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Although there are a variety of tools and modalities for diagnosing and treating malaria, it is still regarded as one of the most common diseases with high mortality and morbidity1. Different unusual presentations can be seen in the form of ARDS, myocarditis, and hemophagocytosis2, and a high suspicion should be raised to prompt early aggressive antimalarial therapy and reduce complications. &nbsp

Odontochrydium arabicum Soliman & Rosa, sp. nov. Figures 1���4 Type materials. Holotype ♂, Saudi Arabia: Asir region, Abha, Wadi Mashwas [18��10���06���N 42��22���04���E, Alt. 1251 m], 20.XI.2015, leg. Ahmed M. Soliman, sweep net [KSMA]. Paratypes: 1 ♀, Oman: Dhofar, Wadi Magsail [16��52���00���N 53��43���00���E, Alt. 120 m], 2.X.2013, leg. M. Halada, sweep net [MHPC]; 1 ♂, Oman: Dhofar, 55 km W Salalah [16��49���05���N 53��37���12���E, Alt. 1000 m], 4.X.2021, leg. M. Halada, sweep net [MHPC]; 1 ♀, Saudi Arabia: Asir region, Marabah, Al-Hudaithy farm [17��50���53���N 42��23���11���E, Alt. 226 m], 9.III.2015, leg. Hasan A. Dawah, Malaise trap [FSPC]; 2 ♂, Saudi Arabia: Jazan region, Al-Aridah, Gabal Sala, Al-Matal [17��01���02���N 43��07���01���E, Alt. 290 m], 9.I.2022, leg. Ahmed M. Soliman, sweep net [KSMA, PRPC]; 1 ♀, Saudi Arabia: Jazan region, Al-Aridah, Wadi Haif [17��05���20���N 42��58���05���E, Alt. 289 m], 14.I.2022, leg. Ahmed M. Soliman, sweep net [KSMA]; 1 ♀, Yemen: Al Lahima, 16.X���31.XII.2000, leg. A.v. Harten & A.M. Hager, Malaise trap / RMNH Leiden ex collection ZMAN [RMNH]; 1 ♀, Yemen: Al Lahima, 9.IV���5.VI.2001, leg. A.v. Harten, Malaise trap [RMNH]; 1 ♀, Yemen: Wadi Aniz, SSW of Sana [15��00���00���N 44��09���00���E, Alt. 1520 m], 7.X.2006, leg. M. Halada, sweep net [MHPC]. Diagnosis. Body metallic dark blue, with violet and greenish reflections (Figs 1, 4); mesoscutal median area reticulate-foveate, with two stout longitudinal ridges forming elongate fovea between ridges (Figs 2E, 4C); metasomal tergites sparsely, largely punctate (Figs 1B, 3C, 4C, D); T3 apico-median tooth longer to distinctly longer than lateral ones (Figs 3C, 4D); S1 and S2 with pair of widely separated black spots, adjacent to lateral margin of sternites (Fig. 3D). Description (Male holotype, Figs 1���3). Body length 5.2 mm. Forewing length 3.9 mm. OOL 1.75 �� AOD; POL 2.5 �� AOD; MS 1.0 �� AOD; P and F1���F3 equal in length. Colour (Figs 1A���C, 2A���F, 3A���D). Body overall metallic dark blue, with slight greenish reflection on TFC, scapal basin, clypeus, pronotal dorsal face and mesopleuron, with violet reflection on T3; legs metallic blue, with tarsi dark brown; first tarsomeres with slight blue reflection; forewing, except hyaline R cell, slightly infumate, in particular 2R1 cell (Fig. 3A), hind wing hyaline; tegula metallic blue; S1 polish brown, with pair of black spots bounded by bluish reflection; S2 and S3 metallic blue, former polish brown anteriorly, with pair of black spots; scape and pedicel blue, flagellomeres black; mandible bluish on basal half, brown apically. The colour of the specimens while they are alive is bright green with some copper reflections, this colour gradually turns into dark blue after their death. Pubescence (Figs 1A, B, 3D). Body sparsely setose, setae whitish and short, about 1 �� AOD, silvery, erect to suberect, denser and recumbent on S2 and S3. Head (Fig. 2A���D, F). Frons with strong TFC, weakly angulate medially, with branches encircling mid-ocellar area, forming kidney-shaped area, less deeply punctate than rest of vertex and almost polished around anterior ocellus; vertex and frons largely deeply punctate-reticulate; scapal basin deep, medially strongly, transversely ridged; laterally with small punctures between ridges and covered with suberect silvery setae, densely punctulate with similar setae along inner eye orbit; clypeus densely irregularly punctulate, with tiny dots mixed with small punctures, hardly convex on disc, relatively short, with subantennal distance 1.6 �� AOD, with margin straight; antennal sockets close, about 0.4 �� AOD apart; malar space finely reticulate-punctulate, about 1.0 �� AOD; genal carina strong and complete; anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli lidded; mandible subdistally toothed. Mesosoma (Figs 1A, 2C���F, 3A). Pronotal shelf with two deep submedial pits, with polished median area; pronotal dorsal face largely punctate-subreticulate, with punctures up to 0.75 �� AOD, and with interspaces micropunctate; with strongly incurved anterior margin, and posterior margin slightly incurved; with antero-median groove wide and relatively shallow, impunctate and polished on anterior 2/3, reaching more than 3/4 of pronotal length; pronotal humeral angles acute; mesoscutum foveate-reticulate on median lobe and on greater part of lateral lobes; punctate-subreticulate adjacent to tegula, with punctures up to 0.8 �� AOD; median mesoscutal lobe with two stout longitudinal ridges and elongate fovea between ridges; tegula narrowed and partially hide; notauli complete, deeply, irregularly foveate; parapsidal furrows developed only until half mesoscutal length; mesoscutellum and metanotum subreticulate-punctate, the latter evenly rounded; propodeal lateral angle rather narrow, with blunt apex and incurved posterior margin; mesopleuron ventrally nearly smooth and armed with three strong teeth, dorsal teeth subequal; fourth sharp tooth present posteriorly on mesopleuron, before metapleuron. Forewing with distal area of Rs 1 �� AOD apart from wing margin; M meets M+Cu before cu-a. Metasoma (Figs 2D, 3B���D). Exposed tergites sparsely setiferous punctate, interspaces between punctures smooth to finely punctulate; T3 convex and continuous in profile, without pre-pit swelling or post-pit sunken areas; pit row somewhat distinct, pits small, deep; T3 apical margin with three subtriangular teeth, median tooth slightly longer than lateral ones. Genitalia (Fig. 3E, F). Gonostyle hardly shorter than cuspis of volsella; apex of aedeagus digitate; digitus as long as cuspis. Female ( Fig. 4A���D ). Similar to male except body with more violet tint, in particular on bottom of punctures; forewing darker; T3 distinctly acuminate posteriorly, with apico-median tooth distinctly longer than lateral ones. Recognition. The male of Odontochrydium arabicum sp. nov. is similar to the male of the African species O. bicristatum (paratype, Fig. 5A���F) by having mesoscutal median area reticulate-foveate, with two stout longitudinal ridges and T1���T3 sparsely largely punctate; it differs from the latter by: body generally metallic dark blue, sometimes with a little violet tint on T3 and on bottom of punctures (Figs 1, 3D), vs. metallic green in O. bicristatum, with a little bluish tint on mesoscutum, sometimes being rosy to golden red on the head, pronotum and metasomal tergites in prepared specimens (Fig. 5A���E), likely golden or red in nature; clypeus short, with subantennal distance 1.6 �� AOD (Fig. 2A), vs. longitudinally elongate, with subantennal distance 2.0 �� AOD (Fig. 5C); pronotum with large, deep and dense punctures (Fig. 2C), vs. pronotum with sparser and smaller punctures, not distinctly deep (Fig. 5B); mesoscutellum with sparse, large and round punctures, with wide interspaces bearing small dots (Fig. 2E), vs. mesoscutellum with dense, polygonal punctures without interspaces (Fig. 5B); metanotum with similar punctation, with large, round and deep punctures (Fig. 2D, E), vs. metanotum with dense, not particularly deepened polygonal punctures (Fig. 5B); propodeal lateral tooth obtuse apically (Fig. 2D), vs. sharp apically (Fig. 5B); T3 without longitudinal median ridge (Fig. 3C), vs. T3 with micropunctate longitudinal median ridge (Fig. 5D); apico-median tooth of T3 longer than lateral ones (Fig. 3C), vs. hardly longer than lateral teeth (Fig. 5D); S2 with longer and denser pubescence (Fig. 3D), vs. S2 with shorter and sparse setae (Fig. 5E); gonostyle hardly shorter than cuspis of volsella (Fig. 3E, F), vs. longer than cuspis of volsella in O. bicristatum (Fig. 5F). Remarks. Due to a fracture at the inner side of the genital gonocoxae of the holotype male genitalia (Fig. 3E), where they meet, during the preparation for photographing, we added a figure of a complete genital capsule of a paratype (Fig. 3G) in order to clarify the normal shape of the capsule. Etymology. The new species name refers to the Arabian Peninsula, where the type specimens were collected. Distribution. Oman, Saudi Arabia and Yemen., Published as part of Soliman, Ahmed M., Rosa, Paolo & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2022, Description of a new species of Odontochrydium Brauns (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) from the Arabian Peninsula, pp. 287-295 in Zootaxa 5100 (2) on pages 288-294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6145902

Rasool, Iftekhar, Mound, Laurence A., Soliman, Ahmed M., Aldhafer, Hathal M. (2021): The Dendrothripinae (Thysanoptera,Thripidae) of SaudiArabia, withnew records one new species, and revised status of Pseudodendrothrips stuardoi (Moulton). Zootaxa 4999 (3): 219-227, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.3.2

Dendrothrips saudicus sp.n. Female macroptera: Body mainly yellow (Fig. 21), antennal segments I–II yellow, III–IV light brown, V–IX dark brown; pronotum, legs and pterothorax shaded brown irregularly, metapleura dark; abdominal segments III–VIII with lateral brown areas; fore wings pale with two transverse darker bands; clavus brown at apex. Head with irregular weak sculpture lines on ocellar area with no internal markings; ocellar setae III no longer than diameter of an ocellus, arising in front of hind ocelli on lateral margin of triangle (Fig. 1); maxillary palps 2 - segmented. Antennae 9 - segmented, III–IV with sense cone forked, VI with inner sense cone arising about on basal third of segment, extending to basal third of segment IX; microtrichia rows present on segments II–V and base of VI. Pronotum with irregular transverse reticulation, without internal markings; pronotal disc setae minute, posterior margin with 4–5 pairs of setae scarcely longer than discal setae, posteroangular setae no more than 15 microns long (Fig. 1). Mesonotum anterior half transversely reticulate, posterior half rugose without sculpture lines; metanotum longitudinally striate medially, irregular longitudinal reticulation laterally. Fore wings without microtrichia on interveinal membranes except rows of microtrichia at the veins, first vein with 8–9 minute setae, second vein with about 3 setae; clavus with one discal and 2 veinal setae, each no more than 5 microns long, also one terminal seta 15 microns long. Abdominal tergites III–VIII lateral thirds with transverse reticulations, posterior reticles on each tergite with weak longitudinal lines; posterior margin of tergites II–VII with 8–12 minute microtrichia medially; posterior margin of tergite VIII with complete comb of fine microtrichia, IX–X with microtrichia across posterior half of both segments (Fig. 5); pleurotergites sculptured without internal markings. Sternite with weak lines of sculptures laterally, IV–VII each with 3 pairs of small posteromarginal setae, without discal setae; anterior half of sternite VII with one pair of minute discal setae. Measurements of holotype female in microns: Body length 1100. Head, length 100; width 185; ocellar setae III 8. Pronotum, length 95; width 215; posteroangular setae 13. Fore wing length 800. Metanotal median setae 10. Tergite IX major setae 40–50. Antennal segments I–IX length, 12; 35; 38; 35; 30; 25; 10; 10; 12. Material studied. Holotype female, SAUDI ARABIA, Al Baha, Baljurashi, Jarab-Baljurashi Rd., beaten from leaves of Coccinia grandis [Cucurbitaceae], 22.ix.2020 (19°49.894'N 41°42.583'E) Alt. 1930 m, (Rasool, I) (in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt). Paratypes, two females collected with holotype (KSMA); Al Baha city, one female from leaves of Ficus carica [Moraceae], one female beaten from leaves of Pomegranate near Ficus carica, 23.ix.2020, (Rasool, I) (KSMA). Comments. This new species is similar to the description of D. priesneri from the Canary Islands, but that was described as having the body and fore wings uniformly pale. In contrast, this new species has dark areas laterally on tergites III–VIII, the head, metanotum and legs have irregular light brown shadings, and the fore wing has two transverse shaded bands with the clavus brown at the apex. Moreover, the ocellar setae are only 5–8 microns long, whereas in priesneri the ocellar setae were described as 14–19 microns long., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Mound, Laurence A., Soliman, Ahmed M. & Aldhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Dendrothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) of SaudiArabia, withnew records one new species, and revised status of Pseudodendrothrips stuardoi (Moulton), pp. 219-227 in Zootaxa 4999 (3) on pages 221-222, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4999.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5118930

Dendrothrips saudicus sp.n. Female macroptera: Body mainly yellow (Fig. 21), antennal segments I–II yellow, III–IV light brown, V–IX dark brown; pronotum, legs and pterothorax shaded brown irregularly, metapleura dark; abdominal segments III–VIII with lateral brown areas; fore wings pale with two transverse darker bands; clavus brown at apex. Head with irregular weak sculpture lines on ocellar area with no internal markings; ocellar setae III no longer than diameter of an ocellus, arising in front of hind ocelli on lateral margin of triangle (Fig. 1); maxillary palps 2 - segmented. Antennae 9 - segmented, III–IV with sense cone forked, VI with inner sense cone arising about on basal third of segment, extending to basal third of segment IX; microtrichia rows present on segments II–V and base of VI. Pronotum with irregular transverse reticulation, without internal markings; pronotal disc setae minute, posterior margin with 4–5 pairs of setae scarcely longer than discal setae, posteroangular setae no more than 15 microns long (Fig. 1). Mesonotum anterior half transversely reticulate, posterior half rugose without sculpture lines; metanotum longitudinally striate medially, irregular longitudinal reticulation laterally. Fore wings without microtrichia on interveinal membranes except rows of microtrichia at the veins, first vein with 8–9 minute setae, second vein with about 3 setae; clavus with one discal and 2 veinal setae, each no more than 5 microns long, also one terminal seta 15 microns long. Abdominal tergites III–VIII lateral thirds with transverse reticulations, posterior reticles on each tergite with weak longitudinal lines; posterior margin of tergites II–VII with 8–12 minute microtrichia medially; posterior margin of tergite VIII with complete comb of fine microtrichia, IX–X with microtrichia across posterior half of both segments (Fig. 5); pleurotergites sculptured without internal markings. Sternite with weak lines of sculptures laterally, IV–VII each with 3 pairs of small posteromarginal setae, without discal setae; anterior half of sternite VII with one pair of minute discal setae. Measurements of holotype female in microns: Body length 1100. Head, length 100; width 185; ocellar setae III 8. Pronotum, length 95; width 215; posteroangular setae 13. Fore wing length 800. Metanotal median setae 10. Tergite IX major setae 40–50. Antennal segments I–IX length, 12; 35; 38; 35; 30; 25; 10; 10; 12. Material studied. Holotype female, SAUDI ARABIA, Al Baha, Baljurashi, Jarab-Baljurashi Rd., beaten from leaves of Coccinia grandis [Cucurbitaceae], 22.ix.2020 (19°49.894'N 41°42.583'E) Alt. 1930 m, (Rasool, I) (in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt). Paratypes, two females collected with holotype (KSMA); Al Baha city, one female from leaves of Ficus carica [Moraceae], one female beaten from leaves of Pomegranate near Ficus carica, 23.ix.2020, (Rasool, I) (KSMA). Comments. This new species is similar to the description of D. priesneri from the Canary Islands, but that was described as having the body and fore wings uniformly pale. In contrast, this new species has dark areas laterally on tergites III–VIII, the head, metanotum and legs have irregular light brown shadings, and the fore wing has two transverse shaded bands with the clavus brown at the apex. Moreover, the ocellar setae are only 5–8 microns long, whereas in priesneri the ocellar setae were described as 14–19 microns long.

Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa) Belothrips mori Niwa, 1908: 180. Described originally from Japan, with the holotype now unknown, this species has been re-described by Stannard (1968) and Kudo (1984). It is closely related to P. bhattii from which it can be distinguished by the pale body with head and fore wings pale (Alavi et al. 2014; Masumoto & Okajima 2017). Moreover, the female of P. mori is also similar to the female of P. darci, a species from northern Australia and southeast Asia, although that is distinguished by the presence of a pair of stout pointed setae laterally on abdominal segment IX (Mound 1999). In addition to the character states indicated in the key above, it seems that P. mori and P. bhattii differ from many species of this genus (including aegyptiacus and stuardoi) in having ocellar setae pair I anterior to or anterolateral to the first ocellus, instead of clearly lateral or even completely absent. Currently P. mori is known from Iran but not from Saudi Arabia. The records of P. mori from Yemen, and also from UAE, require further checking as they are possibly misidentifications of P. stuardoi. Material studied. JAPAN, Chiba Narita, female from leaf of Morus bombycis, 7.vi.2015 (M. Masumoto) in ANIC., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Mound, Laurence A., Soliman, Ahmed M. & Aldhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Dendrothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) of SaudiArabia, withnew records one new species, and revised status of Pseudodendrothrips stuardoi (Moulton), pp. 219-227 in Zootaxa 4999 (3) on pages 223-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4999.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5118930, {"references":["Niwa, S. (1908) Belothrips mori n. sp. on mulberry leaves [in Japanese]. Transactions of the Entomological Society of Japan, 2, 180 - 181.","Stannard, L. J. (1968) The Thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 29, 213 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 29.166","Kudo, I. (1984) The Japanese Dendrothripini with Descriptions of Four New Species (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Kontyu, Tokyo, 52 (4), 487 - 505.","Alavi, J. A., Minaei, K. & Fekrat, L. (2014) The Iranian Dendrothripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with description of a new genus and species. Zootaxa, 3860 (5), 479 - 486. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3860.5.6","Masumoto, M. & Okajima, S. (2017) Studies on Dendrothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from Japan, with new records and one new species. Zootaxa, 4362 (3), 405 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4362.3.5","Mound, L. A. (1999) Saltatorial leaf-feeding Thysanoptera (Thripidae, Dendrothripinae) in Australia and New Caledonia, with newly recorded pests of ferns, figs and mulberries. Australian Journal of Entomology, 38 (4), 257 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 6055.1999.00112. x"]}

