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Gymnocephalus cernua (Linnaeus, 1758) Remarks. This species was identified from European lakes. It is distributed throughout Europe. Afghanistan is not included in the natural distribution range of the species. The presence of the species needs clarification., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W & Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid, 2023, Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist, pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 5305 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8048564, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Ed. X. [Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata]. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, ii + 824 pp."]}

Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) [N]—Zander Taxonomy. Original description: Perca lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758: 289 (European lakes; no types known).— Afghanistan synonyms: Lucioperca lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758); Stizostedion lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758).— Revisions: Berg (1949: 1020) as Lucioperca lucioperca.—Illustration: Berg (1949: 1021, fig. 748) as Lucioperca lucioperca. Status in Afghanistan. First record from Afghanistan by Berg (1949: 1027) as Lucioperca lucioperca; confirmed by Coad (1981: 16; 2014: 331; 2015: 229).—Afghanistan materials: None. Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Afghanistan: Amu Darya.—General distribution: Eastern and central Europe east to Aral Sea drainages; introduced elsewhere.—Habitat: This species occurs in large, turbid rivers and eutrophic lakes, brackish coastal lakes, and estuaries. Freshwater, brackish. Economic importance. Commercially important. Conservation. Conservation status in Afghanistan: Unknown.—IUCN: LC (Freyhof & Kottelat 2008j).—Threats: No major threats known.—Low sensitivity to human activities.—Not considered as a keystone species.— Decline status: Unknown.—Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W & Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid, 2023, Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist, pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 5305 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8048564, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Ed. X. [Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata]. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, ii + 824 pp.","Berg, L. S. (1949) s. n. In: Ryby presnych vod SSSR i sopredelnych stan. [Freshwater fishes of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries]. Vol. 2. 4 th Edition. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR. [Guide to the Fauna of the U. S. S. R.], Moskva. Freshwater fishes of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries No. 29. Russian Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moskva, pp. 467 - 925. [in Russian, English translation appeared in Israel Program of Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1964, 496 pp.]","Coad, B. W. (1981) Fishes of Afghanistan, an annoted checklist. National Museum of Canada Publications in Zoology, 14, i - v + 1 - 26.","Coad, B. W. (2014) Fishes of Afghanistan. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow. 393 pp.","Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008 j) Sander lucioperca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008, e. T 20860 A 9231839. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2008. RLTS. T 20860 A 9231839. en"]}

Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W, Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid (2023): Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5305 (1): 1-69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1

Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 [N]—European perch Taxonomy. Original description: Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758: 289 [Europe; syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.3 (1, left half-skin), 1853.11.12.2 (1, right half-skin)].— Afghanistan synonyms: None.—Revisions: Berg (1949: 1032).—Illustration: Berg (1949: 1033, fig. 756). Status in Afghanistan. First record from Afghanistan by Berg (1949: 1036); confirmed by Coad (1981: 16; 2014: 331).—Afghanistan materials: None. Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Afghanistan:Amu Darya basin.—General distribution: Europe. Introduced elsewhere.—Habitat: This species is found in a very wide range of habitats, from estuarine lagoons and lakes of all types to medium-sized streams. Freshwater, brackish. Economic importance. Commercially important. Conservation. Conservation status in Afghanistan: Unknown.—IUCN: LC (Freyhof & Kottelat 2008i).—Threats: No major threats known.—Low sensitivity to human activities.—Not considered as a keystone species.— Decline status: Unknown.—Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W & Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid, 2023, Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist, pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 5305 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8048564, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Ed. X. [Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata]. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, ii + 824 pp.","Berg, L. S. (1949) s. n. In: Ryby presnych vod SSSR i sopredelnych stan. [Freshwater fishes of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries]. Vol. 2. 4 th Edition. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR. [Guide to the Fauna of the U. S. S. R.], Moskva. Freshwater fishes of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries No. 29. Russian Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moskva, pp. 467 - 925. [in Russian, English translation appeared in Israel Program of Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1964, 496 pp.]","Coad, B. W. (1981) Fishes of Afghanistan, an annoted checklist. National Museum of Canada Publications in Zoology, 14, i - v + 1 - 26.","Coad, B. W. (2014) Fishes of Afghanistan. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow. 393 pp."]}

Alexander, Timothy, Seehausen, Ole (2021): Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – "Projet Lac" synthesis report. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, ISBN: 978-3-906484-76-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779569, URL: https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag:24051, {"references": ["[1] Abell R,Thieme ML, Revenga C, Bryer M, Kottelat M, Bogutskaya N, Coad B, Mandrak N, Balderas SC, Bussing W (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58: 403-414", "[2] Freyhof J, Brooks E (2011) European Red List of Freshwater Fishes. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.", "[3] Singh JS (2002)The biodiversity crisis: A multifaceted review. 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Luciopercinae Jordan & Evermann 1896 Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) [N]―[LC], Zander/Sudak/Northwestern parts of Anatolia, widely introduced into reser- voirs in Anatolia (Kuru 2004; Geldiay & Balik 2007; Fricke et al. 2007; Kuru et al. 2014; Çiçek et al. 2015).

Percinae Rafinesque 1815 Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 [N]―[LC], European perch/Tatlisu levregi/Northwestern parts of Anatolia, introduced into some reservoirs in Anatolia (Kuru 2004; Geldiay & Balik 2007; Fricke et al. 2007; Kuru et al. 2014; Çiçek et al. 2015)., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdogan, Sungur, Sevil & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, Freshwater lampreys and fishes of Turkey; a revised and updated annotated checklist 2020, pp. 241-270 in Zootaxa 4809 (2) on page 259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4809.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3934124, {"references":["Kuru, M. (2004) Recent systematic status of inland water fishes of Turkey. Journal of Education Faculty of Gazi, 24, 1 - 21.","Geldiay, R & Balik, S. (2007) Freshwater Fishes of Turkey. V. Edition, Ege University Press, Bornova, Izmir, 638 pp.","Fricke, R., Bilecenoglu, M. & Sari, H. M. (2007) Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostomata and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 706, 1 - 172.","Kuru, M., Yerli, S. V., Mangit, F., Unlu, E. & Alp, A. (2014) Fish Biodiversity in Inland Waters of Turkey. Journal of Academic Documents for Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1 (3), 93 - 120.","Cicek, E., Sungur-Birecikligil, S. & Fricke, R. (2015) Freshwater fishes of Turkey: A revised and updated annotated checklist. Biharean Biologist, 9 (2), 141 - 157."]}

Luciopercinae Jordan & Evermann 1896 Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) [N]―[LC], Zander/Sudak/Northwestern parts of Anatolia, widely introduced into reser- voirs in Anatolia (Kuru 2004; Geldiay & Balik 2007; Fricke et al. 2007; Kuru et al. 2014; Çiçek et al. 2015)., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdogan, Sungur, Sevil & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, Freshwater lampreys and fishes of Turkey; a revised and updated annotated checklist 2020, pp. 241-270 in Zootaxa 4809 (2) on page 259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4809.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3934124, {"references":["Kuru, M. (2004) Recent systematic status of inland water fishes of Turkey. Journal of Education Faculty of Gazi, 24, 1 - 21.","Geldiay, R & Balik, S. (2007) Freshwater Fishes of Turkey. V. Edition, Ege University Press, Bornova, Izmir, 638 pp.","Fricke, R., Bilecenoglu, M. & Sari, H. M. (2007) Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostomata and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 706, 1 - 172.","Kuru, M., Yerli, S. V., Mangit, F., Unlu, E. & Alp, A. (2014) Fish Biodiversity in Inland Waters of Turkey. Journal of Academic Documents for Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1 (3), 93 - 120.","Cicek, E., Sungur-Birecikligil, S. & Fricke, R. (2015) Freshwater fishes of Turkey: A revised and updated annotated checklist. Biharean Biologist, 9 (2), 141 - 157."]}

Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), Pike-perch. Perca lucioperca Linnaeus 1758: 289. Sander lucioperca — Kottelat and Freyhof 2007: 534. Stizostedion lucioperca — Reshetnikov et al. (2003b): 69. Material examined. Table 1 Presence of spindle-shaped body, canine teeth in the anterior portion of each jaw, and 80–97 scales on lateral line. It was observed in large rivers 100 km from the source (Ivanchev and Ivancheva 2010). Its occurrence rate is 8.3% and the share in catches is low., Published as part of Artaev, Oleg & Ruchin, Alexander B., 2017, The ichthyofauna of the Moksha River, a tributary of the Volga river basin, Russia, pp. 185-202 in Check List 13 (4) on page 200, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.185, {"references":["Linnaeus C (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, ed. 10. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Kottelat M, Freyhof J (2007) Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. The authors, Cornol / Berlin, 646 pp.","Reshetnikov YuS, Popova OA, Sokolov LI, Tsepkin EA, Sideleva VG, Dorofeeva EA, Chereshnev IA, Moskal'kova KI, Dgebuadze YuYu, Ruban GI, Korolev VV (2003 b) Atlas of Russian Freshwater Fishes 2. Nauka, Moscow, 253 pp.","Ivanchev VP, Ivancheva EYu (2010) Kruglorotye i ryby Ryazanskoi oblasti I prilezgashchikh territorii [The cyclostomes and fishes of the Ryazan Oblast and adjacent areas]. Golos Gubern, Ryazan, 292 pp."]}

In the upper reaches of the Dnipro it was found a Danube ruffe population. It differs from the population of the middle reaches of the Dnipro by a longer caudal peduncle. The Danube ruffe differs from sympatric populations of the common ruffe by 10 features. For a fast and precise identification of these two species, it was proposed to use the height of the membrane between the first and second rays of the anal fin as a percentageto the length of the body.

Family Percidae Ammocrypta pellucida (Agassiz) Eastern Sand Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Nematoda gen. sp. Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque Greenside Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Etheostoma caeruleum Storer Rainbow Darter Rhabdochona rotundicaudatum Rhabdochona sp. Etheostoma exile (Girard) Iowa Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Hysterothylacium brachyurum Nematoda gen. sp. Raphidascaris acus Rhabdochona cascadilla Rhabdochona sp. Etheostoma microperca Jordan & Gilbert Least Darter Contracaecum sp. Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque Johnny Darter Contracaecum sp. Nematoda gen. sp. Rhabdochona cascadilla Spiroxys sp. Perca flavescens (Mitchill) Yellow Perch Camallanus oxycephalus Camallanus sp. Contracaecum spiculigerum Contracaecum sp. Cucullanellus cotylophora Cucullanus sp. Cystidicola farionis Eustrongylides sp. Eustrongylides tubifex Hysterothylacium brachyurum Nematoda gen. sp. Philometra cylindracea Philometra sp. Raphidascaris acus Raphidascaris sp. Rhabdochona cascadilla Rhabdochona ovifilamenta Rhabdochona sp. Spinitectus carolini Spinitectus gracilis Spinitectus sp. Spiroxys contortus Spiroxys sp. Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) Logperch Camallanus oxycephalus Contracaecum sp. Nematoda gen. sp. Raphidascaris acus Spinitectus gracilis Percina copelandi (Jordan) Channel Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Percina maculata (Girard) Blackside Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith) Sauger Camallanus oxycephalus Eustrongylides sp. Hysterothylacium brachyurum Raphidascaris acus Sander vitreus (Mitchill) Walleye Camallanus oxycephalus Contracaecum sp. Cucullanellus cotylophora Cystidicola farionis Eustrongylides sp. Eustrongylides tubifex Hysterothylacium brachyurum Nematoda gen. sp. Philometra cylindracea Raphidascaris acus Raphidascaris sp. Rhabdochona canadensis Spinitectus carolini Spinitectus gracilis Spinitectus sp.

Family Percidae Ammocrypta pellucida (Agassiz) Eastern Sand Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Nematoda gen. sp. Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque Greenside Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Etheostoma caeruleum Storer Rainbow Darter Rhabdochona rotundicaudatum Rhabdochona sp. Etheostoma exile (Girard) Iowa Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Hysterothylacium brachyurum Nematoda gen. sp. Raphidascaris acus Rhabdochona cascadilla Rhabdochona sp. Etheostoma microperca Jordan & Gilbert Least Darter Contracaecum sp. Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque Johnny Darter Contracaecum sp. Nematoda gen. sp. Rhabdochona cascadilla Spiroxys sp. Perca flavescens (Mitchill) Yellow Perch Camallanus oxycephalus Camallanus sp. Contracaecum spiculigerum Contracaecum sp. Cucullanellus cotylophora Cucullanus sp. Cystidicola farionis Eustrongylides sp. Eustrongylides tubifex Hysterothylacium brachyurum Nematoda gen. sp. Philometra cylindracea Philometra sp. Raphidascaris acus Raphidascaris sp. Rhabdochona cascadilla Rhabdochona ovifilamenta Rhabdochona sp. Spinitectus carolini Spinitectus gracilis Spinitectus sp. Spiroxys contortus Spiroxys sp. Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) Logperch Camallanus oxycephalus Contracaecum sp. Nematoda gen. sp. Raphidascaris acus Spinitectus gracilis Percina copelandi (Jordan) Channel Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Percina maculata (Girard) Blackside Darter Camallanus oxycephalus Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith) Sauger Camallanus oxycephalus Eustrongylides sp. Hysterothylacium brachyurum Raphidascaris acus Sander vitreus (Mitchill) Walleye Camallanus oxycephalus Contracaecum sp. Cucullanellus cotylophora Cystidicola farionis Eustrongylides sp. Eustrongylides tubifex Hysterothylacium brachyurum Nematoda gen. sp. Philometra cylindracea Raphidascaris acus Raphidascaris sp. Rhabdochona canadensis Spinitectus carolini Spinitectus gracilis Spinitectus sp., Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on pages 213-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530

Family Percidae Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus): Aspidogaster limacoides, Published as part of Alves, Philippe V., Vieira, Fabiano M., Santos, Cl��udia P., Scholz, Tom���� & Luque, Jos�� L., 2015, A Checklist of the Aspidogastrea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of the World, pp. 339-396 in Zootaxa 3918 (3) on page 375, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/241203

Family Percidae Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus): Aspidogaster limacoides

Alves, Philippe V., Vieira, Fabiano M., Santos, Cláudia P., Scholz, Tomáš, Luque, José L. (2015): A Checklist of the Aspidogastrea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of the World. Zootaxa 3918 (3): 339-396, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3918.3.2

Subfamily Percinae Rafinesque 1815 Percidi Rafinesque 1810b:16 [ref. 3595] (ordine) Perca [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Percidia Rafinesque 1815:85 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) Perca Cephalacoena Latreille 1825:137 [ref. 31889] (tribe) Perca [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Acerinaeformes Bleeker 1859d:XXI [ref. 371] (subfamily) Acerina Percarinae Gill 1861d:46 [ref. 1768] (subfamily) Percarina Gymnocephalinae Gill 1893b:134 [ref. 26255] (subfamily) Gymnocephalus [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1], Published as part of Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N. & Fricke, Ronald, 2014, Family-group names of Recent fishes, pp. 1-230 in Zootaxa 3882 (2) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7047777, {"references": ["Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organises, Palerme, 224 pp. [Fishes on pp. 79 - 94] [before 21 July, ref. 3584]", "Rafinesque, C. S. (1810 b) Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ossia, catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale e seguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione de alcuni nuovi pesci siciliani. Presso Giovanni del Nobolo, Messina, 70 pp., Pls. 1 - 2. [author given as Rafinesque Schmaltz, C. S. (this name was used by Rafinesque between 1810 and 1814), we use Rafinesque for simplicity] [ref. 3595] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6893", "Latreille, P. A. (1825) Familles naturelles du regne animal, exposees succinctement et dans un ordre analitique, avec l'indication de leurs genres. J. - B. Bailliere, Paris, 570 pp. [ref. 31889] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16094", "Bleeker, P. (1859 d) Enumeratio specierum piscium hucusque in Archipelago indico observatarum, adjectis habitationibus citationibusque, ubi descriptiones earum recentiores reperiuntur, nec non speciebus Musei Bleekeriani Bengalensibus, Japonicis, Capensibus Tasmanicisque. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae [Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie], 6, I-XXXVI + 1 - 276. [

Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N., Fricke, Ronald (2014): Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa 3882 (2): 1-230, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1

Parenti, Paolo, Kullander, Sven, Randall, John E. (2013): Taxonomic And Nomenclatural Status Of Perca Argentea Linnaeus, 1758, Perca Vaila Osbeck, 1770, And Perca Indica Gronow In Gray, 1854 (Osteichthyes, Terapontidae And Moronidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 303-310, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5351900, {"references":["Ahmad, J., 1983. Studies on digenetic trematodes of the family Lecithasteridae from marine fishes from Bombay coast, Arabian Sea. Rivista di Parassitologia, 44: 125-130.","Ahmad, J. & R. Lal Dhar, 1987. Studies on digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from the Puri coast of the Bay of Bengal. Part 53. Families Monorchiidae and Opecoelidae. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 19: 167-184.","Ali, T. S., A. R. M. Mohamed & N. A. Hussain, 1993. Trophic interrelationships of the demersal fish assemblage in the northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Asian Fisheries Science, 6: 255-264.","Allegrucci, G., C. Fortunato & V. Sbordoni, 1997. Genetic structure and allozyme variation of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax and D. punctatus) in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology, 128: 347-358.","Allegrucci, G., A. Caccone, V. Sbordoni, H. Enghoff, M. Fischer, G. Osche & D. Sperlich, 1999. Cytochrome beta sequence divergence in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and phylogenetic relationships among some Perciformes species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 37: 149-156.","Allen, G. R. & R. C. Steene, 1988. Fishes of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Christmas Island Natural History Association, Christmas Island. 197 pp.","Arruda, L. M., 1997. Checklist of the marine fishes of the Azores. Arquivos do Museo Bocage, Nova Serie, 3: 13-164.","Artedi, P., 1738. Genera Piscium. In Quibus Systema Totum Ichthyologiae Proponitus Cum Classibus, Ordinibus, Generum Characteribus, Specierum Differentiis, Observationibus Plurimis. Redactis Speciebus 242 ad Genera 52. Ichthyologiae Pars 3. Conradus Wishoff, Lugduni Batavorum, Leiden. 84 pp.","Azeroual, A., A. J. Crivelli, A. Yahyaoui & M. Dakki, 2000. L'ichtyofaune des eaux continentales du Maroc. Cybium, 24: 17-22.","Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. In: Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot & M. Schneider (eds.), Fiches FAO d'Identification pour les Besoins de la Peche. Mediterranee et Mer Noire. Zone de peche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautes Europeennes and FAO, Rome. Pp. 891-1421.","Bauchot, M.-L. & M. Desoutter, 1985. Chromis viridis (Cuvier, 1830), the correct name for the Indo-Pacific damselfish previously known as C. caerulea (Cuvier, 1830) (Pisces, Pomacentridae). Cybium, 9: 411-413.","Ben-Tuvia, A., 1978. Immigration of fishes through the Suez Canal. Fishery Bulletin, 76: 249-255.","Bianchi, G., 1985. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Field Guide to the Commercial Marine and Brackish-Water Species of Tanzania. FAO, Rome. 199 pp.","Bilecenoglu, M., E. Taskavak, S. Mater & M. Kaya, 2002. Checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa, 113: 1-194.","Blaber, S. J. M., D. T. Brewer & A. N. Harris, 1994. Distribution, biomass and community structure of demersal fishes of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45: 375-396.","Bloch, M. E., 1792. Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Berlin, 6: i-xii + 1-126, pls. 289-323.","Bloch, M. E., 1793 Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, Berlin, 7: i-xiv + 1-144, pls. 325-360.","Bloch, M. E. & J. G. Schneider, 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae Iconibus cx Illustratum. Post Obitum Auctoris Opus Inchoatum Absolvit, Correxit, Interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Sanderiano, Berlin. 584 pp.","Bonhomme, F., M. Naciri, L. Bahri-Sfar & C. Lemaire, 2002. Comparative analysis of genetic structure of two closely related sympatric marine fish species Dicentrarchus labrax and Dicentrarchus punctatus. Comptes Rendus de Biologie, 325: 213-220.","Bonnaterre, P. J., 1788. Tableau Encyclopedique Et Methodique Des Trois Regnes De La Nature: Ichthyologie. Panckoucke, Paris. 256 pp.","Coad, B. W., 1996. Exotic and transplanted fishes in southwest Asia. Publicaciones Especiales Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 21: 81-106.","Cuvier, G., A. G. Desmarest, J. G. Saint-Hilaire, J. V. Auduin, J. A. Boisduval, J. B. A. Guillemin, A. Valenciennes, A. E. J. P. J. F. d'Audebard Bon de Ferussac, R. P. Lesson, M. E. Guerin & E. Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1827. Planches de Seba. Locuplentissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio. Accompaignees D'un Text Explicatif Mis Au Courant De La Science Et Redige Par M. Le B.On Cuvier Et Une Reunion De Savants. F. G. Levrault, Paris, 8 pp (folio).","Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes, 1828. Histoire Naturelle Des Poissons. Tome second. Livre Troisieme. Des poissons de La Famille Des Perches, Ou Des Percoides. Levrault, Paris. xxi + 490 pp.","Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes, 1829. Histoire Naturelle Des Poissons. Tome Troisieme. Suite Du Livre Troisieme. Des Percoides A Dorsale Unique A Sept Rayons Branchiaux Et A Dents En Velours Ou En Cardes. Levrault, Paris. xxviii + 500 pp.","Daget, J. & C. L. Smith, 1986. Serranidae. In: Daget, J., J.-P. Gosse & D. F. E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.), Check- List of the Freshwater Fishes of Africa. Vol. 2. Orstom, Paris. Pp. 299-303.","Drake, P. & A. M. Arias, 1991. Composition and seasonal fluctuations of the ichthyoplankton community in a shallow tidal channel of Cadiz Bay (S.W. Spain). Journal of Fish Biology, 39: 245-263.","Drake, P., A. M. Arias & R. B. Rodriguez, 1982. Study of growth and food habits of mottled sea bass, Dicentrarchus punctatus Bloch, 1792 (Osteichthyes, Serranidae), in the esteros (saltmarshe fish ponds) of Cadiz. Investigaciones Pesqueras, 46: 335-347.","Economidis, P. S., 1991. Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of Greece. Recent Status of Threats and Protection. Hellenic Society of the Protection of Nature, Athens. 48 pp.","El-Mor, M., S. El-Etreby, S. Mohammad & M. Sapota, 2002. A study on trash catch of the bottom trawl along Port-Said coast, Egypt. Oceanological Studies, 31: 45-55.","Eschmeyer, W. N., 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Volume 1-3. California Academy of Sciences.","Eschmeyer, W. N., 2012. Catalog of Fishes (Electronic Version). California Academy of Sciences. http://research.calacademy. org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. (Accessed 7 Jun.2012).","Euphrasen, B. A., 1795. Beskrifning Ofver Svenska Vestindiska On St. Barhelemi, Samt Oarne St. Eustache Och St. Christopher. Anders Zetterberg, Stockholm. 207 pp.","Fernholm, B. & A. Wheeler, 1983. Linnaean fish specimens in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78: 199-286.","Forsskal, P. S., 1775. Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium; Quae in Itinere Orientali Observavit Petrus Forskal. Post Mortem Auctoris Edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Ex Officina Molleri, Hauniae, Denmark. 218 pp.","Fouda, M. M. & G. V. Hermosa, Jr., 1993. A Checklist of Oman Fishes. Sultan Qaboos University Press, Sultanate of Oman. 42 pp.","Gmelin, J. F., 1789. Caroli a Linne ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species; cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decimo tertia, aucta, reformata. Volume 1 (part 3). Georg Emanuel Berg, Leipzig. Pp. 1033-1516.","Goncalves, J. M. S., L. Bentes, P. G. Lino, J. Ribeiro, A. V. M. Canario & K. Erzini, 1997. Weight-length relationships for selected fish species of the small-scale demersal fisheries of the south and south-west coast of Portugal. Fishery Research, 30: 253-256.","Goren, M. & M. Dor, 1994. An Updated Checklist of the Fishes of the Red Sea. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Tel Aviv, Israel. xii + 120 pp.","Gray, J. E., 1854. Catalogue of Fish Collected and Described by Laurence Theodore Gronow, Now in the British Museum. Order of the Trustees, London. vii + 196 pp.","Gunther, A., 1859. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. Gasterosteidae, Berycidae, Percidae, Aphredoderidae, Pristipomatidae, Mullidae, Sparidae. Volume 1. British Museum, London. xxxi + 524 pp.","Heemstra, P. C., 1986. Teraponidae. In: Smith, M. M. & P. C. Heemstra (eds), Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 543-544.","Hutchins, J. B., 2001. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Records of Western Australian Museum, Supplement, 63: 9-50.","Imamura, H. & T. Nagao, 2011. Silurus imberbis Gmelin 1789, a senior synonym of the platycephalid Inegocia japonica (Cuvier 1829), with a proposal to suppress the name. Ichthyological Research, 58: 166-169.","International Comission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. xxix + 306 pp.","Johnson, J. W., 1999. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoires of the Queensland Museum, 43: 709-762.","Jordan, D. S. & B. W. Evermann, 1896-1900. The fishes of North and Middle America: A descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Parts I-IV. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 47: 1-3313.","Kailola, P. J., 1987. The fishes of Papua New Guinea: A revised and annotated checklist. Volume II. Scorpaenidae to Callionymidae. Papua New Guinea Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Research Bulletin, 41: 195-418.","Kottelat, M., 1997. European freshwater fishes. Biologia, 52(Supplement 5): 1-272.","Kuiter, R. H., 1992. Tropical Reef-Fishes of the Western Pacific Indonesia and Adjacent Waters. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. 314 pp.","Lacepede, B. G. E., 1802. Histoire Naturelle Des Poissons. Volume 4. Plassan, Paris. xliv + 728 pp.","Linnaeus, C. ,1748. Systema Naturae Sistens Regna Tria Naturae, In Classes Et Ordines, Genera Et Species Redacta Tabulisque AEneis Illustrata.Editio Sexta, Emendata Et Aucta.. Kiesewetter, Stockholm. iii + 224 + 18 pp.","Linnaeus, C., 1749. Museum Adolpho-Fridericianum. Amoenitates Academicae, 1: 277-327.","Linnaeus, C., 1754. Hans Maj:ts Adolf Frideriks var allernadigste konungs naturalie samling innehallande sallsynte och frammande djur, som bevaras pa kongl. lust-slottet Ulriksdahl* beskrefne och afritade samt pa nadig befallning utgifne af Carl Linnaeus. Stockholm. i-xxx, 96 + 7 pp.","Linnaeus, C., 1756. Systema Naturae, Sistens Regna Tria Naturae, In Classes Et Ordines Genera Et Species Redacta, Tabulisque Aeneis Illustrata. Accedunt Vocabula Gallica. Editio Multo Auctior & Emendatior. Theodorum Haak, Leiden. vi + 27 + 273 pp.","Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes , Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae (Stockholm). ii + 824 pp.","Linnaeus, C., 1764. Museum S. R. M. Adolphi Friderici Regis Suecorum, Gothorum, Vandalorumque, In Quo Animalia Rariora Imprimis Et Exotica... Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Tomus Secundi Prodromus. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae (Stockholm). 133 pp.","Linnaeus, C., 1766. Systema Naturae Sive Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Duodecima. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae (Stockholm). 532 pp.","Mediannikov, O., S. Trape & J. F. Trape, 2012. A molecular study of the genus Agama (Squamata: Agamidae) in West Africa, with description of two new species and a review of the taxonomy, geographic distribution, and ecology of currently recognized species. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 19: 115-142.","Menasveta, P., 1981. Lethal temperature of Marine Fishes of the Gulf of Thailand. Journal of Fish Biology, 18: 603-607.","Muller, P. L. S., 1774. Des Ritters Carl Von Linne' Koniglich Schwedischen Leibarztes K. K. Vollstandiges Natursystem Nach Der Zwolften Lateinischen Ausgabe, Und Nach Anleitung Des Hollandischen Houttynischen Werks, Mit Einer Ausfuhrlichen Erklarung Ausgefertigt. Volume 4. G. N. Raspe, Nurnberg. xiv + 400 + xvii pp.","Ni, I.-H. & K.-Y. Kwok, 1999. Marine fish fauna in Hong Kong waters. Zoological Studies, 38: 130-152.","Oliver, G. & I. Paperna, 1984. Diplectanidae Bychowsky, 1957 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea), parasites of Perciformes from eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (France). 4e serie. Section A. Zoologie, biologie, et ecologie animales, Paris, 6: 49-65.","Osbeck, P., 1770. Fragmenta ichthyologiae hispanicae. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Cesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae, 4: 99-104.","Parenti, P., 2002a. Muraena compressa Walbaum, 1792, an invalid senior synonym of the snake mackerel Gempylus serpens Cuvier, 1829. Caribbean Journal of Sciences, 38: 267-268.","Parenti, P., 2002b. On the species of the genus Balistes described by Johann Julius Walbaum (1792). Cybium, 26: 309-316.","Parenti, P., 2003. On the status of the species classified in the genus Perca by Johann Julius Walbaum. Zoological Studies, 42: 491-505.","Parenti, P. & T. W. Pietsch, 2003. Ostracion knorrii Walbaum, 1792, a senior synonym of the striated frogfish Antennarius striatus (Shaw and Nodder, 1794) invalidated by \"Reversal of Precedence\". Copeia, 2003: 187-189.","Parenti, P. & M. Desoutter-Meniger, 2007. Notes on the status of the names of fishes presented in the \"Planches de Seba\" (1827-1831) published by Guerin-Meneville. Zoosystema, 29: 393-403.","Paxton, J. R., D. F. Hoese, G. R. Allen & J. E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volume 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia. 665 pp.","Perez-Bote, J. L., M. Blasm & E. Da Silva, 1995. Edad y crecimiento de la baila Dicentrarchus punctatus (Bloch, 1792) (Teleostei, Serranidae) en aguas del Golfo de Cadiz. Zoologica Baetica, 6: 111-119.","Pietsch T. W., J. W. Orr & W. N. Eschmeyer, 2012. Mustelus felis Ayres, 1854, a senior synonym of the Leopard Shark, Triakis semifasciata Girard, 1855 (Carchariniformes: Triakidae), invalidated by \"reversal of precedence\". Copeia, 2012: 98-99.","Poll, M. & J.-P. Gosse, 1994. Genera des poissons d'eau douce de l'Afrique. Memoires de la Classe des Sciences de l'Academie royale de Belgique, 9: 1-324.","Randall, J. E., 1995. Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 pp.","Randall, J. E., H. Ida, K. Kato, R. L. Pyle & J. L. Earle, 1997. Annotated checklist of inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands. 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S. Cornish, 2000. Reef Fishes of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. xi + 321 pp.","Seba, A., 1759. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio Et Iconibus Artificiosissimus Expressio Per Universam Physices Historiam (Folio). Volume 3. Janssonius Waesberge, Amsterdam. Pp. 57-109.","Senta, T., M. Kimura & T. Kanbara, 1993. Predation of fishes on open-ocean species of sea-skaters (Halobates spp.). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 40: 193-198.","Shaw, G., 1803. General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Volume 4. George Kearsley, London. 632 pp.","Smith, C. L., 1990. Moronidae. In: Quero, J.-C., J.-C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post & L. Saldanha (eds), Check-List of the Fishes of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic. Volume 2. Unesco, Paris. Pp. 692-694.","Sola, L., S. Bressanello, A. R. Rossi, V. Iaselli, D. Crosetti & S. Cataudella, 1993. A karyotype analysis of the genus Dicentrarchus by different staining techniques. 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Etheostoma maydeni Powers and Kuhajda n. sp. Redlips Darter Holotype. USNM 403641, adult male, 79.7 mm, New River at U.S. Hwy 27 near New River, Scott County, Tennessee, (36.3827�� N, 84.5529�� W), 7 March 2006, S.L. Powers, B. R. Kuhajda. Paratopotypes. UAIC 15059.02 (5, 55.9���68.7 mm) taken with holotype. UAIC 15058.02, (1, 55.0 mm), 4 March 2005, S.L. Powers, B. R. Kuhajda. INHS 33321 (2, 30.9���32.3 mm) 18 August 1994, L.M. Page, S.M. Phelps. Paratypes. UT 91.4886 (3, 66.9���72.1 mm), Smoky Creek 3 km SW Smoky Junction, Scott County, Tennessee (36.2679�� N, 84.3911�� W), 10 July 1996, J. T. Baxter. SIUC 24738 (2, 54.6-77.3 mm), Big South Fork Cumberland River at mouth of Parched Corn Creek, Scott County, Tennessee, (36.5562�� N, 84.6697�� W), 7 September 1995, B.M. Burr. SIUC 61655 (71.3 mm), Big South Fork Cumberland River at Blue Heron, McCreary County, Kentucky, (36.6703�� N, 84.5492�� W), 24 August 2005, M. R. Thomas. SIUC 61628 (2, 46.3��� 66.7 mm), Big South Fork Cumberland River at Blue Heron, McCreary County, Kentucky, (36.6703�� N, 84.5492�� W), 20 November 2005, M. R. Thomas. Diagnosis. The Etheostoma cinereum complex is diagnosed from all other darters by having the combination of an elongated, pointy snout, rust to faint red spots in 4 horizontal rows dorsolaterally on the side of the body, dark brown to black oval to rectangular lateral blotches expanding to faint diagonal bands on the side of the body, red pigment on interradial membranes of the soft dorsal fin, and a distal red band of pigment in the spinous dorsal fin. For further diagnoses of this complex (a.k.a. subgenus Allohistium), see Bailey & Gosline (1955) and Page (1981). Etheostoma maydeni is diagnosed from E. cinereum by a conspicuous red pigment on the external surface of the lips (Fig. 5). Etheostoma maydeni also has modally 11 dorsal spines, 12 dorsal rays, and 23 caudal peduncle scales, whereas E. cinereum has modally 12 dorsal spines, 13 dorsal rays, and 25 caudal peduncle scales. Shepard & Burr (1984) also reported modally 41 vertebrae in populations described herein as E. maydeni and with populations of E. cinereum having modally 42 or 43 vertebrae. Description. Coloration and body shape of E. maydeni are depicted in Fig. 5A. The largest specimen examined for this study was 99.1 mm SL. Snout elongated; gill membranes separate; nape, breast and prepectoral area unscaled; belly and opercle scaled; cheek scaled but scales are often deeply imbedded and inconspicuous. Lateral-line scales 52(2), 53(4), 54(3), 55(2), 56(4), 57(5), 58(6), 59(4), 60(4), 61(3), 62(2), 63(1); dorsal spines 11(29), 12(11); dorsal rays 12(30), 13(10); anal rays 7(3), 8(27), 9(10); transverse scales 18(3), 19(4), 20(13), 21(9), 22(6), 23(5); caudal-peduncle scales 21(1), 22(7), 23(15), 24(7), 25(8), 26(2). Coloration. External surface of lips in live nuptial males mostly brilliant red. Head largely cream to light brown in color with black to dark brown preorbital and postorbital bar, dark dorsal dark brown pigment arranged in vermiculated pattern, ventral half of head generally lacking dark pattern, but often with faint blue cast over gill membranes that can become dark blue to black in peak males. A series of 10���13 dark brown to black oval to rectangular lateral blotches expanding to faint diagonal bands on the side of the body. Tan to light brown ventral to the lateral blotches. Rust to faint red spots in 4 horizontal rows dorsolaterally on the side of the body surrounded by tan to light brown with 7���10 faint dorsal saddles. Pelvic and anal fins ranging from clear in non-nuptial males to bright blue to dark blue or black in nuptial males. Caudal fin largely clear with bright blue cast near dorsal and ventral origins and red spots on interradial membranes. Interradial membranes of soft-dorsal fin with bright red pigment forming a contiguous band sometimes degrading to a series of bright red spots distally. Spinous dorsal fin with a bright red distal margin and interradial bands or vermiculation transitioning from black or brown proximally to red distally. Ecology. The ecology of E. maydeni was described by Shepard & Burr (1984) along with the rest of the E. cinereum complex. Cumberland River system populations (i.e., E. maydeni) were noted as having slower growth than other populations, males outnumbering females rather than the opposite for other populations, and a greater reliance on burrowing mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ephemera) and oligochaetes in their diet with a lower proportion of Chironomidae compared to other populations. Specimens for this study were collected largely in water approximately 0.5���1 m deep over large rocks and course woody debris with slow current adjacent to faster current. Distribution. Etheostoma maydeni is restricted to large tributaries of the Cumberland River below Cumberland Falls. The mainstem and large tributaries of the Big South Fork and Rockcastle rivers are home to the largest populations. The Buck Creek population was considered extirpated by Shepard & Burr (1984), but several specimens have been collected in recent years, suggesting the species has made a comeback in the stream. The Red and Stones river populations of the E. cinereum complex were considered extirpated by Shepard and Burr (1984) and despite sampling in these drainages for this and other projects by the authors and many other researchers, we have no evidence to contradict this assertion. The status of populations in the Obey and Roaring rivers was considered unknown by Shepard & Burr (1984) due to absence of the species from collections in these drainages since the early 1970s. Sampling in these rivers for this and other studies by the authors and other researchers has not yielded specimens, suggesting these populations are extirpated. However, given the recent rediscovery of E. cinereum in the Elk River after a 30-year absence, it is possible that these populations may persist in low numbers in what appears to be suitable habitat for the species. Etymology. The name maydeni is in honor of Dr. Richard L. Mayden, a prominent ichthyologist, mentor and friend of the authors. His studies of North American fishes include ecology, biogeography, conservation, and systematics. The common name ���Redlips Darter��� refers to the conspicuous red pigment on the surface of the flesh surrounding the premaxilla and mandible often referred to as lips. Comparisons. Pigmentation differences between E. maydeni and E. cinereum appear to be restricted to bright red pigment on the lips for the former. Etheostoma maydeni has modally fewer dorsal spines, dorsal rays, and caudal-peduncle scales than E. cinereum (Table 1). Comments. Photos of E. maydeni have been published as E. cinereum (Kuehne & Barbour 1983; Shepard & Burr 1984)., Published as part of Powers, Steven L., Kuhajda, Bernard R. & Ahlbrand, Sarah E., 2012, Systematics of the Etheostoma cinereum (Teleostei: Percidae) species complex (subgenus Allohistium), pp. 43-55 in Zootaxa 3277 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3277.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5249408, {"references":["Bailey, R. M. & Gosline, W. A. (1955) Variation and systematic significance of vertebral counts in the American fishes of the family Percidae. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 93, 5 - 44.","Page, L. M. (1981) The genera and subgenera of darters (Percidae, Etheostomatini). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History The University of Kansas, 90, 1 - 69.","Shepard, T. E. & Burr, B. M. (1984) Systematics, status, and life history aspects of the ashy darter, Etheostoma cinereum (Pisces: Percidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97, 693 - 715.","Kuehne, R. A. & Barbour, R. W. (1983) The American Darters. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, 173 pp."]}

