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Phimosus infuscatus Lichtenstein, 1823 Figure 9G, H New records. One individual flying over a patch of aquatic vegetation composed mainly of T. latifolia in the ESNR on 06 June 2018. In its beak the bird carried sticks as a possible nest building material. We recorded this species systematically on 17 Feb. 2018, 14 Aug. 2018, 15 January 2019, 15 Feb. 2019, 15 Mar. 2019 and 17 April 2019. Identification. Red face with pink-coloured beak with bare facial skin, reddish legs and blackish greenish plumage. Remarks. The species is abundant in other wetlands in the region, but in our study area only between one to three individuals were recorded. Distribution. Northern Colombia east through the Venezuelan llanos, eastern Brazil west to Bolivia and south to central Argentina., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on page 1388, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375

Catharus ustulatus Nuttall, 1840 Figure 10F New records. One individual flying around the native plantations in the ESNR on 14 April 2018. Since then, it has been seen between October and May with greater abundance (up to 20 individuals) in mid-October. We recorded this species systematically on 17 October 2018. and 14 Feb. 2019. Identification. Black-spotted chest with large eyes, long thin legs, olive brown back and mottled white chest with brown, light brown eye ring, brown head sides with lighter anterior area, black peak with pink basal region, pink legs; immatures similar to adults but with dark brown terminal spots. Remarks. We did not record any reproductive events. This species is a boreal migratory bird. Distribution. From Alaska and northern Canada to northern Argentina., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on page 1389, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375

Actitis macularius Linnaeus, 1766 Figure 9E New records. Individuals with breeding or reproductive plumage, as well as individuals with winter plumage, have been seen. We recorded this species systematically in all samples during most of the year from August to May. Identification. It is the smallest species of sandpipers in the Bogotá Savannah. Dorsal region of brown colour, with the coverts barred. Eye list and chest sides are brown, whitish eyebrows. White ventral region (non-reproductive) and mottled (reproductive). Legs are yellow. Remarks. We did not record any reproductive events. This species is a boreal migratory bird. Distribution. From Canada to Chile and northern Argentina., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on page 1387, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375

Rallus semiplumbeus P.L. Scatler, 1856 Figure 5A New records. One individual was heard and seen, hiding among the aquatic vegetations in the wetlands of the ESNR on 2 June 2019. We recorded this species in the systematic surveys on 17 June 2019. Identification. Males and females have a long, bright red bill and red tarsi, upperparts olive brown, streaked with black or dusky, wings chestnut, sides of the head, neck, and the breast and upper belly are gray, flanks and lower belly are barred black and white. Remarks. We did not record any reproductive events. The species is very rare in the Bogotá Savannah. It is categorized as Endangered because its range is very small and is contracting owing to widespread habitat loss and degradation (Birdlife International 2016). Distribution. This species is reported to eastern Andes of Colombia only., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on pages 1383-1384, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375, {"references":["BirdLife International (2016) Rallus semiplumbeus. The IUCN Red List of threatened species 2016: e. T 22692482 A 93355621. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / iucn. uk. 2016 - 3. rlts. t 22692482 a 93355621. en. Accessed on: 2019 - 11 - 28."]}

Gallinula galeata Lichtenstein, 1818 Figure 8E–H New records. Two individuals foraging in the aquatic vegetation, four months after the increase of the open water habitat in the wetlands of the ESNR on 17 June 2016. We recorded this species systematically in all samples since then. Identification. Black chicks with frontal shield and light red beak, and light grey–brown young individuals in the ventral region with grey on the head and neck; body with a lateral white stripe; charcoal grey adults, with side stripe and white tail feathers, red forehead shield and red beak with yellow tip. Remarks. We saw a nest hidden in the vegetations on 11 Mar. 2019. It had five eggs (44.5 mm × 31.7 mm). The building material of the floating nest includes B. laevis and Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P. H. Raven, 1963 (Floating Primrose-Willow ), and Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone. Distribution. Eastern and southern Canada to northern Argentina., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on page 1386, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375

Buteo platypterus Vieillot, 1823 Figure 7B, C New records. About 1,500 individuals were recorded in a boreal migration flying above the ESNR and PJDNR on 7 April 2018. The flock included Buteo platypterus and B. swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838. We recorded this species in systematic surveys in November of each year. Identification. Adult and immature individuals show differences in plumage. Adults have dark brown on the dorsum and barred chest. Immatures are similar on dorsum, but the chest is whitish with brown stripes. Remarks. We did not record any reproductive events. This species is a boreal migratory bird. Distribution. USA, Canada, Mexico, Central America, northwestern South America to western Ecuador, Bolivia, and northwestern Brazil. Elanoides forficatus Linnaeus, 1758 New records. Three individuals flying over PJDNR on 12 June 2016. Identification. The body is a contrast between deep black and white. The flight feathers, tail feet and bill are black. The tail is elongated and forked. Remarks. We did not record any reproductive events. This species is a boreal migratory bird. We consider this species as an isolated record due to its unique record of three individuals. They could be wandering individuals of the subspecies Elanoides forficatus yetapa (Vieillot, 1818 ) resident in Colombia (Ayerbe-Quiñones 2018), being recorded at a time when the migration of birds from the north of the continent was not usual. Distribution. Southeastern USA south through Central America and southern Brazil., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on page 1385, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375, {"references":["Ayerbe-Quinones F (2018) Guia ilustrada de la avifauna colombiana. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogota, 212 pp."]}

Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 Figure 7D New records. Lonely individuals and couples have been seen perching and feeding on doves and pigeons in a replica building of the Taj Mahal. We recorded this species systematically between October 2018 and April 2019. Identification. Dorsal region of the body is dark blue– grey, with the crown, nape and broad legs under the eye black. Atrial region, lateral areas and lower parts of the neck are white. Chest and belly in brown are barred, with brown tailed tail, grey blue and greyish white. Head sides, including black ears. Remarks. We did not record any reproductive events. This species is a boreal migratory bird. It is a winter resident scarce in the Bogotá Savannah (ABO 2000). Geographic distribution. Western North America, Central and South America., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on pages 1385-1386, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375, {"references":["ABO (Asociacion Bogotana de Ornitologia) (2000) Aves de la Sabana de Bogota. Guia de campo. Quebecor Impreandes, Bogota, 276 pp."]}

Sayornis nigricans Swainson, 1827 Figure 10G, H New record. One individual flying and foraging about the wetlands in the ESNR on 15 September 2016. Identification. Body small with a large head and a medium-long squared tail, dark sooty gray overall with a white belly. Remarks. On Aug. 30, 2019. We recorded a cup-shaped nest built with mud, feathers and hair under a concrete bridge. We found three eggs (20.20 mm × 15.41 mm). In ESNR the records of this species are unusual, while for PJDNR it is recorded constantly. Distribution. Southwestern United States to Central and South America., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on page 1389, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375

Anas andium Conover, 1941 Figure 6A New records. Three individuals were inside a flock of Spatula discors in the wetlands of the ESNR. We recorded this species in systematic surveys on 19 December 2018. Identification. This teal species is similar to the female of Spatula discors (Blue-winged Tail), but darker, with green speculum and orange lower secondary covers. Remarks. We did not record any reproductive events. Distribution. Andes of southwestern Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. In Colombia, east of the Andes to Bogotá, between 2,600 and 4,300 m a.s.l., Published as part of Castro-Vargas, Fernando, Cruz-Mendivelso, Yerson, Ortega-Chamorro, Darwin & Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, 2020, Birds from northeastern Bogotá Savannah, Cundinamarca, Colombia, pp. 1375-1391 in Check List 16 (5) on page 1384, DOI: 10.15560/16.5.1375

Larva of Erythrodiplax abjecta (Rambur) Figures 1 a–f. Material. Eleven F–0 larvae (1 ♂ + 10 ♀♀ reared). Colombia, Cundinamarca department, road connecting Guasca and Gachetá municipalities, Sueva river 04° 48’ N, 73°43’ W, elevation 2,282 m, 20–II to 18–VIII–2017, D. Palacino, A. Penagos & F. Palacino–Rodríguez leg. Six exuviae (1 ♂ + 5 ♀♀ collected). Same data, but Sesquilé municipality, Tierra Negra township 04° 59’ 34.6” N, 73°46’ 45.1” W, elevation 2,898 m, 09–XII–2017 (emerged at Sesquilé, from 10 to 26–XII–2017), L. Rache–Rodríguez, H. Prieto, D. Palacino & F. Palacino–Rodríguez leg. Description. Larva (Fig. 1a) pale brown. Legs and S5–9 very setose. Abdomen short and ovate, with lateral spines on S8–9. No middorsal hooks on abdomen. Head. Trapezoidal, 1.58 times as wide as long with large compound eyes. Antennae, 1.65. Mandibular formula: L 1 2 3 4 0 a b / R 1 2 3 4 y a b d. Articulation of pre-postmentum between first and second coxae. Prementum–palp articulation with 4 spines (premental spines); prementum with 11 setae on each side of the midline. Labial palp with 11 crenulations and 7 setae, external margin of crenulations finely serrated, with one stout, internal setae on each crenulation. Thorax. Brown, 1.13 times as wide as long. Wing pads reaching S6 and S7. Abdomen. Pale brown; middorsal hooks, protuberances or spines absent; lateral margins of S5–9 with abundant amount of setae, lateral spines on S8 and S9 present, those on S8, 0.15 length and 0.2 length in S9. Caudal appendages sharply pointed and smoothly curved in the tip, epiproct wider at base, apex acute. Ratio relative to paraprocts: epiproct 0.73, cerci 0.93. Measurements: Total body length (excluding paraprocts): 12.9. Head maximum width: 4.5. Head maximum length: 2.55. Antennae: 1.65. Prementum maximum width: 3.55 Prementum maximum length: 3.35. Labial palp maximum width: 1.85. Labial palp maximum length: 2.1. Movable hook length: 0.6. Thorax maximum width: 3.7. Thorax maximum length 3.25. FW pad length: 5.2. HW pad length: 4.85. Femur III length: 4.25. Tibia III length: 4. Abdomen maximum width: 4.9. Abdomen maximum length: 7.1. S10 length: 0.2. Cercus length: 0.75. Paraproct length: 0.7. Epiproct length: 0.95 Variation in larvae and exuviae. Some specimens body dark brown. Most specimens with spines in S8 and S9, however, three individuals of them without lateral spine in S8. Head. Three prementum-palp articulation spines in four individuals; ten or twelve setae on prementum in some individuals. Labial palp with six setae in few cases and 8 in one individual. Thorax. Some individuals dark brown; two individuals Abdomen. Lateral margins of S5–S9 with little amount of setae in some individuals. Lateral spines on S8 absent on three individuals, length of S8 and S9 up to 0.2 and 0.3 respectively. Ratio relative to paraprocts: epiproct 0.70–0.92, cerci 0.8–1.3. Larvae measurements: Range of measurement in brackets; average; standard deviation in parentheses; N=12. Total body length (excluding paraprocts): [11.10–14.60] (12.93±1.12). Head maximum width: [3.85–4.50] (4.22±0.19). Head maximum length: [2.40–3.00] (2.62±0.18). Antennae: [1.60–1.85] (1.71±0.08). Prementum maximum width: [3.20–3.65] (3.50±0.13). Prementum maximum length: [3–3.8] (3.42±0.20). Labial palp maximum width: [1.45–2.05] (1.88±0.16). Labial palp maximum length: [1.70–2.30] (2±0.15). Movable hook length: [0.45–0.65] (0.57±0.07). Thorax maximum width: [3.15–4.25] (3.75±0.28). Thorax maximum length [2.55–3.9] (3.17±0.34). FW pad length: [4.8–5.8] (5.25±0.30). HW pad length: [4.50–5.00] (4.80±0.17). Femur III length: [3.6–4.75] (4.14±0.34). Tibia III length: [4.00–4.95] (4.57±0.33). Abdomen maximum width: [4.00–5.15] (4.74±0.31). Abdomen maximum length: [6.55–8.25] (7.23±0.53). S10 length: [0.15–0.35] (0.21±0.06). Cercus length: [0.50–0.80] (0.71±0.08). Paraproct length: [0.60–0.85] (0.70±0.06). Epiproct length: [0.70–1.00] (0.87±0.09). Exuviae measurements (in mm): Range of measurement in brackets; average; standard deviation in parentheses; N= 6. Total body length (excluding paraprocts): [11.85–15.45] (13.52±1.37). Head maximum width: [3.75–4.75] (4.23±0.39). Head maximum length: [2.25–2.85] (2.43±0.25). Antennae: [1.5–1.9] (1.75±0.17). Prementum maximum width: [3.05–3.75] (3.39±0.31). Prementum maximum length: [2.9–4.25] (3.42±0.50). Labial palp maximum width: [1.45–2.10] (1.80±0.22). Labial palp maximum length: [1.75–2.25] (2.05±0.17). Movable hook length: [0.55–0.7] (0.63±0.06). Thorax maximum width: [3.25–4.60] (3.74±0.53). Thorax maximum length [1.95–4.65] (3.21±0.92). FW pad length: [2.80–5.2] (3.95±1.21). HW pad length: [2.45–5.05] (3.63±1.27). Femur III length: [3.45–4.5] (3.85±0.43). Tibia III length: [4.05–4.8] (4.50±0.29). Abdomen maximum width: [4.25–5.6] (4.85±0.50). Abdomen maximum length: [7–9.25] (7.87±0.85). S10 length: [0.2–0.25] (0.22±0.02). Cercus length: [0.50–0.70] (0.60±0.08). Paraproct length: [0.60–0.75] (0.65±0.06). Epiproct length: [0.80–0.9] (0.85±0.03) Diagnosis of the last stadium larva of E. abjecta . Erythrodiplax abjecta differs from most of the other known larvae of Erythrodiplax by the presence of 3–4 spines in the prementum–palp articulation, a character shared with E. basifusca; E. berenice (Drury); E. bromeliicola; E. connata; E. corallina, E. laselva; E. minuscula (Rambur); E. naeva (Hagen); E. nigricans (Rambur); E. pallida (Needham) and E. umbrata (Linnaeus). From these species, only E. basifusca, E. bromeliicola, E. connata and E. minuscula share with E. abjecta the presence of one seta on each crenulation of labial palp, but E. connata is easily separated by the absence of lateral spines on abdomen. Erythrodiplax abjecta differs from the latter group of species by having the smallest prementum max. width/max. ratio Ẽ 1.05., Published as part of Palacino-Rodríguez, Fredy, Rache-Rodríguez, Leonardo & Castillo, Daniel R., 2019, Description of the last stadium larva of Erythrodiplax abjecta (Anisoptera: Libellulidae) from the eastern Colombian Andes, pp. 139-145 in Zootaxa 4545 (1) on pages 140-142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4545.