Hydatothrips bahaensis Rasool sp. n. (Figs 8–14, 34, 35) Female macroptera. Body reddish brown (Fig. 34); antennal segments I–IV yellow, IV brown at apex, V–VIII brown; head, pronotum, pterothorax and abdominal segments I–VII reddish brown; meso and metasternal plates, abdominal VIII–X and legs dark brown; fore wing brown with sub basal band paler (Fig. 14); clavus brown but pale at extreme apex. Head with occipital apodeme touching posterior margin of eyes and ocellar triangle; ocellar triangle with irregular widely spaced transverse striae, with longitudinal lines of internal markings; setae pair III arise inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 8). Antenna 8-segmented. Pronotum with one pair of minute posteroangular setae, transversely reticulate, with internal markings in reticles, pronotal blotch transversely reticulate, with internal longitudinal lines (Fig. 8); mesonotum transversely striate, with irregular internal markings; metanotum longitudinally reticulate, with internal markings, median and sub median setal pairs arising at anterior margin (Fig. 10); anterior margin of metasternal plate deeply emarginate (Fig. 9); fore wing with sub basal band longer than wide (Fig. 14), second vein without setae (Fig. 14). Tergites I–VIII with rows of dense microtrichia laterally; tergites III–VII with microtrichia medially; tergites III–VI with setae S3 arising well ahead of posterior margin, with 6–8 further setae lateral to S3 (Fig. 11); tergites II–V without posteromarginal microtrichia medially; tergites VII–VIII with complete comb of microtrichia; tergite IX with 2 pairs of mid-dorsal setae (Fig. 13); tergite X with few microtrichia posteriorly and without median split; sternites III–VI completely covered with microtrichia medially, posterior margin with comb of microtrichia medially (Fig. 12); posterior setae at sternite VII arising in front of posterior margin. Measurements (holotype Female): Body length 1250; Head length 105, width 180; pronotum length 120, width 225; ovipositor length 230; ocellar setae pair III 14; metanotum median setae 26; fore wing length 775; antennal segments I–VIII 25, 35, 62, 60, 50, 60, 15, 15 respectively; tergite IX S1 setae 57. Female paratypes: Body length 1142–1250; Head length 95–105, width 174–180; pronotum length 110–120, width 220–225; ovipositor length 220–230; ocellar setae pair III 12–14; metanotum median setae 24–26; fore wing wing length 763–775; antennal segments I–VIII length 23–25, 32–35, 57–62, 55–60, 46–50, 55–60, 12–15, 12–15 respectively; tergite IX S1 setae 55–57. Male macroptera. Similar to female, but smaller in size; sternites VI–VII with transverse pore plate. Measurements (male paratype): Body length 900; head length 75, width 145; pronotum length 145, width 175; ocellar setae pair III 10; metanotum median setae 23; fore wing length 580; antennal segments I–VIII length 20, 35, 50, 45, 45, 50, 14, 14 respectively; tergite IX S1 setae 50. Larvae II. Body yellowish (Fig. 39); antennae, coxae, outer margin of all tibiae and abdominal segment IX with gray; antennae 7-segmented; pterothorax with three lateral dark spots, which are absent on pronotum. Major body setae brown with broadly expanded apex (about three times as wide as base) arising from brown ring. Length of setae 15–20 excluding basal ring, width at apex 12–15, width at base of setae 5. Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinized adjective form based on ‘Al Baha’ area from where this new species was collected. Material studied. Holotype female, SAUDI ARABIA, Al Baha, AL Makhwa, Thee Ain Village, breeding and feeding on leaves of Pergularia sp., 25.ix.2020, (19°55.776’N 41°26.598’E Alt. 741 m), BT, (Rasool, I.) (KSMA). Paratypes: 142 females, 65 males and 27 larvae, the same data as holotype; 13 females and 2 males from leaves of Pergularia sp., 15 females and 7 males from Boerhavia diffusa, the same locality as holotype except 7.iv.2019; Al Baha, Shada Al-Ala Natural Reserve, 4 females, from grasses, 8.iv.2019, (19°50.411’N 41°18.686’E Alt, 1611 m); same locality, 12 females from Boerhavia diffusa, 8.ix.2019, (19°50.575’N 41°18.691’E Alt. 1666 m), BT, (Rasool I.) (KSMA). Comments. None of the species described in the genus Hydatothrips (except H. boerhaaviae) has the following combination of characters: setae S3 on tergites IV–VI arising far from posterior margin, with 6–7 setae lateral to S3; head, pronotum and pterothorax with wrinkles inside; sternites II–VII completely covered with microtrichia medially, posterior margin with comb of microtrichia medially; male with transverse pore plate on sternites VI–VII; fore wing second vein without setae, costal setae at middle of fore wing about as long as width of wing in middle. The new species differs from H. boerhaaviae by having: ocellar setae III arising in the middle of the ocellar triangle anterior to hind ocelli (ocellar setae III arise at outer margin of triangle in H. boerhaaviae); reddish brown body (H. boerhaaviae bicolored, with predominantly yellow body, except abdominal segments II–III and VI brownish)., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Soliman, Ahmed M., Alattal, Yehya Zaki & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera) from Saudi Arabia with a new species of Hydatothrips Karny, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 4908 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4435706

Hydatothrips bahaensis Rasool sp. n. (Figs 8–14, 34, 35) Female macroptera. Body reddish brown (Fig. 34); antennal segments I–IV yellow, IV brown at apex, V–VIII brown; head, pronotum, pterothorax and abdominal segments I–VII reddish brown; meso and metasternal plates, abdominal VIII–X and legs dark brown; fore wing brown with sub basal band paler (Fig. 14); clavus brown but pale at extreme apex. Head with occipital apodeme touching posterior margin of eyes and ocellar triangle; ocellar triangle with irregular widely spaced transverse striae, with longitudinal lines of internal markings; setae pair III arise inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 8). Antenna 8-segmented. Pronotum with one pair of minute posteroangular setae, transversely reticulate, with internal markings in reticles, pronotal blotch transversely reticulate, with internal longitudinal lines (Fig. 8); mesonotum transversely striate, with irregular internal markings; metanotum longitudinally reticulate, with internal markings, median and sub median setal pairs arising at anterior margin (Fig. 10); anterior margin of metasternal plate deeply emarginate (Fig. 9); fore wing with sub basal band longer than wide (Fig. 14), second vein without setae (Fig. 14). Tergites I–VIII with rows of dense microtrichia laterally; tergites III–VII with microtrichia medially; tergites III–VI with setae S3 arising well ahead of posterior margin, with 6–8 further setae lateral to S3 (Fig. 11); tergites II–V without posteromarginal microtrichia medially; tergites VII–VIII with complete comb of microtrichia; tergite IX with 2 pairs of mid-dorsal setae (Fig. 13); tergite X with few microtrichia posteriorly and without median split; sternites III–VI completely covered with microtrichia medially, posterior margin with comb of microtrichia medially (Fig. 12); posterior setae at sternite VII arising in front of posterior margin. Measurements (holotype Female): Body length 1250; Head length 105, width 180; pronotum length 120, width 225; ovipositor length 230; ocellar setae pair III 14; metanotum median setae 26; fore wing length 775; antennal segments I–VIII 25, 35, 62, 60, 50, 60, 15, 15 respectively; tergite IX S1 setae 57. Female paratypes: Body length 1142–1250; Head length 95–105, width 174–180; pronotum length 110–120, width 220–225; ovipositor length 220–230; ocellar setae pair III 12–14; metanotum median setae 24–26; fore wing wing length 763–775; antennal segments I–VIII length 23–25, 32–35, 57–62, 55–60, 46–50, 55–60, 12–15, 12–15 respectively; tergite IX S1 setae 55–57. Male macroptera. Similar to female, but smaller in size; sternites VI–VII with transverse pore plate. Measurements (male paratype): Body length 900; head length 75, width 145; pronotum length 145, width 175; ocellar setae pair III 10; metanotum median setae 23; fore wing length 580; antennal segments I–VIII length 20, 35, 50, 45, 45, 50, 14, 14 respectively; tergite IX S1 setae 50. Larvae II. Body yellowish (Fig. 39); antennae, coxae, outer margin of all tibiae and abdominal segment IX with gray; antennae 7-segmented; pterothorax with three lateral dark spots, which are absent on pronotum. Major body setae brown with broadly expanded apex (about three times as wide as base) arising from brown ring. Length of setae 15–20 excluding basal ring, width at apex 12–15, width at base of setae 5. Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinized adjective form based on ‘Al Baha’ area from where this new species was collected. Material studied. Holotype female, SAUDI ARABIA, Al Baha, AL Makhwa, Thee Ain Village, breeding and feeding on leaves of Pergularia sp., 25.ix.2020, (19°55.776’N 41°26.598’E Alt. 741 m), BT, (Rasool, I.) (KSMA). Paratypes: 142 females, 65 males and 27 larvae, the same data as holotype; 13 females and 2 males from leaves of Pergularia sp., 15 females and 7 males from Boerhavia diffusa, the same locality as holotype except 7.iv.2019; Al Baha, Shada Al-Ala Natural Reserve, 4 females, from grasses, 8.iv.2019, (19°50.411’N 41°18.686’E Alt, 1611 m); same locality, 12 females from Boerhavia diffusa, 8.ix.2019, (19°50.575’N 41°18.691’E Alt. 1666 m), BT, (Rasool I.) (KSMA). Comments. None of the species described in the genus Hydatothrips (except H. boerhaaviae) has the following combination of characters: setae S3 on tergites IV–VI arising far from posterior margin, with 6–7 setae lateral to S3; head, pronotum and pterothorax with wrinkles inside; sternites II–VII completely covered with microtrichia medially, posterior margin with comb of microtrichia medially; male with transverse pore plate on sternites VI–VII; fore wing second vein without setae, costal setae at middle of fore wing about as long as width of wing in middle. The new species differs from H. boerhaaviae by having: ocellar setae III arising in the middle of the ocellar triangle anterior to hind ocelli (ocellar setae III arise at outer margin of triangle in H. boerhaaviae); reddish brown body (H. boerhaaviae bicolored, with predominantly yellow body, except abdominal segments II–III and VI brownish).

Hydatothrips Karny Hydatothrips is the second largest genus of subfamily Sericothripinae. Members of this pantropical genus can be distinguished from the other two genera of this subfamily by having the metasternal plate anterior border with deeply U or V shaped emargination, usually more than half as deep as length of this sclerite. In contrast, Neohydatothrips and Sericothrips have the metasternal plate anterior border transverse, or with shallow emargination (Lima & Mound 2016a)., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Soliman, Ahmed M., Alattal, Yehya Zaki & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera) from Saudi Arabia with a new species of Hydatothrips Karny, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 4908 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4435706, {"references":["Lima, E. F. B. & Mound, L. A. (2016 a) Species-richness in Neotropical Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Zootaxa, 4162 (1), 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4162.1.1"]}

Hydatothrips adolfifriderici Karny (Figs 1–7, 32, 33) Hydatothrips adolfifriderici Karny, 1913: 218. This Afrotropical species was described originally from Nigeria and is widespread from South Africa to Sudan (zur Strassen 2004), but has been recorded from Yemen in south western of Arabian Peninsula (zur Strassen 1990). In general appearance and characters, it is close to H. spadix (Hartwig) from South Africa, but is distinguished by: fore wing costal setae at middle shorter than width of wing at middle (as long as width of wing in the middle in H. spadix); abdominal segments IV and V and antennal segments III–V largely yellow (Figs 4 & 6) (uniformly dark brown, except antennal segment III yellow at basal half in H. spadix) (Bhatti 1973). This species is widely associated with leaves of Fabaceae and Moraceae (Priesner 1965; zur Strassen 1990), and is an important pest of Phaseolus vulgaris in Africa (Nyasani et al. 2012). It was also collected from these families during the current study. Material studied. SAUDI ARABIA, Al Baha, Al Makhwa, Thee Ain Village, 14 females and 3 males from Ficus sycomorus leaves, 7.iv.2019, (19°55.776’N 41°26.598’E Alt. 741 m), BT, (Rasool, I.); Al Baha, Shada Al-Ala Natural Reserve, 2 females and 1 male from Ficus sycomorus, 19 females and 1 male from Phaseolus vulgaris leaves, 1 female from grasses, 8.iv.2019, (19°50.575’N 41°18.691’E Alt. 1666 m), BT, (Rasool, I.) (KSMA)., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Soliman, Ahmed M., Alattal, Yehya Zaki & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera) from Saudi Arabia with a new species of Hydatothrips Karny, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 4908 (1) on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4435706, {"references":["Karny, H. (1913) Thysanoptera. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907 - 1908, 4, 281 - 282.","Bhatti, J. S. (1973) A preliminary revision of Sericothrips Haliday, sensu lat., and related genera, with a revised concept of the tribe Sericothripini. Oriental Insects, 7, 403 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1973.10434100","Priesner, H. (1965) A monograph of the Thysanoptera of the Egyptian deserts. Publications de la Institut Desert Egypte, 13, 1 - 549.","Nyasani, J. O., Meyh ˆ fer, R., Subramanian, S. & Poehling H. - M. (2012) Effect of intercrops on thrips species composition and population abundance on French beans in Kenya. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 142, 236 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.2011.01217. x"]}

Key to the genera and species of Sericothripinae from Saudi Arabia 1. Metasternal plate anterior margin with deep U- or V-shape invagination medially (Figs 2, 9)............. Hydatothrips... 2 - Metasternal plate anterior margin either transverse (Fig. 19) or with shallow emargination medially (Fig. 26)................................................................................................. Neohydatothrips... 3 2. Ocellar triangle closely striated (Fig. 1); metanotum longitudinally striate (Fig. 3); setal pair S3 on abdominal tergites IV–VI at posterior margin, with only three setae anterior to S3 (Fig. 4); tergite IX with three pairs of mid-dorsal setae (Fig. 5); abdominal segments IV–V yellow (Fig. 32)............................................................. H. adolfifriderici - Ocellar triangle with widely spaced striae (Fig. 8); metanotum longitudinally reticulate (Fig. 10); setae S3 on abdominal tergites IV–VI placed far ahead of posterior margin, with 6–8 setae anterior to S3 (Fig. 11); tergite IX with two pairs of mid-dorsal setae (Fig. 13); abdominal segments reddish brown (Fig. 34)......................................... H. bahaensis sp. n. 3. Occipital apodeme confluent with posterior margin of compound eyes (Fig. 16), ocellar setae pair III arising at external margin of triangle and shorter than distance between their bases; metasternal plate with anterior margin transverse (Fig. 19); sternites without discal microtrichia or posteromarginal comb (Fig. 20); tergite IX with only one pair of mid-dorsal setae (Fig. 21); abdominal segments I–VI unicolor pale yellow to white, without trace of shadings (Figs 36, 37)................ N. amygdali - Occipital apodeme widely spaced from posterior margin of compound eyes (Fig. 25), ocellar setae pair III arising inside the triangle and longer than distance between their bases; metasternal plate with anterior margin shallowly invaginated (Fig. 26); sternites with discal microtrichia and III–VI with postero-marginal comb (Fig. 29); tergite IX with two pairs of mid-dorsal setae (Fig. 30); abdominal segments largely brown, except tergites IV–V yellow medially (Fig. 38).............. N. samayunkur, Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Soliman, Ahmed M., Alattal, Yehya Zaki & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera) from Saudi Arabia with a new species of Hydatothrips Karny, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 4908 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4435706

Neohydatothrips John Neohydatothrips is the most species rich genus in subfamily Sericothripinae, and is found mainly in tropical countries. The members of this genus are usually extremely bicolored, with complex body structure. The species are morphologically similar to those of Sericothrips and are distinguished by tergites III–VI lacking or having very few microtrichia medially, also longitudinal sculpture on the metanotum without microtrichia. In contrast, in Sericothrips species tergites III–VI are fully covered with microtrichia medially, and the metanotum has transverse lines of sculptures provided with microtrichia (Lima & Mound 2016b). Host plant associations are known for only a few species of this genus (Mound & Tree 2009)., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Soliman, Ahmed M., Alattal, Yehya Zaki & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera) from Saudi Arabia with a new species of Hydatothrips Karny, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 4908 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4435706, {"references":["Lima, E. F. B. & Mound, L. A. (2016 b) Systematic relationships of the Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Insecta: Thysanop- tera). Zoologischer Anzeiger-A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 263, 24 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2016.03.001","Mound, L. A. & Tree, D. J. (2009) Identification and host-plant associations of Australian Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa, 1983 (1), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1983.1.1"]}

Neohydatothrips amygdali Minaei (Figs 16���24, 36���37, 40) Neohydatothrips amygdali Minaei, 2016: 371. This species was described from Iran and is the only member of Neohydatothrips species with one pair of discal setae on tergite IX (Minaei 2016). All other species in this genus have 2���3 pairs of discal setae on tergite IX (Lima & Mound 2016b). Individuals of this species recorded from Saudi Arabia show some variation from those of Iranian populations: posteromarginal comb is complete on abdominal tergite VIII, and laterally on VII, also all the coxae and the distal half of hind femora are brown, with the tarsi pale. In contrast, abdominal tergites VII���VIII in Iranian populations are without posteromarginal comb or with only very weak teeth. All legs are yellow except brown tarsi (Minaei 2016). The male of this species is reported here for the first time. It is similar to females in general appearance and structural details, but smaller in size (Fig. 37), tergite IX without drepanae (Fig. 22). Sternites without pore plates. Measurements (male macroptera): Total body length 760, head length 85, width 158; ocellar setae pair III 11; pronotum length 62, width 195; metanotum median setae 32; fore wing length 645; antennal segments I���VIII, 22, 32, 42, 35, 35, 33, 5, 8. Larvae II. Body yellow without trace of shading (Fig. 40); antennae 7 segmented, segment I yellow, II���VII grey. All dorsal setae brown and broad, expended (about two times as wide as base) and dentate at apex arising from brown wring (Fig. 23). Length of setae 10���15 excluding basal ring, width at apex 8���10, width at base of setae 4. Material studied. SAUDI ARABIA, Riyadh, Dirab, King Saudi University Educational farm, 31 females, 14 males and 7 Larvae, from leaves of Acacia seyal, 2���8.vii.2020, (24��24.525���N 46��39.718���E Alt. 575 m), BT, Rasool, I.; 4 females 1 male and 1 larva same data except from leaves of A. ehrenbergiana; 1 female same data except from A. etbaica; 2 females same locality except A. seyal, except 09.vi.2020, (24��25.223���N 46��39.252���E Alt. 574 m), SW, (Soliman, A.); Riyadh, Al-Deri���yya, Al Oyayna, Bodha park, 1 female, from leaves of A. ehrenbergiana, 2.iv.2019, (24��53.549���N 46��17.459���E Alt. 755 m), BT, Rasool, I.; Riyadh, Al Dawadmi, Ash, shura, 2 females 1 male from leaves of A. ehrenbergiana, (24��15.734���N 44��10.542���E Alt. 951 m), BT, (Rasool, I.); Al Baha, Al Makhwa, Al Hamadan, Wadi Riyan, 3 females from leaves of A. ehrenbergiana, 7.iv.2019, (19��50.428���N 41��22.573���E, Alt. 491 m), BT; Al Makhwa, Nawan, near sea, 4 females, from leaves of A. ehrenbergiana, 10.iv.2019, (19��32.778���N 41��11.706���E, Alt. 817 m), BT, (Rasool, I.); Aqiq, Wadi Liyan, 1 female from Acacia sp., 23.ix.2020, (20��08.573���N 41��35.551���E Alt. 1689 m), BT; Qilwah, Ramziyah, Wadi Aleep, 2 females from Acacia spp. 25.ix.2020, (19��54.353���N 41��07.148���E 250 m), BT; Shada Al Ala, Qarwiya, 1 female from Acacia sp. 26.ix.2020, (19��54.461���N 41��16.944���E Alt. 520 m), BT, (Rasool. I. & Habib, M.M.) (KSMA). Comments. In Iran, this species was collected only from leaves of Mygdalus scoparia (Minaei 2016), whereas in Saudi Arabia it was collected throughout the year across Riyadh and Al Baha only on Acacia sp., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Soliman, Ahmed M., Alattal, Yehya Zaki & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera) from Saudi Arabia with a new species of Hydatothrips Karny, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 4908 (1) on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4435706, {"references":["Minaei, K. (2016) The genus Neohydatothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Iran with one new species and first record of a micropterous form. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 367 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.10","Lima, E. F. B. & Mound, L. A. (2016 b) Systematic relationships of the Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Insecta: Thysanop- tera). Zoologischer Anzeiger-A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 263, 24 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2016.03.001"]}

Neohydatothrips samayunkur (Kudô) (Figs 25–31, 38) Hydatothrips (Neohydatothrips) samayunkur Kudô, 1995: 169 First described from Japan this species is wide spread around the world in Asia, Africa, Central and South America and Australia (Mound & Tree 2009). It is commonly known as marigold thrips due to its strong association with leaves and flowers of marigold (Tagetes sp.) for breeding and feeding (Nakahara 1999; Lima & Mound 2016a). N. samayunkur is very similar to N. hemileucus (Hood) in general appearance and body features, but can be distinguished by the dark brown pronotal blotch as compared to the yellow blotch in hemileucus (Lima & Mound 2016a). Material studied. SAUDI ARABIA, Al Baha, Al Makhwa, Shada Al Ala Natural Reserve, 91 females, from Tagetes minuta, 8.iv.2019, (19°50.575’N 41°18.691’E Alt. 1666 m), BT; Shada Al Ala Natural Reserve, 2 females from Solanum macranthum, 1 female from T. minuta, 8.iv.2019, (19°50.411’N 41°18.686’E Alt, 1611 m), BT; Al Baha, Raghadan park, 11 females and 2 larvae from T. minuta, 22.ix.2020, (20°01.079’N 41°27.084’E Alt. 2168 m), BT, (Rasool, I.) (KSMA)., Published as part of Rasool, Iftekhar, Soliman, Ahmed M., Alattal, Yehya Zaki & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2021, The Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera) from Saudi Arabia with a new species of Hydatothrips Karny, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 4908 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4435706, {"references":["Kudo, I. (1995) A new species of Hydatothrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia: Thripidae) on marigold in Japan and the United States. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30, 169 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.1303 / aez. 30.169","Mound, L. A. & Tree, D. J. (2009) Identification and host-plant associations of Australian Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa, 1983 (1), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1983.1.1","Nakahara, S. (1999) Validation of Neohydatothrips samayunkur (Kudo) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for a thrips damaging marigolds (Tagetes spp.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101, 458 - 459.","Lima, E. F. B. & Mound, L. A. (2016 a) Species-richness in Neotropical Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Zootaxa, 4162 (1), 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4162.1.1"]}

This work presents a fast response and stable computer based a brushed DC motor speed controller. The controller configured of gate drive circuits for H-Bridge accompanied with data acquisition unit DAQ-6211. These gate drive circuits include, phase comparator, current booster and wave forms cleaning circuits. An optical encoder is used for motor speed to frequency conversion. The CD4046 PLL chip compares phases of the encoder output frequency (motor speed) with a reference frequency (desired speed). The obtained phase difference (error) is used to allocate the suitable PWM duty cycles. An H-Bridge BJT switches driven by PWM is interfaced with the motor. The system hardware is provided with a simple and accurate data acquisition unit DAQ-6211 to be interfaced with the LabVIEW software Package. This allows monitoring and storing the different measured data of this platform. The system relative stability is determined and examined based on the Bode plot analysis and design. Then the relative stability criterion (Phase Margin) is measured the closed-loop stability of the system. This system considers the fast feedback response with indication of its stability state as well as the stable wide dynamic range. It compensates the changes in system parameters due to the environmental effects and other disturbances.