We examined geographic variation within the Ashy Darter, Etheostoma cinereum, of the mitochondrially enconded cyto-chrome b gene (cyt b) and nuclear recombination activation gene 1 (RAG1) as well as pigmentation, 6 meristic variables,and 20 morphometric variables for patterns indicative of speciation within the complex. Four geographically disjunct en-tities were identified by at least one of the datasets corresponding to the Cumberland, Duck, Elk, and upper Tennesseeriver systems. Monophyly of cyt b and RAG1 sequences, modal meristic differences, moderate morphometric divergence,and unique pigmentation in specimens from the Cumberland River suggest this entity represents an evolutionary speciesunder many different species concepts and is described herein as Etheostoma maydeni. Other populations exhibit varyingdegrees of divergence in the different datasets and have conflicting relationships in phylogenetic analyses using cyt b andRAG1 sequences, leaving the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of the Duck, Elk and upper Tennessee populations unclear.

Etheostoma erythrozonum, new species Meramec Saddled Darter Figure 1 Holotype. USNM 391646, male, 67 mm SL, Huzzah Creek at the Reis Biological Station, 6.2 km upstream from the Route 8 bridge (37 �� 56.871 'N; 91 �� 10.676 'W), Crawford County, Missouri, 3 April 2003. Paratypes. Missouri, Crawford County. USNM 391647, (3, 55��� 67 mm SL), taken with holotype. JFBM 45691, (3, 51��� 66 mm SL), taken with holotype. JFBM 45692, (6, 48��� 71 mm SL), same locality, 1 June 2001. UAIC 15267.01, (7, 46��� 71 mm SL), same locality, 1 June 2001. Additional materials (nontypes). Missouri: Crawford County: UAIC 15268.01 (10, 57��� 77) Meramec River at Scotts Ford Access, 6 April 1996. CU 34444 (12, 48��� 71) Courtois Creek at Walter Diggs Farm, 2 mi. downstream from Butts, 26 August 1959. Dent County: UMMZ 149516 (10, 49��� 64) Meramec River, 2 mi. NW of Short Bend, 23 August 1941. Franklin County: KU 10141 (8, 45��� 54) Bourbeuse River at Noser Mill, 11 July 1963. UAIC 7938.17 (11, 50��� 66) Meramec River at Meramec State Park, 21 October 1987. UAIC 15269.01 (4, 47��� 60) Meramec River at Robertsville State Park (38 �� 26.13 ���N; 90 �� 49.49 ���W), 1 April 2000. St. Francois County: CU 63065 (10, 47��� 53) Big River below Route K bridge, 3 mi. east of Bonne Terre, 22 Aug 1967. Washington County: JFBM 45693 (7, 53��� 75) Big River at Missouri Department of Conservation Bootleg Access, 10 mi. south of Potosi (37 �� 48.765 ���N; 90 �� 46.332 ���W), 3 October 1999. Diagnosis. Member of subgenus Poecilichthys as defined by 4���6 dark saddles on back and upper sides, saddles angled obliquely forward; breeding tubercles on males and females; in males tubercles well developed on scales of the breast, lower side anterior to the anal fin, along the anal fin, and ventral scales of the caudal peduncle, enlarged ridges along anal fin rays; in females tubercles occasionally present on ventral scales; complete lateral line; no interruptions in head canals; broadly joined branchiostegal membranes; 6 branchiostegal rays; long tubular genital papilla in the female; premaxillary frenum present; 2 anal spines. Distinguished from other species of Poecilichthys by 4 dark saddles on back and upper sides (vs. 5 or 6 in E. kanawhae and E. osburni), scales on breast (vs. unscaled in E. kanawhae and E. osburni), the absence of blue on the body (vs. blue present in E. tetrazonum and E. variatum), and prominent red-orange blotches on body (vs. small orange spots in E. euzonum). Most similar to E. tetrazonum but distinguished by the lack of blue-green on the body, a prominent feature of E. tetrazonum; presence in males of a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic fins to the anal fin with an irregular dorsal margin vs. dorsal stripe with a well-defined dorsal margin in E. tetrazonum; and a series of red-orange blotches that are irregular in shape from the anal fin to the base of the caudal fin, vs. well defined vertical bars in E. tetrazonum. The spinous dorsal fin of male E. erythrozonum usually lacks the broad blue base present on E. tetrazonum; if present, the blue is relatively inconspicuous. The anal fin of E. erythrozonum is blue-green with red-orange spots forming two horizontal rows across the fin; red-orange spots are rarely observed on the anal fins of E. tetrazonum, and never to the extent present in E. erythrozonum. The modal number of dorsal-fin spines is 13 in E. erythrozonum, 12 in E. tetrazonum (Table 4). The modal number of pectoral-fin rays is 16 in E. erythrozonum, 15 in E. tetrazonum (Table 7). Description. Etheostoma erythrozonum is a relatively large, stout-bodied species of Etheostoma. Frequency distributions of scales, spines and fin rays given in Tables 1���8. Dorsal-fin spines (11���14, modally 13), dorsal-fin rays (12���14, modally 13), anal-fin rays (8���10, modally 9), principal caudal rays (16���18, modally 17), pectoral-fin rays (15���17, modally 16), lateral-line scales (39���55, modally 50), cheek scales absent, opercle partially scaled (0���9 scales, modally 5), breast partially to completely scaled, nape completely scaled. Both males and females of this species have four prominent dark saddles on the back and dorsal sides, with the sides angled obliquely forward. The background color is dusky in the dorsal region, lighter in the sublateral region and white on the belly. Along the sides is a series of sub-lateral dark blotches. There is a dark preorbital bar extending forward and a dark suborbital bar extending down the cheek. This species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism in nuptial color patterns. Lateral-line scales 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 N �� E. erythrozonum 1 1 5 13 16 12 20 6 2 3 1 1 81 48.9 E. tetrazonum 1 4 4 6 14 21 15 20 21 17 20 11 5 1 160 51.1 Males are characterized by the presence of a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic-fins to the anal-fin. This stripe has an irregular dorsal margin. The ventral-lateral stripes are not confluent across the belly, which is white. From the anal-fin to the base of the caudal-fin the red-orange stripe continues as a series of separate, red-orange blotches that are irregular in shape. The sides are also covered by smaller, irregularly shaped red-orange spots, and there is no blue-green on the body. The spinous dorsal-fin is dark at the base, followed by a clear band, a dusky blue band, a clear band, a red band and a clear margin. The rayed dorsal-fin generally has a dusky base and has numerous red-orange spots on the rays, forming many horizontal rows across the fin. The membranes of the rayed dorsal-fin can become very dusky in males of peak breeding condition. In general the rayed dorsal-fin lacks blue, however some specimens have a faint blue wash at the base. The anal-fin is blue with red-orange spots forming two horizontal rows across the fin. There is a blue wash on the ventral margin of the caudal-fin. Pectoral-fins are generally clear with a slight yellow hue, and a series of red-orange spots. During the breeding season the membrane between pectoral-fin rays are dusky. Pelvic-fins are blue-black, with red-orange spots in some specimens. The branchiostegal rays are broadly connected and red-orange in coloration. Nuptial tubercles are well developed on scales of the breast, lower side anterior to the anal-fin, scales along the anal-fin, ventral scales of the caudal peduncle, and enlarged ridges are present along anal-fin rays. Females of Etheostoma erythrozonum are muted in their color pattern compared to males. The branchiostegal membranes are white with orange spots; the sides are covered with small, irregularly shaped red-orange spots; the spinous dorsal-fin is dark at the base, followed by a clear band, a dusky band, a clear band, a faint orange band, and a clear margin; the rayed dorsal-fin has a dusky stripe at the base, clear membranes, and orange spots along the rays; pectoral-fins are generally clear with a series of faint orange spots; the pelvic-fins are generally unpigmented, occasionally with faint orange spots. Nuptial tubercles are occasionally present, but poorly developed on ventral scales, and ridges are not present on anal-fin rays. The female genital papilla is a long tube. Comparisons. Observation of male nuptial color patterns across the ranges of E. erythrozonum and E. tetrazonum revealed considerable dissimilarities. Males of E. tetrazonum are characterized by the presence of a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic-fins to the anal-fin. This stripe has a well-defined dorsal margin. The ventral-lateral stripes are not confluent across the belly, which is white. Seven vertical red-orange bars are evenly spaced from the posterior extent of the horizontal red-orange stripe to the base of the caudal-fin. Often the first vertical red-orange bar is continuous with the horizontal redorange stripe. Between the vertical red-orange bars are blue-green vertical bars. A blue-green patch extends from the region just posterior to the pelvic-fin insertion up the side and around the pectoral-fin and onto the operculum and cheek. The second dorsal-fin is blue-green across the base with orange spots on the fin rays forming several horizontal rows across the fin. The anal-fin is blue-green with a clear margin and is without any orange spots in most specimens. In contrast, males of E. erythrozonum have a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic-fins to the anal-fins with an irregular dorsal margin. From the anal-fin to the base of the caudal-fin the red-orange stripe continues as a series of separate, red-orange blotches that are irregular in shape, not well defined vertical bars as in E. tetrazonum. Etheostoma erythrozonum lacks any blue-green on the body, a prominent feature of E. tetrazonum. The spinous dorsal-fin of male E. erythrozonum lacks the broad blue base present on E. tetrazonum, and if present, the blue is relatively inconspicuous. The anal-fin of E. erythrozonum is blue-green with red-orange spots forming two horizontal rows across the fin; red-orange spots are rarely observed on the anal-fins of E. tetrazonum, and never to the extent present in E. erythrozonum. Examination of meristic data revealed two counts that differed between E. erythrozonum and E. tetrazonum. The modal number of dorsal-fin spines was 13 in E. erythrozonum, while it was 12 in E. tetrazonum (Table 4). The pectoral-fin ray count differed between these species, with a modal number of 16 in E. erythrozonum and 15 in E. tetrazonum (Table 7). Anal-fin rays 8 9 10 N �� E. erythrozonum 2 70 10 82 9.1 E. tetrazonum 1 143 16 160 9.1 Pectoral-fin rays 14 15 16 17 N �� E. erythrozonum 29 50 2 81 15.7 E. tetrazonum 24 96 39 1 160 15.1 Opercle scales 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 N �� E. erythrozonum 1 2 2 10 15 27 12 5 6 2 82 4.9 E. tetrazonum 7 7 16 41 43 21 11 7 5 1 1 160 3.9 A phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b sequence data from across the range of E. tetrazonum by Switzer & Wood (2002) recovered E. tetrazonum and the populations described herein as E. erythrozonum as two well supported, reciprocally monophyletic groups. The average uncorrected sequence divergence between populations of E. erythrozonum and E. tetrazonum was 7.2 %. Distribution. Etheostoma erythrozonum is restricted to the Meramec River drainage of Missouri (Figure 2). It is widely distributed within the Meramec River drainage, known from the main channel of the Meramec River in St. Louis County and upstream into larger tributaries. It is generally absent from small headwater streams. Conservation status. Etheostoma erythrozonum is one of the most abundant darters within its range; its conservation status is currently considered stable (Warren et al., 2000). Etymology. The name erythrozonum is derived from Greek: erythros, red, and zona, zone. This name is in reference to the red-orange stripe and lateral red-orange blotches characteristic of this species, and the name is in keeping with the names of the other western members of subgenus Poecilichthys, ending in ���zonum. The common name, Meramec Saddled Darter, is in reference to the Meramec River drainage, the range of this species, and the prominent dorsal saddles., Published as part of Switzer, John F. & Wood, Robert M., 2009, Etheostoma erythrozonum, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Meramec River drainage, Missouri, pp. 1-7 in Zootaxa 2095 on pages 2-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274836, {"references":["Switzer, J. F. & Wood, R. M. (2002) Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the Missouri saddled darter Etheostoma tetrazonum (Actinopterygii: Percidae). Copeia, 2002, 450 - 455.","Warren, M. L., Burr, B. M., Walsh, S. J., Bart, H. L., Cashner, R. C., Etnier, D. A., et al. (2000) Diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern United States. Fisheries, 25, 7 - 31."]}