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/2618737

Cora verapax sp. nov. (Fig. 4a–e) Holotype. ♂ COLOMBIA. Risaralda Department: National Natural Park Tatamá, Pueblo RiCo MuniCipality, Monte Bello Township, Minas de Cuarzo stream, 5.22861°N 76.09806°W 1,480 m a.s.l., 13 July 2016, C. Bota, D. Ayala, F. GarCía & A. Orejuela leg. (CEUA 99826). Etymology. This name (f., noun in apposition) Comes from the Latin words, verus, meaning true and pax meaning peaCe. It reCalls the Claim of the Colombian people for the end of the longest Civil war, whiCh has devastated the Country for deCades (i.e. 63 years). Moreover, it expresses the ConCern of the soCiety with the preservation of natural resourCes that were unreaChable and threatened due to this war in our territories; and Calls for our biggest hope: to aChieve a true state of peaCe. Description of holotype. Head. Yellow, with greyish-yellow vertex, and two laterodorsal blaCk spots on labrum, posterior half of frons blaCk with two yellow spots behind lateral oCelli (Fig. 4a). Frons rounded. Thorax. Prothorax: pronotum blue with middorsal blaCk stripe, posterior portion of median lobe blaCk, and posterior lobe blaCk margined blue (Fig. 4a, e); propleuron yellow (Fig. 4a, e). Pterothorax: blue with blaCk stripes in middorsal Carina, mesepisternum and antehumeral suture, the latter expanding at its proximal portion surrounding the mesoCoxae (Fig. 4a, e); thin blaCk lines between mesepimeron and metepimeron and in metapleural suture, this one gets wider towards the posterior margin and toward its proximal portion surrounding the metaCoxae (Fig. 4a, e); blaCk spot surrounding the metepimeral spiraCle. Venter gray with a tuberCle Close to abdomen base, posteriorly Covered with golden setae. Legs: Coxae grayish blue (Covered with pruinesCenCe when alive, Fig. 4a, e), armature and legs blaCk (Figs 4a, e). Wings. Membrane smoky Colored; venation and pterostigma blaCk; Px 39 in FW, 30–31 in HW; pt overlying six Cells; FW nodus Closer to the pterositgma (13.0mm) than to the base of wing (14.5mm). Abdomen. BlaCk exCept dorsum of S1 and anterior 2/3 of S2 dorsum whiCh are blue (Fig. 4a, e). S10 has a middorsal horn on apex, pointed in dorsoposterior direCtion (Fig 4 C–d). Genital ligula with filamentous lateral lobes, small midlateral proCesses, and wide lateroapiCal projeCtions (Fig. 4b). CerCus tip Curving inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 1C), in lateral view almost straight with a midventral tooth (Fig. 4d). ParaproCts not developed. Measurements (mm). Total length 69.5, length of abdomen 57.1, FW 31.6 and HW 29.6 length. Notes on the Cora genus and diagnosis. The last phylogenetiC analysis (SánChez-Herrera et al. 2018) showed the genus Cora as traditionally grouped is polyphyletiC in the light of the genetiC evidenCe. The cyane and inca groups proposed by BiCk & BiCk (1991) share several CharaCters but were separated beCause of the lateroapiCal projeCtions of the genital ligula observed in Cora inca (Selys, 1873). SánChez-Herrera et al. (2018) support them as part of a Clade Called Cora s.s., grouping Cora jocosa (MCLaChlan, 1881), Cora cyane (Selys, 1853), Cora marina Selys, 1868, Cora irene Ris, 1918, Cora xanthostoma Ris, 1918 and C. inca, a Clade morphologiCally supported by the plaCement of the FW nodus Closer to the pt than to the base of the wing, and the blue Coloration on dorsum of S2. Cora verapax shares the plaCement of its nodus and the blue Coloration on S2, with this Clade, whiCh Can be easily separated from the other speCies by the seCond segment of genital ligula, whiCh resembles C. inca, but the apiColateral projeCtions are wider, by its middorsal horn on apex of S10 pointing in dorsoposterior direCtion, unique among the Cora s.s. group. Cora verapax also has two unique CharaCteristiCs in the family Polythoridae, a ventral thoraCiC tuberCle, and the abdomen almost two times longer than wings, whiCh is unusual for the family, resembling speCies of other families as Perilestidae or some genera in Coenagrionidae (e.g., Mesoleptobasis Sjöstedt, 1918). Distribution. The speCies is only known from its type loCality at National Natural Park Tatamá in the PaCifiC OCean slope of the Andean Cordillera OCCidental (Risaralda, Colombia). Biology. The biology of this speCies remains a mystery, 13 months of sampling were aCCumulated from 2014 to 2017 in the type loCality and only one speCimen was observed and fortunately Caught, showing this is a very rare speCies. The only known speCimen was at a stream in a well-preserved Cloud mountain forest where this speCies probably inhabits in the high Canopy.

Erythemis credula (Hagen, 1861) (Fig. 1a, 2a, 22, 24, 32) Diplax credula Hagen, 1861: 184. Type material. (2 male). BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: St. Thomas, 1877, no more data, 1 male lectotype, 1 male paralectotype (MCZ). We examined two adult specimens labeled as types (MCZ), in the type 1 the abdomen is lost (from the mid region of second segment). The specimen labeled as type 2 is here designed as the lectotype because it has all its parts. Diagnosis. Thorax, dorsum of abdomen, and dark basal spot ochreous or brown (in female and immature male), or black (mature male). Dorsum of the thorax pale with dark antehumeral stripes, the width of the three stripes is similar (female and sexually immature male). Dark basal spot on HW does not reach the first antenodal vein, but reaches the following regions: beyond the MP crossvein, the penultimate row of cells or the row of marginal cells, and maximum the supplementary anal vein. Posterior lobe of vesica spermalis not covered by lateral lobe (Fig. 20 and 21), which extends more posteriorly than medial lobe is more extended into posterior region than the medial lobe. Hook not bilobed, instead two finger-shaped structures are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the vesica spermalis (Fig. 22 and 24). Cornua diagonal with respect to vesica spermalis transversal axis, with lobes separate to apex, and not covered by lateral lobes (Fig. 20). Vulvar lamina suboval in ventral view, not projected to posterior region and with posterior border rounded (Fig. 10). Lab ≤ 30mm, LcaS4/LclS4>2.1. Morphometric ratios of males. AnptFW/LoptFW ratio on HW (AnptHW/LoptHW1.2; AnptFW/LoptFW>0.22; Acd/Lban> 4.10; And/Lban>4.10; Lban/Anb>1.90; LHW/Acd>3.60; LHW/LFW>0.97; LclS3/LcaS3>2.10; LclS3/Lecv-clS3>4.00; Lecv-clS3/LcaS3>1.50; Lab/LclS33.00; Ansbt/Antr3.00; Lnpt/Anb>1.50; Lba/Lban>2.00; Lban/Lasa-caHead. Ll: 0.0009 –0.0011 mm (M); 0.0013mm (F). Lw: 0.0027 –0.0031 mm (M); 0.0031mm (F). Hwd: 0.0050 –0.0053 mm (M); 0.0055mm (F). Hl: 0.0026 –0.0028 mm (M); 0.0028mm (F). Legs. Nsmf: 9–22 (M); 6–12 (F). Nshf: 21–54 (M); 7–17 (F). Hfl: 0.0056 –0.0060 mm (M); 0.0062mm (F). Fbsd: 0.0020 –0.0021 mm (M); 0.0023mm (F). Mfl: 0.0034 –0.0036 mm (M); 0.0038mm (F). Dshf (the conditions separated by commas are present in different specimens): short spines-3 long spines (MF), short spines-1 (F) or 2 median spines (MF)-3 long spines (M). Wings. AvFW: 10–12 (M); 10–12 (F). AvHW: 8–10 (M); 8–9 (F). LoptFW: 0.0030 –0.0033 mm (M); 0.0031mm (F). AnptFW: 0.005 –0.007 mm (M); 0.006mm (F). LoptHW: 0.0031 –0.0033 mm (M); 0.0032mm (F). AnptHW: 0.0053 –0.0068 mm (M); 0.006mm (F). DfwHW: 0.004 –0.006 mm (M); 0.0053mm (F). LbanFW: 11.85–14.58mm (M); 13.24–14.58mm (F). LbanHW: 10.25–13.35mm (M); 10.91–12.89mm (F). AndFW: 5.33–6.74mm (M); 5.55–6.62mm (F). Wb: 6.38–8.16mm (M); 7.47–7.91mm (F). LFW: 24.19–30.35mm (M); 27.24–29.94mm (F). LHW: 24.46–29.00mm (M); 25.67–29.05mm (F). AnsbtFW: 0.0015 –0.0018 mm (M); 0.0013mm (F). AntrFW: 0.0062 –0.0075 mm (M); 0.007mm (F). LarFW: 0.000 – 0.0002 mm (M); 0.0006mm (F). LarHW: 0. 000– 0.002mm (M); 0.0006mm (F). LnptFW: 7.86–9.75mm (M); 8.30–9.81mm (F). LnptHW: 7.56–10.95mm (M); 9.00– 10.90mm (F). At-MP: 0.004 –0.008 mm (M); 0.009mm (F). LbaFW: 0.0025 –0.0029 mm (M); 0.002mm (F). LbaHW: 0.0025 –0.0029 mm (M); 0.0025mm (F). RP2-loptFW: 0.0009 –0.0015 mm (M); 0.008mm (F). RP2-loptHW: 0.0011 –0.0016 mm (M); 0.008 (F). Dat-lsbt: 0.0012 –0.0018 mm (M); 0.0018mm (F). Lasa-ca: 0.003 –0.008 mm (M); 0.006mm (F). Crp: 6–9 (FW), 5–10 (HW). Crp: 4–6 (FW), 5 (HWF). Cal: 2–4. PC-RA-RP1: 2–3 (FW), 1–3 (HW). CdfFW: only 2 rows, only 3 rows, 1–3 triple cells-2 rows, 1 double cell-1-2 triple cells-2 rows, 1 double cell-1 triple cell-2 rows. CdfHW: 1–4 individual cells-2 double cells, 1 cell-1 double cell-1 cell-2-3 rows. Vt: 0–1, in some cases 0 (left), 1(right). Csub: 2–3. FW arculus approaching or beyond the second antenodal vein. Abdomen. Lab: 21.16–24.94mm (M); 22.97–24.65mm (F). LcaS3: 0.005 –0.008 mm (M); 0.008mm (F). LclS3: 0.0016 –0.0018 mm (M); 0.0019mm (F). Lecv-clS3: 0.0011 –0.0013 mm (M); 0.001mm (F). Caudal appendages. Las: 0.0013 –0.0015 mm (M); 0.009mm (F). Poas: 0.001 –0.003 mm (M); 0.001mm (F). Anas: 0.003 –0.005 mm (M); 0.002mm (F). Ddas: 0.002 –0.004 mm (M). Epl: 0.0008 –0.0014 mm (M); 0.004mm (F). Larva. Dias dos Santos (1969) provides the following characters for the last larval stage: larva ochre and spider-shaped, with white eyes and long metathoracic legs. Head short and wide. Total length 15 mm, width of the head 5 mm, head length 2 mm, ll 3 mm, lw 3.50 mm, thorax length 4 mm, wing teca 6.00 mm, femur anterior, medial and posterior length 2.30; 3.00 and 5.50 mm respectively. Tibia anterior, medial and posterior length 2.50; 3.50 and 7.00 mm respectively. Lab 9.00 mm, caudal appendage mid-dorsal 1.20 x 1.10 mm, lateral superior 0.70 mm, lateral inferior 1.20 mm. According to Costa and Pujol-Luz (1993), E. credula larvae show 11 premental setae, six palpal setae, cercus exceeds 1/2 the length of the epiproct. Material examined. BRAZIL, Amapá, Ressurreição, ii.1964, J.C.M. Carvalho, Dirce leg., 1 male (MNRJ); Espírito Santo, Reserva Nova Lombardia, 4 Km. do Sta. Tereza, 15.i.1967, N. Santos leg., 1 male (MNRJ); Minas Gerais, Cataguases, 20.ii.1958, N. Santos leg., 2 males (MNRJ); same, but Lagoa Santa, Lagoa olho d’ agua, 20.iv.1949, Machado e N. Dias dos Santos leg., 4 males, 6 females (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 23.x.1983, N. Santos, Ulisses leg., 1 male; same, but ii.1942, Berla leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: ii.1947, Santos, Berla, Machado leg., 4 males, 1 female, 13.i.1951, N. Dias dos Santos e Machado leg. 2 males, 2 females; same, but Pirapora, ii.1947, Santos, Machado leg., 1 male (MNRJ); Pará, Belém, Utinga, 20.ii.1963, Roppa, Mielke leg., 4 males 1 female (MNRJ); Pernambuco, Igaraçu, Usina S. José, 2 males (MNRJ); same, but Recife, Reserva Florestal do Açude do Prata, Parque Dois irmãos, 08°- 09°S e 34°- 35°W, 08.ii.2001, 5 males; same data as before except collected on following dates: 09.ii.2001, 1 male; same, but Dois irmãos, 12.xii.1944, Berla leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 27.vii.1944, 1 male; same, but São Lourenço, Brejo dos Macacos, 18.ii.1963, N. Santos, Dardano Lima leg., 1 male (MNRJ); Sem procedência, 2 males, 3 females (MNRJ); São Paulo, Emas, i.1939, Santos leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Pirassununga, Ribeirão S. Vicente, 15.xii.1948, Machado, N. Dias dos Santos leg., 2 males (MNRJ); same, but Laranja Azeda, iii.1944, N. Santos leg., 1 male, 2 females (MNRJ); same, but E. E. Casa e Pesca, 09.xii.1948, Machado, N. Dias dos Santos leg., 2 males (MNRJ); same, but Lagoa do Carrinho, xii.1948, Machado, N. Dias dos Santos leg., 1 male (MNRJ). COLOMBIA, Amazonas, Leticia. km. 2 vía Tarapacá, 1 male (ICN); Meta, San Juan de Arama, Hda. La Macarena, 1 male (ICN). GUYANA, Demerara, Lama creek, tributary of Mahaica River, 6°48’ 58°10’, 0 m, T. W. and A. J. Donnelly leg., 1 female (RWG). FRENCH GUYANA, small canal 17 km S of Tonate on route D5, 4°52’15” 52°31’9”, 18 m, 18.ii.1988, R. W. Garrison leg., 2 males (RWG); marsh by Piste de Kaw, just E of N2, 4°23’53” 52°18’30”, 71 m, 17.ii.1988, R. W. Garrison leg., 1 male (RWG). VENEZUELA, Bolívar State, Canaima at Río Carrao, 6°14’30” 62°50’53”, 415 m, 12-14.viii.1990, R. W. and J. A. Garrison, 1 male (RWG). Remarks. The larva of E. credula was described by Calvert (1928) based on material from Antigua and Barbados, but Dias dos Santos (1969) remarks that both the description and the figures provided by Calvert (1928) do not correspond to this species, so he provided a new description. Biology. Larvae of Erythemis credula show low mobility in water, but walk rapidly on dry surfaces (Dias dos Santos 1969) and have been observed preying on larvae of Buenoa platycnemis Fieber (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) in acidic water ponds with temperatures between 22 and 24°C (Nessimian and Ribeiro 2000). Likewise, larvae and adults have been found in swamps where the primary vegetation was Sphagnum (Sphagnaceae) (Dias dos Santos 1969). Distribution. From Belize to Argentina (Fig. 32), between 0–1870 m. asl., Published as part of Rodríguez, Fredy Palacino, Sarmiento, Carlos E. & González-Soriano, Enrique, 2015, Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae), pp. 1-68 in Insecta Mundi 2015 (428) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353155, {"references":["Hagen, H. A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian miscellaneous Collections, 4: 1 - 347.","Dias dos Santos, N. 1969. Contribuicao ao conhecimento da fauna do estado da Guanabara. 69 - Descricao da ninfa de Erythemis credula (Hagen, 1861) Calvert 1907 (Odonata: Libellulidae). Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro 12: 287 - 288.","Costa, J. M., and J. R. Pujol-Luz. 1993. Descricao da larva de Erythemis mithroides (Brauer) e notas sobre outras larvas conhecidas do genero (Odonata, Libellulidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 10: 443 - 448.","Calvert, P. P. 1928. Report on Odonata, including notes on some internal organs of the larvae. University of Iowa Studies 12: 1 - 44."]}