Several methods have been used for diagnosing insulin resistance in humans. Glycemic clamp continues to be the gold standard procedure; however, its complexity limits its application in daily medical practice. Several methods using glycemia and insulinemia measurements, both during fasting or after oral or endovenous glucose overload, have been proposed. The purpose of this study was to identify the fasting insulin level and insulin resistance detected by HOMA-IR test in ICU patients as predictors for hepatic encephalopathy. This was a case-control study. The study was done in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of the Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, 319 ICU patients were included in the study. Control subjects without acute illness were recruited from the local community, stratified by age and gender to approximate the sepsis cohort. In our study we found that hepatic encephalopathy is associated with statistically significant less fasting insulin levels and less insulin resistance than patients without hepatic encephalopathy. This may be explained by that end stage liver disease is associated with hypoglycaemia due to defective hepatogluconeogenesis which causes reduction in calculation of HOMA test. Our present observations indicate that patients with hepatic encephalopathy are associated with statistically significant less fasting insulin levels and less insulin resistance than patients without hepatic encephalopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate the use of low dose Tamsulosin in relieving lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic symptoms as a trial to increase the drug safety ( in terms of reducing the drug full dose side effects especially retrograde ejaculation) while maintaining its efficacy in relieving the patients' symptoms. Material and Methods: This Prospective study was conducted in King Faisal University polyclinic between November 2013 and March 2014. Patients enrolled in this study were suffering from Lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia and were receiving 0.4 mg Tamsulosin for variable period and was complaining of ejaculatory dysfunction. Base line assessment involved medical history with evaluation of ejaculatory function, IPSS, abdominopelvic ultrasound with estimation of postvoid residual urine (PVR) and quality of life questionnaire. The patients were excluded whenever there is any significant aggravation of their symptom. During the course of this study, 0.2 mg Tamsulosin was given to patients and they were assessed by the same tools of base line assessment at the first and third month of the study. Drug compliance and adverse events were also recorded in all patients. Results: Before we started our treatment with the low dose, twenty one patients had mean IPSS of 7.00 ± 0.948 and mean residual volume of 92.38 ± 20.47 ml. At first month follow up, the mean IPSS and the mean residual volume became 7.47 ± 0.67 and 104.76 ± 21.82 ml respectively with a statistically significant difference as compared with that of the baseline (p-value were fully satisfied as measured by quality of life score and want to continue on the low dose. None of our patients showed adverse effects with the low dose. Conclusion: For patients complaining from LUTS due to BPH, low dose Tamsulosin (0.2 mg/day) shows potential advantage for patients with bothering ejaculatory dysfunction. In spite of the significant change in IPSS after administration of the low-dose, most of patients show higher overall satisfaction rate as compared to the standard dose (0.4mg/day). A prospective study on a large scale is still needed to confirm our result. Key words: Prostate, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Tamsulosin, Ejaculation, Erectile dysfunction, Lower urinary tract symptoms

Leucospis elegans Klug, 1834 (Figures 8 and 9) Leucospis elegans Klug, 1834: Dec. 4: 26. Holotype ♀: Arabia Felix. Diagnosis Body generally dark red/brown with extensive pale yellow in the following parts (Figures 8 and 9): scape beneath with large oval spot, pronotum (except for red/brown anterior margin and bright red posterior margin), labrum and palpi, mesoscutellum (except red/ brown at base), postscutellum, exterior longitudinal streak on all tibiae, hind femur along its ventral and dorsal margins and apically (teeth black); two large oval markings occupying most of GT1, broad cross band on GT3, a cross band on posterior two-thirds of GT5, syntergum, mesoscutum dark brown dorsally, red/brown laterally. Fore wing infuscate, with a middle hyaline streak extending to base of wing. Clypeus with median spine-like projection slightly longer than lateral lobes (Figure 9 (a)); pronotum with three strong carinae, with preapical strongly elevated medially, while that of hind margin less elevated (Figure 8 (b)); postscutellum evenly convex, not carinate or bidentate (Figure 8 (b)); hind femur densely punctured, without smooth streaks, with triangular basal tooth as long as middle tooth, which are followed by smaller teeth (Figure 8 (c)); ovipositor sheaths long, reaching posterior margin of GT1 (Figure 9 (d))., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Abu El-Ghiet, Usama M., Elsheikh, Tarek Y. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2018, The family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the South of Saudi Arabia, with the first report of the genus Micrapion and description of Leucospis arabica sp. nov., pp. 2071-2096 in Journal of Natural History 52 (31 - 32) on page 2086, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510557, http://zenodo.org/record/5177122, {"references":["Klug FF. 1834. Symbolae physicae, seu icons et descriptions insectorum, quae in itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Frederici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg, Studio, novae aut illustratae redierunt. Pars Zoologica. Insecta. 4. Berlin: G. Reimer; p. 31 - 40."]}

Genus Leucospis Fabricius, 1775 Leucospis Fabricius, 1775: 361. Type species: Leucospis dorsigera Fabricius, 1775, by monotypy. In the present study, Leucospis vanharteni is included in the key, because it is known from the Arabian Peninsula (UAE), and so is excepted to occur in the southern part of Saudi Arabia as well. Diagnosis Clypeus bilobed at free margin, with a tooth in between; mandible stout, bare at apex, with strong lower tooth; pronotum with transverse, strong or weak carinae; hind coxa sometimes with dorsal tooth or lobe; hind femur with ventral tooth present before middle of its length; gaster more or less slender; GT4 of female not elevated backwardly, more or less straight; GT6 separated from epipygium; GT2 of male short and transverse; lateral ocelli distinctly separated from eyes (Bou Č ek 1974a; Grissell and Schauff 1997). Species of this genus are cosmopolitan in distribution (Bou Č ek 1974a; Noyes 2016)., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Abu El-Ghiet, Usama M., Elsheikh, Tarek Y. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2018, The family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the South of Saudi Arabia, with the first report of the genus Micrapion and description of Leucospis arabica sp. nov., pp. 2071-2096 in Journal of Natural History 52 (31 - 32) on pages 2075-2076, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510557, http://zenodo.org/record/5177122, {"references":["Fabricius JC. 1775. Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adiectis Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Flensburgi et Lipsiae: Kortii; p. 832.","Grissell EE, Schauff ME. 1997. A handbook of the families of nearctic chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Entomol Soc Wash. (2 nd ed, revised). 1: 1 - 85 ..","Noyes JS 2016. Universal chalcidoidea database. http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids [accessed 2016 04 16]."]}

Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Abu El-Ghiet, Usama M., Elsheikh, Tarek Y., Al Dhafer, Hathal M. (2018): The family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the South of Saudi Arabia, with the first report of the genus Micrapion and description of Leucospis arabica sp. nov. Journal of Natural History 52 (31-32): 2071-2096, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510557, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1510557

Micrapion clavaforme Steffan, 1948 (Figures 10–12) Micrapion clavaforme Steffan, 1948: 85–86. Lectotype ♀, Gabon: Ogowe, N’ gomo. Diagnosis Body generally red/brown, with pale yellow in the following parts (Figure 10 (a–b)): scape apically, a narrow cross band along the anterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of pronotum being translucent after broader band, two small lines laterally on mesoscutum just above tegula, posterior margin of mesoscutellum, baso-ventral and apical markings on hind femur, hind tibia dorsally, hind metatarsus, apex of fore and mid femora, mid tibia, inner side of fore tibia, cross band on GT4 and preapical margin of GT5. Fore wing hyaline, with a dark brown streak under PMV becoming weak at wing apex, STV with a dark streak reaching the dark apex (Figure 11 (b)). Pronotum without any trace of transverse carinae (Figure 10 (a)); postscutellum evenly convex, not carinate or bidentate (Figure 10 (a)); hind coxa with upper dorsal side finely transversely striated, shiny and smooth behind striations, with a strong spine dorsally at apical third (Figure 11 (a)); hind femur with large median ventral tooth, followed by 10 smaller ones, of which the middle two are the largest (Figure 11 (c)); hind tibia without spine projection apico-ventrally, but with spur (Figure 11 (c)); T4 with acutely angled point dorso-medially (Figure 11 (d)); ovipositor furrow running on GT5, reaching apex of T4 (Figure 11 (d)); ovipositor sheath short, hardly reaching anterior margin of GT5 (Figure 11c); ovipositor as long as hind tibia (Figure 11 (c)). Material examined: Saudi Arabia 1 ♀, Al Bahah, Mandaq, Wadi Tourabah (20.239722°N, 41.248055°E, alt. 1842 m), sweep net, 14 October 2010, leg. Al Dhafer et al. [KSMA]. Distribution Cameroon, Cape province, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zimbabwe [Rhodesia], Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania (Bou Č ek 1974a); Saudi Arabia (new record)., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Abu El-Ghiet, Usama M., Elsheikh, Tarek Y. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2018, The family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the South of Saudi Arabia, with the first report of the genus Micrapion and description of Leucospis arabica sp. nov., pp. 2071-2096 in Journal of Natural History 52 (31 - 32) on pages 2090-2092, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510557, http://zenodo.org/record/5177122, {"references":["Steffan JR. 1948. Le genre Micrapion Kriechb. (Hym. Chalcididae). Description de trois especes nouvelles. Bull Soc Entomol Fr. 53: 81 - 88."]}

Leucospis arabica Gadallah and Soliman sp. nov. (Figures 3–7) Type material Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Jazan, Farasan Islands, Sajid (16.7627°N, 41.9988°E, alt. 25 m), sweep net, 5 March 2017, leg. Usama Abu El-Ghiet and Tarek Elsheikh [KSMA]. Paratype 1 ♂: Egypt, Sinai Peninsula, South Sinai, Wadi Khoshb (27.85°N, 34.2163°E, alt. 43 m), sweep net, leg. Medhat Ibrahim [EFC]. Diagnosis Body generally black, pale markings are ivory white, tarsi pale yellow (Figure 3 (a,b)); pronotum with transverse apical pale strip between preapical and marginal carinae, the strip continuing obliquely on lateral panel of pronotum; fore wing hyaline, strongly infuscate below PMV and at apex (Figure 3 (b)); free clypeal margin with a median spine shorter than lateral lobes (e.g. Figure 6 (b)); pronotum with preapical and marginal carinae very weak, discal carina absent (Figure 4 (b)); postscutellum carinate along posterior margin, carina weakly curved medially (Figures 4 (b) and 5(a)); propodeum short, scarcely longer than postscutellum; ventral margin of hind femur with large basal, triangular tooth, about as long as middle sharp teeth (Figure 4 (c)); ovipositor sheath hardly reaching base of GT1 (Figures 3 (a) and 5(c)). Description Female (holotype) (Figures 3–5). Body length 8.0 mm. Colouration (Figure 3 (a–b)). Body black, with the following parts ivory white: scape ventrally (partly); a transverse yellow strip visible posteriorly between preapical and marginal carinae, continuing to lateral panel of pronotum as an oblique marking above the ventral depression of the panel, and a broad horseshoe-shaped marking on sides and hind margin between preapical and marginal carinae; posterior third of mesoscutellum; whole of metapleuron; apico-ventral patch on hind coxa; a broad preapical transverse strip on GT1, as well as another one on GT5, both interrupted medially by the ovipositorial furrow; apices of fore and middle femora, and a subtriangular patch baso-ventrally and apico-dorsally on hind femur, all tibiae (except black along the ventral side of fore and hind tibiae). Tarsi are pale yellow; apical margin of clypeus and mandible (except teeth) are red/brown (chestnut); fore and middle femora mostly dark brown to black. Fore wing strongly infuscate below PMV and at apex, otherwise hyaline. Head (Figure 4 (a–b)). Densely punctured, slightly wider than pronotum at its posterior margin (1.1 ×), with dense erect to suberect pale setae; head width 1.4 × its height; eye with dense setation; POL 2.3 × OOL and 3 × MOD (mid ocellus diameter); scrobe 1.25 × as wide as parascrobal area, transversely carinate at the bottom; occipital carina distinct dorsally, between posterior ocelli; malar space 0.18 × height of eye (about as long as width of F2); flagellum with erect short black setae; F1 conical, widened apically, as long as its maximal width, and about 0.8 × as long as F2; F2–6 equal in length; clava 2 × as long as wide, scarcely longer than F6 + F7 combined; mandible broadly tridentate; clypeal free margin emarginate, with sharp median tooth shorter than lateral lobes. Mesosoma (Figures 4 (b–c) and 5(a–b)). Mesosoma moderately punctured, with dense short pale setae; discal carina absent; preapical and marginal carinae weakly developed, not high or angulate; postscutellum carinate posteriorly, the carina curved medially; propodeum weakly convex, with surface densely punctured, scarcely longer than postscutellum; hind coxa densely punctured, carinate and subserrate postero-dorsally; hind femur slender, 1.8× as long as broad, densely punctured and finely setose, with eight ventral teeth, basal tooth longer and more robust than any of the following teeth; hind tibia with apico-ventral spine longer than spur. Fore wing with dense black setation particularly towards apical margin; STV with peculiarly bifurcate uncus. Gaster/metasoma (Figures 3 (b) and 5(c)). Moderately densely punctured, with dense pale setae. GT1 as long as wide, narrower than GT 4 in dorsal view; ovipositorial furrow deep on GT1 and abruptly narrowed anteriorly, ending near base of GT1; GT4 with posterior margin entire (not emarginate), about 2.5 × as long as ovipositor sheath medially; ovipositor sheaths long, nearly reaching anterior margin of GT1. Male (paratype) (Figures 6 and 7). Body length: 7.8 mm. Resembles the female except paler bands and markings with faint yellow tint (Figure 6 (a)); basal and apical markings on hind femur are joined through a longitudinal yellow strip running on the upper side (Figure 6 (a)); GT1 anteriorly with brown tint (Figure 7 (b)). Distribution So far known from Farasan Islands (Saudi Arabia) and the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt)., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Abu El-Ghiet, Usama M., Elsheikh, Tarek Y. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2018, The family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the South of Saudi Arabia, with the first report of the genus Micrapion and description of Leucospis arabica sp. nov., pp. 2071-2096 in Journal of Natural History 52 (31 - 32) on pages 2079-2084, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510557, http://zenodo.org/record/5177122

Genus Micrapion Kriechbaumer, 1894 Micrapion Kriechbaumer 1894: 315–316. Type species: Micrapion bilineatum Kriechbaumer, by monotypy. Callismicra Kieffer, 1905: 245, 247–248. Type species: Callismicra flavocincta Kieffer, by monotypy. Diagnosis Body with slender aspect due to the elongated mesosoma and metasomal petiole; free margin of clypeus produced medially; mandible thin, densely pubescent, more or less rounded, with small notch; gaster distinctly clavate, narrow basally; GT4 of female turned backwardly, peculiarly angulate; GT6 fused with syntergum; GT2 of male subquadrate to distinctly elongate. Species of this genus are mainly Afrotropical in distribution (Bou Č ek 1974a)., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Abu El-Ghiet, Usama M., Elsheikh, Tarek Y. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2018, The family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the South of Saudi Arabia, with the first report of the genus Micrapion and description of Leucospis arabica sp. nov., pp. 2071-2096 in Journal of Natural History 52 (31 - 32) on pages 2087-2089, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510557, http://zenodo.org/record/5177122, {"references":["Kriechbaumer J. 1894. Hymenoptera Ichneumonoidea a medico nautico Dr. Joh. Brauns in itenere secundo ad oras Africae lecta et a Dr. Jos. Kriechbaumer, emimerata et quoad nova descripta. Berliner Entomol Z. 39: 297 - 318.","Kieffer JJ. 1905. Neue Eucharinae und Chalcidinae. Berliner Entomol Z. 49: 240 - 265."]}

Previous studies reported that Pulicaria somalensis (Asteraceae) and related members of this family have long been used in folk medicines and because of its antioxidant activity, has an effective role in protection of biomarkers of cardiac and renal dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of Pulicaria somalensis mthanolic extract (PSME) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced changes in cardio-and nephro-toxicity. For the cardio-protective activity, biochemical parameters such as LDH, creatine kinase and albumin in serum, total protein, MDA and NP-SH levels in myocardial tissues were estimated. For the evaluation of nephro-protective activity, biochemical parameters such as creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium, potassium and calcium in serum, total protein, MDA and NPSH levels in renal tissues were assesed. The results of the present finding showed a significant (P

Stichopogon beckeri Bezzi (Fig. 5) Stichopogon beckeri Bezzi, 1910: 44. Type locality. Egypt (Alexandria). Diagnosis. Length. Body 6̄ 7 mm, wing 4.5̄ 5.3 mm. Small blackish species; mystax consisting of white bristles; antenna blackish; thorax with greyish-white tomentum; legs black, covered with dense white tomentum, claws black with reddish-yellow base; cell m3 open; abdomen black, tergites 1, 4, 5, 8 with transverse bands of white tomentum. Local distribution. Coastal Strip, Eastern Desert, Lower Nile Valley. Geographical distribution. Cape Verde, Egypt. Specimens examined. Burg El-Arab, 20.V.1927 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Hammam RD, Mariout, 9.IV.1952 (2 ♂, 2 ♀) (CUC); Geneifa, 18.V.1925 (1 female det. by Efflatoun); Abu souer, 12.VI.1925 (2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir; 6.IX.1925 (1 female det. by Efflatoun); Wasfia, 16.IX.1925 (2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Wadi Nakhla, 27.IX.1926 (1 female det. by Efflatoun); Salloum, 11.VIII.1926 (2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Burg, 20.V.1927 (3 ♂, 1 ♀, det. by Engel & Efflatoun) Mirsa Matrouh, VIII.1930 (1 ♀) (ESEC)., Published as part of Abu El-Hassan, Gawhara M. M., Badrawy, Haitham B. M., Gad Allah, Sohair M., Soliman, Ahmed M., Salama, Mohamed S. & Mohammad, Salwa K., 2017, Review of robber flies of the genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae: Stichopogoninae) from Egypt, pp. 142-160 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376052, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1910) Revisio systematica generis dipterorum Stichopogon. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 8, 129 - 159."]}