Etheostoma erythrozonum, new species Meramec Saddled Darter Figure 1 Holotype. USNM 391646, male, 67 mm SL, Huzzah Creek at the Reis Biological Station, 6.2 km upstream from the Route 8 bridge (37 ° 56.871 'N; 91 ° 10.676 'W), Crawford County, Missouri, 3 April 2003. Paratypes. Missouri, Crawford County. USNM 391647, (3, 55– 67 mm SL), taken with holotype. JFBM 45691, (3, 51– 66 mm SL), taken with holotype. JFBM 45692, (6, 48– 71 mm SL), same locality, 1 June 2001. UAIC 15267.01, (7, 46– 71 mm SL), same locality, 1 June 2001. Additional materials (nontypes). Missouri: Crawford County: UAIC 15268.01 (10, 57– 77) Meramec River at Scotts Ford Access, 6 April 1996. CU 34444 (12, 48– 71) Courtois Creek at Walter Diggs Farm, 2 mi. downstream from Butts, 26 August 1959. Dent County: UMMZ 149516 (10, 49– 64) Meramec River, 2 mi. NW of Short Bend, 23 August 1941. Franklin County: KU 10141 (8, 45– 54) Bourbeuse River at Noser Mill, 11 July 1963. UAIC 7938.17 (11, 50– 66) Meramec River at Meramec State Park, 21 October 1987. UAIC 15269.01 (4, 47– 60) Meramec River at Robertsville State Park (38 ° 26.13 ’N; 90 ° 49.49 ’W), 1 April 2000. St. Francois County: CU 63065 (10, 47– 53) Big River below Route K bridge, 3 mi. east of Bonne Terre, 22 Aug 1967. Washington County: JFBM 45693 (7, 53– 75) Big River at Missouri Department of Conservation Bootleg Access, 10 mi. south of Potosi (37 ° 48.765 ’N; 90 ° 46.332 ’W), 3 October 1999. Diagnosis. Member of subgenus Poecilichthys as defined by 4–6 dark saddles on back and upper sides, saddles angled obliquely forward; breeding tubercles on males and females; in males tubercles well developed on scales of the breast, lower side anterior to the anal fin, along the anal fin, and ventral scales of the caudal peduncle, enlarged ridges along anal fin rays; in females tubercles occasionally present on ventral scales; complete lateral line; no interruptions in head canals; broadly joined branchiostegal membranes; 6 branchiostegal rays; long tubular genital papilla in the female; premaxillary frenum present; 2 anal spines. Distinguished from other species of Poecilichthys by 4 dark saddles on back and upper sides (vs. 5 or 6 in E. kanawhae and E. osburni), scales on breast (vs. unscaled in E. kanawhae and E. osburni), the absence of blue on the body (vs. blue present in E. tetrazonum and E. variatum), and prominent red-orange blotches on body (vs. small orange spots in E. euzonum). Most similar to E. tetrazonum but distinguished by the lack of blue-green on the body, a prominent feature of E. tetrazonum; presence in males of a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic fins to the anal fin with an irregular dorsal margin vs. dorsal stripe with a well-defined dorsal margin in E. tetrazonum; and a series of red-orange blotches that are irregular in shape from the anal fin to the base of the caudal fin, vs. well defined vertical bars in E. tetrazonum. The spinous dorsal fin of male E. erythrozonum usually lacks the broad blue base present on E. tetrazonum; if present, the blue is relatively inconspicuous. The anal fin of E. erythrozonum is blue-green with red-orange spots forming two horizontal rows across the fin; red-orange spots are rarely observed on the anal fins of E. tetrazonum, and never to the extent present in E. erythrozonum. The modal number of dorsal-fin spines is 13 in E. erythrozonum, 12 in E. tetrazonum (Table 4). The modal number of pectoral-fin rays is 16 in E. erythrozonum, 15 in E. tetrazonum (Table 7). Description. Etheostoma erythrozonum is a relatively large, stout-bodied species of Etheostoma. Frequency distributions of scales, spines and fin rays given in Tables 1–8. Dorsal-fin spines (11–14, modally 13), dorsal-fin rays (12–14, modally 13), anal-fin rays (8–10, modally 9), principal caudal rays (16–18, modally 17), pectoral-fin rays (15–17, modally 16), lateral-line scales (39–55, modally 50), cheek scales absent, opercle partially scaled (0–9 scales, modally 5), breast partially to completely scaled, nape completely scaled. Both males and females of this species have four prominent dark saddles on the back and dorsal sides, with the sides angled obliquely forward. The background color is dusky in the dorsal region, lighter in the sublateral region and white on the belly. Along the sides is a series of sub-lateral dark blotches. There is a dark preorbital bar extending forward and a dark suborbital bar extending down the cheek. This species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism in nuptial color patterns. Lateral-line scales 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 N ¯ E. erythrozonum 1 1 5 13 16 12 20 6 2 3 1 1 81 48.9 E. tetrazonum 1 4 4 6 14 21 15 20 21 17 20 11 5 1 160 51.1 Males are characterized by the presence of a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic-fins to the anal-fin. This stripe has an irregular dorsal margin. The ventral-lateral stripes are not confluent across the belly, which is white. From the anal-fin to the base of the caudal-fin the red-orange stripe continues as a series of separate, red-orange blotches that are irregular in shape. The sides are also covered by smaller, irregularly shaped red-orange spots, and there is no blue-green on the body. The spinous dorsal-fin is dark at the base, followed by a clear band, a dusky blue band, a clear band, a red band and a clear margin. The rayed dorsal-fin generally has a dusky base and has numerous red-orange spots on the rays, forming many horizontal rows across the fin. The membranes of the rayed dorsal-fin can become very dusky in males of peak breeding condition. In general the rayed dorsal-fin lacks blue, however some specimens have a faint blue wash at the base. The anal-fin is blue with red-orange spots forming two horizontal rows across the fin. There is a blue wash on the ventral margin of the caudal-fin. Pectoral-fins are generally clear with a slight yellow hue, and a series of red-orange spots. During the breeding season the membrane between pectoral-fin rays are dusky. Pelvic-fins are blue-black, with red-orange spots in some specimens. The branchiostegal rays are broadly connected and red-orange in coloration. Nuptial tubercles are well developed on scales of the breast, lower side anterior to the anal-fin, scales along the anal-fin, ventral scales of the caudal peduncle, and enlarged ridges are present along anal-fin rays. Females of Etheostoma erythrozonum are muted in their color pattern compared to males. The branchiostegal membranes are white with orange spots; the sides are covered with small, irregularly shaped red-orange spots; the spinous dorsal-fin is dark at the base, followed by a clear band, a dusky band, a clear band, a faint orange band, and a clear margin; the rayed dorsal-fin has a dusky stripe at the base, clear membranes, and orange spots along the rays; pectoral-fins are generally clear with a series of faint orange spots; the pelvic-fins are generally unpigmented, occasionally with faint orange spots. Nuptial tubercles are occasionally present, but poorly developed on ventral scales, and ridges are not present on anal-fin rays. The female genital papilla is a long tube. Comparisons. Observation of male nuptial color patterns across the ranges of E. erythrozonum and E. tetrazonum revealed considerable dissimilarities. Males of E. tetrazonum are characterized by the presence of a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic-fins to the anal-fin. This stripe has a well-defined dorsal margin. The ventral-lateral stripes are not confluent across the belly, which is white. Seven vertical red-orange bars are evenly spaced from the posterior extent of the horizontal red-orange stripe to the base of the caudal-fin. Often the first vertical red-orange bar is continuous with the horizontal redorange stripe. Between the vertical red-orange bars are blue-green vertical bars. A blue-green patch extends from the region just posterior to the pelvic-fin insertion up the side and around the pectoral-fin and onto the operculum and cheek. The second dorsal-fin is blue-green across the base with orange spots on the fin rays forming several horizontal rows across the fin. The anal-fin is blue-green with a clear margin and is without any orange spots in most specimens. In contrast, males of E. erythrozonum have a horizontal red-orange stripe extending along the lower sides from the pelvic-fins to the anal-fins with an irregular dorsal margin. From the anal-fin to the base of the caudal-fin the red-orange stripe continues as a series of separate, red-orange blotches that are irregular in shape, not well defined vertical bars as in E. tetrazonum. Etheostoma erythrozonum lacks any blue-green on the body, a prominent feature of E. tetrazonum. The spinous dorsal-fin of male E. erythrozonum lacks the broad blue base present on E. tetrazonum, and if present, the blue is relatively inconspicuous. The anal-fin of E. erythrozonum is blue-green with red-orange spots forming two horizontal rows across the fin; red-orange spots are rarely observed on the anal-fins of E. tetrazonum, and never to the extent present in E. erythrozonum. Examination of meristic data revealed two counts that differed between E. erythrozonum and E. tetrazonum. The modal number of dorsal-fin spines was 13 in E. erythrozonum, while it was 12 in E. tetrazonum (Table 4). The pectoral-fin ray count differed between these species, with a modal number of 16 in E. erythrozonum and 15 in E. tetrazonum (Table 7). Anal-fin rays 8 9 10 N ¯ E. erythrozonum 2 70 10 82 9.1 E. tetrazonum 1 143 16 160 9.1 Pectoral-fin rays 14 15 16 17 N ¯ E. erythrozonum 29 50 2 81 15.7 E. tetrazonum 24 96 39 1 160 15.1 Opercle scales 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 N ¯ E. erythrozonum 1 2 2 10 15 27 12 5 6 2 82 4.9 E. tetrazonum 7 7 16 41 43 21 11 7 5 1 1 160 3.9 A phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b sequence data from across the range of E. tetrazonum by Switzer & Wood (2002) recovered E. tetrazonum and the populations described herein as E. erythrozonum as two well supported, reciprocally monophyletic groups. The average uncorrected sequence divergence between populations of E. erythrozonum and E. tetrazonum was 7.2 %. Distribution. Etheostoma erythrozonum is restricted to the Meramec River drainage of Missouri (Figure 2). It is widely distributed within the Meramec River drainage, known from the main channel of the Meramec River in St. Louis County and upstream into larger tributaries. It is generally absent from small headwater streams. Conservation status. Etheostoma erythrozonum is one of the most abundant darters within its range; its conservation status is currently considered stable (Warren et al., 2000). Etymology. The name erythrozonum is derived from Greek: erythros, red, and zona, zone. This name is in reference to the red-orange stripe and lateral red-orange blotches characteristic of this species, and the name is in keeping with the names of the other western members of subgenus Poecilichthys, ending in –zonum. The common name, Meramec Saddled Darter, is in reference to the Meramec River drainage, the range of this species, and the prominent dorsal saddles.

A new species of percid, Crystallaria cincotta, is described from the Cumberland, Elk, Green, and Muskingum river drainages of the Ohio River basin, USA. It differs from populations of Crystallaria asprella of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, middle Mississippi River, upper Mississippi River, and Wabash River drainages by having a reduced number of cheek scale rows restricted to the post-orbital region, a falcate margin on the pelvic fins, a preorbital blotch distinctly separate from the anterior orbital rim, and a wide mouth gape. The Elk River population is also divergent genetically from populations of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, and upper Mississippi River drainages. Crystallaria cincotta, discovered in the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage in 1980, is a rare species with the only extant population represented by 12 individuals collected from 1980–2005 from the lower 36 km section of the Elk River, West Virginia.

Crystallaria cincotta, new species Diamond Darter Fig. 2, Table 1 Holotype. UMMZ 233255, 73 mm SL, West Virginia, Kanawha Co., Elk River, 1.6 km upstream of mouth of Big Sandy Creek, Clendenin, WV, 18 July 1991, D.A. Cincotta, M.E. Hoeft, and S.F. Morrison. Paratypes. West Virginia. USMF (Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD) 200616 (1, 73 mm SL) taken with holotype. USMF 200617 (1, 76), Kanawha Co., Elk River, 1.6 km upstream of mouth of Big Sandy Creek, Clendenin, WV, 25 Aug 1999. USMF 200618 (2, 75��� 76) Kanawha Co., Elk River, 150 m downstream of mouth of Big Sandy Creek, Clendenin, WV, 29 Aug. 2003. USMF 200619 (2, 76��� 77) Kanawha Co., Elk River, 150 m downstream of mouth of Big Sandy Creek, Clendenin, WV, 8 July 2005. Additional material (nontypes). Ohio. OSUM 8996 (1, 72 mm SL) Washington Co., Muskingum River, 31 Aug. 1888. OSUM 9688 (1, 51) Lawrence Co., Ohio River, 31 May 1899. Kentucky. USNM 63786 (1, 77) Green Co., Green River, 1890. USNM 89467 (2, 37��� 49) Edmonson Co., Green River, 31 Aug. 1929. FMNH 6825 (1, 67) Lyon Co., Cumberland River, date unknown. Diagnosis. A species of Crystallaria that differs from populations of C. asprella of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, middle Mississippi River, upper Mississippi River, and Wabash River by a combination of the following characters: a larger gape width approximately equal to or exceeding the inter-pelvic fin base width, a preorbital blotch distinctly separate from the anterior orbital rim, pelvic fins distinctly falcate in both sexes, cheek scale rows reduced (modally 2), opercle scale rows reduced (modally 2), a high count of mid-lateral blotches (modally 13), a low count of anal-fin rays (modally 13), a low count of dorsal-fin spines (modally 12), and a high count of scales below the lateral line (modally 11). Description. Morphometric measurements (as percentage of SL) are given in Table 1. Dorsal-fin spines (11���13, modally 12), dorsal-fin rays (11���15, modally 13), anal-fin rays (11���13, modally 13), principal caudal rays (17), lateral-line scales (83���93, modally 87), cheek scale rows restricted to the post-orbital region (1���4, modally 2), opercle scale rows (1-4, modally 2), mid-lateral blotches (12���14, modally 13), breast and belly without scales, gape width approximately equal to or greater than inter-pelvic fin width. Pelvic fins with falcate posterior margin. Preorbital blotch distinctly separate from the anterior orbital rim. Paratypes (n= 6) Distances Holotype Mean SD Range Standard length (mm) 73.3 75.4 1.5 73.0��� 77.3 Snout���occiput 215.4 211.9 4.8 206���218 Occiput���first dorsal-fin spine 141.3 146.7 7.3 136���158 Base of fist dorsal fin 283.6 287.5 14.7 273���309 Base of second dorsal fin 137.0 156.0 15.0 139���181 Last dorsal-fin ray���dorsal caudal flexure 262.9 265.4 16.2 239���281 Depth at caudal flexure 84.6 82.5 4.6 76���89 Last anal-fin ray���ventral caudal flexure 241.3 242.8 10.9 228���255 Base of anal fin 182.9 182.8 7.1 172���193 Mid-point between pelvic-fin bases���first anal-fin ray 300.3 305.5 9.5 295���322 Branchiostegal connection���midpoint between pelvic-fin bases 200.7 200.6 6.3 191���207 Snout���branchiostegal connection 136.4 131.6 11.3 114���144 Branchiostegal connection���occiput 171.9 148.1 8.0 138���162 Branchiostegal connection���first dorsal-fin spine 260.0 250.4 8.3 238���261 Occiput���mid-point between pelvic-fin bases 155.4 172.7 11.9 155���192 Mid-point between pelvic-fin bases���first dorsal-fin spine 113.1 127.1 14.2 111���152 Mid-point between pelvic-fin bases���second dorsal-fin insertion 356.9 331.8 17.6 313���361 First dorsal-fin spine���anal-fin insertion 291.8 296.4 10.3 285���310 Anal-fin insertion���second dorsal-fin insertion 105.3 109.7 2.8 106���114 Anal-fin insertion���last dorsal-fin ray 190.7 177.5 13.1 162���195 Second dorsal-fin insertion���last anal-fin ray 177.6 188.0 6.7 180���199 Last dorsal-fin ray���last anal-fin ray 68.9 76.6 6.2 69���84 Last anal-fin ray���dorsal caudal flexure 255.9 252.5 16.2 233���280 Last dorsal-fin ray���ventral caudal flexure 259.6 273.0 7.8 265���286 Snout���anterior margin of eye 87.0 91.0 2.7 88���94 Eye width 77.5 75.3 3.7 71���82 Snout���opercle spine tip 257.2 262.3 5.7 255���271 Anterior internasal width 42.2 49.6 2.0 46���52 Posterior internasal width 55.4 57.9 2.3 56���62 Interorbital width 33.8 30.7 1.4 30���33 Gape width 84.6 81.0 4.6 76���88 Interpelvic base width 73.4 74.4 3.1 70���77 Body is overall translucent. Olive brown melanophores are concentrated as four wide saddles on the back and dorsal sides. Saddles angle anteriad on dorsal sides and are outlined with anterior and posterior dark margins. Between the saddles, olive brown melanophores on scale margins produce a fragmented cross-hatch pattern. The ventral sides of the body and head are silvery white. A preorbital blotch is dark and distinctly separated from the anterior margin of the orbital rim. The mid-lateral pigmentation includes 12���14 oblong olive-brown blotches overlain by an iridescent olive green stripe. Fins are clear with the exception of sparse pigmentation on the caudal fin. Comparisons. Crystallaria cincotta differs from populations of C. asprella of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, middle Mississippi River, upper Mississippi River, and Wabash River by a combination of the following characters: gape width approximately equal to or exceeding the inter-pelvic fin base width (gape width 7.3���8.6 % SL vs. 3.7���6.1), preorbital blotch distinctly separate from anterior orbital rim vs. preorbital blotch adjoined to or narrowly separate from anterior orbital rim, and pelvic fins distinctly falcate vs. pelvic fins not falcate. Additionally, a combination of the following meristic characters separate C. cincotta from C. asprella; cheek scale rows reduced (1���4, modally 2 vs. 4���14, modally 11), opercle scale rows reduced (1���4, modally 2 vs. 2���13, modally 4), a higher modal count of mid-lateral blotches (12���14, modally 13 vs. 8���14, modally 10), a lower count of anal-fin rays (11���13, modally 13 vs. 12���16, modally 14), a lower count of dorsal-fin spines (11���13, modally 12 vs. 10���17, modally 14), a higher count of scales below the lateral line (10��� 14, modally 11 vs. 7���14, modally 9, Table 2). Additionally, C. cincotta differs from the Gulf, lower Mississippi, and upper Mississippi populations of C. asprella by cytochrome b sequence divergence (11.31, 11.95, and 11.84 %; Wood and Raley 2000), and net nucleotide divergences of the mitochondrial control region (4.97, 5.25, and 4.39 %) and the nuclear S 7 intron (2.25, 2.03, and 2.04 %; Morrison et al. 2006). Genetic evidence supports the species recognition of C. cincotta. Genetic divergence values of Crystallaria in the Elk River are consistent with divergence values of interspecific or intergeneric divergence (Wood and Raley 2000). Crystallaria asprella (N= 96) mode (range) Crystallaria cincotta (N= 13) mode (range) In a plot of sheared PC 2 by sheared PC 3, gape width (- 0.71) loaded highest on the sheared PC 2 axis (Fig. 3). Measurements associated with the posterior region loaded highest for sheared PC 3; last ray of second dorsal fin to dorsal caudal flexure (0.30), last ray of second dorsal fin to ventral caudal flexure (0.28), base of anal fin (- 0.30), base of second dorsal fin (- 0.32), last ray of anal fin to dorsal caudal flexure (0.20), last ray of anal fin to second dorsal fin insertion (- 0.22), anal-fin insertion to last ray of second dorsal fin (- 0.34). Individuals with high sheared PC 3 scores had longer caudal peduncle regions owing to fewer rays in the second dorsal and anal fins, but most populations overlapped along this axis (Fig. 3). Conservation status. Crystallaria cincotta is extirpated from most of its former range within the Ohio River drainage, and is known only to be extant in the Elk River, West Virginia. Wood and Raley (2000) suggested that the population of Crystallaria in Elk River, West Virginia, should be given federal protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act based on the scarcity of individuals, the genetic uniqueness and sister group relationship with C. asprella, and cumulative landuse threats within the Elk River drainage. The scarcity of C. cincotta in the Elk River is supported by a total of 12 specimens from extensive sampling efforts from 1980 to 2005. Most collections of C. cincotta have occurred in moderate flows over a sand, gravel, and cobble mix of benthic substrate within lower sections of riffles or upper sections of pools (Osier 2005). This type of river habitat is vulnerable to substrate embeddedness from siltation, and we have observed large yearto-year changes in substrate embeddedness within the lower Elk River. Grandmaison et al. (2003) reported siltation from current landuse practices as a major concern for conservation of Crystallaria in the Elk River drainage. Etymology. The name cincotta is in recognition of Daniel A. Cincotta, fishery biologist for the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, and adjunct professor of ichthyology, West Virginia University. He has devoted a 30 year career toward studies of the diversity of West Virginia fishes, including efforts toward conservation of the Elk River drainage and its diverse ichthyofauna. The common name, Diamond Darter, is in reference to the sparkle from reflected light when viewed with lights during nighttime collections, and also fits the analogy of a diamond as a rare crystal. Remarks. Given that populations of Crystallaria have been extirpated from many localities within their range, it is difficult to draw precise boundaries around the historical distributions of the two component species. Populations of Crystallaria are considered extirpated in the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Kentucky and Iowa (Wood and Raley 2000). While these populations would likely unambiguously assign to one species or the other given availability of museum specimens, without specimens it is difficult to assess the full historical range of either species with any confidence. Presumed extirpated populations of particular interest that we can comment on include those from the Wabash River in Indiana, the lower Cumberland River in Kentucky, the Green River in Kentucky, and the Muskingum River in Ohio. In these cases, the availability of museum specimens allow us to unambiguously assign the populations from the Cumberland, Green, and Muskingum to C. cincotta and the Wabash population to C. asprella based on the diagnostic morphological characters discussed above. We infer that C. cincotta was broadly distributed throughout the Ohio River basin exclusive of populations in the Wabash River in Indiana. These latter populations are referred to C. asprella which is hypothesized to have ranged broadly throughout the Mississippi River basin, the Gulf Coast drainages, and the Wabash River drainage. The assignment of most of the extirpated populations is problematic due to the absence of museum specimens for analysis and an incomplete understanding of the complex drainage history of North America., Published as part of Welsh, Stuart A. & Wood, Robert M., 2008, Crystallaria cincotta, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage, West Virginia, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 1680 on pages 64-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180399, {"references":["Wood, R. M. & Raley, M. E (2000) Cytochrome b sequence variation in the crystal darter Crystallaria asprella (Actinopterygii: Percidae). Copeia, 2000, 20 - 26.","Morrison, C. L., Lemarie, D. P., Wood, R. M. & King, T. L. (2006) Phylogeographic analyses suggest multiple lineages of Crystallaria asprella (Percidae: Etheostominae). Conservation Genetics, 7, 129 - 147.","Osier, E. A. (2005) Distribution and habitat use of the crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella) and spotted darter (Etheostoma maculatum) in the Elk River, West Virginia. M. S. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.","Grandmaison, D., Mayasich, J. & Etnier, D. (2003) Crystal darter status assessment report. NRRI Technical Report No. NRRI / TR- 2003 / 19."]}

Etheostoma marmorpinnum Blanton and Jenkins, new species Marbled Darter (Fig. 4b) Holotype. UF 172572, male, 37.8 mm SL, Little River just below TN Highway 33 bridge, Blount County, Tennessee, 26 April 1984, S. Layman and J. Shute. Paratypes. Tennessee River drainage— Little River system Tennessee: Blount County: ANSP 189238 (2), Little River, just downstream of TN Highway 33 bridge in slabrock pool above riffle, 6 May 1985, S. R. Layman; INHS 102268 (2), Little River at TN Highway 33 bridge near Rockford, 26 May 1985, R. D. Suttkus and D. A. Etnier; NCSM 49701 (3; 37.5–40.6 mm SL), Little River at TN Highway 33, 7.2 air km NNE center of Maryville (35.8195° N; 83.9381° W), 11 November 1974, W. C. Starnes, D. A. Etnier, G. Boronow, M. Hughes, G. Schuster, and Schraw; TU 140998 (2), same locality as INHS 102268; UF 172573 (3; 28.8–36.5 mm SL), taken with holotype; USNM 394525 (2), same locality as INHS 102268; UT 91.2615 (1), same locality as ANSP 189238. Additional material (nontypes). Tennessee River drainage— Little River system Tennessee: Blount County: INHS 82442 (6, 7, 3); TU 140998 (6, 5, 6); UF 191714 (1, 0, 0); UT 91.1035 (13, 0, 13); UT 91.1916 (0, 1, 0); UT 91.2615 (3, 3, 3); UT 91.2675 (3, 3, 3); UT 91.2722 (0, 5, 0); UT 91.2723 (0, 6, 0); UT 91.2724 (0, 4, 0); UT 91.2725 (0, 1, 0); UT 91.584 (2, 2, 2); UT 91.781 (2, 0, 2). Tennessee River drainage— South Fork Holston River system Tennessee: Sullivan Co.: South Fork Holston River: UMMZ 197681 (1, 1, 0) Diagnosis. Etheostoma marmorpinnum is distinguished from all other members of the species complex by higher percentage of belly covered by scales (60–80% vs. 10% or less); higher percentage of body area along the first dorsal-fin base covered with scales (100% vs. 70% or less); dark distinct marbling in second dorsal fin of nuptial males (vs. lighter diffuse marbling or marbling absent); narrower band width for caudalfin (range = 12–15% of fin length vs. 15–25%) and anal-fin (range = 29–33% vs. 33–58%); more scales around caudal peduncle (25 vs. 23 or 24); and higher first dorsal fin (D1H, =117 vs. 105 or less). The species is further distinguished from E. percnurum by fewer caudal fin rays (15 vs. 18); narrower distal band on pectoral fin (range = 17–20% vs. 27–32% of fin length) and second dorsal fin (14–21% vs. 23–25% of fin height); and by prominent tessellation of medial region of caudal fin of nuptial males (vs. uniformly dusky). Further distinguished from E percnurum and E. sitikuense by an intermediate number of pored lateral-line scales (27 vs. 22 or 33 respectively). Means of other measurements were also informative in distinguishing E. marmorpinnum from other members of the complex (Table 9). Description. Tables 1–7 provide meristic counts for most variables. Scales below lateral line 8–10 (8, 9, =8.9±0.8); scales above lateral line 6–9 (7, =7.1±0.5); caudal peduncle scales below lateral line 11–14 (12, =11.9±0.8); caudal peduncle scales above lateral line 8–12 (11, =10.4±1.1). Cheek, opercle, and breast devoid of scales; nape usually devoid of scales, rarely with 5% scale coverage. Branchiostegal rays six; gill membranes narrowly to moderately joined. First dorsal fin spines 6–7, (7, =6.7±0.5); second dorsal fin rays 11–13 (12, =11.8±0.3); pectoral fin rays 12–13 (13, =12.8±0.4); anal spines 2; anal rays 6–8 (7, =7.3±0.5). Preopercular-mandibular pores 10 (10.0, =10±0.0); infraorbital pores usually 6, rarely 5 or 7 (6, =6.0±0.3); anterior infraorbital pores 4 (4, =4.0±0.0); posterior infraorbital pores usually 2, rarely 1 or 3 (2, =2.0±0.3); supraorbital pores usually 4, rarely 5 or 6 (4, =4.0±0.4); supratemporal pores usually 4, rarely 5 (4, =4.0±0.2); left supratemporal pores usually 2, rarely 3 (2, =2.0±0.2); right supratemporal pores 2 (2, =2.0±0.0). Measurements for males (nuptial and non-nuptial) and females are presented separately; male measurements are presented in Table 9. Females (n=19): SL 27.7–44.3 (=35.4±4.5); GW 70–100 (=86±9); IOW 30–60 (=45±7); HW 100–140 (=124±10); HL 300–330 (=321±10); P1L 220–290 (=254±18); P2L 180–220 (=203±13); D1H 90–140 (=119±14); D1L 160–230 (=198±19); D2H 120–170 (=146±13); AFH 100–150 (=123±14); CFL 190–250 (=221±16); BW 50–80 (=67±8); H1–H2 100–130 (=114±8); H1–H3 190–240 (=221±11); H1–B4 340–390 (=368±13); H1–H5 120–150 (=131±8); H1–B6 270–340 (=309±18); H2–H5 110–130 (=119±7); H3–B6 150–190 (=174±11); B4–B6 or BD1 150–210 (=175±16); B4–B7 240–300 (=266±15); B4–B8 290–350 (=321±14); B6–B7 320–390 (=365±18); B6–B8 290–360 (=327±19); B7–B8 or BD2 130–170 (=150±9); B7–B9 or D2L 180–230 (=217±14); B7–B10 190–220 (=206±10); B8–B9 220–270 (=243±15); B8–B10 or AFL 120–170 (=143±14); B9–10 110–150 (=126±10); B9–C11 130–190 (=158±15); and B10–C11 200–250 (=216±14). Body color and general pigmentation of live and preserved individuals similar to that described for E. percnurum by Jenkins (1994). However, nuptial males of E. marmorpinnum with strongly marbled second dorsal fins and heavily tessellated caudal fins; tessellations on distal half of caudal fin often form wavy bands; narrower dusky distal bands on pectoral (range = 17–20% of fin length) second dorsal (range = 14–21% of fin height), caudal (range = 12–15% of fin length), and anal fins (range = 29–33% of fin height). For all individuals: number of transverse bars for males rarely too poorly developed to count (0), usually 11–15 (13, =10.7±4.8), for females 11–14 (12 and 13, =12.6±1.0); number of dorsal saddles for males 7–8 (7, =7.1±0.2), for females 7–8 (7, =7.1±0.4); number of rows of caudal-fin tessellations along medial ray for males 4–8 (7, =6.2±1.2), for females 4–7 (4, =5.2±1.2); and caudal peduncle with 1 caudal spot, 2 diffuse spots, or no obvious spots. Distribution. Etheostoma marmorpinnum occurs in lower Little River (Tennessee drainage), Blount County, Tennessee, from US Hwy 411 downstream to TN Hwy 33, but is generally rare in the upstream reaches around US Hwy 411 (Layman 1991). The species does not appear to be continuously distributed throughout this 14.5 km reach. The stronghold is just upstream of the backwaters of Fort Loudoun Reservoir around the US Hwy 33 bridge (Layman 1991). Also known from a single specimen from the South Fork Holston River in Sullivan County, Tennessee, collected in 1947, three years before construction of the South Fork Holston Dam was completed. The capture site was 0.6 rkm above the dam, whose tailwater has long been and continues to be cold-water. The species is now extirpated from the Holston River. Ecology. The Little River has its headwaters in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, within the Blue Ridge Province of Tennessee, and flows north through the Ridge and Valley Province where it enters Fort Loudon Reservoir of the Tennessee River. The reach occupied by E. marmorpinnum is characterized by moderate gradient with riffles, runs, and long pools. The species is primarily associated with pools and moderate runs about 0.3–1.2 m deep with clean pebbles, cobble, and small boulders (Layman 1991). Etheostoma marmopinnum was syntopic with E. flabellare in the South Fork Holston River; the one specimen from the South Fork Holston was collected with two E. flabellare. The species is not known to overlap geographically with any other species of Catonotus in the Little River. Etheostoma flabellare was thought to have been extirpated from the Little River until recent populations were discovered by CFI personnel in Cane and Hesse Creek inside Great Smoky Mountain National Park (P. Rakes, pers. comm.). Localities in these streams are well upstream of their confluence with the Little River and well upstream of known E. marmorpinnum sites in the Little River proper. The most common darters occurring with E. marmorpinnum in the Little River include Nothonotus rufilineatus and E. simoterum. Layman (1991) provided detailed information on the life history and general ecology of the Marbled Darter. Conservation Status. Layman (1991) suggested that the range of E. marmorpinnum had been compressed by impoundment of the lower 12.5 km of the Little River. Although no future impoundments are planned, the habitat within the reach of river where E. marmorpinnum occurs is threatened by siltation, municipal water withdrawal, toxic spills, and habitat degradation associated with poor agriculture practices and bridge construction and maintenance (Layman 1991). The South Fork Holston River population was extirpated by inundation of habitat by the South Holston Reservoir and by cold tailwaters (Jenkins & Burkhead 1975). Federal protection and regular monitoring of the species status and habitat quality are needed due to the current federal status as E. percnurum, its extremely limited distribution consisting of one extant population within the Little River, evidence for past extirpations, and ongoing threats to larger river habitats. A new recovery plan that incorporates these goals and includes plans to alleviate or remove ongoing threats to the limited habitat of this species is greatly needed. Efforts to bolster numbers in upstream reaches and generate a more continuous population throughout the documented reach in the Little River should be a priority. The species has benefited from past propagation efforts (conducted by CFI); captive propagation and re-introductions that utilized individuals from the Little River as stocks have helped bolster the number of reproducing individuals in the Little River. Continued propagation efforts that utilize Little River stock and focus on capturing genetic diversity in the species would be worthwhile to its long-term survival. Translocation outside Little River to known extirpated portions of its range, such as the South Fork Holston River, may further decrease the chance of extinction. Translocation outside of the species known native range is not recommended due to the potential negative impacts to other species. Etymology. The name marmorpinnum comes from ‘marmor’ which means marbled and ‘pinna’ for fin and refers to the distinct marbled pattern of the second dorsal fin of nuptial males, as does the common name Marbled Darter., Published as part of Blanton, Rebecca E. & Jenkins, Robert E., 2008, Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages, pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 1963 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5241763, {"references":["Layman, S. R. (1991) Life history of the relict, Duskytail Darter, Etheostoma (Catonotus) sp., in Little River, Tennessee. Copeia, 1991, 471 - 485.","Jenkins, R. E. & Burkhead, N. M. (1975) Recent capture and analysis of the Sharphead Darter, Etheostoma acuticeps, an endangered percid fish of the upper Tennessee River drainage. Copeia, 1975, 731 - 740."]}

Percina crypta, the Halloween Darter, is described as a new species endemic to the Chattahoochee and Flint River systems in Georgia and Alabama. Percina crypta differs from sympatric Percina nigrofasciata in having narrowly separated dorsal saddles (inter-saddle spaces typically less than or equal to saddle width, compared to frequently wider than saddle width in P. nigrofasciata), in usually possessing a single modified scale between the pelvic bases (compared to two or more in P. nigrofasciata), and in having dark wide bands on pectoral-fin rays (versus pectoral fin clear, or with irregular dark marks or weak tessellations on fin rays in P. nigrofasciata). Phylogenetic relationships of P. crypta to other species of Percina are obscure. Percina crypta occurs in shoal and riffle habitats in the Chattahoochee and Flint River mainstems and in a few tributary systems, with the known extant range comprising four disjunct areas separated by mainstem impoundments and altered river reaches.

Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Inland water: 29400-865 (2 spc.), 28.10.1997, Egirdir Lake, Isparta, M. ��zulug; 29400-620 (1 spc.), 26.01.1972, K������k��ekmece Lagoon, Istanbul, N. Meri��., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 44

Percina sciera: Alabama: Colbert County: STL 618.04 (1) Rock Creek, at Sally Burns Road SSW of Mynot (34��36'33"N; 88��03'49"W), 29 March 2003, EF613206.Winston County: STL 1406.02 (1) Sipsey Fork, at Alabama Hwy 33 3 km NE of Rock Creek (34��13'05"N; 87��22'09"W), 20 January 2003, EF613205.Mississippi: Simpson County: UAIC 12992.06 (1) Strong River, at Mississippi Hwy 28 3.2 km W of Pinola (31��53'11"N; 89��59'37"W), 6 December 1986, EF613204., Published as part of James D. Williams, David A. Neely, Stephen J. Walsh & Noel M. Burkhead, 2007, Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee., pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 1549 on page 26

Percina smithvanizi, Williams & Walsh, new species Muscadine Darter (Fig. 2c) Holotype. UF 165735, 47 mm SL, Turkey Creek at unnumbered county road, about 2.9 km W of Burwell, Carroll County, Georgia (33��35���45���N; 85��13���36���W), 19 January 2003. Paratypes. Tallapoosa River drainage Alabama: Chambers County: AUM 23918 (7; 38-51 mm) Tallapoosa River, 2.4 km SSE of Wadley (33��06'07"N; 85��33'25"W), 1 November 1982. UAIC 8525.07 (4; 35-51 mm) same locality, 14 May 1986. UAIC 8526.09 (6; 43-53 mm) same locality, 14 May 1986. Clay County: TU 157782 (3; 44-48 mm) Enitachopco[Enitochope] Creek at Alabama Hwy 9, 4.5 km SSW of Ashland (33��14'24"N; 85��51'34"W), 12 April 1990. UMMZ 185373 (5; 45-54 mm) same locality, 21 September 1963. Cleburne County: UF 98484 (5; 38-47 mm) Snake Creek at County Route 13, about 5.6 km SW of the center of Heflin (33��35'49"N; 85��37'21"W), 16 July 1992. Elmore County: TU 157794 (6; 29-50 mm) Gold Branch, 2.9 km E of Alabama Hwy 63 (32��41'35"N; 86��00'26"W), 12 April 1990. Randolph County: AUM 23824 (19; 32-49 mm) Crooked Creek, 7.4 km NW of Malone (33��14'36"N; 85��38'36"W), 27 September 1982. NCSM 44986 (6; 45- 55 mm) Tallapoosa River, 6.4 km NNW of Wadley (33��10'27"N; 85��35'04"W), 26 March 1991. NCSM 44987 (7; 36-54 mm) same locality, 4 September 1996. UAIC 8508.14 (2; 38-53 mm) same locality, 4 September 1996. UAIC 10830.20 (5; 40-44 mm) same locality, 26 March 1991. USNM 218508 (6; 34-54 mm) Jones Creek at US Hwy 431, approximately 0.6 km N of Roanoke (33��10'32"N; 85��23'21"W), 17 April 1978. USNM 322736 (5; 43-53 mm) Cornhouse Creek at Alabama Hwy 431 (33��14'20"N; 85��26'31"W), 23 March 1970. UT 91.2143 (16; 30-50 mm) Little Tallapoosa River at US Hwy 431 about 6.4 km N of Wedowee (33��22'03"N; 85��28'36"W), 16 May 1981. Tallapoosa County: INHS 57809 (5; 40-51 mm) Josie Leg Creek at Alabama Hwy 22, 6.1 km SW of Perryville (33��00'07"N; 85��49'58"W), 12 March 1989. NCSM 44985 (4; 39-43 mm) Hillabee Creek, at Alabama Hwy 22, about 9.7 km NE of Alexander City (32��59'07"N; 85��51'41"W), 22 March 1995. UF 91625 (14; 35-53 mm) same locality, 6 April 1992. TU 168037 (4; 44-52 mm) Emuckfaw Creek, 4.8 km W of Daviston (33��03'18"N; 85��41'41"W), 10 July 1993. TU 168051 (1; 51 mm) same locality, 10 July 1993. UAIC 6787.14 (3; 38-54 mm) Emuckfaw Creek 5.3 km SSE of New Site (32��59'43"N; 85��44'58"W), 3 June 1985. UAIC 8518.09 (5; 40-51 mm) same locality, 11 March 1985. UAIC 8476.20 (16; 37-51 mm) Tallapoosa River, 10.8 km SSW of Daviston (32��57'52"N; 85��41'52"W), 22 October 1986. UAIC 8510.10 (3; 35-51 mm) Tallapoosa River, 5.6 km SSE of New Site (32��59'06"N; 85��45'09"W), 11 March 1985. UF 165730 (3; 44-49 mm) Wind Creek at second bridge on Alabama Hwy 50 upstream of mouth (32��40���42���N85��52���34���W), 18 January 2003. UF 165733 (5; 35-40 mm) Emuckfaw Creek at Alabama Hwy 49, just upstream of Horseshoe Bend NHP (32��59���40���N85��44���59���W), 18 January 2003. USNM 199818 (14; 35-48 mm) Unnamed tributary of Sougahatchee Creek at Alabama Hwy 49, 19 km N of Tallassee (32��38'04"N; 85��47'48"W), 10 April 1965. Georgia: Carroll County: UF 165736 (6; 43-48 mm) Turkey Creek at unnumbered county road, about 2.9 km W of Burwell (33��35���45���N85��13���36���W), 19 January 2003. Haralson County: GMNH 1548 (3; 45- 57 mm) Tallapoosa River at County Road 130, 23 May 1981. UF 15856 (5; 35-53 mm) North Fork of Walkers Creek at Georgia Hwy 120, 6.1 km SW of Buchanan, 23 April 1968. UF 165731 (8; 43-51 mm) Beech Creek at Georgia Hwy 120, 5.2 km SW of Buchanan (33��45���46���N85��13���22���W), 19 January 2003. Paulding County: UF 165732 (3; 51-58 mm) McClendon Creek at Georgia Hwy 101, 5 km SSE of Beulah (33��51���45���N84��59���35���W), 19 January 2003. USNM 218470 (10; 38-50 mm) same locality, 17 April 1978. Additional material (nontype). Tallapoosa River drainage Alabama: Chambers County: AUM 22087 (4) Tallapoosa River, 2.7 km SSE of Wadley (33��06'05"N; 85��33'23"W), 8 December 1981. Clay County: AUM 15034 (7) White Oak Creek, 1.9 km S of Cragford (33��14'05"N; 85��40'20"W), 26 July 1977. UAIC 2153 (7) Ketchepedrakee Creek, 0.5 km S of Dempsey (33��26'29"N; 85��46'15"W), 6 July 1966. UF 15444 (5) Little Hillabee Creek, 17.7 km NE of Goodwater, 12 September 1963. UF 93917 (1) Creek formed by confluence of Horse Creek and Cave Creek, 2 km SE of Union (33��26'01"N; 85��47'12"W), 16 July 1992. Cleburne County: UAIC 6625.08 (3) Cahulga Creek at Alabama Hwy 9 (33��36'19"N; 85��36'09"W), 11 April 1982. Lee County: AUM 8677 (2) Sougahatchee Creek, about 3.4 km NW of Loachapoka (32��37'10"N; 85��38'01"W), 17 October 1950. Randolph County: AUM 23298 (6) Cornhouse Creek, 4.2 km NE of Malone (33��13'26"N; 85��32'54"W), 8 June 1982. UAIC 6793.22 (9) same locality, 21 July 1983. AUM 23794 (22) Crooked Creek, 7.4 km NW of Malone (33��14'36"N; 85��38'36"W), 18 August 1982. AUM 23962 (29) same locality, 8 November 1982. UAIC 8483.10 (12) same locality, 20 February 1985. UAIC 8487.15 (20) same locality, 7 November 1985. UAIC 8496.12 (5) same locality, 3 April 1986. UAIC 8512.12 (20) same locality, 21 January 1986. UF 99383 (2) Hurricane Creek at County Route 26, about 9.6 km NNW of Wadley (33��10'31"N; 85��35'54"W), 25 May 1995. UF 104096 (1) same locality, 2 March 1996. Tallapoosa County: JDW 95-15 (4) Hillabee Creek at Alabama Hwy 22, 10 km NE of Alexander City (32��59'07"N; 85��51'41"W), 22 March 1995. UAIC 6418.11 (5) same locality, 16 November 1980. UAIC 8494.09 (4) Tallapoosa River, 6 km SSE of New Site (32��59'06"N; 85��45"09"W), 11 March 1985. UAIC 8522.12 (6) same locality, 8 May 1986. UAIC 8495.21 (3) Emuckfaw Creek, 5.3 km SSE of New Site (32��59'43"N; 85��44'58"W), 20 February 1986. Georgia: Paulding County: UF 165650 (1) Thomasson Creek at Georgia Route 136, 3 km WSW of Yorkville (33��55'01"N; 85��01'44"W), 1 May 1990. Materials used in molecular analysis. Tallapoosa River drainage Alabama: Tallapoosa County: STL 731.02 (1) Wind Creek at second bridge on Alabama Hwy 50 upstream of mouth, below old mill dam (32��40'42"N; 85��52'34"W), 18 January 2003, EF613213.STL 732.01 (1) Emuckfaw Creek at Alabama Hwy 19 just NW of Horseshoe Bend (32��59'40"N; 85��44'59"W), 18 January 2003, EF613214. Georgia: Carroll County: STL 1383.01 (1) Turkey Creek at unnumbered county road 3 km NW of Burwell(33��35'45"N; 85��13'36"W), 19 January 2003, EF613211.Haralson County: STL 1384.01 (1) Beech Creek at Georgia Hwy 120, 5.2 km SW of Buchanan (33��45'46"N; 85��13'22"W), 19 January 2003, EF613215.Paulding County: STL 1385.01 (1) McClendon Creek at Georgia Hwy 101, 5 km SSE of Beulah (33��51'45"N; 84��59'35"W), 19 January 2003, EF613212. Diagnosis. Percina smithvanizi is distinguished from all other described species of Percina by a combination of the following characteristics: absence of bright colors on body and fins of adults; no orange band in spinous dorsal fin; no broad vertical bands on body extending dorsally across the back joining those of the other side; 7-11 lateral blotches connected to form a continuous dark brown to black lateral stripe with undulating margins; lateral stripe continuous with large, somewhat quadrate basicaudal blotch, which extends onto base of caudal fin rays; a small dark blotch on upper and lower portion of caudal fin base, dorsal blotch typically darker; suborbital bar absent or very poorly developed; lateral line complete, typically no pored scales on base of caudal fin; males with row of modified scales on midline of belly and one or two modified scale between base of pelvic fins; modified breast scale absent; nuptial tubercles absent; anal fin of breeding males not excessively elongate; males without caudal keel as a ventral extension of the caudal peduncle; snout does not extend beyond anterior margin of upper jaw; broad premaxillary frenum present; serrae on margin of preopercle absent; branchiostegal membranes very narrowly joined to overlapping. Percina smithvanizi is distinguished from the other two species described herein by a combination of the following characters: dorsal saddles usually present, typically consist of quadrate blotches on the posterior portion of nape, under posterior end of spinous dorsal fin, and anterior portion of soft dorsal fin; dorsum with dusky brown reticulations above lateral stripe; scales present on nape, cheeks, opercles and breast. Body depth variable among all three species, but average body depth relative to SL is deeper in P. smithvanizi than congeners described herein (see Morphometric comparisons). Description. A moderately small species of Percina, the largest specimen examined is a male 63 mm SL. Frequency distribution of scale, fin ray and vertebral counts given in Tables 1-8. Lateral line usually complete, but often has an unpored scale before the posterior edge of the hypural plate. Less frequently, a single pored lateral line scale present on the caudal fin base. Anteriormost portion of belly often naked, but midventral row of belly scales usually present and composed of modified ctenoid scales in both sexes, but usually more enlarged in males. Prepectoral region invested with exposed scales, as are the opercles and upper threefourths of the cheeks. Nape fully covered with scales, usually embedded anteriorly, but often exposed (Table 9). Posterior portion of breast with embedded or exposed scales, but naked anteriorly. Enlarged ctenoid scales present between pelvic fin bases, but usually absent on breast on the anterior margin of the pelvic bones. Total lateral line scales 57-71, usually 60-68; transverse scale rows 12-18, usually 14-16; caudal peduncle scales 17-23, usually 19-21; dorsal spines 11-14, usually 12 or 13; dorsal soft rays 9-11, usually 9 or10; anal soft rays 7-9, usually 8; pectoral rays 11-14, usually 13; vertebrae 40-42, usually 41. The most prominent feature of pigmentation in adults is the blue-black, undulating lateral stripe, formed by the coalescence of 8-11 elongate-oval lateral blotches, and contrasting sharply with the light areas above and below. The lateral blotches are usually brownish and more separated in juveniles. A large, well-defined quadrate basicaudal spot is present as a continuation or slightly interrupted continuation of the lateral band, and extends onto the base of the central caudal fin rays. Smaller, usually less obvious, blotches are present at the bases of the upper and lower principal caudal rays, although the lowermost blotch is frequently absent or obsolescent. The dorsum above the lateral stripe is tan to yellowish, and is variously marked with alternating brownish saddles and intermediate blotches, which are rarely continuous across both sides of the dorsum. There is usually a dark brown saddle present on the nape. Males possess dusky marginal and basal bands in the spinous dorsal fin but the pigment in the basal band is darker and more concentrated posteriorly. The caudal fin is vaguely marked with three or four light bars. Other fins in the male are dusky, without pronounced banding. The breast and belly are dusky. A cluster of melanophores is usually present on the anterior base of the pectoral fin. Preorbital and postorbital bars are well-developed, and appear continuous with the lateral stripe. The suborbital bar is usually absent, or is very faintly developed in males as a scattering of melanophores and extending directly downward and slightly forward from the ventral margin of the orbit. The upper lip is pigmented above to about half its length posteriorly. The lower surface of the head is usually white to cream color. Females are similar in color to males, but lack the dusky ground color on the body and fins and dark bands in the spinous dorsal. The cheek, breast, and belly are white to cream colored, often with a scattering of darkedged scales present around the anal fin. The dorsal fin rays are irregularly marked with faint blotches. The pelvic, pectoral, and anal fins are clear to dusky. Spawning coloration of males and females collected in early June was yellowish above the lateral stripe, which was blue-black in males but slightly less intense in females, and some yellowish color was present immediately below the lateral stripe. A very pale greenish sheen was present on the lower sides in females. The rays of the dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins were pale yellowish, the pelvic and anal rays colorless. The top of the snout and head were variously mottled or sprinkled with dusky, brown, orange, or yellow color. A brassy patch was present on the anterior portion of the opercles in adults, diminished in size in juveniles, and all specimens possessed some light blue iridescent pigment on the lower jaw and ventral surface of the head. Nuptial tubercles were absent, but males in spawning condition had ridged, white epidermal thickenings on the anal rays, which may function as reproductive contact structures. Distribution. Percina smithvanizi is restricted to streams draining the region above the Fall Line in the Tallapoosa River system (Fig. 3). It is widely distributed above the Fall Line except it is absent in upper reaches of the Little Tallapoosa River in Georgia (see Conservation status). Ecology. Percina smithvanizi is common in the Tallapoosa drainage in the Tallapoosa River proper (width 75-125 m, depth 0.5-1 m) as well as tributaries (width 4-5 m, depth 0.2-1 m and larger). Individuals occur in clear water flowing over sand, gravel, rubble, and bedrock, in pools below riffles as well as riffles with moderate current, occasionally from margins of large rocks in the areas of fast flowing water. Areas of swift current yielded the larger specimens, while the smaller individuals were found in habitats with more moderate flow. Species most frequently captured with P. smithvanizi were Cottus sp. Tallapoosa Sculpin (Neely et al. in press), Etheostoma tallapoosae, Hypentelium etowanum, and P. palmaris. Other species commonly captured with P. smithvanizi included Campostoma oligolepis, Phenacobius catostomus, Cyprinella gibbsi, Noturus funebris, and N. leptacanthus. A detailed account of the ecology and biology of P. smithvanizi was reported by Wieland & Ramsey (1987). Conservation status. Percina smithvanizi is a relatively common darter in undisturbed streams above the Fall Line in the Tallapoosa River. However, it has disappeared in disturbed streams and impoundments associated with mainstream dams on the Tallapoosa River. It has also disappeared from most of the headwaters of the Little Tallapoosa River in Georgia. The species was regarded as vulnerable by Freeman et al. (2005). The upper two-thirds of the Tallapoosa River drainage was historically isolated from the lower one-third by a series of falls located at the Fall Line, near the present day town of Tallassee, Alabama. In the early 1900���s three dams were constructed on the Tallapoosa River in the vicinity of the Fall Line further isolating the upper and lower portions of the river system. The falls appear to have represented a barrier to upstream dispersal for many fishes, including Percina nigrofasciata. In a survey of fishes in the Tallapoosa River system(Williams 1965) P. nigrofasciata was absent from most of the upper Tallapoosa River with the exception of the upper reaches of the Little Tallapoosa River in Georgia. Based on comparison of meristic and pigmentation characters with data from Crawford (1965), it appears that this population of P. nigrofasciata was introduced from the adjacent Chattahoochee River system where the species is common (Williams 1965). Crawford (1965) reported a collection of P. nigrofasciata in the upper Tallapoosa River drainage, near the junction of the Tallapoosa and Little Tallapoosa rivers, but this record is based on specimens of P. smithvanizi. In the upper reaches of the Little Tallapoosa River system, the absence of P. smithvanizi in the presence of an introduced population of P. nigrofasciata suggests possible competitive displacement. If competitive displacement is occurring in the Little Tallapoosa River, the population of P. smithvanizi above the backwaters of R.L. Harris Reservoir may be at risk. Additional populations of P. nigrofasciata have been reported from tributaries of Lake Martin (Boschung & Mayden 2004). These populations should be monitored to evaluate their movement and possible impact on P. smithvanizi and other darters. Etymology. We take great pleasure in naming this species for our good friend and colleague, Dr. William F. Smith-Vaniz, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to ichthyology in general and specifically for his authorship of the first book on the Freshwater Fishes of Alabama (Smith-Vaniz 1968). The common name, Muscadine Darter, is based on the dark purplish color of the lateral stripe in live individuals that is similar to the color of ripe Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) fruit in early fall. Muscadine vines occur along many of the more pristine streams inhabited by the Muscadine Darter. Comparison with congeners. In the Tallapoosa River drainage above the Fall Line, Percina smithvanizi occurs with three other species of Percina: P. kathae, P. nigrofasciata and P. palmaris. The pigmentation pattern of P. smithvanizi differs from P. kathae which has numerous narrow, vertical bars on the side and a welldeveloped basicaudal spot. Also the cone-shaped snout of P. kathae projects beyond the anterior margin of the upper jaw. Percina smithvanizi can be distinguished from P. nigrofasciata which has moderately joined gill membranes, vertically elongate lateral blotches and often has irregular shaped blotches on the belly. The broad saddles that extend across the back and bright colors of the fins and body of P. palmaris readily distinguish it from P. smithvanizi., Published as part of James D. Williams, David A. Neely, Stephen J. Walsh & Noel M. Burkhead, 2007, Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee., pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 1549 on pages 15-20

Percina macrocephala: Kentucky: Allen County: STL 964.01 (1) Trammel Fork, at Kentucky Hwy 240, 1.6 km SW of Allen Springs (36��49'40"N; 86��19'54"W), 22 June 2003, EF613202.Pennsylvania: Warren County: STL 615.02 (1) Brokenstraw Creek, at mouth of Little Brokenstraw Creek in Pittsfield (41��49'59"N; 79��23'03"W), 24 December 2002, EF613201.Virginia: Smyth County: STL 633.03 (1) North Fork Holston River, at USGS gauging station 2.4 km NE of Saltville (36��53'50"N; 81��44'47"W), 25 October 2003, EF613203., Published as part of James D. Williams, David A. Neely, Stephen J. Walsh & Noel M. Burkhead, 2007, Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee., pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 1549 on page 25

[[Genus Percina]] Morphometric comparisons Proportional measurements for the three species of Percina are provided in Table 11. Results of the sheared principal component analysis (PCA) are presented in Table 12 and Figures 4-5. In the PCA of all species, the first three components accounted for 91% of the morphometric variance. Variable loadings on the first principal component were positive and indicative of PC I as a general size factor (Bookstein et al. 1985), and this component accounted for 83.5% of the total variance in the complete covariance matrix; values for PC II and PC III were 4.6% and 2.8%, respectively. The scatter of component scores on sheared PC II and sheared PC III revealed little differentiation among all three species (Fig. 4), with greatest overlap on both component axes between P. sipsi and P. smithvanizi. Heaviest loadings on sheared PC II were snout length and head length (both positive) and anal fin base length and body depth (both negative). Heaviest loadings on sheared PC III were body depth, pectoral fin length, pelvic fin origin to spinous dorsal fin origin (all positive), and anal and soft dorsal fin base lengths (both negative) (Table 12). To further compare shape differences between Percina kusha and P. smithvanizi, a second principal component analysis was done with the removal of measurements for P. sipsi from the data matrix. In this analysis, the first three components accounted for 88% of the morphometric variance, with loadings on PC I through PC III of 76.8%, 5.3%, and 2.6%, respectively. A scatter plot of component scores revealed moderate separation between the two species along PC II (Fig. 5). Variables that loaded most heavily on sheared PC II were anal fin base length and body depth (both positive) and snout length and head length (both negative); proportional differences between P. kusha and P. smithvanizi in these measurements were accompanied by substantial overlap in range values (Table 11). Based on results of the morphometric analysis, the combination of mensural data were of limited use in distinguishing specimens among the three Percina species. In spite of broad overlap for all morphometric characters among species, a slight difference in body depth between P. smithvanizi and the other two species was evident in a bivariate plot of log body depth versus log SL (Fig. 6). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; SPSS ver. 12.0) confirmed homogeneity of variance in the regression lines (Table 13). Using the Bonferroni procedure to control for type I error across three comparisons (p Molecular analyses Our mtDNA data set consisted of 83 OTUs, including seven outgroup taxa. Thirty-three most-parsimonious topologies (L = 3972, CI = 0.22, RC = 0.13) were recovered in the unweighted MP analysis. The Bayesian topology (Fig. 7) was nearly identical to the consensus tree of the MP topologies, differing primarily in the degree of resolution of basal branches. Several features of these trees are worthy of note. While support for many terminal nodes was generally high, the basal relationships of the genus Percina are poorly resolved, consistent with the analyses of Near (2002) and Sloss et al. (2004). The subgenera Cottogaster, Imostoma, Percina and Swainia were all resolved as monophyletic groups, with strong support. Sufficient structure was resolved, however, to clearly support a sister-taxon relationship between P. kusha and P. smithvanizi, as well as a strongly supported clade consisting of P. aurolineata + (P. sciera + P. sipsi). The three taxa described herein were never recovered as a monophyletic group in any analyses. There was no consistent geographic structure observed in populations of either P. sipsi or P. smithvanizi, however, populations of P. kusha from the Conasauga and Etowah River were always recovered as reciprocally monophyletic groups. Populations of Percina sipsi, P. smithvanizi, and P. kusha displayed relatively low levels of variation (Table 14). The five sampled specimens of P. kusha possessed three haplotypes; there were seven substitutions (four transitions and three transversions) and no indels. All sampled individuals from the Conasauga River shared a single haplotype, which differed from the two haplotypes sampled from the Etowah River by 0.53- 0.64% pairwise sequence divergence. The two Etowah haplotypes were 0.09% divergent from each other. The six sampled specimens of P. smithvanizi (representing the entire geographic range of the taxon) possessed four haplotypes; there were ten substitutions (five transitions and five transversions) and no indels. The haplotypes had pairwise sequence divergence values between The four sampled specimens of Percina sipsi each had unique haplotypes; there were five substitutions (two transitions and three transversions) and no indels. Haplotypes had pairwise sequence divergence values between 0.18% and 0.35%. One specimen from the Sipsey Fork identified as P. sciera on the basis of lateral blotching, fully scaled nape and a well-developed suborbital bar, had a haplotype that was very similar to that of P. sipsi (and which only differed from P. sipsi by between 0.26% and 0.44%). This specimen was resolved with P. sipsi in all analyses. Although P. sipsi and P. sciera are morphologically similar (see Comparison with congeners, above), recovery of a sister-taxon relationship between them was unexpected. The specimens used in the molecular analysis were adult, morphologically "good" P. sipsi and P. sciera. Our data do not allow us to determine whether this represents a natural relationship or an artifact of the mitochondrial locus examined. Considerable evidence exists for occasional mitochondrial introgression in darters (Page et al. 2003, Mendelson & Simons 2006, N.J. Lang & J.M. Ray unpublished data), and we suspect that our recovery of P. sipsi stems from introgression with P. sciera, but require additional nuclear data to test this hypothesis. Minimally, the haplotypic variation observed within P. sipsi suggests that if the mitochondrial genome is introgressed with P. sciera, it is not the result of a recent event. Discussion Relationships among species of Percina have been the subject of considerable attention during the past 50 years beginning with a proposed alignment of the recognized species into eight subgenera by Bailey & Gosline(1955). Using a variety of characters, Page (1974) employed a numerical taxonomic approach to reexamine the subgeneric alignment of the 32 species of Percina known at that time and recognized nine subgenera. Only one of the three species described herein, P. kusha, was included in the analysis by Page (1974) and it was assigned to the subgenus Alvordius. Based on color and morphological characters all three species were subsequently considered to belong to the subgenus Alvordius. More recently Near (2002) examined the phylogenetic relationships among 40 species of the genus Percina using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. This analysis did not result in the recovery of a monophyletic Alvordius, although many taxa formerly allocated to this subgenus were resolved in a large polytomy. Based on the results of his analysis, Near (2002) recognized eight clades with a group of eight species, including P. smithvanizi, that were not classified (placed) in one of the monophyletic clades. Near (2002) recovered P. smithvanizi as sister to P. palmaris although support for this clade was low. Five of the clades recognized by Near (2002) were in agreement with subgenera delineated by Page (1974). The additional taxon sampling in the current study supports a close relationship between P. kusha and P. smithvanizi, but do not provide a robust hypothesis of the relationships of this clade. Additional analyses based on different markers will be required to produce a robust phylogeny of the group and in particular the three taxa described herein, as well as to resolve the discord between morphologically diagnosed subgenera (Page 1974) and clades inferred from mitochondrial data (e.g., Near 2002). Percina kusha superficially resembles P. macrocephala in having a dark, boldly contrasting, undulating lateral stripe, but the latter species differs in having the snout longer than the orbit length; cheeks, opercles and breast typically naked; it has smaller scales (70-90 lateral line scales, 8 or 9 scales above and 11 or 12 scales below the lateral line, 20-28 transverse scales), more fin rays (dorsal spines 11-14, dorsal rays 12-13), and more vertebrae (44-45, data from Bailey & Gosline 1955). It also differs in details of pigmentation, particularly in having a well-developed subocular bar, dark saddles along the midline of the dorsum, dark vermiculations above the lateral stripe and a dusky bar connected to and extending downward from the rounded basicaudal spot. Based on color and morphology, P. kusha and P. macrocephala do not appear to be closely related. Percina sipsi and P. smithvanizi superficially resemble P. aurolineata and P. sciera in having a series of dark blotches connected to form a dark lateral stripe along the side of the body. However, both P. aurolineata and P. sciera usually have one or more pored lateral line scales on the caudal fin base. The majority of individuals of the three species described herein have a complete lateral line but typically lack pored scales on the base of the caudal fin beyond the hypural flexure. Percina aurolineata and P. sciera also have moderately joined branchiostegal membranes and serrate preopercular margins. In addition, P. kusha, P. sipsi, and P. smithvanizi are unusual among species of the genus in possessing a modal count of 10 dorsal soft rays and 8 anal rays. Based on morphological characters, Percina smithvanizi was originally aligned with the subgenus Alvordius and was thought to represent an upland species isolated from related taxa in drainages below the Fall Line in the Mobile Basin. Based on this assumption, P. smithvanizi was often compared to P. maculata, the only other species in the subgenus Alvordius in the Mobile Basin. In the eastern Mobile Basin, P. maculata is confined to the Alabama, Cahaba, and Tallapoosa River drainages below the Fall Line. Based on color and morphology P. smithvanizi and P. maculata are probably not closely related. Percina maculata has a black blotch on the base of the first 3 to 4 membranes of the spinous dorsal fin, a well-defined black basicaudal spot, and 1 or more modified ctenoid scales on the center of the breast near the anterior ends of the pelvic girdle -a character it shares in common with P. gymnocephala, P. notogramma, P. pantherina and P. peltata. While the broader relationships of the new species are equivocal, our mitochondrial data does not support recognizing them as a monophyletic group, as prior investigators have hypothesized. Additional sequence data from a different gene or genes are required to further resolve relationships within Percina and, in particular, of the three new species described herein.