Erythemis carmelita Williamson, 1923 (Fig. 1a,b, 2a, 4, 19, 30) Erythemis carmelita Williamson, 1923: 10. Type material. (1 male, 1 female). COLOMBIA. Río Nuevo: between Magangue and El Banco-Magdalena, 22.i.1917, J. H. and E. B. Williamson leg., 1 male holotype (UMMZ). COLOMBIA. Magdalena: El Banco, 25.i.1917, J. H. and E. B. Williamson leg., 1 female allotype (UMMZ). Examined. Diagnosis. Thorax, dorsum of abdomen, and basal area on HW brown or reddish-brown (male) or S1-3 brown-greenish with darker brown spots, S4-7 pale brown with dark brown spots on dorsal and lateral regions, S8-10 dark brown in the dorsal and lateral regions, ventral region with greenish spots (female). Dark basal spot on HW reaching the following regions: first antenodal vein, beyond the MP crossvein, the penultimate (pra, Fig. 26) or the entire row of marginal cells, at least to the AA or most of the base of the triangle. Posterior extension of ventral teeth on male cercus about to the same level as the apex of epiproct or less (Fig. 13). Posterior lobe of vesica spermalis not covered by lateral lobe (Fig. 21), which extends more posteriorly than medial lobe. Hook bilobed, rectangular (Fig. 25), and not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the vesica spermalis (Fig. 18). Cornua perpendicular to the transversal axis of vesica spermalis, with lobes separated to apex, and covered by lateral lobes in lateral view (Fig. 19). Vulvar lamina suboval with round posterior border (Fig. 10). Lab ≤ 30mm, lcaS4/ lclS4 Morphometric ratios in the male. AnptHW/LoptHW>0.19; Acd/Lban1.90; LHW/Acd0.97; Lab/LclS31.50; Lba/Lban0.20. Head. Ll: 0.0011 –0.0015 mm (M). Lw: 0.0033 –0.0039 mm (M). Hwd: 0.0065 –0.0068 mm (M). Hl: 0.0037 –0.0043 mm (M). Legs. Nsmf: 9–19 (M); 5–12 (F). Nshf: 23–36 (M); 11 (F). Hfl: 0.0065 –0.0070 mm (M). Fbsd: 0.0025 – 0.0027 mm (M). Mfl: 0.0040 –0.0043 mm (M). Dshf: short spines-1 (MF) or 2 (F) median spines-3 long spines. Wings. AvFW: 12–14 (M). AvHW: 9–10 (M). LoptFW: 0.0028 –0.0031 mm (M). AnptFW: 0.0068 – 0.0075 μ (M). LoptHW: 0.0028 –0.0031 mm (M). AnptHW: 0.0068 –0.0075 mm (M). DfwHW: 0.0056 – 0.0067 mm (M). LbanFW: 16.50–17.63mm (M); 17.00mm (F). LbanHW: 14.09–15.37mm (M); 14.25mm (F). AndFW: 7.05–7.44mm (M); 8.07mm (F). AndHW: 7.05–7.38mm (M). Wb: 10.08–10.79mm (M); 9.80mm (F). LFW: 32.72–35.23mm (M); 34.42mm (F). LHW: 32.79–35.18mm (M); 33.16mm (F). AnsbtFW: 0.0021 –0.0024 mm (M). AntrFW: 0.0081 –0.0093 mm (M). LarFW: 0.003 –0.005 mm (M). LarHW: 0.0037 –0.0043 mm (M). LnptFW: 11.08–12.16mm (M); 11.72mm (F). LnptHW: 12.59–13.76mm (M); 13.01mm (F). At-MP: 0.0025 –0.0037 mm (M). LbaFW: 0.0030 –0.0031 mm (M). LbaHW: 0.0031 –0.0032 mm (M). RP2-loptFW: 0.0003 –0.0010 mm (M). RP2-loptHW: 0.003 –0.007 mm (M). Dat-lsbt: 0.0006 –0.001 mm (M). Lasa-ca: 0.004 –0.005 mm (M). Crp: 7. Crp: 5–7 (FW), 5–6 (HW). Cal: 3–6. PC-RA-RP1: 2–3 (FW), 1–3 (HW). CdfFW: only 3 rows of cells; 2 triple cells-2 double cells-3 rows of cells. CdfHW: 1 cell-2 rows of cells. Vt: 1–2, in some cases 1 (left), 2(right). Abdomen. Lab: 26.99–29.26mm (M); 30.09mm (F). LcaS3: 0.0007 –0.0010 mm (M). LclS3: 0.0021 – 0.0023 mm (M). Lecv-clS3: 0.0012 –0.0015 mm (M). Caudal appendages. Las: 0.0014 –0.0018 mm (M). Poas: 0.003 –0.004 mm (M). Anas: 0.003 –0.006 mm (M). Ddas: 0.003 –0.005 mm (M). Epl: 0.0012 –0.0013 mm (M). Biology. This species inhabits ponds, marshes and lakes, where major of males constantly change perches, but keep sites very close to water (F. Palacino, pers. obs.). E. carmelita is commonly found on sunny days between 10:00 and 15:00 hours, when they perch, fly quickly around their territories, copulate and lay eggs. Males are territorial and display continuous intra and interspecific aggression. Larva. Unknown. Material examined. BRAZIL, Sem procedência, 7 males, 1 female (MNRJ). COLOMBIA, El Banco (Magdalena), 22.I.1917, 4 males; no data, 1 male (UARC); Magdalena, La Peña, 16.xii.2009, F. Palacino leg., 3 males. PERU, Loreto Dept., Explorama Lodge, 50 mi NE Iquitos on Amazon River at junction with Yanamono River, 3°21’59” 72°47’56”, 30.viii.1989, S. W. Dunkle leg., 1 male (RWG)., Published as part of Rodríguez, Fredy Palacino, Sarmiento, Carlos E. & González-Soriano, Enrique, 2015, Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae), pp. 1-68 in Insecta Mundi 2015 (428) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353155

Erythemis vesiculosa (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 1a, 2a,c, 8, 14, 16, 20, 28, 38) Libellula vesiculosa Fabricius, 1775: 421. Libellula acuta Say, 1840: 24 Lepthemis vesiculosa Hagen, 1861: 161. Type Material. Not examined. Diagnosis. Thorax green, dorsum abdomen green with dark brown (sexually immature male) or black (mature male), S8-10 with spots or all black or dark brown, and thebasal area on HW is yellow or brown. Radial planate with double cells (Fig. 28). Dark basal spot on HW does not reach the first antenodal vein, the MP crossvein, the AA (Fig. 26) or the last rows of cells to anal angle. Ventral teeth on male cercus is beyond the apex of epiproct (Fig. 12). Posterior lobe of vesica spermalis absent. Hook bilobed (Fig. 18), triangular or trapezoidal, and not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of vesica spermalis (Fig. 20). Cornua parallel to transversal axis of vesica spermalis, with lobes fused to apex, and not covered by lateral lobes in lateral view (Fig. 20). Lab> 30mm. Morphometric ratios of males. LHW/Lab>1.20; Lab/LclS3>1.50. Morphometric ratios of females. LHW/Lab1.40; Lnpt/Anb>1.20. Head. Ll: 0.013 –0.017 mm (M); 0.014 –0.017 mm (F). Lw: 0.035 –0.043 mm (M); 0.038 – 0.041 mm (F). Hwd: 0.070 –0.079 mm (M); 0.072 –0.076 mm (F). Hl: 0.036 –0.050 mm (M); 0.040 –0.046 mm (F). Legs. Nsmf: 8–16 (M); 5–9 (F). Nshf: 11–42 (M); 8–17 (F). Hfl: 0.053 –0.092 mm (M); 0.067 –0.086 mm (F). Fbsd: 0.024 –0.035 mm (M); 0.030 –0.035 mm (F). Mfl: 0.042 –0.054 mm (M); 0.046 –0.052 mm (F). Dshf (the conditions separated by commas are present in different specimens): short spines-1 to 3 median spines-3 long spines, short spines-3 to 5 long spines. Wings. LoptFW: 0.039 –0.050 mm (M); 0.043 –0.048 mm (F). AnptFW: 0.005 –0.010 mm (M); 0.008 – 0.010 mm (F). LoptHW: 0.038 –0.046 mm (M); 0.041 –0.046 mm (F). AnptHW: 0.006 –0.010 mm (M); 0.008 –0.010 mm (F). DfwHW: 0.068 –0.081 mm (M); 0.071 –0.082 mm (F). LbanFW: 17.23–21.23mm (M); 18.81–20.91mm (F). LbanHW: 15.18–18.41mm (M); 14.91–17.76mm (F). AndFW: 7.74–9.34mm (M); 8.43– 9.46mm (F). Wb: 9.28–11.57mm (M); 10.90–11.02mm (F). LFW: 36.44–41.34mm (M); 40.26–42.17mm (F). LHW: 36.78–41.52mm (M); 36.52–40.72mm (F). AnsbtFW: 0.020 –0.031 mm (M); 0.021 –0.026 mm (F). AntrFW: 0.005 –0.010 mm (M); 0.007 –0.010 mm (F). LarFW: 0.0018 –0.0056 mm (M); 0.002 –0.005 mm (F). LarHW: 0.000 – 0.006 mm (M); 0.0019 –0.0062 mm (F). LnptFW: 12.33–14.45mm (M); 12.90–14.53mm (F). LnptHW: 12.28–16.79mm (M); 14.42–16.21mm (F). At-MP: 0.0021 –0.0050 mm (M); 0.0028 –0.0043 mm (F). LbaFW: 0.029 –0.038 mm (M); 0.031 –0.035 mm (F). LbaHW: 0.028 –0.038 mm (M); 0.032 –0.037 mm (F). RP2-loptFW: 0.00– 0.09mm (M); 0.018 –0.093 mm (F). RP2-loptHW: 0.0006 –0.0062 mm (M); 0.0006 – 0.0110 (F). Dat-lsbt: 0.0006 –0.0025 mm (M); 0.0009 –0.0031 mm (F). Lasa-ca: 0.0021 –0.0081 mm (M); 0.003 –0.009 mm (F). Crp: 9–11 (FW), 10–13 (HW). Cal: 3–7. pC-RA-RP1: 2–3. CdfFW: only 3 rows of cells. Vt: 1. Csub: 3. Abdomen. Lab: 35.70–43.09mm (M); 37.86–42.47mm (F). LcaS3: 0.006 –0.021 mm (M); 0.008 – 0.017 mm (F). LclS3: 0.015 –0.023 mm (M); 0.021 –0.028 mm (F). Lecv-clS3: 0.012 –0.017 mm (M); 0.014 – 0.019 mm (F). Caudal appendages. Las: 0.021 –0.027 mm (M); 0.018 –0.022 mm (F). Poas: 0.0006 –0.0056 mm (M); 0.001 –0.004 mm (F). Anas: 0.004 –0.008 mm (M); 0.003 –0.006 mm (F). Ddas: 0.003 –0.010 mm (M). Epl: 0.011 –0.023 mm (M); 0.005 –0.008 mm (F). Larva. The following characters were found by Klots (1932): Total length 18.5 mm, Hfl 7 mm, head width 5.2 mm, abdomen width 6 mm. Head widest across the front, and narrowed behind the eyes. Ocellar region paler, with a black spot at the anterior end of each side lateral ocellus, diffuse at the base of the antennae. Rear of head has 8 paler bands. Labium with 15–16 mental setae and 11–12 lateral setae. Wing pads reach to the 8 th segment. Tarsi with an apical ring. Dorsal hooks with long hair on the apex 7–9. Larvae additional characters are provided by Needham and Westfall (1955) as follows: minute lateral spine on S9, several more setae on the labium than other species. According to Costa and Pujol-Luz (1993) E. vesiculosa larvae is the longest of the genus, and shows 16 premental setae, 12 palpal setae, the lateral spine on ninth segment is reduced, cercus exceeds 2/3 the length of the epiproct. Paulson (1966) found Anax junius and Ischnura ramburi larvae simultaneously with E. vesiculosa larvae in a temporary ditch with vegetation and about 8 inches deep in Marco Island (Collier Co., Florida). Material examined. ARGENTINA, Formosa Prov., Banado La Estrella, 42 km N of Las Lomitas on road 28, 24°27’32” 60°23’17”, 0 m, 18.ii.2008, R. W. Garrison and N von Ellenrieder leg., 1 male (RWG); same, but Parque Nacional Pilcomayo, Laguna Blanca marshes by pond, 25°10’29”S 58°7’44”N, 74 m, 16.ii.2008, N. von Ellenrieder and R. W. Garrison leg., 1 female (RWG). BOLIVIA, Dept. Beni, Ciudad Reyes, 02-20.xii.1956, 1 male (MNRJ). BRAZIL, Amapá, Porto Santana, ICOMI, 26-27.ii.1963, Roppa, Mielke leg., 2 females (MNRJ); Amazonas, Barreiras da Ribeira, 18.viii.1936, 1 male, 2 females (MNRJ); same, but B. Constant, Río Itecoahy, v.1942, Parko leg., 1 male, 3 females (MNRJ); same, but 17.v.1950, 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Lagadiço de baixo, 22.iv.1942, (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 2 M, 20.ii.1942, 1 male, 1 female; 22.ii.1942, 1 male; same, but Manaus, Parko leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Rio Negro, 20.vii.1941, 1 male (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 22.vii.1941, 1 male; 11.vii.1941, 1 male; 12.vii.1941, 1 male; 23.vii.1941 1 female, 1 male; 25.vii.1941, 3 males, 3 females; 25.vii.1942, 1 female, same, but Xiborene, 02.xii.1960, E. Ferreira leg., 1 male, 2 females (MNRJ); same, but Manicoré, Rio Madeira, Parko leg., x.1941, 1 male, 2 females (MNRJ); Bahia, Açenda da Bambo do Serrinha, 05.vii.1951, N. Santos leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Camarajipe, Salvador (Mata), 18.vii.1951, N. Santos leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Itamaraju, monte Pascoal km. 5, 10-15.i.1972, Elias, leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Lençois (atraído por luz, noite), 24.iv.2002, J. Glauber leg., 1 female (MNRJ); Mucuri (Mata), ii.1971, Elias, leg., 2 males (MNRJ); Periperi, Baerour, 19.vii.1951, N. Santos leg., 1 female (MNRJ); Brasilia D.F., Coquinho, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, 06.ii.1981, N. Santos, L.F. Netto, H. Mezquita leg., 1 female, 1 male (MNRJ); Espírito Santo, Baixo Guandu, Estr. B. Guandu á Hituba km. 13, 01-07.xi.1970, Elias, Paulo leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Cariacica, iii.1981, Bento leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Conceição da Barra, 15-20.iv.1968, Paulo, Elias leg., 2 males (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 18-23.iii.1968, 1 male; 17.ii.1968, 1 female; 25-30.i.1971, 2 females; Goitacazes, 22.i.1973, N Santos leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Jacareípe, 11-28.ii.1967, Paulo Elias leg., 3 males, 5 females (MNRJ); same, but Linhares, 10-15.iii.1972, Elias leg., 1 male, 2 females (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 01-07.ii.1972, 2 females, 17-22.iii.1972, 2 males; 08-14.ii.1972, 1 male; same, but Estr. Linhares-Regência km. 4, iii.1944, Elias leg., 8 males, 6 females (MNRJ); same, but Linhares, v.1973, Elias, Paulo leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Parque Sooretama, 20.i.1973, N. Santos, Sandim, Vicente leg., 2 males (MNRJ); same, but Parque Sooretama, xii.1981, Bento leg., 1 male, 1 female (MNRJ); same, but São Mateus, 15-20.iv.1968, Paulo, Elias leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Vitória, Morro Moscoso, iii.1981, Bento leg., 2 males (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on: i.1981, 2 females; same, but Santa Tereza, xii.1967, Elias leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on: 08.ii.1967, 1 male; 02.i.1967, 1 female; 11.i.1968, 1 female; 8-13.vi.1968, 2 males; Goiás, Itumbiara, 11.xii.1975, Inácio leg., 1 male, 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Mineiros, xi.1994, P.R. Magno leg., 1 female (MNRJ); Maranhão, Imperatriz, 20.vii.1974, O. Mielke leg., 1 female (MNRJ); Mato Grosso, Judiavai, Km. 3 de Rodonia Judiavai, 01.iii.2002, O.I. Souza leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Porto Estrela, 06.ii.2002, O.I. Souza leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Río Salobra, 26.i.2002, 1 male (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 21-23.i.1955, 5 males, 6 females; 21.i.1955, 1 male; 01.ii.1941, 2 females; same, but Afluente do Río Casca, cerca de 20 km., 13.iv.1963, N. Santos, Machado leg., 1 male, 2 females (MNRJ); same, but Bodoquena, xii.1941, C.I.O. Cruz leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on: 15-17.1941, 1 female; same, but entre Cuiabá e Guia, 15.iv.1963, N. Santos, Machado leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but entre Cuiabá e Jaciara, 08.iv.1963, N. Santos, Machado leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Buriti Chapada dos Guimarães, 21.ii.1967, Nestor leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on: 20.i.1970, N. Tangerini leg., 2 males; same, but Urucum, 28-30.i.1955, 1 female (MNRJ); Minas Gerais, Estr. B. Horizonte-Serra do Cipó, Río Cipó, Km. 02, 01.xii.1963, N Santos, Machado, Borjes leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Lagoa Santa, Lagoa Vermelha, 21.iv.1949, M.G. Machado, N. Dias dos Santos leg., 3 females (MNRJ); same, but ii.1947, Santos, Berla, Machado, leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Lagoa do Palmital, Governador, Valadares, 9.ii.1955, N. Santos, Machado