Genus Stichopogon Loew Stichopogon Loew, 1847: 499 (as subgenus of Dasypogon). Type species: Dasypogon elegantulus Wiedemann, 1820, by designation of Back (1909: 332). Discodamalis Karsch, 1888: 374; Echinopogon Bezzi, 1910: 131; Neopogon Bezzi, 1910: 147; Cryptopogon White, 1918: 76; Stilopogon Costa, 1884: 62 (Misspelling of Stichopogon). Diagnosis. Small (4�� 12 mm), dark coloured species, banded with grey tomentum; face short, frons markedly diverging dorsally, vertex saddle shaped, shallow; ocellar tubercle low; mystax restricted to the mouth margin or to lower third of face; antennal style short; proboscis short; scutellum with marginal setae or hairs; pulvilli present; fore and mid femora shorter and thicker than hind femora; abdomen flattened dorsoventrally, nearly as broad as the thorax anteriorly, with setae only on tergite l., Published as part of Abu El-Hassan, Gawhara M. M., Badrawy, Haitham B. M., Gad Allah, Sohair M., Soliman, Ahmed M., Salama, Mohamed S. & Mohammad, Salwa K., 2017, Review of robber flies of the genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae: Stichopogoninae) from Egypt, pp. 142-160 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on pages 144-145, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376052, {"references":["Loew, H. (1847) Ueber die europaischen Raubfliegen (Diptera: Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 2, 384 - 568, 587 - 591.","Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1820) Diptera exotica. Sectio I. Antennis multiarticulatis. 1 st Edition. Tabulis Aeneis Duabus, Kiel, xix + 38 pp.","Back, E. A. (1909) The robber-flies of America north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137 - 400.","Karsch, F. A. (1888) Bericht uber die durch Herrn Lieutenant Dr. Carl Wilhelm Schmidt in Ost? Afrika gesammelten und von der zoologischen Abtheilung des Koniglichen Museums fur Naturkunde in Berlin erworbenen Dipteren. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 31 (1887), 367 - 382.","Bezzi, M. (1910) Revisio systematica generis dipterorum Stichopogon. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 8, 129 - 159.","White, A. (1918) New Australian Asilidae. With notes on the classification of the Asilinae. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1917, 72 - 103.","Costa, A. (1884) Notizie ed osservazioni sulla geo? fauna Sarda. Memoiria terza. Resultamento delle ricerche fatte in Sardegna nella estate del 1883. Atti dell'Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, Napoli, Series 2, 1 (9), 1 - 64."]}

Eucremastus arabicus sp. nov. Gadallah & Soliman (Figs 2 A���F, 3A���D) Material examined. Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Al-Aflag, Wadi Ghaihab [22��19'23"N, 46��26'07"E] (641m), light trap, 10.iv.2015 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.) [KSMA]. Paratypes 1♀: Saudi Arabia, Al-Aflag, Wadi Ghaihab [22��19'23"N, 46��26'07"E] (641m), light trap, 10.iv. 2015 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.) [EFC]; 1♀: Saudi Arabia, Al- Aflag, Rawdhat Farshet Sheaal [22��24'57"N, 46��35'17"E] (602 m), light trap, 10. iv. 2015 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.) [EFC]. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 15.0 mm, fore wing length 6.0 mm, ovipositor length 6.0 mm. Head. Antenna with 34 flagellomeres; F1 4.3 �� as long as wide (Fig. 2 C). Gena narrow, constricted behind eyes; occipital carina incomplete dorso-medially (Fig. 2 C). Occiput, face and vertex shallowly densely punctate (Fig. 2 B, C), that are closer and finer laterally, somewhat spaced on lower face (behind antennal bases) and clypeus; gena and malar space with scattered punctures. Ocelli distinctly large; MOD 1.6 �� OOD; IOD 2.5 �� OOD (Fig. 2 B, C). Inner eye orbits parallel-sided. Clypeus slightly convex in profile, wider than height, with rounded ventral margin (Fig. 2 B). Malar space 0.5 �� as long as basal width of mandible (Fig. 2 E); mandibular teeth not equal, outer tooth slightly longer than inner relatively broader tooth (Fig. 2 B). Mesosoma. Densely punctate, distance between punctures on mesoscutum and mesopleuron less than puncture diameter (Fig. 2 D, E); distance between punctures on scutellum about the same as puncture diameter. Epicnemial carina present, thin and reaching hind edge of pronotum. Posterior transverse carina of mesosternum present but shortly interrupted medially above distance between middle coxae. Propodeum transversely wrinkled, densely punctate in between (Fig. 2 D, E). Legs slender, femora longitudinally shallowly punctate; hind femur more than 5.0 �� as long as broad; both mid tibiae with a single long spur (Fig. 3 C); claws small and thin, each with three inner teeth. Wings. Wing membrane with dense short setae apically and less dense on marginal cell (Fig. 2 F); fore wing with vein cu-a interstitial, vein 2m-cu postfurcal, with a single short bulla near to its upper side (Fig. 2 F); vein Rs slightly concave ventrally; pterostigma narrowly triangular, 4.0 �� as long as broad; vein R1 shorter than pterostigma (0.8 ��) (Fig. 2 F). Hind wing with scattered short setae apically (Fig. 3 A), with 6 hamuli. Metasoma. First metasomal tergum (T1) 1.2 �� T2; posterior margin of T1 and T2 very finely longitudinally striated, T3 finely coriaceous. Ovipositor sheath flexible, curled, rounded in cross section, with dispersed fine sensory setae along its whole length, ending with two very fine unequal setae. Ovipositor straight, with slight subapical notch (Fig. 3 D). Colour. Body generally whitish to ivory (Fig. 2 A���E), antenna with scape and pedicel whitish, flagellum very pale yellow (Fig. 2 C), base of metasomal T2 and T3 reddish brown from which extends a broad longitudinal band reaching the middle of T2 and very short on T3; ovipositor sheath black, ovipositor black with reddish apex (Fig. 3 D); mandibular teeth reddish brown (Fig. 2 B); eyes reddish brown to brownish (Fig. 2 B). Wings hyaline (Figs 2 F, 3A) with bright yellow pterostigma and brownish veins (Fig. 2 F). MALE. Unknown. Remarks. One specimen (female paratype) from this species belongs to type 0 of Maz��n & Bordera (2015) based on the presence of a long single spur on both mid tibiae (cf. Fig. 3 C), which is normal of this genus. However, anomalous asymmetry is seen in two female specimens (female holotype and female paratype), in which one long single spur on one of the mid tibiae, with the other tibia having a long spur clearly developed with another well-developed but distinctly thinner and shorter spur (type 4, new type state in the present study) (Fig. 3 B). It resembles to a large degree type 2 of Maz��n & Bordera (2015) which has one single spur on a mid tibia and a long spur clearly develop jointly with a very small stump on the other mid tibia, but differs in having two welldeveloped spurs on one of the mid tibiae instead of stump joining the long one as in type 2. Etymology. The name arabicus is derived from the locality (Arabian Peninsula) from which the specimens were collected and described., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the genus Eucremastus Sz��pligeti, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae) from the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of three new species, pp. 339-354 in Zootaxa 4216 (4) on pages 341-344, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.242266, {"references":["Mazon, M. & Bordera, S. (2015) Variability and fluctuation asymmetry of mid tibial spurs in Eucremastus Szepligeti (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 45, 55 ¯ 63. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / JHR. 45.8612"]}

Profoenatopus bimaculatus Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov. Figs 3 ̄17 Material examined. Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Asir, Regal Alma', Wadi Sabian [18°17'53"N, 42°07'39"E], 775 m, 10.ii.2016, vacuum machine on Acacia, leg. A. Alansi [KSMA]. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Length 18 mm; fore wing length: 6 mm; ovipositor length: 16 mm. Generally black, with few yellow spots on different parts of the body; T4 peculiarly with a pair of large subbasally ivory rounded spots (Figs 14 & 15); ovipositor sheath with ivory area that is 0.35 × as long as its dark apical part (Fig. 17); fore wing hyaline (Fig. 10); veins and pterostigma dark brown, pterostigma yellow on basal third (Fig. 10); fore wing infuscate (brown tainted) on basal 0.45 of 1Cu and almost all 2Cu but darker apically (Fig. 10). Morphometric ratios: Cxl/Cxh 2.4; tw/iEE 0.5; btl/btw 6.25; Pnl/Smw 0.7; Pnl/Ew 1.76; GSl/Ptl 1.3; Ptl/T3l 2.1; Hdl/Ew 2.1; Ew/Tw 1.37; iEE/eEE 0.6; io/oo 9.5; Ptl/alinotum 2.4; 1Cu/1cu-a 1.4. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 18 mm; fore wing length 6 mm; ovipositor length 16 mm. Head (Figs 4 ¯7). Antenna with 27 flagellomeres, devoid of any tyloids; F1 4 × its maximum width, F2 1.35 × as long as F1 and scarcely shorter than F3; vertex irregularly shallowly rugose; three anterior coronal tubercles medium-siZed, tooth-shaped, both lateral and posterior ones as transverse wide lamella; interocellar carina strong and elevated above the level of ocelli; io 9.5 × oo; frons coarsely (roughly) and irregularly rugose; temples minutely sculptured (alutaceus) except for some striae ventrally, broadly rounded laterally, with well distinct smooth elevated oval-shaped area; clypeus broad, its height 0.3 × its width; mandible strong, truncate apically; occipital carina not reaching hypostomal carina; postgenal bridge convex and gradually declivous behind lamelliform hypostomal carina; hypostomal flange small. Mesosoma (Figs 8 & 9). Pronotal colo (neck) anteriorly deeply emarginated, as broad as its depth, finely transversely striated throughout; pronotal fold absent; preannular area coarsely areolated, disc of pronotum coarsely transversely striated or strigated, posterior margin elevated, broadly concave; pronotal lobes weakly developed, striated; tegula smooth and shiny; mesoscutum coarsely rugose; scutellum finely longitudinally striated; scutellar sulcus areolate; axilla foveolate, with small spaces in between; propodeum alutaceus basally, foveolated in almost all dorsal surface, longitudinally strigate meso-posteriorly; spiracular area hardly seen; propodeum slightly projected postero-laterally. Mesopleuron finely rugose above becoming coarser ventrally; metapleuron alutaceus above and coarsely rugose ventrally, both areas separated by fine, very short strigations. Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 10). cu-a antefurcal; SR1 does not reach wing apex; 1-SR 0.6 × as long as 1-M and 1.8 × as long as parastigmal vein; 1-M scarcely longer than m-cu (1.15 ×); 2-SR sinuate, unsclerotiZed, 1.4 × as long as vein r; vein r ends 0.2 × length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; veins r and SR1 widened, the angle between them about 135o; 2-1A largely absent; Hind wing (Fig. 10) with only Sc+R vein fully tubular, with three transparent hamuli at end of Sc+R. Legs (Figs 11 ̄14). Hind coxa cylindrical in dorsal view, constricted apically, coarsely foveolate, with very short oval alutaceus area exteriorly; hind femur and tibia alutaceus, femur with a slight triangular tooth at basal 0.1, with median and subapical large teeth and three tubercles in between; four tubercles could also be seen beyond subapical large tooth, apices of all tubercles with a single short and fine hair. Hind tibia distinctly narrowed at basal half, inner and outer sides finely sparsely setose except for densely bristly setose area at inner side below oblique depression; hind basitarsus subparallel-sided (slightly narrowed apically), long, its ventral length 5 × its width, densely setose distally. Metasoma (Figs 14 ̄17). Petiole 7.2 × as long as its maximum width, slightly shorter than remainder of metasoma (0.7 × rest of metasoma), densely regularly and finely transversely striate; T3 longitudinally strigate basally, petiolate; rest of T3 and following tergites alutaceus. Pygidium very small, strongly emarginated posteriorly, pygidial impression very deep intermediate between reversed V-shaped. Length of ovipositor sheath about 2 × fore wing (and 0.8 × as long as body), its ivory part 0.35 × as long as its dark apical part. Color. Black (Fig. 3), except the following: coronal area reddish brown (Fig. 5); temple yellowish ventrally near eye (Fig. 6); malar space with yellowish tint (Fig. 6); mandible and palpi light brown to reddish brown, mandible blackish apically (Figs 4 & 6); antenna dark brown to black (Fig. 7); posterior rim of pronotum and scutellum yellowish brown and brownish respectively (Fig. 8); tarsi reddish brown (Fig. 11); petiole ivory at basal 0.1 (Figs 14 & 15); T4 sub-basally with a pair of large ivory rounded spots (Figs 14 & 15). Ovipositor sheath black with ivory subapical part (Fig 17). Wing membrane hyaline (Fig. 10); veins and pterostigma dark brown, pterostigma yellow on basal third (Fig. 10); fore wing infuscate (brown tainted) on basal 0.45 of 1Cu and almost all 2Cu but darker apically (Fig. 10). MALE unknown. Host record. Unknown. Remarks. The genus Profoenatopus van Achterberg, 2002 is an Afrotropical genus (van Achterberg & Quicke 2006). It currently comprises three described species, P. elliotti (Ceballos, 1926), P. oberthueri (Saussure, 1892), and P. paulyi van Achterberg, 2002, all are described from Madagascar (van Achterberg 2002). In the present study, P. bimaculatus sp. nov. is collected from Asir (KSA), a fact that strongly supports previous studies that conclude that Asir province (southwestern Saudi Arabia) is exclusively related to the Afrotropical ecoZone with its floristic composition that is closely related to this ecoZone (e.g. HölZel 1998). Distribution. Saudi Arabia (Asir region). Etymology. From the Latin: “ bi ”, meaning two, and “ macula ” meaning spots, in reference to the two yellow spots on each side of T4.

Eucremastus Sz��pligeti, 1905 Eugnomus F��rster, 1869: 147, nom. praeocc. Schoenherr, 1847, syn. Ceballos, 1921. Type species: Eugnomus manni Tschek, 1871. Eucremastus Sz��pligeti, 1905: 50. Type species: Eucremastus brevicornis Sz��pligeti = Eugnomus manni Tschek. Cephalobolus Morley, 1913: 444, syn. Townes et al., 1961. Type species: Cephalobolus parvipes Morley., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the genus Eucremastus Sz��pligeti, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae) from the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of three new species, pp. 339-354 in Zootaxa 4216 (4) on page 340, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.242266, {"references":["Szepligeti, G. (1905) Hymenoptera. Ichneumonidae (Gruppe Ophionoidea). Subf. Pharsaliinae-Porizontinae. Genera Insectorum, 34, 1 - 68.","Forster, A. (1869) Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Ichneumonen. Ferhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Fereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, 25 (1868), 135 - 221.","Ceballos, G. (1921) Notas sobre Ichneumonids. IV. Observaciones sobre los Nototraquinos. Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 21, 191 ¯ 194.","Morley, C. (1913) The fauna of the British India and Burma, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae. London, British Museum, 3, 1 - 531.","Townes, H. K., Townes, M. & Gupta, V. K. (1961) A catalogue and reclassification of the Indo-Australian Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, No. 1, 1 - 522."]}

Stichopogon chrysostoma Schiner (Figs 6, 14 C) Stichopogon chrysostoma Schiner, 1867: 364. Stichopogon lucidiventris Becker, 1902: 3. Type locality. Egypt (Alexandria). Diagnosis. Length: Body 6�� 10 mm, wing 3.5�� 5.8 mm. Mystax golden-yellow to golden-brown; antenna reddish-yellow; scutellum with thin vertical hairs at the margin; legs blackish except base of tibia and tarsi brownish, claws black with reddish-brown base, pulvilli normal; cell m3 open; abdomen shining brownish-black with dense greyish-yellow tomentum on tergites 1��5. Local distribution. Common in all Egyptian ecological zones. Geographical distribution. Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Kazakhstan, Libya, Middle Asia, Mongolia, Palestine, Russia, Turkey. Specimens examined. Balteem, 2.VIII.1945 (1 ♀); Mirsa Matrouh, VIII.1953 (1 ♂); Gabel Asfar, 27.IX.1954 (1 ♂); Mirsa Matrouh, 28.IX.1954 (1 ♀); Mirsa Matrouh, 20.VIII.1955 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Ismailia, Manaif, 17.VIII.2007 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); El-Arish, Zranique, 12.VII.2008 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Hurghada, 12-13.V.2013 (2 ♀); Bahariya Oasis, El-Euon, 26-28.IX.2013 (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Fayoum, Kom Oshiem, 9-11.VIII.2014 (2 ♀) (ASUC); Mirsa Matrouh, VII, VIII. 1931 (1 ♀); Ein Moweleh, 30.V �� 1.VI.1938 (9 ♂, 16 ♀); Wadi Gedeirat, 6�� 10.VII.1938 (1 ♂); Wadi Gedeirat, 12- 16.VII.1939 (24 ♂, 29 ♀); Wadi El-Rabba, Sinai, 21-24.IV.1940 (1 ♀); Fayoum, 23.IV.1943 (1 ♂); Fayoum, 30.IV.1943 (4 ♀); Ezbet El-Nakhl, 3.V.1943 (1 ♀); Fayoum, 19.V.1945 (2 ♂, 1 ♀); Fayoum, 2.IV.1946 (1 ♀); Fayoum, 9.IV.1946 (2 ♂, 2 ♀); Fayoum, Mallah, 20.III.1947 (1 ♀); Fayoum, Girza Route, 24. III.1 947 (1 ♀); Fayoum, Girza Route, 31.III.1947 (2 ♂, 2 ♀); Fayoum, El-Qather, 7.IV.1947 (2 ♀); Fayoum, Girza Route, 28.IV.1947 (1 ♂); Ismalia, 22.VIII.1948 (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Ismalia, 5.IX.1948 (1 ♀); Shabramant, 26.III.1950 (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Fayoum, Girza Route, 9.IV.1950 (1 ♀); Fayoum, Tamiya, 21.IV.1950 (1 ♀) (CUC); Mex, 26.VI.1921 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 22.VII.1921 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Ezbet El-Nakhl, 20.IV.1924 (2 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Dekhela, 20.VIII.1924 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Souer, 17.V.1925 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Geneifa, 13.VI.1925 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 6.IX.1925 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Wadi Gendali, 13.VI.1926 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Salloum, 11.VIII.1926 (1 mle det. by Efflatoun); Halaib, Red Sea Coast, 15.III.-30. IV.1 928 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Halaib, 15.V.1929 (2 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Wadi Gedeirat, 0. V.1935 (1 ♀) (ESEC); Mex, 26.VI.1921 (1 ♂, 2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 2.VII.1921 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Cleopatra, 1.VIII.1921 (2 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Ramleh, 17.IX.1921 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, det. by Engel & Efflatoun); Kafer Hakim, 7.IV.1924 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Ezbet El-Nakhl, 20.IV.1924 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Souer, 12.VI.1925 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Kerdasa, 9.IX.1925 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Tasfia, 16.IX.1925 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Dekhela, Mariout, 9.VII.1927 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Kafret Nassar, 7.IX.1927 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Rawash, 28.IX.1927 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Wadi Abu Ghanayem, 30.IX.1927 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); El-Mallah, 5.X.1927 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Wadi Sayyal, 10.X.1927 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Wadi Nakhla, 24.X.1927 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun) (PPDD); Katta, 20.IX.1924 (1 ♀); Borgash, 15.X.1924 (1 ♀); Genifa, 13.V.1925 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Abu Souer, 17.V.1925 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Mariout, Dekhela, 7.IX.1925 (1 ♀); Fayed, 2.X.1925 (1 ♀); Kafer Hakim, 17.X.1925 (1 ♀); Salloum, 11.VIII.1926 (1 ♂) (AUCE). Remark. The male specimen collected from Ramleh, 17.IX.1921 (PPDD), was recorded by Engel (1924) and Efflatoun (1937)., Published as part of Abu El-Hassan, Gawhara M. M., Badrawy, Haitham B. M., Gad Allah, Sohair M., Soliman, Ahmed M., Salama, Mohamed S. & Mohammad, Salwa K., 2017, Review of robber flies of the genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae: Stichopogoninae) from Egypt, pp. 142-160 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on pages 148-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376052, {"references":["Schiner, I. R. (1867) Neue oder weniger bekannte Asiliden der k. zoologischen Hofcabinetes in Wien. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 17 (Abhandl.), 355 - 412.","Becker, T. (1902) Aegyptische Dipteren. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 2, 1 - 66.","Engel, E. O. (1924) Egyptian Asilidae (Dipt.) collected by H. C. Efflatoun Bey. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique d'Egypte, 8, 345 - 355.","Efflatoun, H. C. (1937) A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part V. Family Asilidae (Section II). Memoires de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte, 4 (3), 199 - 443."]}

