truncated with small pointed tip (Figs 164–165); distal border of palpal tibia deeply notched prolaterally (Figs 163–164); tegulum bulbous, projecting ventrally; embolar base membranous, occupying about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus short, narrow, weak, situated in the margin of alveolus, obscured by cymbial setae; embolar basal process distally touching embolus; conductor relatively long, narrow, tip widened; apical tegular apophysis slender, hook shaped, tip blunt, pointing retrolaterally (Figs 163–165). Female (allotype): Total length 2.86.As in male, except each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles, abdominal dorsum anteriorly with only weak, narrow cardiac white marking, abdominal scutum triangular, occupying most of front margin but extending only about one-fourth of abdominal length, covering less than one-third of abdominal width posteriorly (Figs 138–141); femur, tibia, metatarsus III each with proximal, distal dark markings, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus IV each with distal dark markings. Leg spination as in male. Epigynum wide, copulatory openings about one diameter apart, located about at middle length of shallow atrium; copulatory ducts tubular, sclerotized, shorter than primary spermathecae; bursae large, semicircular, longer than wide, almost contiguous posteriorly; primary spermathecae tubular, slightly wider posteriorly, almost reaching posterior epigynal margin, about the same length as bursae and lateral to copulatory ducts (Figs 167–169). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Monterrey in northern Nuevo León, where it is sympatric with P. boneti sp. nov. (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 20-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Gertsch, W. J. & Davis, L. I. (1940) Report on a collection of spiders from Mexico. III. American Museum Novitates, 1069, 1 - 22."]}

Phonotimpus frio sp. nov. Figures 186–188, 226–229 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva del Nacimiento del Río Frío [22.9904748°N, 99.1508810°W], 7 km S Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Feb. 18, 1973; D. McConnell), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can easily be recognized in having a tongue-shaped median septum, shallow atria, posterior epigynal margin notched at midline, bursae longer than primary spermathecae, which are elongated, expanded at mid length, distant from the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 186–188). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 1.94. Carapace yellow, with dark lateral margins, two paramedian bands of dark, radiating maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon apparently with only one strong, erect bristle laterally near base; abdomen widened posteriorly, dorsum, sides light gray, anteriorly with numerous oblique rows of tiny white spots, posteriorly with two thin white chevrons followed posteriorly by larger white chevron above spinnerets, scutum tongue-shaped, restricted to cardiac area, venter white, unmarked (Figs 226–229); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large, posterior margin with a median notch, posterior half of epigynum with a shallow atrium divided by a tongue-shaped median septum, narrowed anteriorly between copulatory openings, which are small, closely spaced, situated on the anteromedian atrial margin; copulatory ducts short, slender; bursae subtriangular, about twice as long as wide, longer than primary spermathecae, which are elongated, expanded at mid length, situated posterolateral to copulatory ducts, shorter than bursae, distant from the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 186–188). Distribution. Known only from a cave in the Municipio de Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus llera sp. nov. Figures 280–286, 331–338 Type material. Male holotype and four male paratypes taken near the summit of Llera Mesa, [23.38333°N, 98.98333°W], Tamaulipas, Mexico (Apr. 16, 1963; W. Gertsch, W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Aldama, Dec. 5, 1945, F. Bonet, 1♀ (AMNH). Arroyo de Nacimiento del Río Frío, Mar. 15, 1972, J. Cooke, 1♂ (AMNH). Rancho del Cielo, 6 mi NW Gómez Farías, Mar. 9, 1969, J. Reddell et al., 1♂ (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of this small species can be easily recognized by the very small dorsal and retrolateral tibial apophyses (Figs 280– 283). The female described here is easily recognized by the circular, closely spaced atria situated at the posterior half of the epigynum and by rounded primary spermathecae situated between the atria and rounded bursae, which are about the same size as primary spermathecae (Figs 284–286). That female was not collected with a male, but a good match seems to be a female that was taken with the holotype but is unfortunately missing its epigynum. Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.31. Carapace yellow, with only vague indications of paramedian longitudinal bands of darker maculations, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon with one weak bristle near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides light gray, posterior half with four white chevrons, most anterior chevron largest, others decreasing in size toward spinnerets, anterior three situated under weak scutum covering almost full length, width of dorsum, venter white, unmarked (Figs 331–334); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0- 0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-2-2; metatarsi I v2-2-3; II v2-2- 1p. Palpal femur with one dorso-distal spine, weak retrolateral excavation extending over distal two-thirds of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis very short, triangular (Figs 280, 282–283); retrolateral apophysis much stronger, short, wide, truncated, slightly bent ventrally (Figs 281–283); tegulum expanded proximally; embolar base membranous, about one-fifth of bulb width; embolus weak, thin, relatively long, extending obliquely to retrolateral edge of alveolus, visible ventrally and laterally; embolar basal process about as wide as embolar base; conductor short, slender, widened at apex; apical tegular apophysis absent (Figs 280–282). Female (Aldama): Total length 1.73. As in male, but carapace maculations more obvious than in male, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base, dorsal scutum small, triangular, confined to cardiac area, white chevrons connected at sides, leaving four light gray chevrons on white background (Figs 335–338). Leg spination as in male except tibia II v4-4-2; metatarsus II 3-2-2. Epigynum small, with pair of circular, narrowly separated atria near posterior edge; small copulatory openings at anterior margin of atria; copulatory ducts sinuous, extending half-length of epigynum; rounded bursae closely spaced; rounded primary spermathecae situated between bursae and atria, about same size of bursae; fertilization ducts posteriorly directed, lateral to atria, as long as primary spermathecae (Figs 284–286). Distribution. Known only from the Municipios de Llera, El Mante, Gómez Farías, and Aldama in southern Tamaulipas (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus cuauhtemoc sp. nov. Figures 177–179, 214–217 Type material. Female holotype taken at Cuauhtémoc, Purificación area, elev. 2100–2200 m, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Mar. 22, 1988; D. Pate), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. One female taken with the holotype (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females can be recognized by having a deep atrium, anteriorly divided, atrial hood wide, produced only slightly at midline; copulatory ducts shorter than tube-shaped primary spermathecae, which are anterior to atria and lateral to semicircular, almost contiguous bursae; long fertilization ducts posteriorly directed, about the same length as primary spermathecae, almost touching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 177–179). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype): Total length 2.13. Carapace brown, with darkened lateral margins, dusky markings covering most of surface except for posterior portion of pars cephalica, pars thoracica steeply sloping, pars cephalica sloping evenly from thoracic groove to clypeus; sternum, mouthparts light brown, unmarked, except cheliceral paturons with proximal two-thirds of anterior surface darkened, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base; abdomen with dorsum, sides dark gray, with oblique rows of small white spots plus large, wide, hexagonal white spot immediately above spinnerets, scutum light brown, shiny, triangular, restricted to cardiac area, venter light gray, unmarked (Figs 214–217); legs light brown, femora with lateral dark markings, posterior patellae, tibiae with weak distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large, with a deep atrium anteriorly divided, atrial hood wide, produced posteriorly only slightly at midline; copulatory openings beneath anterolateral sides of hood, widely separated; copulatory ducts shorter than spermathecae; bursae large, semicircular, almost contiguous, occupying most of epigynum anterior half; primary spermathecae narrow, tube-shaped, about as long as bursae, located anterior to atrium, lateral to bursae; long, slender fertilization ducts, posteriorly directed, about as long as primary spermathecae, almost reaching posterior epigynal margin (Figs 177–179). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Güémez in central Tamaulipas (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus perra sp. nov. Figures 52–54, 97–100 Type material. Female holotype from the Cueva Capilla de La Perra, La Perra, 8 mi NW Gómez Farías, [23.1065811°N, 99.2569952°W], Tamaulipas, Mexico (July 2, 1969; S. Peck, R. Norton), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. The epigynum of this cave species resembles that of the surface species P. cumbres sp. nov. and P. farias sp. nov. but differs in having wide, semicircular, laterally directed atria and small, rounded spermathecae more widely separated (about twice their diameter) (Figs 52–54). Description. Male: Unknown. Female (holotype, in poor condition): Total length 2.39. Carapace yellow, with only vague indications of darker maculations, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flat; sternum, mouthparts yellow, unmarked, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles laterally near base; abdomen ovoid, dorsum light gray, with only vague indications of three tiny white chevrons posteriorly, scutum light gray, very small, triangular, occupying about one-half of abdomen width and about a quarter of its length, sides light gray, with oblique, longitudinal rows of white spots, venter white, unmarked (Figs 97–100); legs yellow, unmarked. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-3. Epigynum large, with two wide, semicircular atria separated by a narrow septum; copulatory openings at the lateral side of each atria, posterior rims arched, widely separated; first part of copulatory ducts directed laterally, then second part directed posteriorly; bursae large, subtriangular, almost contiguous; rounded spermathecae much smaller than bursae, separated about two diameters, touching posterior margin of epigynum; secondary spermatheca tiny, fingerlike, arising at union between copulatory duct and spermatheca; fertilization ducts arising at center of spermathecae (Figs 52–54). Distribution. Known only from a cave in the Municipio de Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179

Phonotimpus farias sp. nov. Figures 45–51, 89–96 Type material. Male holotype from Rancho del Cielo, 6 mi NW Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Mar. 9, 1969; J. Reddell et al.), deposited in AMNH. Other material examined. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Gómez Farías and vicinity, elev. 400–600 m, July 20–24, year unknown, collector unknown, 1♂, 2♀ (AMNH). Julilo, 23.14122°N, 99.21315°W, elev. 1450 m, July 19, 2006, liquidambar/oak forest litter, R. Anderson, L. Benavides, 2♀ (MCZ 140486). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. This species seems close to P. cumbres sp. nov. and P. perra sp. nov., but males have the distal half of retrolateral tibial apophysis shorter, dorsal margin straight, the ventral one sinuous in retrolateral view (Fig. 47); females have more separated copulatory openings, and elongated spermathecae, transversely oriented (Figs 49–51). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.60. Carapace olive, entire surface covered with dark maculations that are lighter submarginally, medially, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica flattened; sternum, mouthparts olive, each cheliceral paturon with two strong, erect bristles near base; abdomen narrow, dorsum, sides dark gray, dorsum with faint traces of four threadlike white chevrons just above spinnerets, scutum covering almost entire dorsum, sides with longitudinal rows of white spots, venter light gray, with scattered white spots (Figs 89–92); legs yellow, with all femora darkened, patellae, tibiae with distal dark rings. Leg spination: femora: I d1-0-0, p0-0-2; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III–IV d1-0-0; tibiae: I v4-4-3; II v4-4-0; metatarsi I, II v4-2- 1p. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with retrolateral excavation extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis long, straight, attenuate (Fig. 48); retrolateral apophysis much stronger, shorter, wide at base, abruptly narrowed at half its length, distal half with dorsal margin straight and the ventral sinuous, as seen retrolaterally (Fig. 47); tegulum slightly expanded proximally, about one fourth of embolar base sclerotized, the rest membranous; embolus short, tubular, translucent, pointing diagonally to retrolateral side, obscured by embolar basal process, which is sigmoidal, slender distally, ending at embolus tip; conductor short, widened at tip; apical tegular apophysis pointing distally, partially obscured by conductor (Fig. 46). Female (Julilo): Total length 2.02. As in male, except carapace with light median band extending from posterior half of pars cephalica to posterior margin, abdominal scutum small, triangular, restricted to anterior portion of cardiac area, dorsum with seven white chevrons, anterior two chevrons much larger than others (Figs 93–96), distal dark rings more pronounced on posterior patellae, tibiae. Leg spination as in male except tibiae: I v4-4-4; II v4-4- 1p; metatarsi: I v4-2-2. Epigynum large, posterior half with two small, shallow atria (often occluded with dark secretions), separated by about two diameters; copulatory openings small, situated at lateral edge of atrial ridges; copulatory ducts short; bursae larger than spermathecae, subtriangular, contiguous; oblong primary spermathecae situated posteriorly, transversely oriented; secondary spermathecae tiny, fingerlike, arising at the union of copulatory duct and primary spermatheca; fertilization duct arising at first third of spermatheca length (Figs 49–51). Distribution. Known only from the Municipio de Gómez Farías in southern Tamaulipas, where it is sometimes sympatric with P. cima sp. nov. and P. cielo sp. nov. (Fig. 339).