Percina apristis (Hubbs and Hubbs) Guadalupe Darter Diagnosis: Percina apristis is a species of Percina (Hadropterus) with 0���6 (= 0.70) preopercular serrae, and usually 68 or more pored lateral-line scales, 24 or more modified midbelly scales on the male, 23 or more transverse scales, 26 or more caudal-peduncle scales, 10 anal rays and 13���14 pectoral rays. The breeding male darkens but midlateral blotches remain apparent. Percina sciera, the closest relative of P. apristis, has more preopercular serrae (usually 7 or more), 14���15 pectoral rays, and fewer modified midbelly, transverse, caudal-peduncle scales, and anal rays, and the breeding male is dusky to black with midlateral blotches nearly obliterated. Distribution: Percina apristis occurs in gravelly runs in the San Marcos, Comal and Guadalupe rivers of the San Antonio Bay drainage. The Guadalupe River system exhibits the highest degree of endemism on the western Gulf Slope. Other endemic fishes in the system (Gambusia geiseri, Gambusia georgei, and Etheostoma fonticola) are San Marcos and Comal River spring isolates and are adapted to a small and unusual portion of the river system. Percina apristis is the only endemic fish found throughout the system., Published as part of Robins, Robert H. & Page, Lawrence M., 2007, Taxonomic status of the Guadalupe Darter, Percina apristis (Teleostei: Percidae), pp. 51-60 in Zootaxa 1618 on page 59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179142

Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 Inland water: 29500-623 (1 spc.), 01.10.1996, Biiyükçekmece Dam Lake, Istanbul, trammel net, M. Ôzulug; 29500- 624 (1 spc.), 30.07.1997, Biiyükçekmece Dam Lake, Istanbul, trammel net, M. Ôzulug; 29500-621 (1 spc.), 31.01.1997, Biiyükçekmece Dam Lake, Istanbul, trammel net, M. Ôzulug.

Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 Inland water: 29500-623 (1 spc.), 01.10.1996, Biiy��k��ekmece Dam Lake, Istanbul, trammel net, M. ��zulug; 29500- 624 (1 spc.), 30.07.1997, Biiy��k��ekmece Dam Lake, Istanbul, trammel net, M. ��zulug; 29500-621 (1 spc.), 31.01.1997, Biiy��k��ekmece Dam Lake, Istanbul, trammel net, M. ��zulug., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 44

[[Genus Percina]] There are 41 described species in the genus Percina (Near & Benard 2004; Nelson et al. 2004), the secondmost species rich of 10 genera currently recognized in the family Percidae (Song et al. 1998). Of the 41 named species, 13 are known from the Mobile Basin of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and Tennessee, and six are endemic. Our description of three new species brings the total number of described species in the Mobile Basin to 16, nine of which are endemic to the Mobile Basin, representing the highest level of endemism in the genus Percina within any drainage of North America. The first of the three new species to be recognized as taxonomically distinct, Percina smithvanizi, Muscadine Darter, was discovered during a survey of fishes in the Tallapoosa River drainage of Alabama and Georgia (Williams 1965). In the late 1960’s, P. kusha, Bridled Darter, was discovered in headwaters of the Coosa River in Georgia and Tennessee (Stiles & Etnier 1971). Percina sipsi, Bankhead Darter, endemic to a small area in the Sipsey Fork watershed of the Black Warrior River drainage in north-central Alabama, went undetected until 1971 (Dycus & Howell 1974). Following discovery of these species, their existence, distribution, and presumed placement within the subgenus Alvordius became general knowledge among darter systematists. However, their recognition as valid species or subspecies was not consistent. Knowledge of the existence of these taxa has led to numerous published references to them as bridled or muscadine darters and Percina sp., Percina (Alvordius) sp., or Percina sp. cf. macrocephala, in ichthyological and conservation literature during the past four decades (Page & Burr 1991; Etnier & Starnes 1994; Boschung & Mayden 2004). Most publications referring to the three Percina species described herein included river drainage distribution data which facilitated association of citations with each of the three new species. Prior phylogenetic studies of the genus Percina included samples of two of the three taxa described herein. Page & Whitt (1973a, b) included P. kusha and Near (2002) included P. smithvanizi in molecular studies. Page & Whitt (1973a) used isozyme variation of lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh), and tetrazolium oxidase (To) loci to assess the relationships within the Etheostomatini, and Page and Whitt (1973b) used isozyme variation of Ldh to assess the monophyly of Percina. None of these loci were variable enough to infer relationships within subgenera of Percina, or to unequivocally determine sister relationship of P. kusha. Near (2002) postulated P. smithvanizi as the sister to P. palmaris based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence, although support for this clade was weak and other possible relationships varied depending on method of analysis.

Percina kusha, Williams & Burkhead, new species Bridled Darter (Fig. 2a) Holotype. UF 110303, male, 64 mm SL, Conasauga River at the mouth of Minnewauga Creek, 9.6 air km SSW of the center of Bueton (35��00'18"N; 34��41'28"W), Polk County, Tennessee, 3 April 1996. Paratypes. Coosa River drainage -Conasauga River system Georgia: Murray County: ANSP 187097 (1; 55 mm) Conasauga River at County Route 392 (Old Georgia Hwy 2), about 1.4 air km S of Tennessee state line (34��58'28"N; 84��38'43"W), 2 April 1994.GMNH 1463 (2; 50-53 mm) same locality, 9 July 1980.UF 110286 (1; 58 mm) same locality, 3 April 1996.UF 165704 (6; 38-60 mm) same locality, 28 April 1994.USNM 389726 (6; 38-60 mm) (out of NMB 1432) same locality, 28 April 1994.GMNH 1394F (1; 48 mm) Conasauga River at Gregorys Mill (34��57'10"N; 84��47'12"W), 4 November 1981.UF 110260 (2; 44-59 mm) Holly Creek at County Route 301, about 5.9 air km ESE of the center of Eton (34��48'55"N; 84��41'45"W), 2 April 1996. Tennessee: Bradley County: INHS 76807 (1; 45 mm) Conasauga River at Tennessee Hwy 74 (Georgia Hwy 225), 4.8 km W of Conasauga (34��59'26"N; 84��46'32"W), 10 June 1970.TU 58937 (2; 42-46 mm) same locality, 17 October 1969.TU 58965 (3; 41-49 mm) same locality, 19 October 1969.TU 65939 (7; 44-49 mm) same locality, 29 June 1970.UAIC 8769.04 (1; 62 mm) same locality, 13 June 1977.UF 42736 (1; 57 mm) same locality, 14 June 1985.UF 42757 (2; 45-61 mm) same locality, 9 June 1985.UT 91.1524 (1; 53 mm) Conasauga River below Tennessee Hwy 74, 27 October 1977.Polk County: NCSM 44984 (3; 30-60 mm) Confluence of Jacks and Conasauga rivers, just N of the Georgia border (34��59'24"N; 84��38'10"W), 17 November 1967.UAIC 6768.07 (1; 40 mm) Ball Play Creek, about 1.8 air km NE of Conasauga community, 12 March 1983.NCSM 44983 (1; 54 mm) Minnewauga Creek at mouth (35��00'15"N; 84��41'26"W), 11 April 1989.UF 165703 (8; 44-63 mm) (out of UF 110303) same locality, 3 April 1996.UF 165734 (4; 43-52 mm) same locality, 20 January 2003.UT 91.4274 (5; 42-58 mm) Minnewauga Creek and tributary, 0.3 km above mouth and Conasauga River, 2 March 1992. Additional material (nontypes). Coosa River drainage -Conasauga River system Georgia: Murray County: AUM 10570 (1) Conasauga River at County Route 392 (Old Georgia Hwy 2), about 1.4 air km S of Tennessee state line (34��58'28"N; 84��38'43"W), 25 June 1975.UT 91.1690 (2) same locality, 1 October 1978.UT 91.149 (1) Conasauga River, about 1.6 km above junction with Jack���s River, 4 August 1966.Murray/Whitfield counties: GMNH 1394E (2) Conasauga River, below Gregory���s Mill, 10 October 1981.UT 91.1647 (3) Conasauga River, about 4 river km N of Beaver Lake Bridge (Old Georgia Hwy 2), Murray/Whitfield county line, 29 August 1978. Tennessee: Bradley County: AUM 11720 (2) Conasauga River at Tennessee Hwy 74 (Georgia Hwy 225), 4.8 km W of Conasauga (34��59'26"N; 84��46'32"W), 19 July 1975.GMNH 1582 (2) same locality, 5 February 1982.UF 22590 (1) same locality, 25 June 1976.UF 26460 (4) same locality, 9 July 1977.UT 91.160 (1) Conasauga River, second riffle below Tennessee Hwy 74 bridge, 22 October 1969.UT 91.351 (2) same locality, 29 November 1969.UF 43969 (1) Conasauga River from Tennessee Hwy 74 bridge to 0.8 km downstream, 16 May 1970.Polk County: UF 22793 (2) Conasauga River, about 0.4 km below mouth of Minnewauga Creek (35��00'18"N; 84��41'4rW), 25 June 1976.UT 91.252 (1) Conasauga River at Boanerges Church Bridge (35��00'03"N; 84��45'13"W), 3-4 November 1968.UT 91.298 (2) same locality, 27-28 March 1969.UT 91.501 (11) Minnewauga Creek at mouth (35��00'15"N; 84��41'26"W), 3 March 1968.UT 91.159 (1) Minnewauga Creek, 17 March 1965. Coosa River drainage -Etowah River system Georgia: Dawson County: GMNH 74 (1) Etowah River, 8 July 1948.GMNH 2059 (1) Amicalola Creek at County Route 25, about 14.5 air km NNW of Dawsonville (34��29'59"N; 84��14'51"W), 8 May 1990.UF 165649 (4) same locality, 2 May 1990.UF 165647 (1) same locality, 3 April 1994.UAIC 10471.09 (1) same locality, 20 July 1992.NMB 1446 (1) Little Amicalola Creek at County Route 25 (34��30'04"N; 84��14'04"W), 17 June 1994.UF 165646 (1) Cochran Creek at County Route 45, about 2.1 km W of junction with State Route 342, 3 April 1994.UF 90079 (3) Amicalola Creek, off County Route 28, 2.2 air km SW of junction of County Route 28 and State Route 136, at Fausett Lake (34��31'42"N; 84��16'48"W), 19 November 1991.Lumpkin County: GMNH 2052 (1) Etowah River at Georgia Hwy 52 (34��32'05"N; 84��03'48"W), 13 May 1990.UF 165648 (3) Etowah River at County Route 72 (34��33'37"N; 84��04'27"W), 28 April 1994.UAIC 10621.14 (1) Etowah River, 10.6 km NW of Dahlonega, 1.6 km W of Whissenhunt Mountain on unpaved Forest Service road, 29 June 1990. Material used in molecular analysis. Coosa River drainage -Conasauga River system Tennessee: Polk County: STL 1405.01 (3) Minnewauga Creek, just upstream of mouth (35��00'15"N; 84��41'26"W), 20 January 2003, EF613216. Coosa River drainage -Etowah River system Georgia: Dawson County: UAIC 13560.02 (2) Amicalola Creek, along Tate Hwy, 3.2 km NW of Afton (34��31'05"N84��16'53"W), 24 March 2002, EF613217, EF613218. Diagnosis. Percina kusha is distinguished from all other described species o��Percina by a combination of the following characteristics: absence of bright colors on body and fins of adults; no orange band in spinous dorsal fin; no broad vertical bands on body extending dorsally across the back joining those of the other side; 7-11 lateral blotches connected to form a continuous dark brown to black lateral stripe with undulating margins; lateral stripe continuous with large, quadrate basicaudal blotch that extends onto base of caudal fin rays; small, dark blotch on upper and lower portion of caudal fin base, dorsal blotch typically darker; body below lateral stripe white to cream colored, without dark blotches, dusky in breeding males; suborbital bar absent or very poorly developed; lateral line complete, typically no pored scales on base of caudal fin; males with row of modified scales on midline of belly and one or two modified scales between base of pelvic fins; modified breast scale absent; nuptial tubercles absent; anal fin of breeding males not excessively elongate; males without caudal keel as a ventral extension of the caudal peduncle; snout not projecting beyond anterior margin of upper jaw; well-developed premaxillary frenum; serrae on margin of preopercle absent; branchiostegal membranes overlapping or very narrowly joined. Percina kusha is distinguished from the other two species described herein by a combination of the following characters: dorsum above dark brown to black lateral stripe tan to light brown, uniformly pigmented, typically without dark reticulations; midline of dorsum without dark saddles or if present confined to midline of dorsum; scales present on nape, cheeks, opercles, and breast. Description. Percina kusha is a moderately small species of Percina; the largest specimen examined is a 65 mm SL male. Typical shape of the head and body illustrated in Figure 2a. Frequency distribution of scale, fin ray and vertebral counts given in Tables 1-8. Degree of nape squamation presented in Table 9 and the posterior extent of development of pored lateral line scales given in Table 10. Proportional measurements presented in Table 11. Body moderately elongate, slender, snout moderately long, about equal in length to the orbit, and frenum well-developed. Preopercular margin entire and branchiostegal membranes separate or very narrowly joined. Total lateral line scales 58-73, usually 65-70; transverse scale rows 14-18, usually 17 in the Conasauga River population and 15 in the Etowah River population; caudal peduncle scales 18-25, usually 22-24 in the Conasauga River population and 19-21 in the Etowah River population; dorsal spines 11-15, usually 12-14; dorsal soft rays 9-11, usually 10; anal soft rays 6-9, usually 8; pectoral rays 13-14, usually 14; vertebrae 41-43, usually 42. Lateral line usually complete but some individuals with 1-2 unpored scales anterior to posterior edge of hypural plate or a pored scale on the caudal fin base (Table 10). Scales present on the opercles and upper three quarters of the cheek. Nape completely scaled, occasionally with some embedded scales anteriorly. Scales on the anterior portion of breast and prepectoral area usually embedded. Belly typically scaled with the exception of the area immediately posterior of the base of the pelvic fins. Males with a row of enlarged, modified ctenoid scales present on midline of belly, but usually less well-developed or absent just posterior to pelvic fin base. There are usually 1-2 modified scales present between the base of pelvic fins. Occasionally an individual will have up to four modified scales but only one or two are large and well-developed. The large, modified breast scale at the anterior junction of the pelvic girdle of some Percina is absent in P. kusha. In females the row of scales along the midline of the belly is greatly reduced or absent but there are usually one or two modified scales present between the base of the pelvic fins. Breeding tubercles are absent but some males have thickened ridges along margin of anal fin rays. Live coloration of adult females and males is similar but females typically lack the dusky ground color present in males. Sides of the body with 8-11 elongate oval blotches which are connected forming a uniformly dark lateral stripe with undulating margins. In some individuals the dark blotches are discrete but connected by lighter brown pigment. Lateral blotches are lighter in color and less connected in juveniles. Anteriorly the lateral stripe is continuous with the postorbital and preorbital bars. Posteriorly the lateral stripe terminates on the base of the caudal fin in a somewhat quadrate-shaped blotch that is equal or slightly lighter in color to the lateral stripe. It is usually centered just below the midline of the caudal fin. The blotches on the upper and lower caudal fin base vary in size and intensity. In most individuals the upper blotch is larger and more intense. The lower blotch is often indistinct or merged with the basicaudal blotch. Above the dark, undulating lateral stripe, the dorsum is typically tan to light brown without any blotches, reticulations, bars or saddles. In some individuals thin, elongate blotches may be present along the midline of the dorsum and an adjacent scale row on each side, usually under the dorsal fins. Occasionally an individual may have a dusky, thin line, one or two scale rows wide, just above the lateral stripe. This line is often interrupted forming a series of long dashes above the lateral stripe. Intensity of the thin line of dark pigment varies but is always darker than the adjacent dorsal pigmentation but lighter than the lateral stripe. Any dark pigment present above the lateral blotches is most prevalent in juveniles. Below the lateral stripe the body is uniformly pigmented and lacks dark spots, blotches or reticulations. It is typically dusky on breeding males but always uniformly pigmented. Breast and lower side of head are white to cream colored but may be dusky in breeding males. Some individuals have a few melanophores on the anterior base of the pectoral fin. Suborbital bar is typically absent, but some breeding males have an irregular shaped cluster of melanophores on the midventral margin of the orbit. Pigmentation of the spinous dorsal fin of males consists of a broad, dusky basal band, almost black in breeding males, an unpigmented submarginal band, and a thin, dusky marginal band. Dusky pigment in dorsal fin is usually darker posteriorly. Pigmentation of the soft dorsal and caudal fins is variable but typically there are dusky marginal and basal bands with an unpigmented band in between. The pelvic, pectoral, and anal fins are usually clear except dusky in breeding males. Coloration of non-spawning males and females is yellowish above and below the dark bluish-black lateral stripe. Breast and belly are white to cream color. Top of head and snout variously mottled with yellowishorange color. Dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins pale yellowish and the pelvic and anal fins colorless. Variation in the scale counts (Tables 1-3) between the Conasauga and Etowah River populations of Percina kusha was unexpected considering the proximity of the two drainages (Fig. 3). There is almost no overlap in number of scale rows from the soft dorsal origin to the anal fin base and the caudal peduncle scale rows. There is also a modal difference in the degree of nape squamation between the two drainages (Table 9). Analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed very little differentiation between these populations, although they were recovered as reciprocally monophyletic groups (discussed below). A higher number of lateral line scales and vertebrae were reported for P. lenticula populations in the Etowah River drainage compared to the Coosa and Cahaba River populations (Richards & Knapp 1964; Suttkus & Ramsey 1967). This variation may be the result of habitat differences between the Etowah and Conasauga River drainages. Most of the Etowah drainage is in the Piedmont physiographic province, and most of the Conasauga is in the Valley and Ridge province (Fig. 3). The presence and distribution of other endemic species in the Etowah drainage (e.g. Etheostoma etowahae, E. scotti, and Cambarus fasciatus) suggests that the divide between the physiographic provinces has been an effective barrier to gene flow in some taxa, and may be responsible for speciation within the Piedmont portion of the Etowah River system. Distribution. Percina kusha is restricted to the headwaters of the Coosa River in Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 3). It occurs in the main channel of the upper reaches of the Conasauga River in Murray and Whitfield counties, Georgia, and Bradley and Polk counties, Tennessee. It is also known from short reaches of three tributaries to the Conasauga River: Holly Creek, Murray County, Georgia; and Ball Play and Minnewauga creeks, Polk County, Tennessee. In the Etowah River it occurs in the main channel in Dawson and Lumpkin counties, Georgia, and in several tributaries: Amicalola, Little Amicalola, Cochran and Shoal creeks, Dawson County, Georgia. Ecology. Percina kusha inhabits small rivers and lower reaches of tributary creeks with good water quality. These streams are characterized by moderate gradient where the substrate consists of sand, gravel, cobble and bedrock. Percina kusha is usually found in flowing pools and backwaters adjacent to runs, where it has been observed hovering over or resting on submerged structures such woody debris, stems of Justicia americana, and large cobble. During winter we have observed P. kusha among leaf packs in pools. Frequent associates of P. kusha are Campostoma oligolepis, Cyprinella trichroistia, C. venusta, Etheostoma stigmaeum, Hypentelium etowanum, Notropis xaenocephalus, P. kathae, P. nigrofasciata and P. palmaris. Etnier & Starnes (1993) provide information on feeding and reproduction of the Conasauga River population. Johnson et al. (2002) conducted a study of seasonal spawning habitat utilization in the Conasauga River in Murray County, Georgia, during 1999 and 2000. There is no information available on the ecology and biology of the Etowah River population of P. kusha. Conservation status. Etnier & Starnes (1991) considered the conservation status of Percina kusha to be endangered, like two other Percina species endemic to the upper Coosa River system, P. antesella and P. jenkinsi. In a review of conservation status of fishes in Georgia, Freeman (1999) assigned a status of rare (a species in need of protection because of its scarcity) to populations in Georgia. Warren et al. (2000) and Freeman et al. (2005) both regarded P. kusha as vulnerable (any taxon that may become endangered or threatened by relatively minor disturbance to its habitat). Based on our sampling and snorkeling observations, P. kusha appears to be a species that naturally occurs in low abundance, at least when compared to sympatric congeners such as P. nigrofasciata and P. palmaris. We do not know, however, what the actual range of the species was prior to European colonization. Its association with slow-flowing habitats suggests P. kusha could have occurred throughout the Conasauga and Etowah rivers, and possibly in the geographically intermediate Coosawattee River, below the gorge now impounded by Carters Dam and Reservoir (Fig. 3). Considering its very limited distribution in portions of two small rivers and threats to its habitat from municipal and industrial development and forestry and agriculture activities we consider P. kusha to be endangered. Etymology. The specific name, kusha, is the Choctaw Indian name for cane or canebrake and is the origin of the name of the Coosa River (Foscue 1989). The common name, Bridled Darter, is in reference to the preorbital and postorbital bars that are continuous with the lateral stripe, thus resembling an equestrian bridle and reins. Comparison with congeners. In the headwaters of the Coosa River in northwest Georgia, populations of Percina kusha are sympatric and occasionally syntopic with eight species of Percina: P. antesella, P. aurolineata, P. jenkinsi, P. kathae, P. lenticula, P. nigrofasciata, P. palmaris and P. shumardi. The dorsum of most individuals of P. kusha are uniformly pigmented above the dark brown to black lateral band which distinguishes it from all eight species of Percina which typically have well-developed saddles that extend across the back, mid-dorsal blotches, lateral and dorsolateral bars or a dorsolateral stripe (above dark lateral stripe). Morphologically, P. kusha is easily distinguished from the logperches, P. jenkinsi and P. kathae, which have a conical snout that projects beyond the anterior margin of the upper jaw. It differs from both P. antesella and P. shumardi in having a well-developed frenum and a row of modified scales along the midline of the belly of males. Percina kusha also lacks the elongate anal fin and breeding tubercles, which are well-developed on the anal, caudal, and pelvic fins, of breeding male P. antesella and P. shumardi. Percina kusha has very narrowly joined to overlapping gill membranes which differs from the more broadly joined membranes present in P. lenticula and P. nigrofasciata. The lateral blotches of P. lenticula and P. nigrofasciata are also more vertically elongate than those of P. kusha. The remaining species, P. aurolineata, differs in having a serrate preopercle and from 1-3 pored lateral line scales on the base of the caudal fin., Published as part of James D. Williams, David A. Neely, Stephen J. Walsh & Noel M. Burkhead, 2007, Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee., pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 1549 on pages 4-11