leg., 3 males, 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Rio Claro, 22.ii.1958, D. Lacombe leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but São João del Rey, Cascata na Serra do Tiradentes, 03.iii.1957, Santos, A.C. Pires leg., 1 male (MNRJ); Pará, Belém, Jardim do M. Goeldi, 21.i.1956, 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Utinga, 12.ii.1963, Roppa, Mielke leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same, but 23.viii.1936, 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Japérica, 06.02.1959, C. Simón, O. Fontana leg., 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Santarém, v.1920, Garbe leg., 1 male, 1 female (MNRJ); Paraná, Curitiba, 01.xii.1972, O. Mielke leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Guaíra, 13.ii.1957, D. Lacombe leg., 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Salto das Sete Quedas, 09.ii.1957, D. Lacombe leg., 1 male (MNRJ); Pernambuco, Recife, Dois irmãos, 11.vii.1944, Berla leg., 1 female (MNRJ); Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 20.vi.1941, 1 female (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, iii.1975, 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Horto da quinta da Boavista, 25.i.1983, 1 male (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on following dates: 20.x.1994, 1 male; same, but Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (lago azul) perto do Museu. E.F. Ramos, 30.iii.1997, 1 female (MNRJ); same, but Lagoa das Tachas, i.1961, 2 males (MNRJ); same data as before except collected on: 19.ix.1964, 1 male 2 females, (MNRJ); 12.xii.1965, N. Santos leg., 8 males; 21.ii.1966, N. Santos e Martins leg., 1 male; 25.i.1969, N. Santos leg., 1 male, 1 female; same, but Ilhada Marambaia, Poça heliponto, J. M. C, 25.ix.2003, 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Represa São Pedro, Machado, 09.ii.1943, 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Rio das Flores, Fazenda da Forquilha, B. Mascarenhas, 10.vii.1997, 1 male (MNRJ); same, but Valença, Faz. Sta. Rosa (Faz. Pau-D’Alho) Represa da Usina. B. Mascarenhas, 24.x.1997, 1 male (MNRJ); Roraima, Ariquemes, viii.1980, Bento leg., 1 male, 1 female (MNRJ); São Paulo, Caraguatatuba, 16.ii.1980, 1 female (MNRJ). COLOMBIA, Amazonas, Leticia, 2.v.1946, 1 female (ICN); Antioquia, Caucasia, Hacienda la Candelaria, 80 m, 13.vii.2002 – 2-3.ix.2004 – 1-2. ix.2006 – 23.xi.2007, Grupo Entomología leg., 10 males, 1 female (CEUA); same, but Universidad de Antioquia, 1450 m, 16.i.2008, D. Osorio leg., 1 male (CEUA); same, but Puerto Berrío, Casco urbano, Barrio La Malena, xii.2008, A. Bustamante leg., 1 female (CEUA); same Puerto Berrío, 6.5°-74°, 17. xi.2007, G. Ochoa leg., 1 male (MEFLG); same, but 6.5° -74.4°, 20.xi.2007, J. Alvarez leg., 1 female (MEFLG); same, but Turbo, 8.0000000° -76.5833000°, 4.iii.2005, M. Pérez leg., 1 male (MEFLG); same, but Yolombó, Vereda El Bosque, 7.00110° 75.9636000°, 1475 m, G. Ochoa leg., 1 male (MEFLG); Atlántico, Barranquilla, 9.v.1970, G. Zambrano leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but Ciénaga La Larga, Palmar de Varela, 6.vii.2006 - 15.x.2007, M. Lobo y M. Moreno leg., 1 male, 1 female (UARC); same, but Piojó, Guaibaná, 6.vii.2006, 1 male (UARC); Bolívar, Regidor, Finca Las Brisas, Corredor de vegetación alrededor de caño, 8º 45’ 39.5”N 73º 52’ 02.2” W, i.2009, M. Moreno leg., 1 male (UARC); same, but Las Pavas ó Labrador, Cuerpos de agua, 8º 46’ 43.7 N 73º 54’ 53.8” W, i.2009, M. Moreno leg., 1 male (UARC); same, but Santa Catalina, 5-7.x.1999, 2 males (ICN); Caldas, La Dorada, 13.ix.1980, L. Cruz leg., 1 female (ICN); same, but 19.iv.1974, A.B. Lotero leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but 11.iv.1974, L. Agudelo leg., 1 male (ICN); Casanare, Agua Azul, 12.x.1976 - 11.x.1978, P. Franco leg., 1 male, 1 female (ICN); same, but Finca San Luís, 4°59’18”N 72°23’59”W, 200 m, 21.iii.2005, V. Sánchez leg., 1 male (ANDES); Cesar, Chimichagua, 22.x. 2006 - iv.2007, N.C. Rojas leg., 1 male, 2 females (ICN); same, but El Paso, 25.x.2006, N.C. Rojas leg., 3 males (ICN); Chocó, Acandí, Camino El Aguacate-Pinorroa, 24.vi.2007, C. Bota leg., 1 male (CEUA); same, but Vereda Rufino, 8°34’46.7”N 77°18’47.5”W, 34 m, 2-5.vi.2005, C. Botero leg., 2 males (ANDES); same, but Vereda Rufino, Finca El Paraiso, 8°35’14.6”N 77°18’38.7”W, 13 m, 24.vi.2005, C. Botero leg., 1 male (ANDES); same, but Quibdó, 10.xii.1985 J.M. Idrobo leg., 1 male (ICN); Córdoba, Pueblo Nuevo, 15- 21.vii-15.viii.2006, N.C. Rojas leg., 4 males, 2 females (ICN); same, but Santa Cruz de Lorica, 15.vii.2006, N.C. Rojas leg., 1 female (ICN); Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, iv.1969, Arias leg., 1 male (ICN); Huila, Villa Vieja, 1.iv.1982, 1 male (ICN); Magdalena, La Gaira, 20 msnm, xii.1975, 1 male (MUSENUV); same, but Santa Ana, 4.i.1978, A. Jiménez leg., 1 female (ICN); Meta, Acacías, 25-26.iv.2004, 1 male, 1 female (ICN); same, but 17.iv.2004, G. Flórez y estudiantes leg., 1 female (ICN); same, but Sector Brisas de Ortoy, 555 m, 1.iv.2004, L. Pérez y E. Realpe leg., 1 male (ANDES); same, but Cumaral, 3.ix.1981, R. Restrepo leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but Macarena, i-ii.1950, L. Richter leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but PNN La Macarena, 21.xii.1986, X. Martínez leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but 27.xii.1986, Estudiantes UN leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but Puerto Gaitán, 3. ix.2005, N. Rojas leg., 1 female (ICN); same, but Puerto López, 13.x.1984, R. Restrepo leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but 6.vi.1970, M.A. Santoyo leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but Puerto López, 6.vi.1970, O.M. Santo leg., 1 female (ICN); same, but Puerto Lleras, 22.x.2005, D. Gaitán leg., 1 female (ICN); same, but Restrepo, 11.ix.1976, A. Bernal leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but San Juan de Arama, 21-22.ix.2005, N.C. Rojas leg., 2 males, 1 female (ICN); Villavicencio, 20.iv.2005, 1 male (ICN); same, but Bosque Bavaria, 525 m, 5.xi.2006, J. Dumar leg., 1 male (ANDES); same, but Corpoica, estación “La Libertad”, 4°3’43”N 73°28’9”W, 445 m, 11.xii.2004, L. Pérez y E. Realpe leg., 3 males (ANDES); same, but 385 m, 11.xii.2006, T. Ramírez leg., 1 male (ANDES); same, but 385 m, 1.iii.2008, E. Realpe leg., 1 male (ANDES); San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, San Andrés, Laguna “Big Pond”, 100 m, 1.iv.2004, E. Realpe leg., 1 male (ANDES); same data as before except collected on: x.2006, L. Pérez y E. Realpe leg., 3 males; San Andrés, El Cove, 5.xii.1980, C. Bohórquez leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but San Andrés, 5-15.xii.1980, 10.iv.1984, C. Bohórquez leg., 2 males (ICN); Sucre, Coveñas, vii.2008, J. Vélez leg., 1 female (CEUA); same, but San Marcos, 16-18.x.2004, Sist. Animal UN leg., 2 males, 1 female (ICN); same, but San Onofre, Reserva Sanguaré, 0 m, 17.x.2003, Grupo Entomología leg., 1 male (CEUA); Tolima, Ambalema, 22.viii.1977, H. Aristizabal leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but Guamo, 28.xi.1970, F. Torres leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but Espinal, vii.1984, L.P. Moreno leg., 1 female (ICN); same, but Melgar, 