Foenatopus bisignatus Aguiar & Jennings, 2010 Figs 18 ̄22 F. bisignatus Aguiar & Jennings, 2010: 300, ♀ & ♂. Material examined. Saudi Arabia: 1 ♂, Al-Baha, Hadabah Hamra [19°16'31"N, 41°48'35"E], 381 m, 15.iv.2016, sweep net on Acacia, leg. Ahmed M. Soliman (EFC); Egypt: 1 ♀, South Sinai, St. Catherine, Wadi Gebal [28°31'54''N; 33°54'18''E], 29.iv.2013, Malaise trap, leg. Edmardash (EFC). Diagnosis. MALE: Body length: 7.0 mm; fore wing length: 4.0 mm. Morphometric ratios: Cxl/Cxh 3.58; Cxl/ Fml 0.8; tw/iEE 0.76; btl/btw 7.5; Pnl/Smw 1.36; tw/io 0.77; Pnl/Ew 1.93; GSl/Ptl 1.8; Ptl/T3l 2.0; Hdl/Ew 2.47; Ew/Tw 1.4; iEE/eEE 0.62; Ppl/Ew 1.66; io/oo 8.0; Ptl/alinotum 1.26; 1Cu/1cu-a 1.26. This species is characteriZed by the presence of very large double whitish spots on sub-basal area of T4 that are very close and nearly touching each other (Figs 18 & 21); petiole with basal 0.4 and subapical 0.1 ivory (Figs 18 & 21); antenna yellowish and gradually darkened towards apex (Fig. 18); all legs dark brown to black, except tarsi are all yellowish (Fig. 18); vertex with area anterior to it with a large U-shaped carina followed by shorter transverse carina (Fig. 19). Pronotal colo transversely strigate, rest of pronotum alutaceus (Fig. 20); hind coxa coarsely transversely strigate (Fig. 22), hind femur finely transversely striated (Fig. 22); hind femora with small sub-basal tooth, a larger median and subapical triangular teeth and 2̄3 unequal tubercles in between as well as other 2 tubercles beyond last (subapical one), apices of all tubercles with a single fine short hair (Fig. 22). It differs from the Egyptian female in having body length 7.0 mm (in female 9.11 mm). Comparative morphometrics: Cxl/Cxh 3.58 (female 3.67); Cxl/Fml 0.8 (0.88); tw/iEE 0.76 (0.47); btl/btw 7.5 (5.94); Pnl/Smw 1.36 (1.29); tw/io 0.77 (0.59); Pnl/Ew 1.93 (1.99); GSl/Ptl 1.8 (1.19); Ptl/T3l 2.0 (2.24); Hdl/Ew 2.47 (1.99); Ew/ Tw 1.4 (1.49); iEE/eEE 0.62 (0.59); Ppl/Ew 1.66 (1.71); io/oo 8.0 (8.91); Ptl/alinotum 1.26 (2.2); 1Cu/1cu-a 1.26 (1.2). The body generally dark brown to black (in female the dark areas are reddish brown, lighter in color); two ivory spots on T4 very large and nearly touching each other (in female the two spots are quadrate and separated from each other by distance shorter than the diameter of each spot); hind coxa and femur finely transversely striated (alutaceus in female). Distribution. Egypt (Gadallah & Edmardash 2015), UAE (Aguiar & Jennings 2010; Aguiar et al. 2010), Saudi Arabia (Al-Baha region) (new record).

Eucremastus flavus sp. nov. Gadallah & Soliman (Figs 4 A–D, 5ĀD, 6ĀD, 7ĀD) Material examined. Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Muzahimiyah, Al-Khararah [24°24´21ʺN, 46°14´40ʺE], light trap, 30.iii.2011 (leg. Al-Dryhim et al.) [KSMA]. Paratype 1♂: Saudi Arabia, Muzahimiyah, Al-Khararah [24°24'21"N, 46°14'40"E], light trap, 17.vi.2011 (leg. Al-Dryhim et al.) [KSMA]. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 10.0 mm, fore wing length 6.0 mm, ovipositor length 4.0 mm. Head. Antenna with flagellum missing. Gena short, constricted behind eyes (Fig. 4 D). Occipital carina very weak, only seen very thin laterally (Fig. 4 B). Occiput nearly smooth, broadly concave (Fig. 4 B). Vertex shallowly but densely punctate, distance between punctures about 1.0 × puncture diameter. Ocelli distinctly large (Fig. 4 C); MOD 1.5 × OOD (Fig. 4 B, C); IOD about 2.7 × OOD (Fig. 4 B, C). Face densely punctate, becoming coarser and closer on lower face, less dense along inner eye orbits (Fig. 4 C). Clypeus slightly convex in profile (Fig. 4 D), with fewer coarse punctures, punctures separated from each other by a puncture diameter, with distinctly rounded ventral margin (Fig. 4 C). Malar space about 0.7 × as long as mandibular basal width. Mandible with inner tooth distinctly shorter (0.5 ×) than outer tooth (Fig. 4 C). Mesosoma. Densely punctate; mesoscutum finely and closely punctate anteriorly, while coarsely punctulate on scutellum (Fig. 4 B); mesopleuron densely punctate, separated from each other by less than puncture diameter (Fig. 4 D); metapleuron with fewer and shallower fine punctures, separated by about a puncture diameter. Propodeum areolate, with complete lateral and transverse carinae, with dense punctures in between. Transverse carina of mesosternum complete. Epicnemial carina complete. Sternaulus indistinct. Notauli weak, not reaching posterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 4 B). Legs with very thin short claws, each with three sharp inner teeth; hind metatarsus about as long as following tarsomeres combined; middle tibiae each with a single spur (Fig. 5 C). Wings. Fore wing with vein Rs distinctly concave ventrally (Fig. 5 A); veins 1m-cu and 2m-cu each with a large bulla; pterostigma broadly triangular, about 2.9 × as long as broad; vein R1 about as long as pterostigma (Fig. 5 A); veins Rs & M interstitial with cu-a. Hind wing with 6 hamuli; vein r-m distinctly and peculiarly angulate (not straight) (Fig. 5 B), vein Cu1 indistinct. Metasoma. T1 about as long as T2; T1 with two postero-lateral longitudinally arranged punctures similar to those on scutellum. T2 finely longitudinally striated. T1 extended laterally to meet ventrally, thus obscuring S1 at least medially. Ovipositor very slightly curved apically (Fig. 5 D), with preapical notch; ovipositor sheath cylindrical along almost its whole length, but laterally flattened apically, ending in a single fine hair, surrounded laterally with short fine sensory setae along its whole length (Fig. 5 D). Colour. Body generally lemon yellow (Fig. 4 A, B), with inner orbits of eyes, clypeus, mandible (except black teeth), antennal scape and pedicel are paler to whitish; coxae, trochanters of all legs, middle and hind tibiae, all tarsi are whitish (Fig. 4 A); outer surface of hind tibia with a dark band extending from apex but not reaching middle; claws of all legs dark brown. Ovipositor black, but reddish brown apically (Fig. 5 D); ovipositor sheath entirely black (Fig. 5 D). Comments. The female of this species is similar to the female of E. villiersi (Benoit), but differs from it as follow (based on Benoit 1953): 1. Metasomal T6 with a black spot, antenna and ovipositor entirely black; clypeus densely punctate; scutellum almost smooth, with some longitudinal ridges apically; antennal flagellomeres obliquely truncate apically; fore wing vein Rs nearly straight; vein r-m of hind wing normal, slightly convex to straight; metasomal T1 smooth and shiny............ E. villiersi (Benoit) - Body entirely yellow without any black (Fig. 4 A, B), scape and pedicel of antenna whitish (rest of antenna lost), ovipositor reddish brown apically (Fig. 5 D); clypeus with fewer coarse punctures (Fig. 4 C); scutellum puncto-striate, not smooth; fore wing vein Rs distinctly concave (Fig. 5 A); vein r-m of hind wing peculiarly angular, not straight (Fig. 5 B); metasomal T1 with some punctures arranged longitudinally, especially laterally...................................... E. flavus sp. nov. MALE ( paratype). Body length 11.0 mm, fore wing length 6.5 mm. Resembles female except for the following combination of characters: body generally more slender than in female (Fig. 6 A, B), similar colour except for some dark brown to black markings on the following body parts: scuto-scutellar sulcus, a dark tint on T1 medially, T2 with two large rounded spots medio-laterally, T3 with two longitudinal slit-like black markings sub-laterally at base (Fig. 6 A, B); face here paler yellow to whitish than in female (except ocellar triangle which is yellow) (Fig. 6 C), antenna with whitish scape and pedicel, flagellum dark brown (Fig. 6 D); hind femur slightly darker than rest of legs, hind tibia with a dark band extending along its whole length externally (Fig. 7 D). MOD distinctly larger (about 1.7 ×) than OOD; IOD about 3.0 × as long as OOD (Fig. 6 D); clypeus with broadly rounded ventral margin (Fig. 6 C); malar space about 0.8 × as long as mandibular base (Fig. 7 B); mandible with inner tooth about 0.75 × as long as outer tooth (Fig. 6 C); notauli indistinct (Fig. 7 A); fore wing with bulla on vein 2m-cu relatively small in relation to that in female (Fig. 7 C); pterostigma narrowly triangular, 3.3 × as long as broad; R1 shorter than pterostigma (0.8 ×); hind wing with 8 hamuli; metasomal T1 hardly longer than T2 (1.15 ×) (Fig. 6 B). Remarks. Both male and female specimens belong to type 0 of Mazón & Bordera (2015), i.e. the normal Eucremastus character state with both mid tibiae having a single long spur (Figs 5 C, 7D). Etymology. The name flavus is the Latin noun for “yellow” denoting the yellow colouration of the body.

Profoenatopus bimaculatus Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov. Figs 3 ��17 Material examined. Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Asir, Regal Alma', Wadi Sabian [18��17'53"N, 42��07'39"E], 775 m, 10.ii.2016, vacuum machine on Acacia, leg. A. Alansi [KSMA]. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Length 18 mm; fore wing length: 6 mm; ovipositor length: 16 mm. Generally black, with few yellow spots on different parts of the body; T4 peculiarly with a pair of large subbasally ivory rounded spots (Figs 14 & 15); ovipositor sheath with ivory area that is 0.35 �� as long as its dark apical part (Fig. 17); fore wing hyaline (Fig. 10); veins and pterostigma dark brown, pterostigma yellow on basal third (Fig. 10); fore wing infuscate (brown tainted) on basal 0.45 of 1Cu and almost all 2Cu but darker apically (Fig. 10). Morphometric ratios: Cxl/Cxh 2.4; tw/iEE 0.5; btl/btw 6.25; Pnl/Smw 0.7; Pnl/Ew 1.76; GSl/Ptl 1.3; Ptl/T3l 2.1; Hdl/Ew 2.1; Ew/Tw 1.37; iEE/eEE 0.6; io/oo 9.5; Ptl/alinotum 2.4; 1Cu/1cu-a 1.4. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 18 mm; fore wing length 6 mm; ovipositor length 16 mm. Head (Figs 4 ��7). Antenna with 27 flagellomeres, devoid of any tyloids; F1 4 �� its maximum width, F2 1.35 �� as long as F1 and scarcely shorter than F3; vertex irregularly shallowly rugose; three anterior coronal tubercles medium-siZed, tooth-shaped, both lateral and posterior ones as transverse wide lamella; interocellar carina strong and elevated above the level of ocelli; io 9.5 �� oo; frons coarsely (roughly) and irregularly rugose; temples minutely sculptured (alutaceus) except for some striae ventrally, broadly rounded laterally, with well distinct smooth elevated oval-shaped area; clypeus broad, its height 0.3 �� its width; mandible strong, truncate apically; occipital carina not reaching hypostomal carina; postgenal bridge convex and gradually declivous behind lamelliform hypostomal carina; hypostomal flange small. Mesosoma (Figs 8 & 9). Pronotal colo (neck) anteriorly deeply emarginated, as broad as its depth, finely transversely striated throughout; pronotal fold absent; preannular area coarsely areolated, disc of pronotum coarsely transversely striated or strigated, posterior margin elevated, broadly concave; pronotal lobes weakly developed, striated; tegula smooth and shiny; mesoscutum coarsely rugose; scutellum finely longitudinally striated; scutellar sulcus areolate; axilla foveolate, with small spaces in between; propodeum alutaceus basally, foveolated in almost all dorsal surface, longitudinally strigate meso-posteriorly; spiracular area hardly seen; propodeum slightly projected postero-laterally. Mesopleuron finely rugose above becoming coarser ventrally; metapleuron alutaceus above and coarsely rugose ventrally, both areas separated by fine, very short strigations. Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 10). cu-a antefurcal; SR1 does not reach wing apex; 1-SR 0.6 �� as long as 1-M and 1.8 �� as long as parastigmal vein; 1-M scarcely longer than m-cu (1.15 ��); 2-SR sinuate, unsclerotiZed, 1.4 �� as long as vein r; vein r ends 0.2 �� length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; veins r and SR1 widened, the angle between them about 135o; 2-1A largely absent; Hind wing (Fig. 10) with only Sc+R vein fully tubular, with three transparent hamuli at end of Sc+R. Legs (Figs 11 ��14). Hind coxa cylindrical in dorsal view, constricted apically, coarsely foveolate, with very short oval alutaceus area exteriorly; hind femur and tibia alutaceus, femur with a slight triangular tooth at basal 0.1, with median and subapical large teeth and three tubercles in between; four tubercles could also be seen beyond subapical large tooth, apices of all tubercles with a single short and fine hair. Hind tibia distinctly narrowed at basal half, inner and outer sides finely sparsely setose except for densely bristly setose area at inner side below oblique depression; hind basitarsus subparallel-sided (slightly narrowed apically), long, its ventral length 5 �� its width, densely setose distally. Metasoma (Figs 14 ��17). Petiole 7.2 �� as long as its maximum width, slightly shorter than remainder of metasoma (0.7 �� rest of metasoma), densely regularly and finely transversely striate; T3 longitudinally strigate basally, petiolate; rest of T3 and following tergites alutaceus. Pygidium very small, strongly emarginated posteriorly, pygidial impression very deep intermediate between reversed V-shaped. Length of ovipositor sheath about 2 �� fore wing (and 0.8 �� as long as body), its ivory part 0.35 �� as long as its dark apical part. Color. Black (Fig. 3), except the following: coronal area reddish brown (Fig. 5); temple yellowish ventrally near eye (Fig. 6); malar space with yellowish tint (Fig. 6); mandible and palpi light brown to reddish brown, mandible blackish apically (Figs 4 & 6); antenna dark brown to black (Fig. 7); posterior rim of pronotum and scutellum yellowish brown and brownish respectively (Fig. 8); tarsi reddish brown (Fig. 11); petiole ivory at basal 0.1 (Figs 14 & 15); T4 sub-basally with a pair of large ivory rounded spots (Figs 14 & 15). Ovipositor sheath black with ivory subapical part (Fig 17). Wing membrane hyaline (Fig. 10); veins and pterostigma dark brown, pterostigma yellow on basal third (Fig. 10); fore wing infuscate (brown tainted) on basal 0.45 of 1Cu and almost all 2Cu but darker apically (Fig. 10). MALE unknown. Host record. Unknown. Remarks. The genus Profoenatopus van Achterberg, 2002 is an Afrotropical genus (van Achterberg & Quicke 2006). It currently comprises three described species, P. elliotti (Ceballos, 1926), P. oberthueri (Saussure, 1892), and P. paulyi van Achterberg, 2002, all are described from Madagascar (van Achterberg 2002). In the present study, P. bimaculatus sp. nov. is collected from Asir (KSA), a fact that strongly supports previous studies that conclude that Asir province (southwestern Saudi Arabia) is exclusively related to the Afrotropical ecoZone with its floristic composition that is closely related to this ecoZone (e.g. H��lZel 1998). Distribution. Saudi Arabia (Asir region). Etymology. From the Latin: ��� bi ���, meaning two, and ��� macula ��� meaning spots, in reference to the two yellow spots on each side of T4., Published as part of Soliman, Ahmed M., Gadallah, Neveen S. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea) for the fauna of Saudi Arabia, with the description of a new species, pp. 23-38 in Zootaxa 4311 (1) on pages 24-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/847293, {"references":["Achterberg, C. van (2002) A revision of the Old World species of Megischus Brulle, Stephanus Jurine and Pseudomegischus gen. nov. with a key to the genera of the family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea). Zoologische Ferhandlingen, 339, 1 ¯ 206.","Achterberg, C. van & Quicke, D. L. J. (2006) Taxonomic notes on the Old World Stephanidae (Hymenoptera): description of Parastephanellus matsumotoi sp. n. from Japan, redescription of Commatopus xanthocephalus (Cameron) and keys to the genera Profoenatopus van Achterberg and Megiscus Brulle. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 149, 215 ¯ 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000202","Holzel, H. (1998) Zoogeographical features of the Arabian Peninsula. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 209, 129 ¯ 140."]}

Stichopogon elegantulus (Wiedemann) (Figs 8, 14B) Dasypogon elegantulus Wiedemann, 1820: 270; Stichopogon aequecinctus Costa, 1844: 62; Stichopogon tener Loew, 1847: 503; Stichopogon frauenfeldi Egger, 1855: 5; Stichopogon riparius Loew, 1871: 93; Stichopogon caspicus Richter, 1963: 253. Type locality. Portugal. Diagnosis. Length: Body 4.5�� 7 mm, wing 2.7�� 3.5 mm. Small blackish species with silvery-white tomentum; mystax white; antenna blackish; legs black except basal third of tibiae and base of metatarsi which are reddishbrown, pulvilli normal; cell m3 broadly open, with a short basal stalk; apical margin of abdominal tergites 2��5 with large black spots devoid of tomentum. Local distribution. Coastal Strip, Lower Nile Valley, Eastern Desert, Sinai, Fayoum. Geographical distribution. Algeria, Austria, Bosnia?Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Middle Asia, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Transcaucasia, Tunisia, Turkey. Specimens examined. Helwan, 3.IX.2005 (1 ♀) (ASUC); Abu Rawash, 15.VII.1921 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Sakkara, 31.III.1922 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 9.VII.1922 (2 ♂, 2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 3.VI.1924 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Rawash, 4.V.1925 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 20.VIII.1926 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 8.VII.1927 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Mirsa Matrouh, VIII.1930 (4 ♂, 16 ♀); Raffa, 25.IV.1931 (1 ♂); Mirsa Matrouh, VII, VIII.1931 (1 ♂, 7 ♀); Helwan, 17.IV.1934 (1 ♀); Arish, 6.V.1934 (2 ♀); Wadi Gedeirat, 8.V.1934 (1 ♀); Wadi Wirak, N. Galalah, 4.IV.1937 (2 ♂, 9 ♀); Ein Gedeirat, 13-22.IV.1938 (1 ♂); Wadi Gedeirat, 6-10.VII.1938 (1 ♂); Wadi Gedeirat, 12-16.VII.1939 (1 ♀); Wadi El-Rabba, Sinai, 21-24.IV.1940 (1 ♀); Wadi El- Lega, 6.IX.1940 (1 ♀); Fayoum, Girza Route, 14.IV.1947 (2 ♂, 1 ♀); Rafa, Wadi El-Garadi, 21.VIII.1951 (3 ♀) (CUC); Alexandria, Ramleh, 1.VII.1920 (3 ♂, 1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Barrage, 25.III.1921 (2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Wadi Hoff, 14.IV.1921 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Ezbet El-Nakhl, 25.IV.1921 (1 end of abdomen broken det. by Efflatoun); Dashar, 28.IV.1921 (2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Ramleh, 17.IX.1921 (1 ♀ det. by Efflatoun); Sakkara, 31.III.1922 (1 ♂ det. by Efflatoun); Abu Kir, 9.VII.1922 (2 ♀ det. by Efflatoun) (PPDD); Abu Kir, 9.VII.1922 (2 ♀); Wadi Garawi, 19.IV.1923 (1 ♀); Abu kir, 3.VI.1924 (2 ♀); Nouzha, Alexandria, 30.VII.1924 (1 ♀); Mansouriah, 28.IV.1926 (3 ♀); Abu Kir, 20. VIII.1926 (1 ♀) (AUCE)., Published as part of Abu El-Hassan, Gawhara M. M., Badrawy, Haitham B. M., Gad Allah, Sohair M., Soliman, Ahmed M., Salama, Mohamed S. & Mohammad, Salwa K., 2017, Review of robber flies of the genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae: Stichopogoninae) from Egypt, pp. 142-160 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on pages 151-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376052, {"references":["Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1820) Diptera exotica. Sectio I. Antennis multiarticulatis. 1 st Edition. Tabulis Aeneis Duabus, Kiel, xix + 38 pp.","Loew, H. (1847) Ueber die europaischen Raubfliegen (Diptera: Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 2, 384 - 568, 587 - 591.","Egger, J. (1855) Neue Dipteren der osterreichischen Fauna. Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 5, 5 - 9.","Loew, H. (1871) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten, von Johann Wilhelm Meigen. Neunter Theil oder dritter Supplementband. Beschreibungen europaischer Dipteren, Zweiter Band. H. W. Schmidt, Halle, viii + 319 pp.","Richter, V. A. (1963) New species of robber flies (Dipt., Asilidae) from the Caucasus. Entomological Review, 42 (2), 248 - 254."]}