Percina sipsi, Williams & Neely, new species Bankhead Darter (Fig. 2b) Holotype. UF 165737, 46 mm SL, Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33, 3 km NE of Rock Springs, Winston County, Alabama (34��13���05���N; 87��22���09���W), 20 January 2003. Paratypes. Black Warrior River drainage -Sipsey Fork system Alabama: Lawrence County: TU 163064 (1; 43 mm) Borden Creek, tributary to Sipsey Fork, 29 April 1992. TU 168262 (1; 50 mm) Borden Creek at Forest Road, Sipsey Wilderness, Section 12, 12 September 1993. UAIC 6427.03 (1; 39 mm) Borden Creek at Forest Service Route 224, Bankhead National Forest (34��18'34"N; 87��23'42"W), 19 April 1981. Winston County: AUM 18786 (6; 35-45 mm) West Fork Sipsey Fork at Forest Service Road 234, 8.8 km NNE of Double Springs (34��13'32"N; 87��22'37"W), 3 June 1979. UF 103304 (9; 37-49 mm) same locality, 17 April 1995. TU 83137 (7; 16-46 mm) same locality, 3 July 1971. UAIC 4329.21 (5; 39-46 mm) West Fork Sipsey Fork, 21.6 km ENE of Haleyville (34��17'03'N; 87��23'56"W), 2 November 1978. INHS 48682 (7; 29-47 mm) Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33, 3 km NE of Rock Springs (34��13���05���N; 87��22���09���W), 13 August 1998. UAIC 10390.08 (6; 31-40 mm) same locality, 20 August 1986. UF 165738 (5; 38-48 mm) same locality, 20 January 2003. UMMZ 194316 (9; 36-40 mm) Sipsey River at Low Pressure Bridge, about 6.4 km E of Alabama Hwy 195, about 8.8 km NNE of Double Springs (T9S, R8W, S23), 15 October 1971. USNM 211256 (35; 32-44 mm) Sipsey River, about 4 km W of Grayson and about 16 km NNE of Double Springs, (T9S, R8W, S10), 29 October 1971. Additional material (nontypes). Black Warrior River drainage -Sipsey Fork system Alabama: Lawrence County: AUM 27232 (1) Borden Creek at gravel road, Sipsey Wilderness, 22.2 air km SW of Moulton, 30 August 1991. Winston County: AUM 27043 (4) Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33 (34��13���05���N; 87��22���09���W), 27 November 1990. TU 83136 (1) Sipsey Fork, 8.5 km E of Ashridge, 1 km above Lake Lewis Smith (T9S, R8W, S33), 3 July 1971. UAIC 1695.21 (8) West Fork Sipsey Fork, 22.5 km ENE of Haleyville (34��16'24"N; 87��22'28"W), 12 July 1978. UAIC 4323.18 (1) West Fork Sipsey Fork, 20.6 km ENE of Haleyville (34��17'56"N; 87��24'55"W), 2 November 1978. UAIC 10274.02 (3; 39-48 mm) West Fork Sipsey Fork at Forest Service Road 234, 8.8 km NNE of Double Springs (34��13'32"N; 87��22'37"W), 2 March 1992. Material used in molecular analysis. Black Warrior River drainage Alabama: Winston County: STL 1406.01 (4) Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33, 3 km NE of Rock Creek (34��13'05"N; 87��22'09"W), 20 January 2003, EF613207, EF613208, EF613209, EF613210 Diagnosis. Percina sipsi is distinguished from all other described species of Percina by a combination of the following characteristics: absence of bright colors on body and fins of adults; no orange band in spinous dorsal fin; no broad vertical bands on body extending dorsally across the back joining those of the other side; 7-11 lateral blotches fused into continuous dark brown to black lateral stripe with undulating margins; lateral stripe continuous with large, somewhat quadrate basicaudal blotch that extends onto base of caudal fin rays; small, dark blotch on upper and lower portion of caudal fin base, dorsal blotch typically darker; body below lateral stripe white to cream colored, without dark blotches, becoming dusky in breeding males; suborbital bar absent or very poorly developed; lateral line complete, typically no pored scales on base of caudal fin; males with row of modified scales on midline of belly and one or two modified scales between base of pelvic fins; modified breast scale absent; nuptial tubercles absent; anal fin of breeding males not excessively elongate; males without caudal keel as a ventral extension of the caudal peduncle; snout does not project beyond anterior margin of upper jaw; broad premaxillary frenum present; serrae on margin of preopercle absent; branchiostegal membranes very narrowly joined to overlapping. Percina sipsi is distinguished from the other two species described herein by a combination of the following characters: dorsal saddles usually present but may be poorly developed, typically consisting of quadrate blotches on the posterior portion of nape, under posterior end of spinous dorsal fin, and the soft dorsal fin; dorsum with dusky brown reticulations above lateral stripe; cheeks and opercles scaled; nape typically naked, occasionally partially scaled; breast naked, occasionally with a few embedded cycloid scales. Description. Percina sipsi is one of the two smallest species in the genus Percina, rarely exceeding 50 mm SL (P. brevicauda, maximum SL is 50 mm, see Suttkus et al. 1994). Shape of the head and body are illustrated in Figure 2b. Frequency distribution of scale, fin ray and vertebral counts given in Tables 1-8. Degree of nape squamation presented in Table 9 and posterior extent of development of pored lateral line scales given in Table 10. Proportional measurements presented in Table 11. Body terete, moderately elongate, snout moderately long, about equal to orbit in length, with a well-developed frenum. Preopercular margin entire and branchiostegal membranes separate or very narrowly joined. Total lateral line scales 56-72, usually 60-69; transverse scale rows 14-19, usually 16 or 17; caudal peduncle scales 18-22, usually 19-21; dorsal spines 12- 15, usually 13 or 14; dorsal soft rays 9-11, usually 9 or 10; anal soft rays 6-8, usually 8; pectoral rays 13-14, usually 13; vertebrae 40-42, usually 41. Lateral line complete but occasionally an individual will have 1-3, usually one or two, unpored scales before the posterior edge of the hypural plate or a pored scale on the base of the caudal fin (Table 10). Embedded scales present on the upper three quarters of the cheek and opercle. Nape usually naked, occasionally with some embedded scales (Table 9). Breast and prepectoral area naked, rarely individuals with a few embedded scales. Belly typically scaled with the exception of the area immediately posterior of pelvic fin base. A row of enlarged, modified ctenoid scales present on midline of belly but ends a few scale rows posterior to pelvic fin base. Typically one or two modified scales present between the bases of pelvic fins. The large modified breast scale at the anterior margin of the pelvic girdle of some Percina is absent in P. sipsi. In females the scales along the midline of the belly and laterally one to two rows are often embedded. Midventral row of modified scales on the belly of females is greatly reduced in development and number compared to males and is absent in some individuals. There are usually one or two modified scales present between the bases of the pelvic fins. Breeding tubercles and the thickened ridges along margin of anal fin rays of some males are absent in females. The general pattern of pigmentation in life is similar in males and females but females usually lack the dusky ground color present in males, most pronounced in breeding males. Sides of the body with 7-10 round to slightly oval, dark brown blotches which are typically connected by a lighter brown lateral stripe two or three scale rows wide. Some individuals appear to have smaller blotches between larger blotches but are obscured by the underlying lateral stripe. Lateral blotches are usually lighter in color and less connected in small individuals and females. Anteriorly the lateral stripe merges with the postorbital and preorbital bars. The lateral stripe terminates on the base of the caudal fin in a quadrate basicaudal blotch. There are also dark blotches on the caudal fin base above and below the basicaudal blotch. These blotches vary in size and intensity but the upper blotch is usually more distinct than the lower. Above the lateral stripe the dorsum is variously marked with tan to light brown reticulations and blotches, varying in size and intensity. Most reticulations are formed by darkly pigmented scales and are 1-3 scale rows wide. Some individuals have reticulations that are aligned in a pattern two or three scale rows above the lateral stripe while others have no discernible pattern. Along the midline of the dorsum there are up to nine tan to light brown poorly developed saddles and when present typically consist of quadrate blotches. These blotches are often irregular in shape and vary in their placement and development. Their alignment usually consists of one blotch on the nape just anterior to the dorsal fin origin and if a second is present it is located anteriorly on the nape, three blotches under the spinous dorsal, one near the junction of the spinous and soft dorsal fin, two under the soft dorsal fin, and two on the caudal peduncle. Below the lateral stripe the body is usually devoid of blotches, spots, or reticulations but may be dusky on breeding males. On the head, the cheeks and opercles below the postorbital stripe lack dark pigment but may be dusky on breeding males. A well-developed suborbital bar is absent but a cluster of large melanophores may be present on the midventral margin of the orbit. The breast is without any dark pigment but there is typically a cluster of melanophores present on the anterior prepectoral region. The spinous dorsal fin of males has a thin, dusky margin, a clear submarginal band, and a dark basal band which is usually darker posteriorly. The soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are usually clear but may be dusky in breeding males, with a slight intensification of pigment towards the margin. The pelvic and pectoral fins are usually clear but are dusky in breeding males. Distribution. Percina sipsi is known only from the Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River in the Bankhead National Forest in northwestern Alabama (Fig. 3). It occurs in Borden Creek in Lawrence County, and Brushy Creek, Caney Creek, and Sipsey Fork (recorded as West Fork Sipsey River on some maps) in Winston County. While the current known range of P. sipsi is very limited and confined downstream by Lewis Smith Reservoir, historically it is possible that the species ranged farther downstream in the Sipsey Fork and conceivably in the Locust and Mulberry forks of the Black Warrior River, which are all located in the Cumberland Plateau physiographic province (Fig. 3). Riverine habitat in the lower reaches of the Sipsey Fork was destroyed in 1960 by the Alabama Power Company impoundment behind Lewis Smith Dam. The current distribution of P. sipsi represents the most restricted range of any known species of Percina. Ecology. Percina sipsi inhabits creeks and small rivers ranging in size from 5-40 m in width and 0.25 to 2 m in depth. The species occurs in clear water over sand and fine gravel, usually in association with leaf packs and/or woody debris, but occasionally over the broad expanses of open bedrock which are abundant in parts of the mainstem Sipsey Fork. Conservation status. Ramsey (1976) published the first conservation status review of Percina sipsi and reported it to be a threatened species. Although the assigned conservation status category has varied in subsequent evaluations (Deacon et al. 1979; Ramsey 1984; Williams et al. 1989; Warren et al. 2000), all authors considered the Bankhead Darter���s continued existence to be in a precarious situation. In the most recent assessment of conservation status of Alabama wildlife, Kuhajda (2004) reported it as a species of highest conservation concern. The entire range of this species is in the Bankhead National Forest, providing some level of protection. We consider P. sipsi to be highly endangered based on its restricted distribution, rarity within the occupied range, habitat vulnerability, and absence of downstream habitat for future recovery. Percina sipsi is extremely vulnerable and needs continuous monitoring and proactive management actions to prevent extinction. Etymology. The specific name, sipsi, is the Chickasaw-Choctaw Indian name for poplar or cottonwood tree, and is the origin of ���Sipsey��� in the stream name, Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River (Foscue 1989), to which this species is endemic. The common name, Bankhead Darter, is in reference to the William B. Bankhead National Forest which encompasses the range of the species. Comparison with congeners. In the Sipsey Fork, a tributary to the Black Warrior River, Percina sipsi occurs with five species of Percina: P. kathae, P. maculata, P. nigrofasciata, P. sciera and P. shumardi. Prior to construction of the impoundments on the Black Warrior River it may have occurred sympatrically with a sixth species, P. brevicauda. Percina sipsi is distinguished from P. kathae which has the snout projecting beyond the anterior margin of the upper jaw, numerous narrow vertical bars on the dorsum and a well-developed basicaudal spot. It differs from P. maculata which has a well-developed subocular bar and basicaudal spot and a dark blotch on the base of the anterior 3-4 membranes of the spinous dorsal fin. Males of P. maculata typically have a well-developed modified breast scale. Percina sipsi can be distinguished from P. nigrofasciata which has vertically elongate lateral blotches and moderately joined gill membranes. Percina sipsi differs from P. shumardi in having a well-developed frenum and a row of modified scales along the midline of the belly of males. Breeding males of P. sipsi also lack the elongation of the anal fin and breeding tubercles on the anal, caudal, and pelvic fins that are characteristic of P. shumardi. Percina sciera is superficially very similar to P. sipsi and the two are difficult to distinguish in the field. The most reliable characters to distinguish the two species are the more moderately joined gill membranes and typically serrate preopercle margin in P. sciera compared to the narrowly joined gill membranes and smooth preopercle margin of P. sipsi. Nape squamation is also a helpful character to distinguish the two species, with P. sciera having exposed and/or embedded scales over the entire nape while P. sipsi is typically naked or only has a few embedded scales. Percina sipsi is a small species, 50 mm maximum known SL, while P. sciera often exceeds 50 mm SL. The standard length of 58 mm for P. sipsi (UAIC 10274.02) reported in Boschung and Mayden (2004) should read 48 mm. If P. sipsi and P. brevicauda were found to occur sympatrically they could be distinguished by the presence of a frenum in P. sipsi and a black basicaudal spot in P. brevicauda., Published as part of James D. Williams, David A. Neely, Stephen J. Walsh & Noel M. Burkhead, 2007, Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee., pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 1549 on pages 12-15

[[Genus Percina]] There are 41 described species in the genus Percina (Near & Benard 2004; Nelson et al. 2004), the secondmost species rich of 10 genera currently recognized in the family Percidae (Song et al. 1998). Of the 41 named species, 13 are known from the Mobile Basin of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and Tennessee, and six are endemic. Our description of three new species brings the total number of described species in the Mobile Basin to 16, nine of which are endemic to the Mobile Basin, representing the highest level of endemism in the genus Percina within any drainage of North America. The first of the three new species to be recognized as taxonomically distinct, Percina smithvanizi, Muscadine Darter, was discovered during a survey of fishes in the Tallapoosa River drainage of Alabama and Georgia (Williams 1965). In the late 1960���s, P. kusha, Bridled Darter, was discovered in headwaters of the Coosa River in Georgia and Tennessee (Stiles & Etnier 1971). Percina sipsi, Bankhead Darter, endemic to a small area in the Sipsey Fork watershed of the Black Warrior River drainage in north-central Alabama, went undetected until 1971 (Dycus & Howell 1974). Following discovery of these species, their existence, distribution, and presumed placement within the subgenus Alvordius became general knowledge among darter systematists. However, their recognition as valid species or subspecies was not consistent. Knowledge of the existence of these taxa has led to numerous published references to them as bridled or muscadine darters and Percina sp., Percina (Alvordius) sp., or Percina sp. cf. macrocephala, in ichthyological and conservation literature during the past four decades (Page & Burr 1991; Etnier & Starnes 1994; Boschung & Mayden 2004). Most publications referring to the three Percina species described herein included river drainage distribution data which facilitated association of citations with each of the three new species. Prior phylogenetic studies of the genus Percina included samples of two of the three taxa described herein. Page & Whitt (1973a, b) included P. kusha and Near (2002) included P. smithvanizi in molecular studies. Page & Whitt (1973a) used isozyme variation of lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh), and tetrazolium oxidase (To) loci to assess the relationships within the Etheostomatini, and Page and Whitt (1973b) used isozyme variation of Ldh to assess the monophyly of Percina. None of these loci were variable enough to infer relationships within subgenera of Percina, or to unequivocally determine sister relationship of P. kusha. Near (2002) postulated P. smithvanizi as the sister to P. palmaris based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence, although support for this clade was weak and other possible relationships varied depending on method of analysis., Published as part of James D. Williams, David A. Neely, Stephen J. Walsh & Noel M. Burkhead, 2007, Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee., pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 1549 on pages 1-2

[[Percina sciera (Swain 1883)]] Introduction The Dusky Darter, Percina sciera (Swain 1883) is a wide-ranging species that occurs in the Mississippi River basin from Ohio and West Virginia west to Illinois and south to Louisiana, and in Gulf drainages from northwest Alabama south to the Guadalupe River, Texas (Fig. 1). Percina sciera is one of four species in the subgenus Hadropterus (Page 1974). All but P. sciera are restricted to Gulf and Atlantic Slope drainages east of the Mississippi River (Page & Burr 1991). Two subspecies of P. sciera are currently recognized: P. s. sciera (Swain), distributed throughout the majority of the range, and P. s. apristis (Hubbs and Hubbs), restricted to the Guadalupe River system of the San Antonio Bay drainage, Texas (Fig. 1). The San Antonio Bay drainage is the penultimate major drainage on the Gulf Slope between the Mississippi River and the Rio Grande and consists of the Guadalupe and San Antonio River systems. Percina s. apristis is found in the Guadalupe, but not the San Antonio, river system (Hubbs et al. 1991). Percina s. apristis was diagnosed from P. s. sciera primarily by a reduced number of preopercular serrae (Hubbs & Hubbs 1954). Hubbs (1954) examined specimens from 13 river systems in a north/south gradient from the Wabash River, Indiana, to the Guadalupe River, Texas. He found that counts of preopercular serrae formed a cline, with counts low in the north and highest in the Brazos and Colorado rivers, Texas, with an abrupt shift to much lower counts in the Guadalupe River. He also noted other differences in meristic counts, body proportions and color pattern, as well as the peripheral isolation of apristis, and remarked that ��� apristis may be specifically distinct from scierus ��� (Hubbs 1954, p. 215). However, he declined to recognize the taxon as a species due to concerns about overlapping variation in analyses that considered all 13 river systems examined. More recent studies have described additional differences between P. s. apristis and P. s. sciera. Research comparing the egg complements of equal-sized female P. s. apristis and Colorado River P. s. sciera found significant differences in egg size and number (Hubbs & Johnson 1961). Laboratory hybridization crosses between P. s. apristis and Colorado River P. s. sciera produced offspring that exhibited an overall lack of hybrid vigor, prompting speculation that differences in phenotypes of the two subspecies may indicate genetic isolation (Hubbs 1967). Other than the distinctiveness of P. s. apristis, variation within western P. sciera remains poorly understood. Following the lead of Hubbs and Black (1954), who concluded that P. sciera may be a complex of subspecies, Richards and Knapp (1964) defined P. s. sciera as consisting only of those populations found from eastern tributaries of the Mississippi River basin and along the Gulf coast east to the Pearl River in Mississippi. These authors relegated all populations of P. sciera west of the Mississippi River in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas, with the exception of P. s. apristis, to uncertain status pending further study. Reference in the description of P. s. apristis to a yellow to orange band in the distal portion of the spinous dorsal fin (Hubbs & Hubbs 1954) has led some authors to treat the characteristic as diagnostic of the subspecies. However, observations of a yellow band in populations of P. s. sciera by other authors confound this distinction. The present study analyzes variation in meristic features and color patterns in P. sciera from eight western Gulf Slope river drainages and discusses the results relative to the taxonomic status of the population in the Guadalupe River system. We chose not to examine body and fin shapes because of the large ontogenetic and geographic variation found by Hubbs and Hubbs (1954). Methods Sixty-five collections totaling 389 specimens of P. sciera were examined for variation in numbers of preopercular serrae, pored lateral-line scales, modified scales (present in males only), transverse scales, circumferential caudal-peduncle scales, dorsal spines, dorsal rays, pectoral rays, and anal rays. Specimens from eight river drainages, encompassing the known range of P. sciera on the western Gulf Slope between the Mississippi River and Rio Grande River, constituted the sample. From southwest to northeast, these are the Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, San Jacinto, Trinity, Neches, Sabine, and Calcasieu drainages (Fig. 1). All counts and measurements were made on the left side using a Leica MZ75 dissecting microscope and follow Hubbs and Lagler (1964) except counts of transverse scales were made from the anal fin origin anterodorsally to the spinous dorsal fin, and counts of modified scales were those in a single midbelly row from the anus to the posterior base of the pelvic symphysis. Counts of pored lateral-line scales include those on the body and caudal fin. Standard length was taken with dial calipers and recorded to the nearest tenth millimeter. Sex was recorded for all specimens. Juveniles of less than 35 mm SL and damaged specimens were excluded from the study. Institutional abbreviations follow Leviton et al. (1985). Pigment patterns on preserved specimens were compared among all drainages, and breeding adults in the Guadalupe and Brazos drainages were observed and photographed in streams and aquaria. Specimens examined: Catalog numbers are arranged by drainage; numbers of specimens are in parentheses. Guadalupe River system: TNHC 2287 (15), TNHC 2297 (5 of 6), THNC 2321 (12 of 14), TNHC 2609 (6), TNHC 3136 (4), TNHC 7708 (3), TNHC 10387 (2), TNHC 17332 (15), UF 14996 (9), UF 26598 (1), UF 29652 (12), UF 43396 (2 of 3), UF 50605 (4), UF 65778 (9), UF 65788 (15), UF 96807 (5), UF 96809 (8), UF 128463 (2). Colorado River drainage: TNHC 2613 (2), TNHC 2653 (1), TNHC 5386 (9), TNHC 9221 (7), TNHC 9485 (1), TNHC 15633 (1), TNHC 23129 (1), TNHC 23612 (1), TNHC 23890 (2), TNHC 24995 (9 of 10), TNHC 27756 (2), UAIC 799 (3), UAIC 11412.19 (11 of 36). Brazos River drainage: TNHC 3785 (1), TNHC 12347 (7), TNHC 16791 (6), UF 28104 (3), UF 50646 (10), UF 147820 (10). San Jacinto River drainage: TNHC 2398 (9), TNHC 2806 (5), TNHC 2823 (2 of 3), TNHC 22367 (3 of 4), UAIC 11417.06 (8), UF 29467 (8), UF 29644 (3). Trinity River drainage: TNHC 21908 (5), TNHC 22166 (5), UF 147842 (2), UF 147868 (1), UMMZ 162371 (15 of 16), USNM 160626 (12 of 28). Neches River drainage: TNHC 2391 (6), TNHC 2756 (3), TNHC 2930 (4), TNHC 3832 (6), UF 29603 (4). Sabine River drainage: TNHC 3301 (6), TNHC 3345 (4), TNHC 3353 (12), TNHC 3376 (7), TNHC 3669 (18), TNHC 15528 (3), UAIC 2677 (9), UF 29589 (5). Calcasieu River drainage: UAIC 2679 (3), UF 147870 (5 of 11). Results The number of preopercular serrae varies greatly among western Gulf Slope populations of P. sciera (Table 1). Specimens from the Guadalupe River system have the fewest serrae (-��= 0.70), and those from the adjacent Colorado and Brazos river drainages have the most (-�� = 12.5 and 14.3, respectively). Other populations are intermediate, with means varying from 7.8 to 11.5. The number of pored lateral-line scales is higher in the Guadalupe River (-��= 71.7) than elsewhere. Other populations show little variation, with means ranging from 66.0 to 68.5 (Table 2). The number of modified scales in males is highest in the Guadalupe River (-��= 27.3) and intermediate in the Colorado River (-��= 19.8). Other populations have lower values, with means ranging from 13.8 to 17.9 (Table 3). The number of transverse scales shows a similar pattern to that of modified scales, although variation among drainages is low (Table 4). The Guadalupe and Colorado populations have the highest means and modal ranges (23 or more scales), the Brazos population is intermediate with a mean of 23.1 and a modal range of 23-24 scales, and other populations have the lowest means (-��= 21.8-22.9) and usually 23 or fewer scales. The Guadalupe population also has the highest number of caudal-peduncle scales (-��= 27.5), with the Colorado population having slightly fewer (-��= 27.2). Both populations usually have 26-28 scales. Other populations have means ranging from 24.8 in the Neches to 26.2 in the Trinity, and modes of 25-27 (Table 5). The highest mean number of anal rays (9.7) is found in the Guadalupe population where 65% of the individuals have 10 rays; other populations have means of 9.1 to 9.4 and usually 9 rays (60-78%) (Table 6). The number of pectoral rays varies little among drainages (Table 7), although the Guadalupe population has a higher frequency of 13 rays (26% of the individuals) than do other populations (0-16%). Dorsal spine (-��= 12.1-12.6) and dorsal ray counts (-��= 12.9-13.3) varied little among populations. A row of 7-12 dusky to black oval to rectangular blotches is present along the side of the body of all specimens examined. The blotches appear longer and narrower in Guadalupe specimens, as noted by Hubbs (1954). The spinous dorsal fin of breeding males in clear water in the San Marcos River near the town of San Marcos have a black band proximally and a distinct yellow-orange or orange band distally (Figs. 2 & 3). Two very narrow light yellow bands are visible in the second dorsal fin. Three light yellow bands of similar intensity to those observable in the second dorsal fin are present in the caudal fin but grade from wide to narrow, anteriorly to posteriorly. Anal and pelvic fins are dusky black. The body is dark although the underlying pattern of non-breeding individuals remains visible. A single male collected from murky water in the San Marcos River near Gonzales, Texas, has a yellow, rather than yellow-orange, band distally in the spinous dorsal fin but otherwise differs little in breeding color from individuals observed in the San Marco River near San Marcos. Color in specimens anesthetized with MS-222 (tricaine methane sulfonate) is exaggerated compared to that exhibited prior to treatment; males become much darker once treated with MS-222. Three males in breeding condition were collected from the Paluxy River (Brazos River drainage) near Bluff Dale, Texas, on 2 March 2005. All have a black band proximally and a clear band distally in the spinous dorsal fin; one specimen has a tinge of yellow in the otherwise clear band. All three specimens are suffused with dusky pigment. One is considerably darker than the others; the underlying non-breeding pattern is nearly obscured, particularly in the area of the caudal peduncle. Discussion Percina sciera apristis was described as a subspecies based on the hypothesis that the population in the Guadalupe River system was morphologically distinct from other populations and that populations geographically closest to the Guadalupe River were intermediate in traits, i.e. were intergrades between P. s. sciera and P. s. apristis. Our expanded dataset confirms the decision to recognize the population in the Guadalupe River as taxonomically distinct. However, western Gulf populations closest to the Guadalupe River do not show a consistent pattern of intermediacy in meristic variables, which we consider requisite for continuing to treat apristis as a subspecies. The Guadalupe population of P. sciera has extreme numbers of preopercular serrae, pored lateral-line scales, modified scales, caudal-peduncle scales, and anal rays. The most extreme trait is the number of preopercular serrae; 95% of all individuals from the Guadalupe, but only 6% from other western Gulf drainages, have 0-3 serrae. Sixty-eight percent of Guadalupe individuals, but only 4% from elsewhere, have no serrae. These extreme values clearly demonstrate that the Guadalupe population is genetically isolated. Variation in counts in western Gulf Slope populations shows one of four patterns: (1) The Guadalupe population is separable from other populations without intermediate counts; this is shown in numbers of pored lateral-line scales and anal rays. (2) Individuals from the Colorado River are intermediate between those from the Guadalupe and other drainages; this is shown in numbers of modified midbelly scales and caudal-peduncle scales. (3) The population in the Brazos River drainage is intermediate between those in the Guadalupe/ Colorado rivers and other populations in numbers of transverse scales. (4) Individuals from all other populations on the western Gulf Slope are intermediate between those of the Guadalupe and Colorado/Brazos in numbers of preopercular serrae. The first pattern suggests that no population can be recognized as intergrades; the Guadalupe population is isolated and diagnosable from all other populations without intermediates. The second and third patterns suggest that the Colorado and Brazos rivers harbor populations that are intermediate between those in the Guadalupe and elsewhere on the Gulf Slope, and that the Colorado and Brazos populations should be regarded as intergrades. The intermediacy could be due to selection pressures that are intermediate in the Colorado and Brazos to those elsewhere on the western Gulf Slope, or to gene flow between the Colorado and the Guadalupe and between the Colorado and Brazos and other drainages to the north. It also could be the result of genetic drift producing different meristic frequencies in the various drainages. The fourth pattern, in which the Colorado and Brazos populations are the most different from the Guadalupe population, suggests the same as the first pattern, that the Guadalupe population is genetically isolated from nearby streams and is diagnosable from all other populations. It makes little sense to invoke gene flow between distant, and not nearest, neighbors. Breeding males of P. sciera show a great deal of variation in color depending on environmental cues such as the presence of other males or females, but generally are much darker overall than non-breeding individuals (E.g., Ross 2001, p. 512), and the midlateral row of blotches often is obliterated (Page & Smith 1970, Page 1983). Breeding males from the Guadalupe River system darken but not nearly to the degree seen in other populations, and the midlateral blotches remain apparent (Figs. 2 & 3). Individuals from the San Marcos River, observed in the wild and kept in captivity, courted and spawned in the same manner (Fig. 3) as observed for P. sciera from the Wabash River drainage of Illinois (pers. obs.). Although the evolution of biological diversity is assumed to be driven by mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift, we rarely understand the relative contribution of each (Hey 2001). The forces driving patterns of variation in morphological traits in western Gulf Slope P. sciera are not easily recognized, especially in view of confounding trends. Of particular interest in evaluating the taxonomic status of the Guadalupe population is the degree of isolation. Knapp (1953) was the first to attempt to explain the distribution of Texas freshwater fishes in terms of geologic and climatic history. He contended that during the Pleistocene, the major drainage patterns of the region were not greatly different than they are today, but that there existed a much-better developed system of tributaries among which stream piracy was common. To explain what he viewed as a high degree of endemism in southwestern drainages, Knapp (1953) speculated that the Brazos River, in more arid times, with its highly turbid conditions and higher ionic concentrations, grew to represent a barrier to the westward expansion of eastern freshwater fishes. Conner and Suttkus (1986) concurred with the premise that the Brazos is a barrier to dispersal, but considered other drainage divides also to be important. Calculation of distinction indices for western Gulf Slope drainages revealed that the divides between the Trinity and Brazos rivers, between the Brazos and the Colorado, and between the Colorado and the Guadalupe were significant barriers to dispersal. Conner and Suttkus (1986) considered the divide between the Brazos and the Colorado to be the most significant with an abrupt faunal change between the rivers dividing the region into two broad groups of drainages. The Colorado and Brazos rivers, distinctive in their faunas, constitute poor fits with western and eastern drainages (Conner & Suttkus 1986). The findings of Conner and Suttkus (1986) suggest a historical explanation for the patterns presented by the results of the current study. There is more isolation between southern, than between northern, river faunas on the western Gulf Slope. Morphological gaps were found between populations in the Brazos and rivers to the north, between the Colorado and the Brazos, and between the Guadalupe and the Colorado. We consider the definition of subspecies to be: a diagnosable population of a species separated from other subspecies by a geographically and genetically intermediate population. The intermediacy may be caused by intermediate selection pressures or gene flow from neighboring populations. To continue to treat the Guadalupe River population as a subspecies of P. sciera would require the Colorado River population (or Colorado and Brazos populations) to be intermediate between populations in the Guadalupe and rivers to the north. Intermediacy is expressed in the Colorado River in numbers of modified midbelly scales and caudal-peduncle scales. However, the intermediacy in numbers of transverse scales in the Brazos River suggest a different taxonomic scenario, that individuals in the Brazos be recognized as intergrades between the Guadalupe/Colorado river populations and populations to the north. Finally, in numbers of preopercular serrae, individuals from all other populations on the western Gulf Slope are intermediate between those of the Guadalupe and the Colorado /Brazos. The conflicting patterns negate recognition of any population as consisting of intergrades and suggest instead that the uniqueness of the Guadalupe River population be expressed by treating the population as a species, Percina apristis. Although there may be occasional gene flow between the Guadalupe and rivers to the north, meristic data suggest a strong degree of isolation and a unique evolutionary history for the Guadalupe population. Published descriptions of breeding colors of male P. sciera are limited and contradictory. Some authors (Kuehne & Barbour 1983, Etnier & Starnes 1993) have suggested that a pale orange or yellow-orange band in the spinous dorsal fin of the male is diagnostic of P. s. apristis, other authors recorded the band in various populations of P. s. sciera (Ross 2001; Mettee et al. 1996; Smith 1979; Jenkins & Burkhead 1994, Robison & Buchanan 1988), and Page (1983) considered the band to be a general characteristic of P. sciera. Presence of a yellow or orange band in the spinous dorsal fin appears to be highly variable geographically and not useful for defining taxa. However, overall breeding male body color does appear to be diagnostic for P. apristis. Males of P. apristis darken slightly during the breeding season but do not become dusky black overall as does P. sciera (e.g., Ross 2001, p. 512), and the midlateral blotches remain apparent (Figs. 2 & 3)., Published as part of Robert H. Robins & Lawrence M. Page, 2007, Taxonomic status of the Guadalupe Darter, Percina apristis (Teleostei: Percidae)., pp. 51-60 in Zootaxa 1618 on pages 51-59