Phonotimpus gertschi sp. nov. Figures 246–252, 291–298 Type material. Male holotype and female allotype from the Cueva de San Pedro, 4 km N Tlamaya, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (Dec. 28, 1984; P. Sprouse), deposited in AMNH. According to Sprouse (1985), the cave is situated about 500 m NW of the village of San Pedro Huitzquilico, on the western side of a valley, at the base of a cone hill, and has two large chambers. Other material examined. One male taken with the types (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of Willis Gertsch, who established the genus in 1940 (based on specimens collected by L. Davis), and who first recognized this species as new in 1985. Diagnosis. This species appears to be a troglobite, with reduced and depigmented eyes as well as elongated appendages (Figs 291, 295). Males can be easily distinguished by the extraordinarily long, slender, arched embolus that arises prolaterally, about at middle of tegulum length, long conductor, hook-shaped apical tegular apophysis pointing distal-retrolaterally (Fig. 247), and bent, sharp retrolateral apophysis with dorso-basal, rounded bump (Figs 247–248). The female has the median groove largely restricted to the anterior portion of epigynum, with an oblong copulatory opening near the anterior epigynal margin, the posterior portion has a pair of distinctive, rounded lateral ridges, first part of copulatory ducts directed posteriorly, second part directed obliquely, V-shaped (Figs 250–252). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.78. Carapace yellow, with no pigment around reduced eyes, pars thoracica gently sloping, pars cephalica gently rounded; sternum, mouthparts yellow, each cheliceral paturon with two erect bristles near base, median bristle greatly elongated; abdomen narrow, white, unmarked except under dorsal scutum, markings, scutum restricted to cardiac area (Figs 291–294); legs pale yellow, unmarked. Legs with very long trichobothria from tibiae to tarsi, legs IV greatly elongated. Leg spination: femora: I p0-2-0; II d1-0-0, p0-0-1; III, IV d1-0-0; tibiae I, II v4-4-4; metatarsi I, II v4-2-2. Palpal femur distally incrassate, with one dorso-distal spine, ventral excavation extending over distal half of femur length, patch of spinules on distal, prolateral half; dorsal tibial apophysis arched, wide at base but abruptly narrowed at about half its length, tip curved prolaterally (Fig. 249); retrolateral apophysis originating at base of tibia, with dorso-basal, rounded bump (Figs 247, 249), base extending far to side of segment, bent at 90° angle at about one-third its length, then flattened, bent again directed ventrally, tip sharp (Figs 247–249); cymbium with a short, deep groove on its proximal, prolateral side, corresponding with tip of dorsal tibial apophysis; tegulum expanded proximally; embolar base small, membranous; embolus hook-shaped, greatly elongated, slender, arising at the prolateral side of embolar base, about at middle of tegulum length, extending along prolateral, distal edge of alveolus; embolar basal process slender, extended along most embolus length; conductor elongated, widened distally; apical tegular apophysis hook-shaped, pointing distal-retrolaterally (Figs 246–247). Female (allotype): Total length 1.88. As in male, except both cheliceral paturons’ bristles greatly elongated, abdominal scutum even smaller than in male (Figs 295–298). Leg spination as in male except metatarsus II v3-2-2; all except distalmost pair of spines under tibia I greatly elongated, each about one-third as long as tibia. Epigynum large, posterior sides with rounded lateral ridges; one small oblong copulatory opening on anterior third of epigynum; copulatory ducts long, first part parallel, directed posteriorly, widening, second part directed obliquely, V-shaped; elongated bursae lateral to copulatory opening, larger than primary spermathecae, which are kidney-shaped, touching the posterior epigynal margin (Figs 250–252). Distribution. Known only from a cave in the Municipio de Xilitla in southeastern San Luis Potosí (Fig. 339)., Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Chamé-Vázquez, David & Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo, 2022, The guardstone spiders of the genus Phonotimpus Gertsch & Davis (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from northeastern Mexico, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7408179, {"references":["Sprouse, T. (1985) Xilitla project report. Association for Mexican Cave Studies Activities Newsletter, 15, 18 - 28."]}

Orthobula sp. indet. Remarks. Prior to the untimely passing of the third author, he sent the first author a comprehensive list of material that he had examined and identified, mainly originating from MRAC and CAS. We were able to confirm most of the records, as initial morphospecies photo plates sent to him to aid identification corresponded to the geographical limitations seen amongst other material examined by the first author, e.g. O. calceata in West Africa versus O. radiata in southern Africa and O. milloti in western Kenya. However, some specimens from Central Africa fall into a potential convergence zone between these three species (Fig. 102), and we thought it risky to try and attribute them to either of these three species at this point. We include them here as undetermined specimens to record the occurrence of the genus in these four countries, but these specimens should be reexamined when they are available again to clarify their identification and provide new distribution data for the particular species. Material examined. D.R. CONGO: Cataractes: Lukango region, Lubero–Butembo, Kasumbira Forest, 00°01’S, 29°15’E, 2150 m a.s.l., XII.1974 – I.1975, leg. M. Lejeune (moss, litter under ferns), 4♂ 2♀ (MRAC 168018, 168144, 168178, 168193). North Kivu: Butembo, 00°09’N, 29°17’E, 1740 m a.s.l., III.1965, leg. R. Celis, 1♀ (MRAC 128346); Makayoba camp, Semliki River, 00°44’S, 29°43’E, 12.VII.1968, leg. R. Lejeune, 3♀ (MRAC 135741); “Vallée de la Moyenne”, Semliki River, 00°44’S, 29°43’E, 9.VIII.1968, leg. R. Lejeune, 1♀ (MRAC 135578); Visiki, NW Butembo, 00°12’N, 29°15’E, 1100 m a.s.l., VI.1974, leg. M. Lejeune, 2♀ (MRAC 155599); Same locality, Visiki Forest, 22.XII.1971, leg. M. Lejeune, 1♂ (MRAC 140796); Same locality, Visiki Forest, 00°12’S, 29°15’E, 27.XII.1971, leg. R. Lejeune, 1♀ (MRAC 140822). MALAWI: Northern: Nkhata Bay, Mount Nkwadzi, N Chintheche, 11°41’S, 34°15’E, 10.I.1976, leg. R. Jocqué, 1♀ (MRAC 148075); Nyika Plateau, Chitipa, Chisanga Falls, 10°40’S, 33°50’E, 2200 m a.s.l., 9.XII.1981, leg. R. Jocqué (Brachystegia woods), 1♀ (MRAC 156111); Nyika Plateau, Kaperekezi entrance gate, Western Escarpment road, 10°31’S, 33°39’E, 1450 m a.s.l., 8.XII.1981, leg. R. Jocqué (Brachystegia litter), 1♀ (MRAC 156057); Nyika Plateau, Western Escarpment road, 10°18’S, 33°30’E, 1650 m a.s.l., 8.XII.1981, leg. R. Jocqué (under stones in Brachystegia woods), 1♀ (MRAC 155695). RWANDA: Eastern: Akagera National Park, highway 34, 7 km toward highway 32, 01°40’S, 30°35’E, 16.XI–2.XII.1985, leg. R. Jocqué, Nsengimana & Michiels (pitfall), 1♂ (MRAC 165469); Same locality, 1 km N Lake Ihema fishery, 01°55’S, 30°45’E, 16.XI.1985, leg. R. Jocqué, Nsengimana & Michiels (under dead trunk), 1♂ (MRAC 164909); Same locality, Lake Ihema fishery, 01°55’S, 30°45’E, 7.XII.1985, leg. R. Jocqué, Nsengimana & Michiels, 1♀ (MRAC 164803); Same locality, Lake Kivumba, 01°43’S, 30°45’E, 15.XI–4.XII.1985, leg. R. Jocqué, Nsengimana & Michiels (savanna), 1♀ (MRAC 165648); Kibungo, 02°09’S, 30°32’E, 28.XI.1985, leg. R. Jocqué, Nsengimana & Michiels (sifted litter, eucalypt plantation), 1♂ (MRAC 165393). Southern: Butare, 02°36’S, 29°44’E, 6.XI.1985, leg. R. Jocqué, Nsengimana & Michiels (dense grass tufts), 1♀ (MRAC 164935). UGANDA: Eastern: Busaga District, Kamuli, Tabu River marsh, 00°45’N, 33°30’E, II.1967, leg. J. Ruabunesa, 1♀ (MRAC 131564); Busaga District, Luuka, Mt. Kisunyi, 00°40’N, 33°18’E, II.1967, leg. J. Ruabunesa, 1♀ (MRAC 131589). Western: Rubirizi, Queen Elizabeth National Park [00°10’N, 30°05’E], 16.IV.1971, leg. W. Maher (grassland), 1♀ (CNC)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., Jin, Chi & Platnick, Norman I., 2022, A revision of the spider genus Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the Afrotropical Region. I. Continental species, pp. 355-382 in Zootaxa 5133 (3) on page 379, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6522677

Orthobula arca sp. nov. Figs 3, 4, 59–63 Diagnosis. Females of O. arca sp. nov. can be easily recognized from congeners by the large arch-shaped anterior ridge, with lateral extensions flanking the CO (Fig. 59). Males can be easily distinguished from congeners by the distinct bend of the embolus at approximately 2/3 its length (Figs 61–63). Etymology. From the Latin for “arch”, referring to the shape of the anterior margin of the epigynal atrium. Female (holotype, Deelhoek, NCA 2021/1248). Measurements: CL 0.93, CW 0.70, AL 1.03, AW 0.79, TL 2.00 (1.60–2.30), PERW 0.29, MOQAW 0.12, MOQPW 0.17, MOQL 0.14. Length of leg segments: I 0.59 + 0.22 + 0.51 + 0.44 + 0.27 = 2.03; II 0.51 + 0.21 + 0.38 + 0.38 + 0.25 = 1.73; III 0.42 + 0.20 + 0.30 + 0.35 + 0.22 = 1.49; IV 0.56 + 0.22 + 0.47 + 0.52 + 0.29 = 2.06. Colour: carapace orange-brown, with mottled black margins and faint black mottled patch centrally; chelicerae yellow-brown; endites and labium yellow-brown, cream distally; sternum yellow-orange, with yellow-brown margins; palps yellow-brown; legs with femora, patellae and tibiae yellow-brown, other leg segments yellow; patellae and tibiae I with black mottling dorsally and laterally, on II–IV on retrolateral side only; abdomen dark grey dorsally, with pair of cream longitudinal patches anterolaterally and oblique cream markings at midpoint, merging medially to form X; venter cream, with faint mottling on epigastric plate, faint mottled grey patch in front of spinnerets; spinnerets cream. Leg spination: femora and patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 6 rlv 5, II plv 5 rlv 4; metatarsi: I plv 4 rlv 4, II plv 4 rlv 4; tarsi: I plv 3 rlv 3, II plv 3 rlv 3. Epigyne with lateral CO in broad arch-shaped epigynal ridge, with posterolateral extensions (Fig. 59); CO short, directed posteriorly, entering round SBB at centre of epigyne; CD approximately same length as width of SBB; SBB separated by slightly less than their width; BU subtriangular, with boomerang-shaped accessory gland on their anteromesal surface; SBB connected to ST I by short looping ducts, entering broad, transversely oval ST I on their mesal surface (Fig. 60). Male (paratype, Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, NCA 2009/3636). Measurements: CL 0.81, CW 0.64, AL 0.68, AW 0.58, TL 1.53 (1.46–1.70), PERW 0.26, MOQAW 0.10, MOQPW 0.14, MOQL 0.13. Length of leg segments: I 0.47 + 0.18 + 0.40 + 0.35 + 0.23 = 1.63; II 0.44 + 0.17 + 0.33 + 0.32 + 0.23 = 1.49; III 0.37 + 0.17 + 0.25 + 0.29 + 0.19 = 1.17; IV 0.51 + 0.18 + 0.41 + 0.44 + 0.25 = 1.79. Colour: carapace orange-brown, with mottled black margins and indistinct black mottled patch centrally; chelicerae yellow-brown; endites and labium yellow-brown, cream distally, labium darker in proximal half; sternum yellow-orange, with yellow-brown margins and faint black mottling; palps yellow-brown; legs with femora, patellae and tibiae yellow-brown, other leg segments yellow; patellae and tibiae I with black mottling dorsally and laterally, on II–IV on retrolateral side only; abdomen black dorsally, with pair of cream subtriangular patches anterolaterally and transverse cream band at midpoint, latter slightly projecting anteriorly along midline; venter cream, with small mottled grey patch in front of spinnerets; spinnerets cream. Leg spination: femora and patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 5 rlv 5, II plv 4 rlv 4; metatarsi: I plv 4 rlv 4, II plv 4 rlv 4; tarsi: I plv 3 rlv 3, II plv 3 rlv 3. Palpal femur with small, finger-like, curved RFA (Fig. 63); tibia with small, simple triangular apophysis; retrodistal tegular ridge weakly developed, restricted to retrolateral surface, not curving around ventrally to base of embolus (Figs 62, 63); basal section of embolus leaning slightly prolaterally, with distinct bend at 2/3 its length, tip directed slightly retrolaterally (Figs 61–63). Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Bloemfontein district, Deelhoek farm, 28°51’S, 26°07’E, 1265 m a.s.l., 17.XI.2001, leg. C. Haddad (Eucalyptus leaf litter) (NCA 2021 /1248). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Benfontein Nature Reserve, 28°50.452’S, 24°49.473’E, 13.III.2010, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 2♂ 2♀ (NCA 2010 /317); Bethulie district, Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve, 30°29’S, 26°11’E, 15.X.2008, leg. L. Lotz & C. Haddad (under rocks, riparian woodland edge), 1♀ (NMBA 12755); Bloemfontein district, Hopefield farm, 28°52.949’S, 26°09.336’E, 1290 m a.s.l., 11.XI.2001, leg. C. Haddad (sweepnetting, Eragrostis grass), 1♀ (NCA 2021 /1246); Bloemfontein district, Deelhoek farm, 28°51’S, 26°07’E, 1265 m a.s.l., 21.X.2001, leg. C. Haddad (sweeps, Themeda grassland), 1♀ (MHBU); Bloemfontein, Free State National Botanical Gardens, 29°02.892’S, 26°12.662’E, 1390 m a.s.l., 26.II–13.III.2011, leg. J.A. Neethling (pitfalls, open grassland), 4♂ 6♀ (MHBU); Brandfort district, Florisbad Research Station, 28°46’S, 26°05’E, 1250 m a.s.l., 8.XII.1987, leg. L.N. Lotz (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NMBA 8627); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Site 1, 28°28.892’S, 26°48.508’E, 31.VIII–30.IX.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland near trench), 1♂ (NCA 2009 /3636); Kroonstad district, Koffielaagte farm, 27°29’S, 27°28’E, 1425 m a.s.l., 4.I.2002, leg. C. Haddad (sweeps in grassland), 1♀ (NCA 2021 /1247). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.845’S, 26°26.280’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, open grassland), 1♀ (NCA 2013 /3355); Same locality, 28°36.365’S, 26°25.030’E, 1–30.IV.2013, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Acacia karroo woodland), 1♂ 3♀ (NCA 2013 /3551); Same locality, 28°35.430’S, 26°26.290’E, 1–31.I.2013,leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, vegetation around dam), 1♂ (NCA 2013 /4307); Same locality, 28°36.722’S, 26°26.148’E, 24.XI.2013 – 20.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad & V. Butler (pitfalls, open woodland), 1♂ (NCA 2014 /1077); Same locality, 28°36.712’S, 26°26.186’E, 1450 m a.s.l., 10.X.2017, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2017 /933); Same locality, 28°35’S, 26°25’E, 19–23.I.2014, leg. AFRAS colloquium delegates, 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1028); Bloemfontein, Free State National Botanical Gardens, 29°02.892’S, 26°12.662’E, 1390 m a.s.l., 24.IX–8.X.2009, leg. C. Haddad (pitfalls, Rhus lancea woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2009 /3490); Same locality, 27.X–16.XI.2009, leg. C. Haddad (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NMBA 13989); Same locality, 9.XII.2009 – 4.I.2010, leg. C. Haddad (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 15103), 3♂ 7♀ (NMBA 15024); Same locality, 20.X–9.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad (open pitfalls, grassland), 3♂ 3♀ (NCA 2017 /1555); Same locality, XII.2014, leg. C. Haddad (open pitfalls, grassland), 2♀ (NCA 2015 /1845); Same locality, VI.2016, leg. C. Haddad & L. Whitehead (Hyparrhenia hirta grass tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2016 /3060); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Site 1, 28°28.892’S, 26°48.508’E, 30.IX–28.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland near trench), 3♀ (NCA 2009 /3579), 1♀ (NMBA 14359); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Site 8, 28°29.804’S, 26°48.503’E, 31.VIII–30.IX.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, Themeda grassland), 3♀ (NCA 2009 /3655); Same data but 30.IX–28.X.2009, 1♀ (NCA 2009 /3604), 2♀ (NMBA 14485); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Burned site 1, 28°30.373’S, 26°48.437’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♀ (NMBA 13923); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 3♀ (NMBA 13924); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13925); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 3♂ (NMBA 13926); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13927); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 3♀ (NMBA 13928); Same data but 26.V–28.VI.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13929); Same data but 28.VI–28.VII.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ (NMBA 13930); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Burned site 2, 28°30.134’S, 26°48.427’E, 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13931); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♀ (NMBA 13933); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♀ (NMBA 13932); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Burned site 3, 28°29.990’S, 26°48.486’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♀ (NMBA 13935); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 2 imm. 4♂ (NMBA 13934); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 2♂ (NMBA 13936); Same data but 24.I–24.II.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ (NMBA 13937); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 5♀ (NMBA 13938); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 5♂ 5♀ (NMBA 13939); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1 imm. 2♂ 6♀ (NMBA 13940); Same data but 28.VII–1.IX.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13941); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Unburned site 1, 28°29.888’S, 26°48.488’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♂ (NMBA 13900); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 2 imm. 2♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13901); Same data but 22.XI– 23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad, 11♂ 7♀ (NMBA 13902); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 6♂ 3♀ (NMBA 13903); Same data but 23.I–24.II.