Eucharis (Psilogastrellus) albipennis Bouček, 1956 (Figures 5 a ���d (♂), 6a ���f (Holotype ♀)) Eucharis (Pachyeucharis) albipennis Bouček, 1956: 254 ��� 255. Type data: Israel: Kfar Yeroham. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: NMPC. Psilogastrellus albipennis; Bouček, 1977: 124; change in combination. Material examined 1♂, Saudi Arabia, Rawdhat Khoreim (25.38305��N, 47.27833��E), altitude 572 m, 28 April 2012 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.), on Nitraria retusa (KSMA). Diagnosis Small in size (5.0 mm); gaster bright metallic green, slightly fulvous ventrally; vertical sides of scutellum with two or three coarse striae; antenna 13-segmented, with all funicular segments longer than broad. Description MALE: Body length: 5.0 mm. Colour ( Figure 5 a ). Body dark metallic green (except antenna and legs) with some bronzy tinge, antenna black, legs yellowish (except dark metallic green coxae); trochanters brownish, femora dark brown on basal two-thirds as well as last tarsomeres and claws. Wings whitish, giving off bright-coloured reflections, with pale brown to yellowing veins; metasoma bright metallic green, slightly fulvous when seen from ventral side. Head. As in female, wider than height in frontal view, narrower than mesosoma. Antenna placed in a depression, lateral sides of antenna (inner margins of eyes until antenna) coarsely rugose; lower face (behind antennal bases) coarsely transversely striated. Posterior margin of head finely transversely striated in dorsal view. Malar space relatively long, finely obliquely striate. Clypeus small, smooth, confluent with face (not separated). Antenna 13-segmented, funicle segments slightly submoniliform, all are densely clothed with minute sensory pits; last funicle segment appearing as if of two fused segments, pointed at apex. Mesosoma. Glabrous, anterior margin of mesoscutum with transverse rugose striations, rest of surface with shallow punctuations that are spaced by one diameter especially laterally, becoming coarser and deeper in the middle. Notauli foveolate, contiguous posteriorly, a very thin median sulcus hardly visible between them. Lateral lobe of mesoscutum very small, coarsely punctate with smooth areas in between. Scutellum relatively longer than broad, with a median longitudinal foveolate shallow sulcus, that is thicker than that on mesoscutum, ending with two somewhat trapezoidal narrowly separated processes (the space between them in the form of an inverted V), each of these processes deeply concave or truncated at end (Figure 5 b). Scuto-scutellar surface foveolated; axillae with two or three striae (Figure 5 c). Upper area of mesopleuron coarsely areolate, with bluish reflection, lower part smooth and shiny, with some fine sparse punctures. Propodeum densely and finely areolated along its dorsal surface. Wing distinctly wrinkled along its whole length (Figure 5 d). Metasoma. Petiole about two-thirds as long as hind tibia, finely shagreened, with distinct longitudinal shallow furrow along its whole length medially. Gaster with only first gastral tergite (Gt2) occupying the whole metasomal area, which is very smooth and shiny. Host records Unknown. Distribution Israel (female, Bouček 1956), Saudi Arabia (male, new record). Notes This male differs from Bouček ��� s description of the female from Israel in the following characters: smaller, 5 mm in length (female 6.5 ��� 7 mm); gaster bright metallic green, slightly fulvous only ventrally (gastral tergites of female are fulvous, Figure 6 a, b); vertical sides of scutellum with two or three coarse striae (with coarsely horizontal striae in female); antenna 13-segmented, all funicular segments longer than broad (female antenna 12-segmented, only penultimate funicular segment transverse). Until further specimens are collected, we consider these differences to be intraspecific., Published as part of Neveen S. Gadallah, Ahmed M. Soliman & Hathal M. Al Dhafer, 2017, Eucharitidae new to the fauna of Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with the description of a new species and the previously unknown male of Eucharis (Psilogastrellus) albipennis Bou��ek, pp. 96-113 in Journal of Natural History 51 (1) on pages 104-107, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1245798, http://zenodo.org/record/400719, {"references":["Boucek Z. 1956. A contribution to the knowledge of the Chalcididae, Leucospididae and Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of the Near East. Bull Res Counc Isr. 5 B: 227 - 259.","Boucek Z. 1977. A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Entomol Jugosl. 13: 1 - 145."]}

Foenatopus bisignatus Aguiar & Jennings, 2010 Figs 18 ��22 F. bisignatus Aguiar & Jennings, 2010: 300, ♀ & ♂. Material examined. Saudi Arabia: 1 ♂, Al-Baha, Hadabah Hamra [19��16'31"N, 41��48'35"E], 381 m, 15.iv.2016, sweep net on Acacia, leg. Ahmed M. Soliman (EFC); Egypt: 1 ♀, South Sinai, St. Catherine, Wadi Gebal [28��31'54''N; 33��54'18''E], 29.iv.2013, Malaise trap, leg. Edmardash (EFC). Diagnosis. MALE: Body length: 7.0 mm; fore wing length: 4.0 mm. Morphometric ratios: Cxl/Cxh 3.58; Cxl/ Fml 0.8; tw/iEE 0.76; btl/btw 7.5; Pnl/Smw 1.36; tw/io 0.77; Pnl/Ew 1.93; GSl/Ptl 1.8; Ptl/T3l 2.0; Hdl/Ew 2.47; Ew/Tw 1.4; iEE/eEE 0.62; Ppl/Ew 1.66; io/oo 8.0; Ptl/alinotum 1.26; 1Cu/1cu-a 1.26. This species is characteriZed by the presence of very large double whitish spots on sub-basal area of T4 that are very close and nearly touching each other (Figs 18 & 21); petiole with basal 0.4 and subapical 0.1 ivory (Figs 18 & 21); antenna yellowish and gradually darkened towards apex (Fig. 18); all legs dark brown to black, except tarsi are all yellowish (Fig. 18); vertex with area anterior to it with a large U-shaped carina followed by shorter transverse carina (Fig. 19). Pronotal colo transversely strigate, rest of pronotum alutaceus (Fig. 20); hind coxa coarsely transversely strigate (Fig. 22), hind femur finely transversely striated (Fig. 22); hind femora with small sub-basal tooth, a larger median and subapical triangular teeth and 2��3 unequal tubercles in between as well as other 2 tubercles beyond last (subapical one), apices of all tubercles with a single fine short hair (Fig. 22). It differs from the Egyptian female in having body length 7.0 mm (in female 9.11 mm). Comparative morphometrics: Cxl/Cxh 3.58 (female 3.67); Cxl/Fml 0.8 (0.88); tw/iEE 0.76 (0.47); btl/btw 7.5 (5.94); Pnl/Smw 1.36 (1.29); tw/io 0.77 (0.59); Pnl/Ew 1.93 (1.99); GSl/Ptl 1.8 (1.19); Ptl/T3l 2.0 (2.24); Hdl/Ew 2.47 (1.99); Ew/ Tw 1.4 (1.49); iEE/eEE 0.62 (0.59); Ppl/Ew 1.66 (1.71); io/oo 8.0 (8.91); Ptl/alinotum 1.26 (2.2); 1Cu/1cu-a 1.26 (1.2). The body generally dark brown to black (in female the dark areas are reddish brown, lighter in color); two ivory spots on T4 very large and nearly touching each other (in female the two spots are quadrate and separated from each other by distance shorter than the diameter of each spot); hind coxa and femur finely transversely striated (alutaceus in female). Distribution. Egypt (Gadallah & Edmardash 2015), UAE (Aguiar & Jennings 2010; Aguiar et al. 2010), Saudi Arabia (Al-Baha region) (new record)., Published as part of Soliman, Ahmed M., Gadallah, Neveen S. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea) for the fauna of Saudi Arabia, with the description of a new species, pp. 23-38 in Zootaxa 4311 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/847293, {"references":["Gadallah, N. S. & Edmerdash, Y. A. (2015) First record of the Stephanidae (Hymenoptera; Stephanoidea) from the fauna of Egypt. Zootaxa, 3980 (1), 147 ¯ 150. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3980.1.10"]}

Foenatopus cf. turcomonarum (Semenov, 1891) Figs 23 ̄34 Stephanus turcomanorum Semenov, 1891: 435, ♀. Material examined. Saudi Arabia: 1 ♀, Riyadh, Rawdhat Khoreim [25°25′57″N, 47°13′52″E], 572 m, 14.iv.2012, by sucking on Nitraria retusa, leg. Al Dhafer et al. (KSMA). Diagnosis. FEMALE. Length 12 mm; fore wing: 4.5 mm.; ovipositor length: 9.0 mm. morphometric ratios: Cxl/Cxh 3.5; tw/iEE 0.59; btl/btw 3.3; Pnl/Smw 1.18; Pnl/Ew 1.88; GSl/Ptl 3.2; Ptl/T3l 1.45; Hdl/Ew 2.27; Ew/Tw 1.76; iEE/eEE 0.6; Ppl/Ew 1.59; io/oo 8.3; Ptl/alinotum 1.53; 1Cu/1cu-a 1.11. Description. Body length 12 mm; fore wing length 4.5 mm; ovipositor length 9.0 mm. Head (Figs 25 ̄28). Globular. Antenna with 22 long and slender flagellomeres. Frons ventrally until middle area between inner eye margins transversely rugose; frontal carina indistinct. Cornal area with few radiating carinae from central tubercles, integument smooth in between; anterior and central coronal tubercles sharp and well-elevated, while posterior coronal tubercles weakly elevated and widely separated; large areolations could be seen in the area between anterior and central coronal tubercles. Vertex anterior to posterior coronal tubercles with a large transverse carina, followed by a shorter one, integument smooth and shiny in between; posterior area of vertex transversely rugose followed by areolated area reaching occipital carina. Gena alutaceus, with some fine transverse striations towards hypostemal carina. Malar area 0.73 × mandibular base. Occipital carina thin and sharp. Mesosoma (Figs 29 & 30). Pronotal colo deeply emarginated anteriorly, U-shaped, as deep as broad, with 4 thick annulations; pronotal fold absent. Pronotum transversely rugose medially and areolate laterally, broadly concave posteriorly; pronotal lobe weakly developed, strigate. Mesoscutum areolate, sparsely punctate laterally; notauli absent. Scutellum smooth and shiny medially, with fine longitudinal striations laterally and few punctures posteriorly. Propodeum alutaceus antero-laterally, irregularly areolate medially, that are separated by short distances less than areolar diameter, becoming larger and closer posteriorly. Mesopleuron anteriorly coarsely areolate, followed by finely punctate large area above, with shiny area between punctures and areolate ventrally. Metapleuron coarsely areolate throughout. Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 33) with venation beyond 1cu-a and IM are spectral; vein 2 r fully tubular, vein 1Cu tubular at basal 0.75; vein 4Rs upwardly curved, with 4 well-separated setae along its length, terminating a distance from wing apex. Vein M+Cu with three widely separated fine hairs at base; 1cu-a slightly postfurcal, with a slight break at point of connection with 1-1A.Vein 1-1A straight; vein 2-1A entirely spectral. Hind wing with Sc+R vein fully tubular, other veins are indistinct. Legs (Figs 31 & 32). Hind coxa transversely strigate, with exterior longitudinal oval alutaceus area. Hind femur finely alutaceus; right hind femur with short triangular tooth at basal 0.2, followed by 2 large ones medially and a tooth at preapical 0.7; 2 small unequal tubercles present between central ones and 3-4 smaller ones present after the apical one and extending to apex ventrally; all tubercle apices bearing single short hair. Left femur, three tubercles between large central teeth, while those after the apical tooth not evident. All teeth smooth and not bearing apical hairs as tubercles. Hind tibia alutaceus along its entire length, with basal half thin, apical half dilated and compressed ventrally; compressed part with two longitudinal carinae, with golden pilosity mesally that becomes longer and denser distally. Metasoma (Figs 24 & 34). Petiole finely transversely strigate, petiolar tubercles absent. Metasoma finely alutaceus on remaining tergite. T3 petiolate, T4 with two sub-basal rounded spots laterally. Pygidium small, posterior margin emarginate. Ovipositor about 0.75 body length. Color (Figs 23 ̄25, 29 & 34). Head and metasoma dark reddish-brown; mesosoma black, posterior rim of pronotum golden; petiole reddish brown at basal 0.2 and distal 0.1; T3 reddish brown basally; T4 with two subbasal rounded yellowish to ivory spots laterally; ovipositor reddish, ovipositor sheath dark brown to black. Remarks. This species is similar to F. turcomanorum (Semenov) in having pronotum entirely transversely strigate and areolate laterally; the yellowish spots on T4 small and widely separated; vein 1-1A of fore wing straight, vein 2-1A spectral. However, it differs from it in the following combination of characters (based on Aguiar et al. 2010): Comparative morphometrics:: Cxl/Cxh 3.5 (3.41); tw/iEE 0.59 (0.59); btl/btw 3.3 (1.63); Pnl/Smw 1.18 (1.32); Pnl/Ew 1.88 (2.14); GSl/Ptl 3.2 (1.19); Ptl/T3l 1.45 (2.16); Hdl/Ew 2.27 (2.00); Ew/Tw 1.76 (1.31); iEE/eEE 0.6 (0.53); Ppl/Ew 1.59 (2.05); io/oo 8.3 (8.5); Ptl/alinotum 1.53 (1.57). Other characters: vertex anteriorly, behind posterior pair of coronal tubercles, with large transverse carina followed by shorter one (Figs 25 & 26) (in turcomanorum, the large carina is U-shaped); gena entirely alutaceus (Fig. 27) (in turcomanorum, gena micro-areolate, centrally weakly alutaceus appearing smooth); scutellum smooth medially, finely longitudinally striate laterally, and sparsely punctate posteriorly (Fig. 29) (in turcomanorum, scutellum alutaceus medially, with sparse shallow foveola, with some longitudinal striations laterally); propodeum alutaceus antero-laterally, irregularly areolate medially (in turcomanorum, coarsely rugose); vein 1Cu spectral at apical 0.25 (Fig. 33) (0.2 in turcomonarum). Distribution. Turkmenistan (Semenov 1891), Tajikistan, Afghanistan (Tobias 1988), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh region) (new record).

Stichopogon scaliger Loew (Figs 13, 14 D) Stichopogon scaliger Loew, 1847: 501; Stichopogon congener Loew, 1856: 37. Type locality. Italy, ��� S��dlichen Russland ��� [southern Russia]. Diagnosis. Length: Body 5.5 mm, wing 3.2 mm. Resembles S. chrysostoma except for: setae on abdominal tergite l stronger, tufts of hairs on 8th sternite of female short and not touching in the middle; male genitalia with dististylus wider and less curved. Local distribution. Western Desert. Geographical distribution. Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Turkey. Specimens examined. Wadi El-Natroun, 11�� 13.IV.2013 (2 ♀) (ASUC). Remarks. This species is recorded from Egypt for the first time. The character of the dististylus of the male in couplet 4 in the key was taken from Theodor (1980) as we do not have a male specimen of Stichopogon scaliger. Engel (1924) identified this species among the Egyptian specimens sent to him by Efflatoun. In contrast, Efflatoun (1937) re-identified the species as S. chrysostoma (not scaliger), based on an examination of 150 Egyptian specimens, including Engel's specimens, and after comparison with Hungarian specimens of S. scaliger. Also, following our own examination of the specimen which was collected from Ramleh, 17.IX.1921 (PPDD) and incorrectly identified by Engel as S. scaliger, it is clear that this specimen belongs to S. chrysostoma. Both Steyskal & El-Bialy (1967) and El-Hawagry (2011) erroneously included this species from the literature based on Engel (1924), we were recently successful in collecting two specimens of this species from Wadi El-Natroun (April 2013) and so this species is here considered as a new record for our fauna., Published as part of Abu El-Hassan, Gawhara M. M., Badrawy, Haitham B. M., Gad Allah, Sohair M., Soliman, Ahmed M., Salama, Mohamed S. & Mohammad, Salwa K., 2017, Review of robber flies of the genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae: Stichopogoninae) from Egypt, pp. 142-160 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on page 157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376052, {"references":["Loew, H. (1847) Ueber die europaischen Raubfliegen (Diptera: Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 2, 384 - 568, 587 - 591.","Loew, H. (1856) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Funfter Beitrag. Programm der Koniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz, 1856, 1 - 56.","Theodor, O. (1980) Fauna Palaestina - Insecta II - Diptera: Asilidae. The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem, 446 pp.","Engel, E. O. (1924) Egyptian Asilidae (Dipt.) collected by H. C. Efflatoun Bey. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique d'Egypte, 8, 345 - 355.","Efflatoun, H. C. (1937) A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part V. Family Asilidae (Section II). Memoires de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte, 4 (3), 199 - 443.","Steyskal, G. C. & El? Bialy, S. (1967) A list of Egyptian Diptera with a bibliography and key to families. Ministry of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, No. 3, 87.","El-Hawagry, M. S. A. (2011) Catalogue of superfamily Asiloidea (Diptera: Brachycera) of Egypt. Efflatounia, 11 (Special Issue), 1 - 189."]}

Eucremastus rufoantennalis sp. nov. Gadallah & Soliman (Figs 8 A–E, 9A–D, 10A–C) Material examined. Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Al-Quwayiyah, Rawdhat Al-Harmalyiah [24°17'50"N, 45°08'49"E] (786m), light trap, 17.iv.2015 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.) [EFC]. Paratype 1♀: Saudi Arabia, Al-Zulfi, Rawdhat Al-Sabalh [26°23'17"N, 44°58'38"E] 670m, light trap, 25.x.2015 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.) [KSMA]. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 9.0 mm, fore wing length 5.0 mm, ovipositor length 4.0 mm. Head. Antenna with 29 flagellomeres, F1 about 4.6 × as long as wide (Fig. 8 D). Gena short, constricted behind eyes (Fig. 8 D). Occipital carina very thin, greatly interrupted medially. Occiput with dense, irregularly distributed punctures. Head densely shallowly punctate, punctures separated by distances more than a puncture diameter, larger and denser on face (Fig. 8 B); clypeus with fewer large punctures. Ocelli rather small; MOD 1.3 × OOD; IOD 2.0 × OOD (Fig. 8 B, D). Inner eye margins nearly parallel-sided (Fig. 8 B). Clypeus slightly convex in profile, with fine suberect hairs, ventral margin slightly rounded (Fig. 8 B). Malar space about 0.3 × basal width of mandible. Mandible with inner tooth slightly longer than outer one (Fig. 8 C). Mesosoma. Densely punctate, fewer and widely spaced in middle of mesoscutum and base of scutellum (Fig. 8 E). Notauli distinct, not reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 8 E), axilla densely punctate. Mesopleuron striato-punctate (Fig. 9 A). Propodeum distinctly transversely wrinkled, especially medially (Fig. 8 E). Legs slender, middle tibiae, each with one spur. Claws small and thin, each with three inner teeth. Wings. Fore wing densely covered with minute setae apically, less dense on disco-submarginal and 2nd discal as well as marginal cells (hardly seen) (Fig. 9 B). Vein Rs slightly concave to nearly straight ventrally; pterostigma narrowly triangular, 3.8 × as long as broad; vein R1 shorter than pterostigma (0.7 ×) (Fig. 9 B). Hind wing (Fig. 9 C) with eight hamuli. Metasoma. T1 about 1.17 × T2 (Fig. 10 A). Lateral sides of T1 almost touching each other ventrally, obscuring most of S1 (except anteriorly and posteriorly). Posterior margin of T1 and almost all T2 are finely longitudinally striated (Fig. 10 A); T2 with two distinct lateral longitudinal grooves along its whole length (Fig. 10 A, B). The following tergites punctate especially laterally. Ovipositor very slightly downwardly curved apically (Fig. 10 C), with a subapical notch; ovipositor sheath very thin, densely clothed with fine erect sensory setae along its whole length, ending with a specule (Fig. 10 C). Colour. Generally whitish with the following parts slightly yellowish (Fig. 8 A): T1 subapically (Fig. 10 A), anterior band on T4 and T5, almost all T5 (Fig. 10 B). Anterior margin of T2 and T3 brownish, giving off a shiny hue along the middle area of T2 (Fig. 10 A). Antennal flagellum and mandibular teeth dark brown (Fig. 8 C, D). Ovipositor dark reddish-brown, with yellowish tip, ovipositor sheath entirely black (Fig. 10 C). Wing hyaline with dark brown wing veins (except 1A membranous), pterostigma pale brown (Fig. 9 B). MALE. Unknown. Remarks. The holotype female is of type 0 of Mazón & Bordera (2015), however the paratype female belongs to type 1 with both middle tibiae having two unequal spurs (Fig. 9 D). Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin (adj.) “ rufus ” related to the reddish-brown antenna.