28.iv., L.E. Aguirre leg., 1 male (ICN); Valle del Cauca, Buenaventura, 7.vii.1980, C. Bohórquez leg., 1 male (ICN); same, but Bajo Calima, 600msnm, 02.xii.2001, Curso Ecología leg., 1 male (MUSENUV); same, but 70msnm, 08.vi.2002, M. Cadavid leg., 1 male (MUSENUV); same, but Palmira, CIAT, 13.ix.2003, C. Bermúdez leg., 1 male (MUSENUV); same, but ii.2004, 1 male, 1 female (MUSENUV); same, but 1000 msnm, 30.x.1986, J. Zapata, leg., 1 female (MUSENUV); same data as before except collected on: 05.x.1986, G. Banquero leg., 1 female; no data, 2 males (UARC); same, but colectado en arroz, 980msnm, 23.ii.2001, A. Morales leg., 1 female (MUSENUV); same, but 980msnm, 23.ii.2001, J.M. Bueno leg., 1 female (MUSENUV); same, but Cali, Univalle, 1000 msnm, 22.x.1982, E. Valencia leg., 1 female (MUSENUV); same data as before except collected on: 30.iii.2000, M. Barrera leg., 1 male; same, but Tuluá, Jardín Botánico Mateguadua, 4º1’42”N 76º10’0,7”W, 1200msnm, 13.viii.2003, C. Bermúdez leg., 1 female (MUSENUV). MEXICO, Jalisco, La Huerta, Estación de Biología Chamela, 12.vii-19.x.1988, E. Ramírez y R. Ayala leg., 1 female (CNIN); Veracruz, Playa Escondida, 18.viii.1979, G. Jiménez leg., 1 male (CNIN). PUERTO RICO, Mun. Cavey, pond and river at milepost o.6, 0.6 km. from jct Hwy 175, NE of Cayey, 18°7’59” 66°10’6”, 386 m, J. A. and R. W. Garrison leg., 1 male, 1 female (RWG). Biology. Erythemis vesiculosa exhibit large and unidirectional flights (Rácenis 1953; Paulson 1966), showing his abundance peak in late fall and early winter (Florida, Paulson, 1966). This species inhabit lakes, ponds, swamps, backwaters in streams, and rice field canals, where his peak activity is from 9:00 to 16:00 hrs and include aspects as the aggressive defe, Published as part of Rodríguez, Fredy Palacino, Sarmiento, Carlos E. & González-Soriano, Enrique, 2015, Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae), pp. 1-68 in Insecta Mundi 2015 (428) on pages 28-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353155, {"references":["Fabricius, I. C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae, Sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Adiectis, Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Flensburgi et Lipsiae in Officina Libraria Kortii xxx + 832 p.","Hagen, H. A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian miscellaneous Collections, 4: 1 - 347.","Klots, E. B. 1932. Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Odonata or dragonflies. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, New York Academy of Sciences 16: 1 - 107.","Needham, J. G., and M. J. Westfall. 1955. A manual of the dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). University of California Press; Berkeley. xii + 615 pp.","Costa, J. M., and J. R. Pujol-Luz. 1993. Descricao da larva de Erythemis mithroides (Brauer) e notas sobre outras larvas conhecidas do genero (Odonata, Libellulidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 10: 443 - 448.","Johannsen, O. A. 1951. Notes on North American species of Pterobosca. Florida Entomologist 34: 116 - 117."]}

Key to Females of Erythemis 1. Dark basal spot on HW absent..................................................................................................... 2 — Dark basal spot on HW present................................................................................................... 3 2(1). White abdominal appendages, Lab/Lecv-clS3 ≤2.00, LFW/Lnpt ≤2.86, Lnpt/Anb ≥1.22, LHW/ Acd ≥0.51............................................................................... Erythemis simplicicollis (Say) — Black abdominal appendages, Lab/Lecv-clS3 ≤1.90, LFW/Lnpt ≥2.92, Lnpt/Anb ≤1.13, LHW/ Acd ≤0.50................................................................................. Erythemis collocata (Hagen) 3(1). Dark basal spot on HW not reaching the AA vein (Fig. 26)....................................................... 4 — Dark basal spot on HW reaching the AA or beyond (Fig. 26)..................................................... 5 4(3). Thorax and abdomen brown, sometimes with purple overtones on thorax; pale medio-dorsal thoracic stripe 2.50 wider, or more, than the dark antehumeral stripes in the dorsal region on thorax (Fig.15); radial planate without double cells... Erythemis peruviana (Rambur) — Thorax green, dorsumof abdomen green with black; thorax and S1-3 the same color as the thorax, S4-7 with black stripes on dorsal region, S8-10 with spots or all black or dark brown; thorax without pale medio-dorsal thoracic stripe (Fig. 14); radial planate with double cells (Fig. 28)........................................................................... Erythemis vesiculosa (Fabricius) 5(3). Dark basal spot on HW not reaching the row of marginal cells of the anal angle (Fig. 26)..... 6 — Dark basal spot on HW reaching the row of marginal cells of the anal angle (Fig. 26)............ 7 6(5). Thorax and S1-3 reddish brown or brown, in some individuals these may be red as the remaining abdominal segments, S4-10 reddish-brown, all red, or red with brown spots on dorsal region of S4-8; vulvar lamina suboval in antero-ventral view (Fig. 10)............................................................................................................................. Erythemis haematogastra (Burmeister) — Thorax brown on sides and pale brown with darker stripes on front, dorsum of abdomen brown and black with pale yellow crossbands in S3-7; vulvar lamina triangular in antero-ventral view (Fig. 11)...................................................................... Erythemis plebeja (Burmeister) 7(5). Thorax, dorsum of abdomen, and dark basal spot ochreous or brown, dorsum of thorax pale with dark antehumeral stripes, the width of the three stripes is similar. Dark basal spot on HW not reaching the first antenodal vein (Fig. 26); two or alternating two and three cell rows in the basal region of the FW discoidal field................................. Erythemis credula (Hagen) — Dark basal spot on HW reaching the first antenodal vein (Fig. 26), thorax black and yellow, red, reddish-brown or black; three cell rows in the basal region of the FW discoidal field........... 8 8(7). Thorax reddish-brown or thorax and abdomen scarlet red. Erythemis carmelita Williamson — Thorax black, red or reddish-brown, abdomen black, black with yellow, red or reddish-brown..................................................................................................................................................... 9 9(8) Dorsum of abdomen black or black and yellow, and with yellow spots in several segments; thorax black, maximum extension of dark basal spot in HW to base of the triangle (Fig. 26).......................................................................................................... Erythemis attala (Selys) — Thorax and dorsum of abdomen red or reddish-brown; maximum extension of dark basal spot in HW to supplementary anal vein (Fig. 26)..................... Erythemis mithroides (Brauer), Published as part of Rodríguez, Fredy Palacino, Sarmiento, Carlos E. & González-Soriano, Enrique, 2015, Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae), pp. 1-68 in Insecta Mundi 2015 (428) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353155