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 4♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13904); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 2 imm. 5♂ 3♀ (NMBA 13905); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1 imm. 1♀ (NMBA 13906); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13907); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Unburned site 2, 28°29.706’S, 26°48.281’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 2♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13908); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1 imm. 4♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13909); Same data but 22.XI–23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad, 2♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13910); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1 imm. 3♂ 4♀ (NMBA 13911); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 2♂ (NMBA 13912); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 7♂ 5♀ (NMBA 13913); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 6♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13914); Same data but 1–30.IX.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ (NMBA 13915); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Unburned site 3, 28°29.741’S, 26°48.065’E, 22.XI–23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad (pitfall traps, grassland), 6♂ 6♀ (NMBA 13916); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13917); Same data but 23.I–24.II.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 2♀ (NMBA 13918); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 5♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13919); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 2♂ 3♀ (NMBA 13920); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 2♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13921); Same data but 1–30.IX.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♀ (NMBA 13922); Sandveld Nature Reserve, 27°44.043’S, 25°45.805’E, 2–30.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland), 4♀ (NCA 2009 /3566); Same locality, 2.IX–2.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♀ (NMBA 15107). Gauteng: Johannesburg, Roodepoort, Ruimsig, 26°08’S, 27°51’E, 20.V.2000, leg. A. Leroy (in house), 1♀ (NCA 2007 /3834); Pretoria, Rietondale Research Campus, 25°43.780’S, 28°13.862’E, 16.VII.1998, leg. J. Nkwana (pitfall traps), 1♂ (NCA 2007 /1151). KwaZulu-Natal: Sani Pass Elevational Transect, 30°11’00.6’’S, 30°09’07.8’’E, 900 m a.s.l. (8a), leg. University of Pretoria students (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NCA 2011 /774); Sani Pass, 29°39’S, 29°27’E, IX.2006, leg. D. Prentice (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NCA 2008 /1982). Habitat and biology. This species was regularly collected from pitfall traps in the Grassland Biome of central South Africa. In contrast with its congeners, this species was far more abundant in open grasslands (3.8 %; Haddad et al. 2015) than in leaf litter (absent in Butler & Haddad 2011; Haddad et al. 2019) or shrubland habitats (0.13 %; Haddad & Butler 2018). On rare occasions, it was collected by sweeping grass (e.g. Haddad 2005). In a study investigating the impacts of controlled burning in central South African grasslands (Haddad et al. 2015), 180 adult O. arca sp. nov. were collected from the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve. The proportion of males (n = 92) to females (n = 88) was almost identical. Considering its dominance as a component of Corinnidae (n = 234) in the study (its placement at the time), it likely contributed to the observed significant impact of fire on this family, as 126 individuals were sampled from the three unburnt control sites compared to only 54 individuals sampled at the three burnt sites. Regarding adult phenology (Fig. 64), the species occurred throughout the year, but was most common from late spring to late autumn, and was rare during winter. Distribution. Widespread in the Grassland Biome of central South Africa (Fig. 82)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., Jin, Chi & Platnick, Norman I., 2022, A revision of the spider genus Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the Afrotropical Region. I. Continental species, pp. 355-382 in Zootaxa 5133 (3) on pages 364-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6522677, {"references":["Haddad, C. R., Foord, S. H., Fourie, R. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S. (2015) Effects of a fast-burning spring fire on the grounddwelling spider assemblages (Arachnida: Araneae) in a central South African grassland habitat. African Zoology, 50, 281 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 15627020.2015.1088400","Butler, V. P. & Haddad, C. R. (2011) Spider assemblages associated with leaf litter of three tree species in central South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae). African Journal of Ecology, 49, 301 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2011.01265. x","Haddad, C. R., De Jager, L. & Foord, S. H. (2019) Habitats and cardinal directions are key variables structuring spider leaf litter assemblages under Searsia lancea. Pedobiologia, 73, 10 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pedobi. 2019.01.002","Haddad, C. R. & Butler, V. P. (2018) Ground-dwelling spider assemblages in contrasting habitats in the central South African Grassland Biome. Koedoe, 60, a 1482. https: // doi. org / 10.4102 / koedoe. v 60 i 1.1482","Haddad, C. R. (2005) Ecology of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) inhabiting Themeda triandra Forskal grassland in semi-arid South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein, 21, 25 - 36."]}