Eucharis (Psilogastrellus) punctata F��rster, 1859 (Figure 8) Eucharis punctata F��rster, 1859: 8 9 ��� 91. Type data: Tyrol (Austria). Syntype ♀. Type depository: NHMW. Eucharis (Pachyeucharis) punctata; Bouček, 1956: 252; change in combination. Psilogastrellus punctatus, Bouček, 1977: 60, 124; change in combination. Material examined 1♀, Saudi Arabia, Al-Baha, Wadi Galala (20.14638��N, 41.3425��E), altitude 1900 m (leg. Setvaningrum), sweep net (KSMA). Host records It has been recorded from Messor sp., Messor barbarus (Linnaeus) and Messor concolor Santschi (Noyes 2015). Distribution Algeria, Austria (Heraty 2002), Egypt (Heraty 2002; Gadallah et al. 2013); Tunisia (Bouček 1956), Turkey (Bouček 1951, 1956), Croatia (Bouček 1977). Saudi Arabia (new record). Notes This species largely agrees with Ruschka ��� s description (Ruschka 1924) as well as with the characters given in Bouček ��� s key (Bouček 1956). However, wing infuscation of the Saudi Arabian specimen is somewhat darker and extends along most of wing surface (Figure 8)., Published as part of Neveen S. Gadallah, Ahmed M. Soliman & Hathal M. Al Dhafer, 2017, Eucharitidae new to the fauna of Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with the description of a new species and the previously unknown male of Eucharis (Psilogastrellus) albipennis Bou��ek, pp. 96-113 in Journal of Natural History 51 (1) on pages 109-110, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1245798, http://zenodo.org/record/400719, {"references":["Forster A. 1859. Zweite Centurie neuer Hymenopteren. Verhandlungen Des Naturhistorischen Vereines Der Preussischen Rheinlande Und Westfalens. 16: 87 - 124.","Boucek Z. 1956. A contribution to the knowledge of the Chalcididae, Leucospididae and Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of the Near East. Bull Res Counc Isr. 5 B: 227 - 259.","Boucek Z. 1977. A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Entomol Jugosl. 13: 1 - 145.","Noyes JS. 2015. Universal Chalcidoidea Database-World Wide Web electronic publication. [cited 2015 Sept 20]. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids / index","Heraty JM. 2002. A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the world. Mem Am Entomol Inst. 68: 1 - 359.","Gadallah NS, Edmardash YA, Heraty J. 2013. A review of the family Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidae) of Egypt. Zootaxa. 3713: 389 - 394.","Boucek Z. 1951. Results of the zoological science expedition of the national museum in Praha to Turkey. Acta Ent Mus Nat Pra. 27: 52 - 54.","Ruschka F. 1924. Die europaisch-mediterranen Eucharidinae und Perilampinae (Hym., Chalc.). Der Chalcididenstudien IV. und V. teil. Dtsch Entomol Z. 41: 82 - 96."]}

Eucremastus rufoantennalis sp. nov. Gadallah & Soliman (Figs 8 A���E, 9A���D, 10A���C) Material examined. Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Al-Quwayiyah, Rawdhat Al-Harmalyiah [24��17'50"N, 45��08'49"E] (786m), light trap, 17.iv.2015 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.) [EFC]. Paratype 1♀: Saudi Arabia, Al-Zulfi, Rawdhat Al-Sabalh [26��23'17"N, 44��58'38"E] 670m, light trap, 25.x.2015 (leg. Al Dhafer et al.) [KSMA]. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 9.0 mm, fore wing length 5.0 mm, ovipositor length 4.0 mm. Head. Antenna with 29 flagellomeres, F1 about 4.6 �� as long as wide (Fig. 8 D). Gena short, constricted behind eyes (Fig. 8 D). Occipital carina very thin, greatly interrupted medially. Occiput with dense, irregularly distributed punctures. Head densely shallowly punctate, punctures separated by distances more than a puncture diameter, larger and denser on face (Fig. 8 B); clypeus with fewer large punctures. Ocelli rather small; MOD 1.3 �� OOD; IOD 2.0 �� OOD (Fig. 8 B, D). Inner eye margins nearly parallel-sided (Fig. 8 B). Clypeus slightly convex in profile, with fine suberect hairs, ventral margin slightly rounded (Fig. 8 B). Malar space about 0.3 �� basal width of mandible. Mandible with inner tooth slightly longer than outer one (Fig. 8 C). Mesosoma. Densely punctate, fewer and widely spaced in middle of mesoscutum and base of scutellum (Fig. 8 E). Notauli distinct, not reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 8 E), axilla densely punctate. Mesopleuron striato-punctate (Fig. 9 A). Propodeum distinctly transversely wrinkled, especially medially (Fig. 8 E). Legs slender, middle tibiae, each with one spur. Claws small and thin, each with three inner teeth. Wings. Fore wing densely covered with minute setae apically, less dense on disco-submarginal and 2nd discal as well as marginal cells (hardly seen) (Fig. 9 B). Vein Rs slightly concave to nearly straight ventrally; pterostigma narrowly triangular, 3.8 �� as long as broad; vein R1 shorter than pterostigma (0.7 ��) (Fig. 9 B). Hind wing (Fig. 9 C) with eight hamuli. Metasoma. T1 about 1.17 �� T2 (Fig. 10 A). Lateral sides of T1 almost touching each other ventrally, obscuring most of S1 (except anteriorly and posteriorly). Posterior margin of T1 and almost all T2 are finely longitudinally striated (Fig. 10 A); T2 with two distinct lateral longitudinal grooves along its whole length (Fig. 10 A, B). The following tergites punctate especially laterally. Ovipositor very slightly downwardly curved apically (Fig. 10 C), with a subapical notch; ovipositor sheath very thin, densely clothed with fine erect sensory setae along its whole length, ending with a specule (Fig. 10 C). Colour. Generally whitish with the following parts slightly yellowish (Fig. 8 A): T1 subapically (Fig. 10 A), anterior band on T4 and T5, almost all T5 (Fig. 10 B). Anterior margin of T2 and T3 brownish, giving off a shiny hue along the middle area of T2 (Fig. 10 A). Antennal flagellum and mandibular teeth dark brown (Fig. 8 C, D). Ovipositor dark reddish-brown, with yellowish tip, ovipositor sheath entirely black (Fig. 10 C). Wing hyaline with dark brown wing veins (except 1A membranous), pterostigma pale brown (Fig. 9 B). MALE. Unknown. Remarks. The holotype female is of type 0 of Maz��n & Bordera (2015), however the paratype female belongs to type 1 with both middle tibiae having two unequal spurs (Fig. 9 D). Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin (adj.) ��� rufus ��� related to the reddish-brown antenna., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the genus Eucremastus Sz��pligeti, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae) from the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of three new species, pp. 339-354 in Zootaxa 4216 (4) on pages 349-351, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.242266, {"references":["Mazon, M. & Bordera, S. (2015) Variability and fluctuation asymmetry of mid tibial spurs in Eucremastus Szepligeti (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 45, 55 ¯ 63. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / JHR. 45.8612"]}

Foenatopus cf. turcomonarum (Semenov, 1891) Figs 23 ��34 Stephanus turcomanorum Semenov, 1891: 435, ♀. Material examined. Saudi Arabia: 1 ♀, Riyadh, Rawdhat Khoreim [25��25���57���N, 47��13���52���E], 572 m, 14.iv.2012, by sucking on Nitraria retusa, leg. Al Dhafer et al. (KSMA). Diagnosis. FEMALE. Length 12 mm; fore wing: 4.5 mm.; ovipositor length: 9.0 mm. morphometric ratios: Cxl/Cxh 3.5; tw/iEE 0.59; btl/btw 3.3; Pnl/Smw 1.18; Pnl/Ew 1.88; GSl/Ptl 3.2; Ptl/T3l 1.45; Hdl/Ew 2.27; Ew/Tw 1.76; iEE/eEE 0.6; Ppl/Ew 1.59; io/oo 8.3; Ptl/alinotum 1.53; 1Cu/1cu-a 1.11. Description. Body length 12 mm; fore wing length 4.5 mm; ovipositor length 9.0 mm. Head (Figs 25 ��28). Globular. Antenna with 22 long and slender flagellomeres. Frons ventrally until middle area between inner eye margins transversely rugose; frontal carina indistinct. Cornal area with few radiating carinae from central tubercles, integument smooth in between; anterior and central coronal tubercles sharp and well-elevated, while posterior coronal tubercles weakly elevated and widely separated; large areolations could be seen in the area between anterior and central coronal tubercles. Vertex anterior to posterior coronal tubercles with a large transverse carina, followed by a shorter one, integument smooth and shiny in between; posterior area of vertex transversely rugose followed by areolated area reaching occipital carina. Gena alutaceus, with some fine transverse striations towards hypostemal carina. Malar area 0.73 �� mandibular base. Occipital carina thin and sharp. Mesosoma (Figs 29 & 30). Pronotal colo deeply emarginated anteriorly, U-shaped, as deep as broad, with 4 thick annulations; pronotal fold absent. Pronotum transversely rugose medially and areolate laterally, broadly concave posteriorly; pronotal lobe weakly developed, strigate. Mesoscutum areolate, sparsely punctate laterally; notauli absent. Scutellum smooth and shiny medially, with fine longitudinal striations laterally and few punctures posteriorly. Propodeum alutaceus antero-laterally, irregularly areolate medially, that are separated by short distances less than areolar diameter, becoming larger and closer posteriorly. Mesopleuron anteriorly coarsely areolate, followed by finely punctate large area above, with shiny area between punctures and areolate ventrally. Metapleuron coarsely areolate throughout. Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 33) with venation beyond 1cu-a and IM are spectral; vein 2 r fully tubular, vein 1Cu tubular at basal 0.75; vein 4Rs upwardly curved, with 4 well-separated setae along its length, terminating a distance from wing apex. Vein M+Cu with three widely separated fine hairs at base; 1cu-a slightly postfurcal, with a slight break at point of connection with 1-1A.Vein 1-1A straight; vein 2-1A entirely spectral. Hind wing with Sc+R vein fully tubular, other veins are indistinct. Legs (Figs 31 & 32). Hind coxa transversely strigate, with exterior longitudinal oval alutaceus area. Hind femur finely alutaceus; right hind femur with short triangular tooth at basal 0.2, followed by 2 large ones medially and a tooth at preapical 0.7; 2 small unequal tubercles present between central ones and 3-4 smaller ones present after the apical one and extending to apex ventrally; all tubercle apices bearing single short hair. Left femur, three tubercles between large central teeth, while those after the apical tooth not evident. All teeth smooth and not bearing apical hairs as tubercles. Hind tibia alutaceus along its entire length, with basal half thin, apical half dilated and compressed ventrally; compressed part with two longitudinal carinae, with golden pilosity mesally that becomes longer and denser distally. Metasoma (Figs 24 & 34). Petiole finely transversely strigate, petiolar tubercles absent. Metasoma finely alutaceus on remaining tergite. T3 petiolate, T4 with two sub-basal rounded spots laterally. Pygidium small, posterior margin emarginate. Ovipositor about 0.75 body length. Color (Figs 23 ��25, 29 & 34). Head and metasoma dark reddish-brown; mesosoma black, posterior rim of pronotum golden; petiole reddish brown at basal 0.2 and distal 0.1; T3 reddish brown basally; T4 with two subbasal rounded yellowish to ivory spots laterally; ovipositor reddish, ovipositor sheath dark brown to black. Remarks. This species is similar to F. turcomanorum (Semenov) in having pronotum entirely transversely strigate and areolate laterally; the yellowish spots on T4 small and widely separated; vein 1-1A of fore wing straight, vein 2-1A spectral. However, it differs from it in the following combination of characters (based on Aguiar et al. 2010): Comparative morphometrics:: Cxl/Cxh 3.5 (3.41); tw/iEE 0.59 (0.59); btl/btw 3.3 (1.63); Pnl/Smw 1.18 (1.32); Pnl/Ew 1.88 (2.14); GSl/Ptl 3.2 (1.19); Ptl/T3l 1.45 (2.16); Hdl/Ew 2.27 (2.00); Ew/Tw 1.76 (1.31); iEE/eEE 0.6 (0.53); Ppl/Ew 1.59 (2.05); io/oo 8.3 (8.5); Ptl/alinotum 1.53 (1.57). Other characters: vertex anteriorly, behind posterior pair of coronal tubercles, with large transverse carina followed by shorter one (Figs 25 & 26) (in turcomanorum, the large carina is U-shaped); gena entirely alutaceus (Fig. 27) (in turcomanorum, gena micro-areolate, centrally weakly alutaceus appearing smooth); scutellum smooth medially, finely longitudinally striate laterally, and sparsely punctate posteriorly (Fig. 29) (in turcomanorum, scutellum alutaceus medially, with sparse shallow foveola, with some longitudinal striations laterally); propodeum alutaceus antero-laterally, irregularly areolate medially (in turcomanorum, coarsely rugose); vein 1Cu spectral at apical 0.25 (Fig. 33) (0.2 in turcomonarum). Distribution. Turkmenistan (Semenov 1891), Tajikistan, Afghanistan (Tobias 1988), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh region) (new record)., Published as part of Soliman, Ahmed M., Gadallah, Neveen S. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea) for the fauna of Saudi Arabia, with the description of a new species, pp. 23-38 in Zootaxa 4311 (1) on pages 32-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/847293, {"references":["Semenov, A. (1891) Stephanus turcomanorum sp. n. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 25, 435 - 437.","Tobias, V. I. (1988) Superfamily Stephanoidea. In: Medvedjev, G. S. (Ed.), Opredelitel Nasekomykh Evropeiskoi Chasti SSSR. Vol. III. Pereponchatokrylye 6. Predelite po faune SSSR, No. 158, pp. 390 - 392. [English translation]"]}

Stichopogon pusio (Macquart) (Fig. 12) Dasypogon pusio Macquart in Lucas, 1849: 438; Stichopogon griseomaculatus Villeneuve, 1910: 303. Type locality. Algeria. (deposited in MNHN: Natural History Museum, Paris, France) Diagnosis. Length: Body 5.2 mm, wing 4.2 mm. Small shining black species; face narrow, mystax whitish bristles; antenna black; legs black; cell r4 long, narrow, with the two veins almost parallel; cell m3 widely open apically; abdomen shining black with pale yellowish-brown posterior margins. Local distribution. Gabel Elba. Geographical distribution. Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia. Specimens examined. Gabel Elba, South Eastern Desert, I.1930 (1 ♀, det. by Efflatoun) (ESEC)., Published as part of Abu El-Hassan, Gawhara M. M., Badrawy, Haitham B. M., Gad Allah, Sohair M., Soliman, Ahmed M., Salama, Mohamed S. & Mohammad, Salwa K., 2017, Review of robber flies of the genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae: Stichopogoninae) from Egypt, pp. 142-160 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on pages 156-157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376052, {"references":["Villeneuve, J. (1910) Dipteres nouveaux du Nord de l'Afrique. Wiener Entomologiache Zeitung, 29, 301 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 23364"]}

Key to Eucremastus species of Saudi Arabia (based on females) 1. Body entirely lemon yellow (Fig. 4 A, B); fore wing vein Rs distinctly concave ventrally (Fig. 5 A); pterostigma broadly triangular, 2.9 × as long as broad; fore wing vein R1 about as long as pterostigmal length (Fig. 5 A).......... E. flavus sp. nov. - Body ivory white, with few black especially on metasomal T2 medio-basally (Figs 2 A, 8A); fore wing vein Rs slightly concave to nearly straight ventrally; pterostigma narrowly triangular, 3.8‾4.0 × as long as broad; fore wing vein R1 shorter than pterostigmal length (0.7‾0.8 ×)......................................................................... 2 2. Antenna with distinctly dark brown flagellomeres (Fig. 8 D); antenna with 29 flagellomeres; ocelli small; MOD 1.3 × OOD; IOD 2.0 × OOD (Fig. 8 B, D)........................................................ E. rufoantennalis sp. nov. - Antenna with pale brown to yellowish or ivory white flagellomeres (Fig. 2 C); antenna with 34 flagellomeres; ocelli large; MOD 1.6 × OOD; IOD 2.5 × OOD (Fig. 2 B, C).............................................. E. arabicus sp. nov.