Percina apristis (Hubbs and Hubbs) Guadalupe Darter Diagnosis: Percina apristis is a species of Percina (Hadropterus) with 0-6 (-��= 0.70) preopercular serrae, and usually 68 or more pored lateral-line scales, 24 or more modified midbelly scales on the male, 23 or more transverse scales, 26 or more caudal-peduncle scales, 10 anal rays and 13-14 pectoral rays. The breeding male darkens but midlateral blotches remain apparent. Percina sciera, the closest relative of P. apristis, has more preopercular serrae (usually 7 or more), 14-15 pectoral rays, and fewer modified midbelly, transverse, caudal-peduncle scales, and anal rays, and the breeding male is dusky to black with midlateral blotches nearly obliterated. Distribution: Percina apristis occurs in gravelly runs in the San Marcos, Comal and Guadalupe rivers of the San Antonio Bay drainage. The Guadalupe River system exhibits the highest degree of endemism on the western Gulf Slope. Other endemic fishes in the system (Gambusia geiseri, Gambusia georgei, and Etheostoma fonticola) are San Marcos and Comal River spring isolates and are adapted to a small and unusual portion of the river system. Percina apristis is the only endemic fish found throughout the system., Published as part of Robert H. Robins & Lawrence M. Page, 2007, Taxonomic status of the Guadalupe Darter, Percina apristis (Teleostei: Percidae)., pp. 51-60 in Zootaxa 1618 on page 59

Percina sipsi, Williams & Neely, new species Bankhead Darter (Fig. 2 b) Holotype. UF 165737, 46 mm SL, Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33, 3 km NE of Rock Springs, Winston County, Alabama (34 �� 13 ���05���N; 87 �� 22 ���09���W), 20 January 2003. Paratypes. Black Warrior River drainage���Sipsey Fork system Alabama: Lawrence County: TU 163064 (1; 43 mm) Borden Creek, tributary to Sipsey Fork, 29 April 1992. TU 168262 (1; 50 mm) Borden Creek at Forest Road, Sipsey Wilderness, Section 12, 12 September 1993. UAIC 6427.03 (1; 39 mm) Borden Creek at Forest Service Route 224, Bankhead National Forest (34 �� 18 ' 34 "N; 87 �� 23 ' 42 "W), 19 April 1981. Winston County: AUM 18786 (6; 35���45 mm) West Fork Sipsey Fork at Forest Service Road 234, 8.8 km NNE of Double Springs (34 �� 13 ' 32 "N; 87 �� 22 ' 37 "W), 3 June 1979. UF 103304 (9; 37���49 mm) same locality, 17 April 1995. TU 83137 (7; 16���46 mm) same locality, 3 July 1971. UAIC 4329.21 (5; 39���46 mm) West Fork Sipsey Fork, 21.6 km ENE of Haleyville (34 �� 17 '03'N; 87 �� 23 ' 56 "W), 2 November 1978. INHS 48682 (7; 29���47 mm) Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33, 3 km NE of Rock Springs (34 �� 13 ���05���N; 87 �� 22 ���09���W), 13 August 1998. UAIC 10390.08 (6; 31���40 mm) same locality, 20 August 1986. UF 165738 (5; 38���48 mm) same locality, 20 January 2003. UMMZ 194316 (9; 36���40 mm) Sipsey River at Low Pressure Bridge, about 6.4 km E of Alabama Hwy 195, about 8.8 km NNE of Double Springs (T 9 S, R 8 W, S 23), 15 October 1971. USNM 211256 (35; 32���44 mm) Sipsey River, about 4 km W of Grayson and about 16 km NNE of Double Springs, (T 9 S, R 8 W, S 10), 29 October 1971. Additional material (nontypes). Black Warrior River drainage���Sipsey Fork system Alabama: Lawrence County: AUM 27232 (1) Borden Creek at gravel road, Sipsey Wilderness, 22.2 air km SW of Moulton, 30 August 1991. Winston County: AUM 27043 (4) Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33 (34 �� 13 ���05���N; 87 �� 22 ���09���W), 27 November 1990. TU 83136 (1) Sipsey Fork, 8.5 km E of Ashridge, 1 km above Lake Lewis Smith (T 9 S, R 8 W, S 33), 3 July 1971. UAIC 1695.21 (8) West Fork Sipsey Fork, 22.5 km ENE of Haleyville (34 �� 16 ' 24 "N; 87 �� 22 ' 28 "W), 12 July 1978. UAIC 4323.18 (1) West Fork Sipsey Fork, 20.6 km ENE of Haleyville (34 �� 17 ' 56 "N; 87 �� 24 ' 55 "W), 2 November 1978. UAIC 10274.02 (3; 39���48 mm) West Fork Sipsey Fork at Forest Service Road 234, 8.8 km NNE of Double Springs (34 �� 13 ' 32 "N; 87 �� 22 ' 37 "W), 2 March 1992. Material used in molecular analysis. Black Warrior River drainage Alabama: Winston County: STL 1406.01 (4) Sipsey Fork at Alabama Hwy 33, 3 km NE of Rock Creek (34 �� 13 '05"N; 87 �� 22 '09"W), 20 January 2003, EF 613207, EF 613208, EF 613209, EF 613210 Diagnosis. Percina sipsi is distinguished from all other described species of Percina by a combination of the following characteristics: absence of bright colors on body and fins of adults; no orange band in spinous dorsal fin; no broad vertical bands on body extending dorsally across the back joining those of the other side; 7���11 lateral blotches fused into continuous dark brown to black lateral stripe with undulating margins; lateral stripe continuous with large, somewhat quadrate basicaudal blotch that extends onto base of caudal fin rays; small, dark blotch on upper and lower portion of caudal fin base, dorsal blotch typically darker; body below lateral stripe white to cream colored, without dark blotches, becoming dusky in breeding males; suborbital bar absent or very poorly developed; lateral line complete, typically no pored scales on base of caudal fin; males with row of modified scales on midline of belly and one or two modified scales between base of pelvic fins; modified breast scale absent; nuptial tubercles absent; anal fin of breeding males not excessively elongate; males without caudal keel as a ventral extension of the caudal peduncle; snout does not project beyond anterior margin of upper jaw; broad premaxillary frenum present; serrae on margin of preopercle absent; branchiostegal membranes very narrowly joined to overlapping. Percina sipsi is distinguished from the other two species described herein by a combination of the following characters: dorsal saddles usually present but may be poorly developed, typically consisting of quadrate blotches on the posterior portion of nape, under posterior end of spinous dorsal fin, and the soft dorsal fin; dorsum with dusky brown reticulations above lateral stripe; cheeks and opercles scaled; nape typically naked, occasionally partially scaled; breast naked, occasionally with a few embedded cycloid scales. Description. Percina sipsi is one of the two smallest species in the genus Percina, rarely exceeding 50 mm SL (P. brevicauda, maximum SL is 50 mm, see Suttkus et al. 1994). Shape of the head and body are illustrated in Figure 2 b. Frequency distribution of scale, fin ray and vertebral counts given in Tables 1���8. Degree of nape squamation presented in Table 9 and posterior extent of development of pored lateral line scales given in Table 10. Proportional measurements presented in Table 11. Body terete, moderately elongate, snout moderately long, about equal to orbit in length, with a well-developed frenum. Preopercular margin entire and branchiostegal membranes separate or very narrowly joined. Total lateral line scales 56���72, usually 60���69; transverse scale rows 14���19, usually 16 or 17; caudal peduncle scales 18���22, usually 19���21; dorsal spines 12��� 15, usually 13 or 14; dorsal soft rays 9���11, usually 9 or 10; anal soft rays 6���8, usually 8; pectoral rays 13���14, usually 13; vertebrae 40���42, usually 41. Lateral line complete but occasionally an individual will have 1���3, usually one or two, unpored scales before the posterior edge of the hypural plate or a pored scale on the base of the caudal fin (Table 10). Embedded scales present on the upper three quarters of the cheek and opercle. Nape usually naked, occasionally with some embedded scales (Table 9). Breast and prepectoral area naked, rarely individuals with a few embedded scales. Belly typically scaled with the exception of the area immediately posterior of pelvic fin base. A row of enlarged, modified ctenoid scales present on midline of belly but ends a few scale rows posterior to pelvic fin base. Typically one or two modified scales present between the bases of pelvic fins. The large modified breast scale at the anterior margin of the pelvic girdle of some Percina is absent in P. s i p s i. In females the scales along the midline of the belly and laterally one to two rows are often embedded. Midventral row of modified scales on the belly of females is greatly reduced in development and number compared to males and is absent in some individuals. There are usually one or two modified scales present between the bases of the pelvic fins. Breeding tubercles and the thickened ridges along margin of anal fin rays of some males are absent in females. The general pattern of pigmentation in life is similar in males and females but females usually lack the dusky ground color present in males, most pronounced in breeding males. Sides of the body with 7���10 round to slightly oval, dark brown blotches which are typically connected by a lighter brown lateral stripe two or three scale rows wide. Some individuals appear to have smaller blotches between larger blotches but are obscured by the underlying lateral stripe. Lateral blotches are usually lighter in color and less connected in small individuals and females. Anteriorly the lateral stripe merges with the postorbital and preorbital bars. The lateral stripe terminates on the base of the caudal fin in a quadrate basicaudal blotch. There are also dark blotches on the caudal fin base above and below the basicaudal blotch. These blotches vary in size and intensity but the upper blotch is usually more distinct than the lower. Above the lateral stripe the dorsum is variously marked with tan to light brown reticulations and blotches, varying in size and intensity. Most reticulations are formed by darkly pigmented scales and are 1���3 scale rows wide. Some individuals have reticulations that are aligned in a pattern two or three scale rows above the lateral stripe while others have no discernible pattern. Along the midline of the dorsum there are up to nine tan to light brown poorly developed saddles and when present typically consist of quadrate blotches. These blotches are often irregular in shape and vary in their placement and development. Their alignment usually consists of one blotch on the nape just anterior to the dorsal fin origin and if a second is present it is located anteriorly on the nape, three blotches under the spinous dorsal, one near the junction of the spinous and soft dorsal fin, two under the soft dorsal fin, and two on the caudal peduncle. Below the lateral stripe the body is usually devoid of blotches, spots, or reticulations but may be dusky on breeding males. On the head, the cheeks and opercles below the postorbital stripe lack dark pigment but may be dusky on breeding males. A well-developed suborbital bar is absent but a cluster of large melanophores may be present on the midventral margin of the orbit. The breast is without any dark pigment but there is typically a cluster of melanophores present on the anterior prepectoral region. The spinous dorsal fin of males has a thin, dusky margin, a clear submarginal band, and a dark basal band which is usually darker posteriorly. The soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are usually clear but may be dusky in breeding males, with a slight intensification of pigment towards the margin. The pelvic and pectoral fins are usually clear but are dusky in breeding males. Distribution. Percina sipsi is known only from the Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River in the Bankhead National Forest in northwestern Alabama (Fig. 3). It occurs in Borden Creek in Lawrence County, and Brushy Creek, Caney Creek, and Sipsey Fork (recorded as West Fork Sipsey River on some maps) in Winston County. While the current known range of P. sipsi is very limited and confined downstream by Lewis Smith Reservoir, historically it is possible that the species ranged farther downstream in the Sipsey Fork and conceivably in the Locust and Mulberry forks of the Black Warrior River, which are all located in the Cumberland Plateau physiographic province (Fig. 3). Riverine habitat in the lower reaches of the Sipsey Fork was destroyed in 1960 by the Alabama Power Company impoundment behind Lewis Smith Dam. The current distribution of P. sipsi represents the most restricted range of any known species of Percina. Ecology. Percina sipsi inhabits creeks and small rivers ranging in size from 5���40 m in width and 0.25 to 2 m in depth. The species occurs in clear water over sand and fine gravel, usually in association with leaf packs and/or woody debris, but occasionally over the broad expanses of open bedrock which are abundant in parts of the mainstem Sipsey Fork. Conservation status. Ramsey (1976) published the first conservation status review of Percina sipsi and reported it to be a threatened species. Although the assigned conservation status category has varied in subsequent evaluations (Deacon et al. 1979; Ramsey 1984; Williams et al. 1989; Warren et al. 2000), all authors considered the Bankhead Darter���s continued existence to be in a precarious situation. In the most recent assessment of conservation status of Alabama wildlife, Kuhajda (2004) reported it as a species of highest conservation concern. The entire range of this species is in the Bankhead National Forest, providing some level of protection. We consider P. s i p s i to be highly endangered based on its restricted distribution, rarity within the occupied range, habitat vulnerability, and absence of downstream habitat for future recovery. Percina sipsi is extremely vulnerable and needs continuous monitoring and proactive management actions to prevent extinction. Etymology. The specific name, sipsi, is the Chickasaw-Choctaw Indian name for poplar or cottonwood tree, and is the origin of ���Sipsey��� in the stream name, Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River (Foscue 1989), to which this species is endemic. The common name, Bankhead Darter, is in reference to the William B. Bankhead National Forest which encompasses the range of the species. Comparison with congeners. In the Sipsey Fork, a tributary to the Black Warrior River, Percina sipsi occurs with five species of Percina: P. kathae, P. maculata, P. nigrofasciata, P. sciera and P. shumardi. Prior to construction of the impoundments on the Black Warrior River it may have occurred sympatrically with a sixth species, P. brevicauda. Percina sipsi is distinguished from P. kathae which has the snout projecting beyond the anterior margin of the upper jaw, numerous narrow vertical bars on the dorsum and a well-developed basicaudal spot. It differs from P. maculata which has a well-developed subocular bar and basicaudal spot and a dark blotch on the base of the anterior 3���4 membranes of the spinous dorsal fin. Males of P. maculata typically have a well-developed modified breast scale. Percina sipsi can be distinguished from P. nigrofasciata which has vertically elongate lateral blotches and moderately joined gill membranes. Percina sipsi differs from P. shumardi in having a well-developed frenum and a row of modified scales along the midline of the belly of males. Breeding males of P. sipsi also lack the elongation of the anal fin and breeding tubercles on the anal, caudal, and pelvic fins that are characteristic of P. shumardi. Percina sciera is superficially very similar to P. sipsi and the two are difficult to distinguish in the field. The most reliable characters to distinguish the two species are the more moderately joined gill membranes and typically serrate preopercle margin in P. sciera compared to the narrowly joined gill membranes and smooth preopercle margin of P. s i p s i. Nape squamation is also a helpful character to distinguish the two species, with P. s c i e r a having exposed and/or embedded scales over the entire nape while P. s i p s i is typically naked or only has a few embedded scales. Percina sipsi is a small species, 50 mm maximum known SL, while P. s c i e r a often exceeds 50 mm SL. The standard length of 58 mm for P. s i p s i (UAIC 10274.02) reported in Boschung and Mayden (2004) should read 48 mm. If P. sipsi and P. brevicauda were found to occur sympatrically they could be distinguished by the presence of a frenum in P. sipsi and a black basicaudal spot in P. brevicauda. Holotype. UF 165735, 47 mm SL, Turkey Creek at unnumbered county road, about 2.9 km W of Burwell, Carroll County, Georgia (33 �� 35 ��� 45 ���N; 85 �� 13 ��� 36 ���W), 19 January 2003. Paratypes. Tallapoosa River drainage Alabama: Chambers County: AUM 23918 (7; 38���51 mm) Tallapoosa River, 2.4 km SSE of Wadley(33 ��06'07"N; 85 �� 33 ' 25 "W), 1 November 1982. UAIC 8525.07 (4; 35���51 mm) same locality, 14 May 1986. UAIC 8526.09 (6; 43���53 mm) same locality, 14 May 1986. Clay County: TU 157782 (3; 44���48 mm) Enitachopco [Enitochope] Creek at Alabama Hwy 9, 4.5 km SSW of Ashland (33 �� 14 ' 24 "N; 85 �� 51 ' 34 "W), 12 April 1990. UMMZ 185373 (5; 45���54 mm) same locality, 21 September 1963. Cleburne County: UF 98484 (5; 38���47 mm) Snake Creek at County Route 13, about 5.6 km SW of the center of Heflin (33 �� 35 ' 49 "N; 85 �� 37 ' 21 "W), 16 July 1992. Elmore County: TU 157794 (6; 29���50 mm) Gold Branch, 2.9 km E of Alabama Hwy 63 (32 �� 41 ' 35 "N; 86 ��00' 26 "W), 12 April 1990. Randolph County: AUM 23824 (19; 32���49 mm) Crooked Creek, 7.4 km NW of Malone (33 �� 14 ' 36 "N; 85 �� 38 ' 36 "W), 27 September 1982. NCSM 44986 (6; 45��� 55 mm) Tallapoosa River, 6.4 km NNW of Wadley (33 �� 10 ' 27 "N; 85 �� 35 '04"W), 26 March 1991. NCSM 44987 (7; 36���54 mm) same locality, 4 September 1996. UAIC 8508.14 (2; 38���53 mm) same locality, 4 September 1996. UAIC 10830.20 (5; 40���44 mm) same locality, 26 March 1991. USNM 218508 (6; 34���54 mm) Jones Creek at US Hwy 431, approximately 0.6 km N of Roanoke (33 �� 10 ' 32 "N; 85 �� 23 ' 21 "W), 17 April 1978. USNM 322736 (5; 43���53 mm) Cornhouse Creek at Alabama Hwy 431 (33 �� 14 ' 20 "N; 85 �� 26 ' 31 "W), 23 March 1970. UT 91.2143 (16; 30���50 mm) Little Tallapoosa River at US Hwy 431 about 6.4 km N of Wedowee (33 �� 22 '03"N; 85 �� 28 ' 36 "W), 16 May 1981. Tallapoosa County: INHS 57809 (5; 40���51 mm) Josie Leg Creek at Alabama Hwy 22, 6.1 km SW of Perryville (33 ��00'07"N; 85 �� 49 ' 58 "W), 12 March 1989. NCSM 44985 (4; 39���43 mm) Hillabee Creek, at Alabama Hwy 22, about 9.7 km NE of Alexander City (32 �� 59 '07"N; 85 �� 51 ' 41 "W), 22 March 1995. UF 91625 (14; 35���53 mm) same locality, 6 April 1992. TU 168037 (4; 44���52 mm) Emuckfaw Creek, 4.8 km W of Daviston (33 ��03' 18 "N; 85 �� 41 ' 41 "W), 10 July 1993. TU 168051 (1; 51 mm) same locality, 10 July 1993. UAIC 6787.14 (3; 38���54 mm) Emuckfaw Creek 5.3 km SSE of New Site (32 �� 59 ' 43 "N; 85 �� 44 ' 58 "W), 3 June 1985. UAIC 8518.09 (5; 40���51 mm) same locality, 11 March 1985. UAIC 8476.20 (16; 37���51 mm) Tallapoosa River, 10.8 km SSW of Daviston (32 �� 57 ' 52 "N; 85 �� 41 ' 52 "W), 22 October 1986. UAIC 8510.10 (3; 35���51 mm) Tallapoosa River, 5.6 km SSE of New Site (32 �� 59 '06"N; 85 �� 45 '09"W), 11 March 1985. UF 165730 (3; 44���49 mm) Wind Creek at second bridge on Alabama Hwy 50 upstream of mouth (32 �� 40 ��� 42 ���N 85 �� 52 ��� 34 ���W), 18 January 2003. UF 165733 (5; 35���40 mm) Emuckfaw Creek at Alabama Hwy 49, just upstream of Horseshoe Bend NHP (32 �� 59 ��� 40 ���N 85 �� 44 ��� 59 ���W), 18 January 2003. USNM 199818 (14; 35���48 mm) Unnamed tributary of Sougahatchee Creek at Alabama Hwy 49, 19 km N of Tallassee (32 �� 38 '04"N; 85 �� 47 ' 48 "W), 10 April 1965. Georgia: Carroll County: UF 165736 (6; 43���48 mm) Turkey Creek at unnumbered county road, about 2.9 km W of Burwell (33 �� 35 ��� 45 ���N 85 �� 13 ��� 36 ���W), 19 January 2003. Haralson County: GMNH 1548 (3; 45��� 57 mm) Tallapoosa River at County Road 130, 23 May 1981. UF 15856 (5; 35���53 mm) North Fork of Walkers Creek at Georgia Hwy 120, 6.1 km SW o, Published as part of Williams, James D., Neely, David A., Walsh, Stephen J. & Burkhead, Noel M., 2007, Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 1549 on pages 12-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.178071, {"references":["Suttkus, R. D., Thompson, B. A. & Bart, Jr., H. L. (1994) Two new darters, Percina (Cottogaster), from the southeastern United States, with a review of the subgenus. Occasional Papers Tulane University Museum of Natural History, 4, 1 - 46.","Ramsey, J. S. (1976) Freshwater fishes. In: Endangered and threatened plants and animals of Alabama. Bulletin Alabama Museum of Natural History, 2, pp. 53 - 65.","Deacon, J. E., Kobetich, G., Williams, J. D. & Contreras, S. (1979) Fishes of North America: endangered, threatened, or of special concern: 1979. Fisheries, 4, 30 - 44.","Ramsey, J. S. (1984) Freshwater fishes. In: Vertebrate wildlife of Alabama. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama, pp. 1 - 14.","Williams, J. E., Johnson, J. E., Hendrickson, D. A., Contreras-Balderas, S., Williams, J. D., Navarro-Mendoza, M., McAllister, D. E. & Deacon, J. E. (1989) Fishes of North America endangered, threatened, or of special concern: 1989. Fisheries, 14, 2 - 20.","Warren, M. L., Burr, B. M., Walsh, S. J., Bart, H. L., Cashner, R. C., Etnier, D. A., Freeman, B. J., Kuhajda, B. R., Mayden, R. L. & Robison, H. W. (2000) Diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern United States. Fisheries, 25, 7 - 31.","Kuhajda, B. R. (2004) Warrior bridled darter, Percina sp. cf. macrocephala. In: Mirarchi, R. E., Garner, J. T., Mettee, M. F. & O'Neil, P. E. (Eds.), Alabama Wildlife, Vol. 2, Imperiled Aquatic Mollusks and Fishes. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, pp. 200 - 201.","Foscue, V. O. (1989) Place Names in Alabama. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 175 pp.","Boschung, H. T. & Mayden, R. L. (2004) Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian Books, Washington, DC, 736 pp.","Wieland, W. & Ramsey, J. S. (1987) Ecology of the Muscadine Darter, Percina sp. cf. macrocephala, in the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, with comments on related species. Southeastern Fishes Council Proceedings, 17, 5 - 17.","Freeman, M. C., Irwin, E. R., Burkhead, N. M., Freeman, B. J. & Bart, Jr., H. L. (2005) Status and conservation of the fish fauna of the Alabama River system. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 45, 557 - 585.","Williams, J. D. (1965) Studies on the fishes of the Tallapoosa River system in Alabama and Georgia. Master of Science thesis, University of Alabama, University, Alabama, 135 pp.","Smith-Vaniz, W. F. (1968) Freshwater Fishes of Alabama. Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama, 211 pp.","Bookstein, F. L., Chernoff, B., Elder, R. L., Humphries, Jr., J. M., Smith, G. R. & Strauss, R. E. (1985) Morphometrics in Evolutionary Biology. Academy of Natural Sciences Special Publication 15, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 277 pp.","Near, T. J. (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of Percina (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Copeia, 2002, 1 - 14.","Sloss, B. L., Billington, N. & Burr, B. M. (2004) A molecular phylogeny of the Percidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32, 545 - 562.","Page, L. M., Hardman, M., & Near, T. J. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of barcheek darters (Percidae: Etheostoma, subgenus Catonotus) with descriptions of two new species. Copeia, 512 - 530.","Mendelson, T. C. & Simons, J. N. (2006) AFLPs resolve cytonuclear discordance and increase resolution among barcheek darters (Percidae: Etheostoma: Catonotus). Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 41, 445 - 453"]}

Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Inland water: 29400-865 (2 spc.), 28.10.1997, Egirdir Lake, Isparta, M. Ôzulug; 29400-620 (1 spc.), 26.01.1972, Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Istanbul, N. Meriç.