Orthobula milloti Caporiacco, 1949 Figs 9, 10, 90–95 Orthobula milloti Caporiacco, 1949: 441, fig. 75a–c (♂ and ♀ syntypes: KENYA: Nairobi [01°15’S, 36°50’E], 1500 m a.s.l., 1944, leg. Toschi & Meneghetti, deposited in MSNVR—not examined). Remark. Although we were unable to examine the syntypes of O. milloti, we were able to redescribe a topotypical female and match that to other specimens from East Africa, both males and females. Diagnosis. Females of O. milloti share with those of O. aethiopica sp. nov. a broad, semicircular anterior ridge in the epigyne, but can be distinguished by the short copulatory ducts that are approximately equal in length to the width of the SBB (Fig. 90), while twice as long as the width of SBB in O. aethiopica sp. nov. (Fig. 54). Males of O. milloti most closely resemble those of O. radiata in the short, straight spike-like embolus, but can be distinguished by the shape of the RFA, which is simple and finger-like in O. milloti (Fig. 95), while bifid in O. radiata (Fig. 100). Female (Nairobi, BMNH). Measurements: CL 1.15, CW 0.86, AL 1.04, AW 0.98, TL 2.52, PERW 0.24, MOQAW 0.10, MOQPW 0.13, MOQL 0.11. Length of leg segments: I 0.47 + 0.21 + 0.44 + 0.41 + 0.21 = 1.74; II 0.43 + 0.17 + 0.33 + 0.35 + 0.29 = 1.57; III 0.35 + 0.16 + 0.27 + 0.33 + 0.18 = 1.29; IV 0.48 + 0.18 + 0.42 + 0.47 + 0.22 = 1.77. Colour: carapace dark brown, with faint black mottling; chelicerae dark brown; endites and labium dark brown, creamy-grey distally; sternum dark brown, margins slightly darker; palps brown, distal ends of segments with yellow rings; legs with femora, patellae and tibiae I and II brown, of III and IV yellow-brown, all with black mottling laterally; distal ends of femora and tibiae, and basal end of patellae, with yellow rings; metatarsi yellow-brown, with faint mottling; tarsi yellow; abdomen black dorsally, with pair of cream longitudinal patches anterolaterally and transverse cream band at midpoint; venter creamy-grey; spinnerets cream. Leg spination: femora and patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 6 rlv 6, II plv 5 rlv 5; metatarsi: I plv 4 rlv 4, II plv 4 rlv 4; tarsi: I plv 3 rlv 3, II plv 3 rlv 3. Epigyne with lateral CO in broad semi-circular anterior epigynal ridge (Fig. 90); CD very short, initially directed mesally, curving sharply before entering round SBB at centre of epigyne; CO separated by approximately SBB diameter, SBB separated by approximately ¼ their width; CD approximately as long as SBB width; BU ovoid, almost round, with teardrop-shaped accessory gland on their anteromesal surface; SBB connected to ST I by short looping longitudinal ducts, entering transversely oval ST I on their mesal surface; ST I almost touching along their mesal surfaces (Fig. 91). Male (Pugu Forest Reserve, MRAC 159243). Measurements: CL 0.81, CW 0.66, AL 0.83, AW 0.65, TL 1.64, PERW 0.32, MOQAW 0.12, MOQPW 0.16, MOQL 0.14. Length of leg segments: I 0.62 + 0.24 + 0.53 + 0.49 + 0.27 = 2.15; II 0.54 + 0.21 + 0.42 + 0.42 + 0.27 = 1.86; III 0.43 + 0.19 + 0.33 + 0.39 + 0.26 = 1.60; IV 0.57 + 0.21 + 0.49 + 0.57 + 0.31 = 2.15. Colour: carapace deep brown, pits with darker edges, lateral margins black; chelicerae brown, with faint black mottling; endites and labium brown, lighter distally; sternum orange-brown, with sparse mottling, margins darker; palps yellow-brown; legs yellow-brown, anterior femora darker; all femora, patellae and tibiae with distal mottled patches laterally; abdomen black, with pair of dark yellow-brown oval anterolateral markings; venter brown, with dense black mottling laterally, epigastric plate deep brown; spinnerets yellow-brown. Leg spination: femora and patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 5 rlv 5, II plv 5 rlv 4; metatarsi: I plv 4 rlv 4, II plv 4 rlv 4; tarsi: I plv 3 rlv 3, II plv 3 rlv 2. Palpal femur with curved, finger-like RFA (Fig. 95); tibia with small, simple triangular RTA; retrodistal tegular ridge short, not curving around ventrally to base of embolus (Fig. 92) embolus short, straight, spike-like (Figs 92–94). Material examined. KENYA: Nairobi, grounds of National Museum [01°16’S, 36°48’E], 12.IV.1988, leg. A. Russell-Smith (in tall grass), 1♀ (BMNH). TANZANIA: Pwani Region: Kisarawe district, Pugu Forest Reserve, 09°59’S, 39°07’E, 11.XI.1979, leg. K.M. Howell, 1♂ (MRAC 159243). Lindi Region: Lindi District, Litipo Forest Reserve, 10°02’S, 39°29’E, VII–IX.1993, leg. Frontier Tanzania, 1♀ (ZMUC). Tanga Region: Mlola, Mafia, 07°53’S, 39°50’E, X–XI.1990, leg. Frontier Tanzania (evergreen coastal thicket on clay, coral rag), 2♂ (ZMUC). Habitat and biology. A rare ground-dwelling spider sampled in urban natural habitat fragments, and forest and savanna habitats. Distribution. Only known from western Kenya and eastern Tanzania (Fig. 101)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., Jin, Chi & Platnick, Norman I., 2022, A revision of the spider genus Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the Afrotropical Region. I. Continental species, pp. 355-382 in Zootaxa 5133 (3) on pages 374-375, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6522677, {"references":["Caporiacco, L. di (1949) Aracnidi della colonia del Kenya raccolti da Toschi e Meneghetti negli anni 1944 - 1946. Commentationes Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 13, 309 - 492."]}

Genus Orthobula Simon, 1897 Orthobula Simon, 1897a: 152; Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: 431. Type species. Orthobula impressa Simon, 1897, by original designation. Diagnosis. Orthobula shares with Capobula the large number of paired ventral spines on the anterior tibiae and metatarsi, and the absence of ventral cusps in both sexes. In somatic morphology, Afrotropical species of Orthobula have pits across the entire carapace surface, including along the midline (Figs 13–16), while absent along the midline in Capobula (Haddad et al. 2021: figs 11, 14) and some Asian species of Orthobula. Female Orthobula can be distinguished by the posteriorly positioned spermathecae (as opposed to laterally positioned in Capobula), while male Orthobula can be recognized by the considerably inflated palpal tegulum (only as wide as cymbium in Capobula), the narrow, finely coiled embolus (longer, uncoiled and retrolaterally directed in Capobula), and the absence of a patellar apophysis (present in Capobula). Description. Small spiders, 1.30–2.70mm in length; carapace orange-brown to wine-red, frequently with mottled black markings (Figs 1–12); carapace oval, broadest at coxae II, eye region narrow; fovea absent, only a short shallow depression (Fig. 13); posterior margin slightly concave; carapace surface finely wrinkled, with series of deep pits forming striate patterns over entire surface (Figs 13–16), each pit with central pore, often plugged with unknown exudate (Fig. 14); surface sparsely covered with scattered fine curved setae, particularly in eye region (Figs 13–16). All eyes surrounded by black rings, weakly developed around PME (Figs 1–12); AER procurved in anterior view, recurved in dorsal view (Figs 15, 16); AME very slightly larger than ALE; AME separated by approximately ½ their diameter, nearly touching ALE (Figs 15, 16); PER recurved in dorsal view, PME oval, PLE round; PME and PLE similar in diameter; median ocular quadrangle narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, length and posterior width approximately equal. Chilum indistinct, a tiny transverse sclerite; cheliceral promargin with three teeth, separated by approximately their basal width, proximal tooth smallest, median tooth slightly larger than distal; retromargin with two subequal teeth, set close together; cheliceral escort seta present (Figs 17, 18); fang with distinct serrula; endites convergent, notched laterally (Fig. 17), with distinct serrula comprising sharp, ventrally curved denticles (Fig. 19); dense maxillar hair tuft on mesal margins (Figs 17–19); labium trapezoidal, slightly wider than long. Pleural bars sclerotised, isolated; sternum shield-shaped, longer than broad, surface smooth with deep pits without pores, sparsely covered in long straight setae (Figs 20, 21); precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between all coxal pairs. Leg formula 4123, legs I and IV often very similar in length; sparsely covered in long fine setae; femora I with mesal convex curvature, all femora strongly constricted proximally, with ventral setal bases tuberculate (Fig. 22); patellar indentation on retrolateral side narrow, with lyriform organ at proximal end; anterior legs with strong paired ventral spines, chemosensory setae and trichobothria on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi (Figs 23–33); metatarsi with single long distal trichobothrium (Fig. 29) and dorsal stopper (Fig. 30), metatarsi III and IV with ventral preening comb at distal end; tarsi usually with single or pair of short trichobothria at 1/3 their length and long pair at 2/3 their length (Figs 31, 32, 38); trichobothria with sunken distal plate, distal margin of hood overlapping plate, hood with two curved ridges, roughly concentric (Fig. 28); tarsal organ oval, very slightly elevated from integument, surface finely wrinkled, opening oval and distally placed (Fig. 39); paired tarsal claws short, with four intermediate teeth and moderately dense tenant setae forming claw tufts in between (Figs 34–37); palpal claw simple, sharply curved distally. Abdomen oval, clearly larger in females than males, with dorsal scutum in males only; dorsum with very sparse fine setae and two pairs of sigilla, prominent in females, barely distinguishable on scutum in males (Figs 1–12); abdominal markings variable, predominantly composed of cream markings forming a X on dark grey or black background (Figs 1–12), sometimes reduced in O. calceata and O. marusiki sp. nov. (Figs 70–81); venter without post-epigastric sclerites, with large ventral sclerite in males that is wider than long, absent in females; small, weakly sclerotised inframamillary sclerite present in females, indistinct in males. Spinnerets (details observed in O. radiata only): female (Figs 40, 42–44): ALS of female with one major ampullate gland spigot and nine piriform gland spigots; PMS of female with one small minor ampullate gland spigot anteriorly and five large cylindrical gland spigots; PLS of female with two large cylindrical gland spigots anteriorly and four aciniform gland spigots posteriorly; male spinnerets (Fig. 41) similarly short and stout, but spigots retracted and not examined in detail. Female epigyne with small paired CO positioned anterolaterally in epigyne (Fig. 45), usually in sclerotised anterior ridges, with CD directed posteriorly towards midline (e.g. Figs 54, 59, 65); CD passing round, sclerotised bases of BU centrally; BU large, membranous, oval or teardrop-shaped, directed anterolaterally, each with small an teromesal accessory gland; short ducts connecting base of BU to transversely oval posterior ST I; fertilization ducts originating on posteromedian surface of ST I (e.g. Figs 55, 60). Male palpal femur with small, finger-like RFA, with single (e.g. Fig. 63) or bifid (e.g. Figs 46, 47, 58) tip; palpal patella without apophysis, but with retrolateral lyriform organ (Figs 49, 50); palpal tibia with small triangular RTA (Figs 48, 51); tegulum subtriangular, greatly expanded proximally on prolateral side, tapering distally, base nearly twice as broad as cymbium, with sperm duct running down retrolateral side of tegulum in ventral view, with single proximal loop (e.g. Fig. 57); embolus with broad transverse ridge at base, spike-like, with fine coils along its length (Fig. 52); tegulum without any other structures., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., Jin, Chi & Platnick, Norman I., 2022, A revision of the spider genus Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the Afrotropical Region. I. Continental species, pp. 355-382 in Zootaxa 5133 (3) on page 358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6522677, {"references":["Simon, E. (1897 a) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome Second. Premier Fascicule. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 192 pp.","Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (2001) Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill, Leiden, 591 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475588","Haddad, C. R., Jin, C., Platnick, N. I. & Booysen, R. (2021) Capobula gen. nov., a new Afrotropical dark sac spider genus related to Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa, 4942 (1), 41 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4942.1.2"]}