The shield darter, Percina peltata (Stauffer 1864), is a small freshwater percid distributed on the Atlantic coastal plain and Piedmont from the Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna Rivers in New York, south to the Neuse River in North Carolina (Page 1983, Smith 1985). Three subspecies have been recognized (Page 1983). The nominal form ranges from the James River, Virginia, northward (Page 1983, Jenkins & Burkhead 1994). P. nevisense, from rivers in Virginia and North Carolina, has been elevated to species (Goodin et al. 1998) and the third form from the upper Roanoke remains undescribed (Jenkins & Burkhead1994). Percid larvae are well known and readily distinguishable in North America (e.g. Auer 1982, Wallis et al. 1990). Descriptions of larvae of Perca, Sander, and several species of Etheostoma have been published (Auer 1982, Hardy 1978, Paine 1984). Descriptions of larvae of the genera Percina and Ammocrypta are scarce and poorly illustrated, except for Percina caprodes (Auer 1982, Cooper 1978, Fish 1932). The purpose of this paper is to provide descriptions of the larval stages of Percina peltata and to discuss some systematic implications. Methods During drift net sampling in the Neversink River, Orange County, New York, in spring of 2001 and 2002, we collected a series of percid larvae that did not fit the characteristics of the described larval percids known from the area. The percid fauna of the Neversink River includes Etheostoma olmstedi, Perca flavescens, Sander vitreus, and Percina peltata (Smith 1985). Since all but P. peltata larvae are well described (Auer 1982) and the larvae collected did not fit any of those descriptions, by process of elimination, the larvae collected are Percina peltata. Material examined: All specimens are from the Neversink River, Orange County, New York, and catalogued in the New York State Museum (NYSM). NYSM 52620: Above dam in Cuddebackville, May 16, 2001, 2 specimens, 8-10 mm TL.NYSM 52623: Bridge on Neversink Drive, Huguenot, May 16, 2001, 2 specimens, 5.5-9 mm TL.NYSM 52722: Above dam in Cuddebackville, May 31, 2001, 1 specimen, 14 mm TL.NYSM 52905: Above dam in Cuddebackville, June 7, 2001, 1 specimen, 16 mm TL.NYSM 52907: Bridge on Guymard Turnpike, Myers Grove, June 7, 2001, 1 specimen, 15 mm TL.NYSM 53072: Bridge on Neversink Drive, Huguenot, June 14, 2001, 1 specimen, 7 mm TL.NYSM 53076: Bridge on Guymard Turnpike, Myers Grove, June 14, 2001, 3 specimens, 18-20 mm TL.NYSM 53128: Above dam in Cuddebackville, June 7, 2001, 1 specimen, 19 mm TL.NYSM 53344: Bridge on Neversink Drive, Huguenot, July 5, 2001, 1 specimen, 16 mm TL.NYSM 54562: Bridge on Guymard Turnpike, Myers Grove, June 13, 2002, 1 specimen, 10 mm TL. Meristic characters were observed under a stereomicroscope following Auer (1982). Morphometric measurements were made with a ocular micrometer. Results Percid yolk sac larvae are distinguished from other North American families by having the vent near midbody, a large anterior oil droplet in the yolk sac, usually well developed pectoral fins at hatching, and relatively numerous thin myomeres (Auer 1982, Wallis et al. 1990). Also, in post yolk sac larvae, the spinous dorsal fin is separate from the soft dorsal fin (Wallis et al. 1990). Development of Perca and Sander is well described (Craig 1987). Early developmental stages of most other percids have been poorly studied, but they appear to be very similar in morphology (Auer 1982). The following descriptions are based on 14 specimens, 5.9-18.3 mm total length (TL). Yolk sac larvae - The yolk sac is present in larvae from 5.9 mm TL to 7.9 mm TL. In the smallest specimen, the length of the yolk sac is 42% of the total length of the larva (Figure 1A). The anterior oil globule is small with the maximum length at 19% of the length of the yolk sac. The anus is slightly posterior of midbody (54% of TL) but the preanal myomere number equals the postanal (Table 1). Pectoral fin buds are present and large, situated dorsally but have no visible fin rays. The dorsal fin fold begins at about myomere 18 and extends around the caudal to the anus. Four small fin ray precursors are visible in the posterior part of the dorsal fin fold. These rays can only be seen with strong lighting and careful manipulation of the larvae under high power. Pigment consists of small melanophores scattered over the lateral and ventral surfaces of the yolk sac and in a thin line on the ventral surface of the myomeres from about myomere 19 to 35. Larger and darker melanophores are situated on several of the myosepta. In the largest specimen with remnants of yolk (7.6 mm SL, Fig. 1B), pigmentation becomes more extensive. Melanophores are crowded on the breast and enlarged and two very large melanophores are located dorsally and ventrally, respectively, to the pectoral fin base. Scattered fine melanophores are present along the ventral surface of the yolk sac. Pigment along the ventral surface is about the same as in the smaller larva (Fig. 1A). Pigment on the myosepta of the hypaxial muscles is more extensive, however, beginning on the myomere behind the anus and extending to the caudal peduncle. Post yolk sac larvae- Flexion begins about 8 mm SL (Fig. 1C). Principal caudal rays and some accessory rays are visible as well as rays in the pectoral fin. The fin fold delineating the spinous dorsal is visible and separate from the posterior dorsal fin fold. The second dorsal and anal fin folds are separated from the caudal, as well. Pigmentation is similar in distribution to the late yolk sac larvae (Fig. 1B). At about 11 mm SL (Fig. 1D), rays are visible in the second dorsal and anal fins. Pigmentation on the anterior body is the same as described above, but pigmentation posterior to the anus has increased. Dark melanophores on the hypaxial myosepta are more continuous and provide an easily observed color pattern that distinguishes shield darter from the other percids in the Neversink drainage. Ventral pigmentation (Fig. 1E) is essentially a median line of melanophores on the anterior gut (deflected in the specimens illustrated) with a line on either side of the isthmus. There is a line of melanophores on either side of the anal fin, each of which is in line with the myoseptal pigmentation. There is a single median line posterior to the anal fin. The pigmentation patterns described in the previous paragraph remain the same in larger larvae (~13 mm SL, Figs. 1F&G). Dorsal fin spines become apparent and second dorsal and anal fins have the adult complement of rays (Table 1). Pelvic fins begin to develop. The adult complement of fin elements is present in individuals at about 16 mm SL, therefore they are technically juveniles. The hypaxial myoseptal pigmentation gives shield darter larvae a very distinctive appearance. Under low power magnification, the pigment appears as relatively bold stripes angled posteriorly over and slightly posterior to the anal fin. This pigmentation distinguishes shield darter larvae from all the other percids in the Neversink River. We have not seen any percid larvae with this pigmentation, but so few have been illustrated that we are unsure of whether this color pattern is unique to the shield darter. Discussion Near (2002) placed P. peltata, along with three other Atlantic slope species, into a monophyletic clade that is the sister group to all other Percina species. Too little is known about the larvae of this genus to use larval characteristics to analyze intrageneric relationships. However, shield darter larvae have characteristics that we consider plesiomorphic: they are elongate, possess numerous small myomeres, and have a large oil droplet in the anterior yolk sac. Perca and Sander larvae have the same morphology and those two genera are plesiomorphic within the Percidae (Near et al. 2000, Wiley 1992). Perca, Sander, and Percina larvae also lack the derived characteristics found in Etheostoma larvae, which are typically ���bullheaded��� and have a large anterior yolk sac with the oil droplet surrounded and obscured by yolk making it difficult to see (see illustrations of percid early larvae in Balon et al. 1977). Paine (1984) suggested that these larval differences are related to the necessity for Percina larvae to drift to feeding locations and for Etheostoma larvae to remain in place in streams. Too few larvae of either genus have been described to assume that this generality is valid and an alternative assessment is that larval type may be an evolutionary characteristic, independent of life history, behavior, or ecology. Percina is plesiomorphic compared to Etheostoma (Wiley 1992) in the monophyletic Etheostomatinae (Page 1985, Coburn & Gaglione 1992, Wiley 1992). Page (1974) and Bailey & Etnier (1988) regarded Percina as the plesiomorphic darters because they generally lack breeding colors and nuptial tubercles, have high meristic counts, are relatively large, and are hyperbenthic. Near (2002), however, said that there was ���no cladistic basis to presume that Percina is the sister taxon to all other darter species.��� In fact, Near et al. (2000) suggested that the relationship among etheostomine genera requires further study. Our observations on the morphology of larval P. peltata suggest that this species possesses several ancestral characteristics and that its larvae are very similar to those of Perca and Sander. Our conclusion, then, is that P. peltata larvae are plesiomorphic. Interestingly, adult P. peltata do not possess the traits, listed in Page (1983), that have been identified as plesiomorphic. Adult shield darters are demersal, live in riffles and are not fusiform. Aspects of the natural history of shield darter also suggest that ability for larvae to drift is unimportant. Shield darter spawns in riffles and leaves its eggs unguarded, buried in gravel (New 1966). Furthermore, ���place holding��� morphology does not mean necessarily that a larval darter does not drift. Yolk sac larvae of Etheostoma olmstedi, which possess derived characteristics (Auer 1992), are frequently taken in drift samples in Hudson River tributaries (Schmidt & Lake In press). The combination of ancestral and derived traits within P. peltata suggests strongly that the ability to drift did not originate in Percina. We propose that larval drift is not an adaptation, as intimated by Paine (1984), but is, instead, a retained characteristic unassociated with behavior or ecology. The larvae of P. peltata possess plesiomorphic traits. If shield darter fry are representative of Percina fry in general, then Percina may be the ancestral darter genus. Alternatively, Near (2002) placed shield darter in the ancestral Percina peltata clade, sister group to all other Percina species. Traits found in shield darter may not be shared by species in other clades, which would support the contention that P. peltata is ancestral within the genus, but would not add significantly to assessing the status of the genus in relation to other genera within the family. Examination of larval characteristics of additional species could be revealing., Published as part of Robert E. Schmidt & Robert A. Daniels, 2004, Description of the larval stages of the Shield Darter, Percina peltata (Pisces: Percidae), in New York., pp. 1-7 in Zootaxa 774 on pages 1-6

Pachypops fourcroi (La C��p��de 1802) (Fig. 3) Perca fourcroi La C��p��de 1802: 398, 424 (type locality: not stated, but probably Suriname, since according to La C��p��de, the material was donated by the Netherlands to France). Corvina furcroea: Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830: 111 (based on the holotype of Perca fourcroi). Corvina biloba Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830: 112 (type locality unknown), Steindachner 1864: 206 (redescription as Pachypops biloba), Steindachner 1879: 12 (synonym of Pachyurus furcraeus). Corvina furcraea: Steindachner 1863: 165 (junior synonym of Pachypops furcraeus), Steindachner 1879: 12 (synonym of Pachyurus furcraeus). Perca furcraea: Steindachner 1863: 163 (as Pachypops furcraeus). Pachyurus natteri: Steindachner 1863: 171, pl. 3 (misspelling of Pachyurus nattereri). Pachyurus nattereri Steindachner 1863: 174, pl. 3 (type locality: Rio Branco and Rio Negro), Steindachner 1879: 11 (as junior synonym of Pachyurus schomburgkii), Eigenmann 1894: 630 (in listing of South American fishes, as synonym), Jordan and Eigenmann 1889: 412 (review of American Sciaenidae), Campos 1942: 17 (review of Brazilian sciaenid). Pachypops furcraeus: Steindachner 1863: 165 (redescription based on specimen from Rio Negro, Brazil), Steindachner 1879: 12 (as junior synonym of Pachyurus furcraeus), Jordan and Eigenmann 1889: 413 (in review of American Sciaenidae, valid), Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1891: 67 (listed), Jordan and Evermann 1896: 399 (listed, Guyana), Eigenmann 1910: 468 (listed), Fowler 1914: 277 (listed, Rupununi River), Campos 1942: 18 (in review of Brazilian sciaenid), Boeseman 1948: 367 (listed, Suriname), Travassos and Rego-Barros 1971: 60 (listed, Brazil), Chao 1978: 42 (listed, West Atlantic Sciaenidae), Taphorn et al. 1997: 99 (listed, Venezuela). Pachypops biloba: Steindachner 1864: 206 (redescription based on two specimens from Suriname). Pachyurus furcraeus: Steindachner 1879: 12 (as senior synonym of Corvina furcraea and Pachypops furcraeus). Pachypops fourcroi: Fowler 1954: 253 (freshwater fishes of Brazil), Lowe-McConnell 1966: 24 (listed, Guyana), Aguilera 1987: 91 (soft anatomy), Cervig��n 1982: 238 (comparison with P. cevegei). Pachypops furchraeus: Ferreira et al. 1998: 146 (key, commercial fishes of Santar��m, Brazil). Material examined. Type specimens: - MNHN 7539, holotype of Perca fourcroi (134.2 mm SL), locality not mentioned. - MNHN 7683, holotype of Corvina biloba (75.9 mm SL), unknown locality. - NMW 15178:1, lectotype of Pachyurus nattereri herein designated (80.9 mm SL), Rio Branco or Rio Negro, Brazil. - NMW 15178:2-3, paralectotypes of Pachyurus nattereri herein designated, Rio Branco or Rio Negro, Brazil (53,0-58,9 mm SL). Non-type (193 specimens). - Venezuela: Bolivar: R��o Orinoco, close to mouth of R��o Caura, 7��38���N64��52���W, ANSP160329 (2, 82.8-90.2); R��o Cano, in the confluence of R��o Caura with R��o Orinoco, 7��37���N64��50���W, ANSP 163025 (2, 88.5-102.8); R��o Orinoco, CAS 156590 (SU 56590) (1, 59.9); R��o Orinoco, Delta Amacuro, 8��41���N62��03���W, USNM 233770 (1, 36.7); Lago Tineo Anzoategui, 8��11���N6��28���W, ANSP 166482 (1, 163.4); R��o Orinoco, close to mouth of ca��o Yagual, 3��33���N66��47���W, ANSP 162850 (1, 83.5); R��o Orinoco, 3��10���N65��33���W, ANSP 162855 (2[3], 45.5-53.4); R��o Orinoco, Santa Barbara, CAS 14873 (SU 48673) (2, 39.8-44.1). - Amazonas: R��o Negro, CAS 148668 (4[6], 40.4-61.2); R��o Negro, mouth of R��o Casiquiare, CAS 148671 (2[9], 43.3-43.9); R��o Ventuari, 4��4���N66��56���W, ANSP 162848 (2[13], 44.5-65.0); R��o Casiquiare, 3��50���N65��55���W, ANSP 162853 (2[7], 14.8-39.4); R��o Orinoco, 3��50���N67��20���W, ANSP 162854 (2[5], 43.7-50.9); R��o Orinoco, 3��4���N66��28���W, ANSP 162849 (2[4], 30.7-46.3); R��o Cunucunuma, 3��23���N65��59���W, ANSP 162847 (1, 165.8); R��o Orinoco, 2��59���N66��4���W, ANSP 162852 (1, 47.9); R��o Orinoco, Playa de Tamatama, CAS 56829 (SU 56829) (1, 149.0); R��o Orinoco, Playa de Tamatama, CAS 148672 (SU 48672) (1, 81.0); R��o Casiquiare, 2��48���N65��57���W, ANSP 162851 (1, 150.1); R��o Pamoni, 2��49���N65��55���W, ANSP 162846 (2[3], 163.9-166.2). - Guyana: Mora Passage, FMNH 53953 (1, 155,7); Essequibo River, CAS 78552 (4[28], 27.7-81.1), AMNH 215000 (1, 42.9), FMNH 53956 (1, 46.3); Essequibo River, Wismar, FMNH 53954 (1, 52.4), Essequibo River, Kartabo, AMNH 220370 (2[30], 34.6-153.4), AMNH 220366 (1, 61.3); Demerara River, CAS 78551 (IU 12570) (1, 108.2), AMNH 214915 (1, 39.8), AMNH 214916 (2[12], 34.6-56.6); Essequibo River, Bartica, FMNH 53955 (2[26], 29.5-92.0), FMNH 7359 (2[5], 25.4-58.8), CAS 121969 (SU 21969) (2[5], 28.0-49.4), AMNH 215091 (1, 41.0), USNM 66280 (2[5], 29.1- 48.0); Essequibo River, Crab Falls, CAS 56204 (IU 12572) (2, 38.7-51.2). - Suriname: Nickerie District: Corantijn River, 5��50���N57��07���W, USNM 226102 (2[17], 13.1-24.0), USNM 226097 (2[3], 29.5-38.8), USNM 226101(2[8], 14.2-26.0); Corantijn River, 5��N57��17���W, USNM 226103 (2[4], 125.4-141.8); Corantijn River, 5��31���N57��12���W, USNM 226098 (2[11], 66.4-95.2); Corantijn River 5��30���N57��13���W, USNM 226099 (2[4], 79.0- 97.1); Mattapi Creek, 5��01���N57��17���W, USNM 226100 (2, 89.6-186.0). - French Guyana: Approuague River, INPA 3190 (2, 110.9-122.8). - Colombia: R��o Negro, Cucui, CAS 32059 (1, 43.8). - Brazil: Amap��: Rio Araguari (2, 100.0-117.8); Rio Araguari, Ferreira Gomes, MZUSP 62895 (1, 138.7); Rio Araguari, Ferreira Gomes, MZUSP 34099 (2, 95.2- 130.6). - Amazonas: Rio Uaup��s, Cachoeira do Ipanor��, INPA 4980 (1, 187.0); Rio Marauia, upriver from Barcelos, MPEG 809 (1, 103.4); Rio Negro, Mandiqui��, MPEG 806 (1, 178.4); Rio Negro, S��o Gabriel da Cachoeira, MZUSP 34103 (2[3], 35.6-49.6); Rio Negro, Curuzu, MPEG 813 (2, 86.5-105.3); Rio Negro, MCZ 1007 (2, 100.8-109.4); Rio Negro, Anavilhanas, MZUSP 34095 (1, 79.9); Rio Japur��, Aruan��, MPEG 1662 (1, 135.5); Rio Tef��, Vista Escura, MPEG 816 (1, 157.0); Rio Uatum��, Igarap�� do Arraya, INPA 14660 (2[3], 196.0-206.0); Rio Uatum��, INPA 11995 (1, 162.0), INPA 11984 (3, 146.0-205.3), INPA 11996 (1, 163.0), INPA 2727 (1, 163.0), INPA 2726 (1, 180.0); Rio Uatum��, Igarap�� do Abonari, INPA 10473 (1, 182.0); Rio Uatum��, Balbina, INPA 5407 (2[5], 129.0-153.0), INPA 10461 (2[3], 130.5-144.2); Rio Uatum��, Igarap�� do Boto, MNHN 1996-1160 (1, 155.2); Rio Madeira, Nova Olinda, MZUSP 7027 (1, 72.5). - Par��: Rio Jari, upriver from Cachoeira de Santo Ant��nio, INPA 10437 (2, 65.1-76.5); Rio Amazonas, USNM 52581 (2[3], 100.0-151.9); Rio Amazonas, Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, INPA 10180 (2, 107.3-113.2); Rio Amazonas, mouth of Rio Tapaj��s, INPA 8620 (1, 74.8); Rio Tapaj��s, Santar��m, CAS 32054 (1, 152.6); Rio Tapaj��s, Alter do Ch��o, MZUSP 63603 (3[28], 60.6-89.0, 1 C & S), MZUSP 34101 (3[6], 24.3-32.9), MZUSP 9532 (3, 138.6-141.5), INPA 7138 (1, 123.9); Rio Tapaj��s, between Itaituba and S��o Luis (3[21], 134.6-153.3); Rio Tapaj��s, Praia do Aeroporto, INPA 8546 (2, 63.1-86.8); Rio Tapaj��s, Maloquinha, MZUSP 14365 (1, 145.4); Rio Trombetas, upriver from Cachoeira Porteira, INPA 3267 (1, 149.0), INPA 5733 (3[10], 55.5-93.5); Rio Trombetas, MCZ 8633 (2[8], 50.5-81.9), MZUSP 50757 (1, 151.9), MZUSP 34097 (4[5], 69.8-156.6); Rio Trombetas, Cumin��, INPA 810, (1, 97.6), MZUSP 34096 (3[7], 95.8-107.6 [1 C & S]); Rio Trombetas, Oriximin��, MZUSP 14367 (2, 42.7-65.5), CAS 78545 (1, 94.9); Rio Icoaracy, Furo do Maguari, INPA 615 (2[15], 67.8-151.1); Vila de Icoaracy, Bel��m, INPA 611 (2[17], 75.2- 132.2); Rio Tocantins, INPA 10419 (2, 114.1-144.3), INPA 10471 (2[5], 85.0-98.7); Rio Tocantins, Mercado de Camet��, INPA 12990 (2[6], 46.0-84.9); Rio Tocantins, downriver from Tucuru��, INPA 10448 (2, 68.9-110.8); Rio Tocantins, Tucuru��, MPEG 2327 (3, 101.2-113.9), MZUSP 51087 (2[4], 31.4-47.6); Rio Tocantins, Itupiranga, INPA 684 (2, 86.3-89.1); Rio Tocantins, Acaripucu, INPA 11999 (2[5], 86.1-139.8), INPA 10468 (1, 80.2), INPA 1332 (1, 132.4), INPA 11997 (1, 110.8); Rio Tocantins, Icangu��, INPA 10464 (1, 109.8), INPA 10467 (1, 102.2), INPA 10466 (1, 87.2); Rio Tocantins, Icangu��-Acari- pucu, INPA 11998 (3, 122.4-130.1). - Rond��nia: Rio Machado, Jamarizinho, MZUSP 34102 (2, 38.7-49.8); Rio Jamari, INPA 10472 (2, 185.0-187.0); Rio Jamari, 15 km upriver from Usina Hidrel��trica de Samuel, INPA 12116 (1, 174.0); Rio Novo, upriver from Usina Hidrel��trica de Samuel, INPA 7761 (1, 180.0). - Mato Grosso: Rio Aripuan��, Lago Castanhal, 1976, INPA 598 (1, 180.2); Peru: Loreto: R��o Amazonas (Maran��n), Iquitos, CAS 148674 (1, 111.1); R��o Nanay, 3��45���N73��17���W, ANSP 167218 (2, 98.8-123.8), ANSP 139089 (2[3], 65.1-96.4). Diagnosis. A species of Pachypops distinguished by the following combination of characters: uniform light tan body without spots (versus brown spots present in P. pigmaeus n. sp.); body depth less than 4.1 in SL (versus 4.3 or more in P. pigmaeus n. sp.); horizontal diameter of eye 2.4-3.1 in HL (versus 3.0-3.6 in P. trifilis); and absence of longitudinal stripes on trunk (versus stripes present in P. trifilis). Description. Morphometrics and meristics presented in Table 1. Body elongate, dorsal profile moderately arched, ventral profile nearly straight from prepelvic region to anal fin origin. Maximum body depth at origin of dorsal fin. Head pointed; mouth inferior and small. Maxillar not extending beyond vertical line through anterior edge of eye. Underside of lower jaw with three pairs of mental pores and three mental barbels. Teeth uniformly small, villiform, set in bands on both jaws. Snout pointed, longer than horizontal diameter of eye, with 9-10 small pores. Nostrils closely set, anterior circular and posterior crescent-shaped. Eye elliptical, its horizontal diameter longer than vertical height. Laterosensory canal segments in infraorbitals, preopercle, and lower jaw visible externally. Preoperclar margin slightly serrate. Gill rakers short and slender; 17-25 (usually 24) rakers in first gill arch. Scales usually ctenoid (cycloid on lachrymal, snout and preopercle). Anterior half of lateral line curved, posterior half extending straight to posterior margin of caudal fin; 45- 54 (usually 50) pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint; 6-9 (usually 7) scale rows above lateral line; 7-10 (usually 8) scale rows below lateral line. Bases of second dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, and anal fins with 3 or 4 rows of small scales. Caudal fin almost completely covered with scales. Dorsal fins: X + I-23-32 (usually 26), first spine small (less than 1/5 of the second one); notch present between first and second dorsal fins. Pectoral-fin: I + 15-18 (usually 16), falcate, its posterior tip reaches nearly to vertical through posterior tip of pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin: I + 5, first soft ray prolonged as filament, sometimes reaching anus. Anal-fin: II + 6-7 (usually 6), first spine reduced, approximately equal in length to first dorsal spine; second spine stiff and long, shorter than longest soft ray. Caudal-fin rhomboidal with 17 principal rays (9+8). Swimbladder carrot-shaped with pair of short appendages anteriorly, from which a shorter paired appendages project posteriorly (Fig. 1a); posterior tip of appendages reach nearly to anus. Color in alcohol. Background coloration tan on head and dorsal and three quarters of body. Dorsal surface from snout to first dorsal-fin darkly pigmented. Few individuals with dark chromatophores on superior one-quarter of trunk. Opercle sometimes with patch of dark pigmentation. Lower one-quarter silvery. First dorsal fin light tan with margin outlined by small dark chromatophores, giving dusky appearance. Second dorsal fin with dark chromatophores forming two longitudinal stripes. Pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins light yellow. Distribution. R��o Orinoco and Rio Amazonas drainage in Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and Peru; Essequibo River system in Guyana; Corantijn River system in Suriname, and Approuague River system in French Guyana (Fig. 4). Geographic variation. Specimens from Rio Uatum�� (INPA 11995, 14660, 11984, 11996, 2726, 2727, 10473, 5407, 10461, and MNHN 1996-1160), a left bank tributary of the Rio Amazonas, close to the Balbina Reservoir, have 27 to 30 dorsal-fin rays (usually 28), whereas those from other localities have 23 to 28 (usually 25). Although P. fourcroi shows this intraespecific meristic variation, there are no consistent differences that justify the subdivision of the species into more than one taxon. Comments. Perca fourcroi was described based on a specimen from a collection which was probably donated by the Netherlands to France (La C��p��de 1802: 424), suggesting that the collection could have come from the Dutch colony of Suriname. The holotype at MNHN is in good overall condition and the morphometric and meristic features are in agreement with the original description, except that there are 27 dorsal-fin soft rays (versus 28 in the original description). Although not mentioned by La C��p��de, there are three mental barbels in the holotype. An additional species not previously assigned to Pachypops is Pachyurus nattereri Steindachner (1863: 171), which was described based on three specimens from the Rio Branco and Rio Negro, Brazil. Based on the syntypes examination, Pachyurus nattereri is herein considered a junior synonym of Pachypops fourcroi, because their meristic and morphometrics values (Table 1) are in agreement with those found for the latter species. The syntype (NMW 15178:1, 54.3 mm SL) in that series in the best overall condition is designated as the lectotype, and the other two become paralectotypes (NMW 15178:2-3). Examination of the holotype of Corvina biloba at MNHN (see Table 1) indicates that this species is a junior synonym of Pachypops fourcroi., Published as part of Lilian Casatti, 2002, Taxonomy of the South American genus Pachypops Gill 1861 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Sciaenidae), with the description of a new species., pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 26 on pages 4-10

Perca asper [spec. nov.] P. pinnis dorsalibus distinctis, secundae radiis 13. Art. gen. 40. syn. 67. Perca lineis utrinque 8. s. 9. transversis nigris. @/D. 8, 13. P. 14. V. 5. A. 12. C. - - Habitat in Europa australiore., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 290, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Perca polymna [spec. nov.] P. pinnis dorsalibus unitis, corpore nigro: fasciis 3 albis. Mus. acad. @/D. {11/26}. P. 18. V. 1/6. A. {1/16}. C. 16. Habitat in Indiis. Conjungit haec Percas, Labros, Sparos, Chaetodontes, sed opercula spinosa ad Percam refert., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 291, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Perca radula [spec. nov.] P. pinnis dorsalibus unitis, cauda bifida, corpore punctis albis lineato. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 315. Labrus immaculatus, pinnae dorsalis radiis 10 spinosis. @/D. {11/20}. P. 12. V. 6. A. {3/13}. C. 17. Habitat in India. Squamae crenulatae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on pages 294-295, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Perca guttata [spec. nov.]P. pinnis dorsalibus unitis, cauda integra, corpore punctis sanguineis adsperso.Marcgr. bras. 169. Cugupugvacu.Sloan. jam. 2.p. 280.t. 247.f. 2.Will. icht. 303.t. 1.Raj. pisc. 127.Catesb. car. 2.p. 14.t. 14.Habitat in America., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 292

Perca scriba [spec. nov.] P. pinnis dorsalibus unitis, cauda integra, pinnis caudae pectoralibusque flavis, capite scripto. Mus. Ad. Fr. 2. p... @/D. {10/25}. P. 13. V. 1/6. A. {3/10}. C. 15. Habitat.. * * * Dorso monopterygio, cauda bifida., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 292, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Perca cottoides [spec. nov.] P. pinnis dorsalibus unitis, cauda indivisa, pinnis omnibus lineis duabus punctatis. @/D. {14/20}. P. 14. V. 1/5. A. {3/10}. C. 12. Habitat.., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 291, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206