Eucremastus flavus sp. nov. Gadallah & Soliman (Figs 4 A���D, 5��D, 6��D, 7��D) Material examined. Holotype ♀: Saudi Arabia, Muzahimiyah, Al-Khararah [24��24��21��N, 46��14��40��E], light trap, 30.iii.2011 (leg. Al-Dryhim et al.) [KSMA]. Paratype 1♂: Saudi Arabia, Muzahimiyah, Al-Khararah [24��24'21"N, 46��14'40"E], light trap, 17.vi.2011 (leg. Al-Dryhim et al.) [KSMA]. Description. FEMALE (holotype). Body length 10.0 mm, fore wing length 6.0 mm, ovipositor length 4.0 mm. Head. Antenna with flagellum missing. Gena short, constricted behind eyes (Fig. 4 D). Occipital carina very weak, only seen very thin laterally (Fig. 4 B). Occiput nearly smooth, broadly concave (Fig. 4 B). Vertex shallowly but densely punctate, distance between punctures about 1.0 �� puncture diameter. Ocelli distinctly large (Fig. 4 C); MOD 1.5 �� OOD (Fig. 4 B, C); IOD about 2.7 �� OOD (Fig. 4 B, C). Face densely punctate, becoming coarser and closer on lower face, less dense along inner eye orbits (Fig. 4 C). Clypeus slightly convex in profile (Fig. 4 D), with fewer coarse punctures, punctures separated from each other by a puncture diameter, with distinctly rounded ventral margin (Fig. 4 C). Malar space about 0.7 �� as long as mandibular basal width. Mandible with inner tooth distinctly shorter (0.5 ��) than outer tooth (Fig. 4 C). Mesosoma. Densely punctate; mesoscutum finely and closely punctate anteriorly, while coarsely punctulate on scutellum (Fig. 4 B); mesopleuron densely punctate, separated from each other by less than puncture diameter (Fig. 4 D); metapleuron with fewer and shallower fine punctures, separated by about a puncture diameter. Propodeum areolate, with complete lateral and transverse carinae, with dense punctures in between. Transverse carina of mesosternum complete. Epicnemial carina complete. Sternaulus indistinct. Notauli weak, not reaching posterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 4 B). Legs with very thin short claws, each with three sharp inner teeth; hind metatarsus about as long as following tarsomeres combined; middle tibiae each with a single spur (Fig. 5 C). Wings. Fore wing with vein Rs distinctly concave ventrally (Fig. 5 A); veins 1m-cu and 2m-cu each with a large bulla; pterostigma broadly triangular, about 2.9 �� as long as broad; vein R1 about as long as pterostigma (Fig. 5 A); veins Rs & M interstitial with cu-a. Hind wing with 6 hamuli; vein r-m distinctly and peculiarly angulate (not straight) (Fig. 5 B), vein Cu1 indistinct. Metasoma. T1 about as long as T2; T1 with two postero-lateral longitudinally arranged punctures similar to those on scutellum. T2 finely longitudinally striated. T1 extended laterally to meet ventrally, thus obscuring S1 at least medially. Ovipositor very slightly curved apically (Fig. 5 D), with preapical notch; ovipositor sheath cylindrical along almost its whole length, but laterally flattened apically, ending in a single fine hair, surrounded laterally with short fine sensory setae along its whole length (Fig. 5 D). Colour. Body generally lemon yellow (Fig. 4 A, B), with inner orbits of eyes, clypeus, mandible (except black teeth), antennal scape and pedicel are paler to whitish; coxae, trochanters of all legs, middle and hind tibiae, all tarsi are whitish (Fig. 4 A); outer surface of hind tibia with a dark band extending from apex but not reaching middle; claws of all legs dark brown. Ovipositor black, but reddish brown apically (Fig. 5 D); ovipositor sheath entirely black (Fig. 5 D). Comments. The female of this species is similar to the female of E. villiersi (Benoit), but differs from it as follow (based on Benoit 1953): 1. Metasomal T6 with a black spot, antenna and ovipositor entirely black; clypeus densely punctate; scutellum almost smooth, with some longitudinal ridges apically; antennal flagellomeres obliquely truncate apically; fore wing vein Rs nearly straight; vein r-m of hind wing normal, slightly convex to straight; metasomal T1 smooth and shiny............ E. villiersi (Benoit) - Body entirely yellow without any black (Fig. 4 A, B), scape and pedicel of antenna whitish (rest of antenna lost), ovipositor reddish brown apically (Fig. 5 D); clypeus with fewer coarse punctures (Fig. 4 C); scutellum puncto-striate, not smooth; fore wing vein Rs distinctly concave (Fig. 5 A); vein r-m of hind wing peculiarly angular, not straight (Fig. 5 B); metasomal T1 with some punctures arranged longitudinally, especially laterally...................................... E. flavus sp. nov. MALE ( paratype). Body length 11.0 mm, fore wing length 6.5 mm. Resembles female except for the following combination of characters: body generally more slender than in female (Fig. 6 A, B), similar colour except for some dark brown to black markings on the following body parts: scuto-scutellar sulcus, a dark tint on T1 medially, T2 with two large rounded spots medio-laterally, T3 with two longitudinal slit-like black markings sub-laterally at base (Fig. 6 A, B); face here paler yellow to whitish than in female (except ocellar triangle which is yellow) (Fig. 6 C), antenna with whitish scape and pedicel, flagellum dark brown (Fig. 6 D); hind femur slightly darker than rest of legs, hind tibia with a dark band extending along its whole length externally (Fig. 7 D). MOD distinctly larger (about 1.7 ��) than OOD; IOD about 3.0 �� as long as OOD (Fig. 6 D); clypeus with broadly rounded ventral margin (Fig. 6 C); malar space about 0.8 �� as long as mandibular base (Fig. 7 B); mandible with inner tooth about 0.75 �� as long as outer tooth (Fig. 6 C); notauli indistinct (Fig. 7 A); fore wing with bulla on vein 2m-cu relatively small in relation to that in female (Fig. 7 C); pterostigma narrowly triangular, 3.3 �� as long as broad; R1 shorter than pterostigma (0.8 ��); hind wing with 8 hamuli; metasomal T1 hardly longer than T2 (1.15 ��) (Fig. 6 B). Remarks. Both male and female specimens belong to type 0 of Maz��n & Bordera (2015), i.e. the normal Eucremastus character state with both mid tibiae having a single long spur (Figs 5 C, 7D). Etymology. The name flavus is the Latin noun for ���yellow��� denoting the yellow colouration of the body., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the genus Eucremastus Sz��pligeti, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae) from the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of three new species, pp. 339-354 in Zootaxa 4216 (4) on pages 344-349, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.242266, {"references":["Benoit, P. L. G. (1953) Contribution a la connaissance des Ichneumonides de l'Afrique occidentale (1 re note). Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique noire, 15, 543 ¯ 548.","Mazon, M. & Bordera, S. (2015) Variability and fluctuation asymmetry of mid tibial spurs in Eucremastus Szepligeti (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 45, 55 ¯ 63. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / JHR. 45.8612"]}

Stichopogon deserti Theodor (Figs 7, 14A) Stichopogon deserti Theodor, 1980: 154. Type-locality. "Sede Boger" (Palestine). Diagnosis. Length: Body 4.5�� 5.5 mm, wing 3.2�� 3.9 mm. Small species; mystax white; antenna black; cell m3 short, narrowly open, with long basal stalk; pulvilli reduced, half as long as claws; abdomen with the spots less distinct than those in S. elegantulus. Local distribution. Sinai, Eastern Desert, Lower Nile Valley. Geographical distribution. Egypt, Jordan, Palestine. Specimens examined. Wadi Garawi, 20.IV.1923 (1 ♀); Wadi Garawi, 21.IV.1923 (1 ♀); Wadi Zohleiga, 27.III.1925 (1 ♀); Wadi Dar El-Maskhara, 12.IV. 1 930 (2 ♀); Wadi Gedeirat, 8.V.1934 (1 ♂); Wadi Wirak, N. Galalah, 4.IV.1937 (3 ♂, 4 ♀); Wadi Rishrash, 16.IV.1938 (2 ♂, 5 ♀); Ein Gedeirat, 13-22.IV.1938 (2 ♀); Wadi Gedirate, 12-16.VII.1939 (1 ♀); Wadi El-Rabba, S. Sinai, 21-24.IV.1940 (1 ♂); Wadi El-Helwa, Sinai, 25.IV.1940 (1 ♀); Wadi El-Helwa, Sinai, 27.IV.1940 (1 ♀); Wadi El -Shallal, Abu Zeneima, 29.III.1941 (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Wadi El- Lega, S. Sinai, 6.IX.1941 (1 ♂, 2 ♀) (CUC); UAE, Sharjah x Khor Kalba near tunnel, 24-30.V.2006 (1 ♀); UAE, Al-Ajban, 22.X-9.XI.2005 (1 ♂) (BPC). Remark. This species is recorded from Egypt for the first time. It is closely related to S. elegantulus (Wiedemann) but can be easily distinguished by the small body length, the length of the pulvilli, and the narrowed m3 cell., Published as part of Abu El-Hassan, Gawhara M. M., Badrawy, Haitham B. M., Gad Allah, Sohair M., Soliman, Ahmed M., Salama, Mohamed S. & Mohammad, Salwa K., 2017, Review of robber flies of the genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae: Stichopogoninae) from Egypt, pp. 142-160 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/376052, {"references":["Theodor, O. (1980) Fauna Palaestina - Insecta II - Diptera: Asilidae. The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem, 446 pp."]}

Key to Eucremastus species of Saudi Arabia (based on females) 1. Body entirely lemon yellow (Fig. 4 A, B); fore wing vein Rs distinctly concave ventrally (Fig. 5 A); pterostigma broadly triangular, 2.9 �� as long as broad; fore wing vein R1 about as long as pterostigmal length (Fig. 5 A).......... E. flavus sp. nov. - Body ivory white, with few black especially on metasomal T2 medio-basally (Figs 2 A, 8A); fore wing vein Rs slightly concave to nearly straight ventrally; pterostigma narrowly triangular, 3.8���4.0 �� as long as broad; fore wing vein R1 shorter than pterostigmal length (0.7���0.8 ��)......................................................................... 2 2. Antenna with distinctly dark brown flagellomeres (Fig. 8 D); antenna with 29 flagellomeres; ocelli small; MOD 1.3 �� OOD; IOD 2.0 �� OOD (Fig. 8 B, D)........................................................ E. rufoantennalis sp. nov. - Antenna with pale brown to yellowish or ivory white flagellomeres (Fig. 2 C); antenna with 34 flagellomeres; ocelli large; MOD 1.6 �� OOD; IOD 2.5 �� OOD (Fig. 2 B, C).............................................. E. arabicus sp. nov., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M. & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, First record of the genus Eucremastus Sz��pligeti, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae) from the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of three new species, pp. 339-354 in Zootaxa 4216 (4) on pages 340-341, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.242266

Eucharis (Eucharisca) intermedia Ruschka, 1924 (Figure 7 a, b) Eucharis intermedia Ruschka, 1924: 88. Type data: Tunisia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHMW. Eucharis (Eucharisca) intermedia; Bouček, 1956: 258, subgeneric combination. Material examined 1♀, Saudi Arabia, Rawdhat Khoreim (25.38305��N, 47.27833��E), altitude 572 m, 27 August 2012 (leg. Fadl), on Nitraria retusa (KSMA). Host records Unknown. Distribution Tunisia (Ruschka 1924; Heraty 2002), Israel (Masi 1949; Bouček 1956). Saudi Arabia (new record). Notes This specimen agrees very well with Ruschka ��� s description (1924). It closely resembles Eucharis bytinskisalzi but differs as follows: mesosoma shiny black to dark bluish metallic with slight green reflection (Figure 7 b) (dark metallic green in E. bytinskisalzi); metasoma entirely peach-red in colour (Figure 7 a) (in E. bytinskisalzi base of Gt1 distinctly dark brown); club of antenna with irregularly rounded end (Figure 7 a) (more regularly rounded in E. bytinskisalzi); median scutellar sulcus linear anteriorly and widened posteriorly (regular and foveolate along the whole length of scutellum in E. bytinskisalzi); mesosoma with finer and sparser punctures leaving smooth (Figure 7 b) (coarser and closer in E. bytinskisalzi). areas in between, Published as part of Neveen S. Gadallah, Ahmed M. Soliman & Hathal M. Al Dhafer, 2017, Eucharitidae new to the fauna of Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with the description of a new species and the previously unknown male of Eucharis (Psilogastrellus) albipennis Bou��ek, pp. 96-113 in Journal of Natural History 51 (1) on pages 107-109, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1245798, http://zenodo.org/record/400719, {"references":["Ruschka F. 1924. Die europaisch-mediterranen Eucharidinae und Perilampinae (Hym., Chalc.). Der Chalcididenstudien IV. und V. teil. Dtsch Entomol Z. 41: 82 - 96.","Boucek Z. 1956. A contribution to the knowledge of the Chalcididae, Leucospididae and Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of the Near East. Bull Res Counc Isr. 5 B: 227 - 259.","Heraty JM. 2002. A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the world. Mem Am Entomol Inst. 68: 1 - 359.","Masi L. 1949. Note su calcididi della Palestina. Estratto Boll Soc Entomol Ital. 79: 91 - 94."]}

Genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 A total of 498 specimens of Enicospilus representing 23 species were collected and identified with the keys of Gauld & Mitchell (1978) and Rousse & van Noort (2014). Some uncertain identifications were confirmed with the help of Gavin Broad (NHMUK). All our sequences and related pictures were uploaded to the BOLD database, and the identification numbers are detailed in the relevant descriptions (see below). The DNA extraction was unsuccessful for E. senescens (Tosquinet, 1896) and not enough material was available at the moment of extraction of E. bicoloratus Cameron, 1912, E. perlatus, E. psammus, Enicospilus sp. 1 and sp. 2. Six of the 17 COI barcodes significantly matched (> 97% similarity) with databased sequences, all of which were registered as unidentified Enicospilus spp. in the BOLD database. These were the barcodes extracted from specimens morphologically identified as E. capensis, E. grandiflavus Townes & Townes, 1973, E. oculator, E. pacificus (Holmgren, 1868), E. pallidus (Taschenberg, 1875) and E. shadaensis sp. nov. Five new species are described herein: E. arabicus Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov., E. mirabilis Soliman & Gadallah sp. nov., E. pseudoculator Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov., E. shadaensis Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov. and E. splendidus Rousse, Soliman & Gadallah sp. nov. In addition, this paper documents twelve species newly recorded from Saudi Arabia. Most of the reported species are typical of the Afrotropical region rather than the Palaearctic region, especially those collected from Al Baha and Asir provinces (southwestern Saudi Arabia). Of the Saudi species of Enicospilus, 86.9% are Afrotropical, 8.7% are Palaearctic and 13% are both (E. capensis, E. psammus, E. pseudoculator sp. nov.) (Table 1). Interestingly, two species reported from Yemen (E. justus and E. expeditus) (Gauld & Mitchell 1978) were not collected in the present study from South Western Saudi Arabia. An explanatory hypothesis might be that these two species were collected only in the high mountains in Yemen. As a consequence, we can not ascertain their presence in Saudi Arabia and did not include them in the key. Key to the species of Enicospilus in Saudi Arabia 1. Disco-submarginal cell of fore wing without any alar sclerites (Figs 25C, 27B)............................ 2 ��� Disco-submarginal cell of fore wing with one or more alar sclerites............................................... 3 2. Rs+2 r strongly sinuate proximally, fenestra relatively small, AI> 1 (Fig. 27B); antenna with more than 65 flagellomeres........................................................................ E. senescens (Tosquinet, 1896) ��� Rs+2 r straighter proximally (Fig. 25C), fenestra larger, AI E. oweni Gauld & Mitchell, 1976 3. Mesosoma interspersed with ivory markings (Figs 3H, 4B, 4G, 5B, 5C); antenna relatively short with fewer than 55 flagellomeres...................................................................................................... 4 ��� Mesosoma uniformly coloured, without ivory markings; antenna variable, usually with more than 55 flagellomeres..................................................................................................................................... 8 4. Fore wing with one proximal sclerite, central sclerite totally absent (Figs 26C, 27C, 28A)........... 5 ��� Fore wing with one proximal and one central sclerite (Figs 24B, 25A)........................................... 7 5. Proximal sclerite very weakly sclerotized (Fig. 28A); outer mid tibial spur very short, less than 0.4 �� as long as inner spur (Fig. 33C)....................... E. splendidus Rousse, Soliman & Gadallah sp. nov. ��� Proximal sclerite fully sclerotized (Figs 26C, 27C); outer mid tibial spur usually longer............... 6 6. Body dark reddish brown (Fig. 5B); proximal sclerite dark brown to black, triangular, CI> 0.2 (Fig. 27C); face narrow, 1.5 �� higher than wide (Fig. 8F); moderately large species (B> 27, F> 12)............................................................................ E. shadaensis Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov. ��� Body lighter orange to brown (Fig. 4G); proximal sclerite bright red and dome-shaped, CI �� higher than wide (Fig. 8C); smaller species (B E. pseudoculator Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov. 7. Metasoma interspersed with ivory markings (Fig. 3H); central sclerite uniformly sclerotized (Fig. 24B); median flagellomeres stout (Fl20 E. mirabilis Soliman & Gadallah sp. nov. ��� Metasoma without ivory markings (Fig. 4B); central sclerite weakly sclerotized proximally (Fig. 25A); median flagellomeres more slender (Fl20> 1.7)...................... E. oculator Seyrig, 1935 8. Proximal sclerite acutely arrow-shaped, central sclerite very weakly sclerotized (Fig. 25B); moderately to very large species (B 16���30, F 14���20).................... E. odax Gauld & Mitchell, 1978 ��� Proximal sclerite obviously different, central sclerite present or absent; usually smaller species... 9 9. Central sclerite totally absent, without even a faint trace (Figs 22A, 22C, 23C, 24A).................. 10 ��� Central sclerite present (e.g., Figs 22B, 23B, 26A, 26B, 28C) though sometimes weakly sclerotized (e.g., Figs 23A, 24C, 28C).............................................................................................................. 13 10. Pale yellow species (Figs 3A, 3G)...................................................................................................11 ��� Darker yellowish-orange species (Figs 3C, 3E)............................................................................. 12 11. Proximal sclerite obtusely angled without distal extension, ICI> 0.6, CI 25, F> 15).................................................................................................................................................................. E. grandiflavus Townes & Townes, 1973 ��� Proximal sclerite comma-shaped with very long distal extension, ICI 0.3 (Fig. 22A); integument is almost longitudinally striate just behind the basal transverse carina of propodeum (Fig. 18A); clypeus very strongly convex in profile (Fig. 10A); metasoma uniformly yellow without any dark markings (Fig. 3A); smaller species (B E. arabicus Gadallah & Soliman sp. nov. 12. Antenna moderately long with more than 50 flagellomeres, median ones strongly elongate (Fl20> 2); metapleuron weakly convex, without punctures, and longitudinally striate................................................................................................................................................. E. dubius (Tosquinet, 1896) ��� Antenna short with fewer than 50 flagellomeres, median ones stout (Fl20 E. brevicornis (Masi, 1939) 13. Central sclerite subdivided and U-shaped (Fig. 23B)................................. E. divisus (Seyrig, 1935) ��� Central sclerite not elongate, obviously different........................................................................... 14 14. Proximal sclerite rather narrow, comma-shaped with very long distal extension, central sclerite uniformly sclerotized (Fig. 26A)....................................................... E. pacificus (Holmgren, 1868) ��� Proximal sclerite different, more or less triangular sometimes with a faint distal extension (e.g., Figs 22B, 23A, 26B, 28C); central sclerite sometimes weakly sclerotized (e.g., Figs 23A, 24C, 28C)................................................................................................................................................ 15 15. Central sclerite crescent-shaped, weakly sclerotized proximally, and large with maximal length larger than distance to Rs+2r (Fig. 26B); pale yellow species (Fig. 4F)...................................................................................................................................................... E. pallidus (Taschenberg, 1875) ��� Central sclerite smaller and more or less circular (e.g., Figs 22B, 23A, 28B), sometimes hardly sclerotized proximally and/or distinctly elongate (Figs 24C, 27A) but never crescent-shaped; usually darker yellowish-orange species..................................................................................................... 16 16. Very small species (F 6���9), with characteristic alar sclerites (Fig. 34A)............................................................................................................................................. E. psammus Gauld & Mitchell, 1978 ��� Larger species (F nearly always> 10), with different alar sclerites............................................... 17 17. Outer mid (and sometimes hind) tibial spur(s) very short, less than 0.4 �� as long as inner spur(s) (Figs 33A); central sclerite longitudinal and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 24C)...................................................................................................................................................... E. nervellator Aubert, 1966 ��� Outer mid and hind tibial spurs longer; central sclerite variable.................................................... 18 18. Mandible with a long piliferous furrow from dorsal base to between teeth (Fig. 10D)................. 19 ��� Mandible without such a distinct piliferous furrow (e.g., Fig. 13B).............................................. 20 19. Mandible with upper tooth less than twice the length of lower tooth (Fig. 6B), bare or sparsely setose on outer margin (Fig. 6B); central sclerite small, circular, and uniformly sclerotized (Fig. 22B)............................................................................................ E. bicoloratus Cameron, 1912 ��� Mandible with upper tooth more than twice the length of lower tooth (Fig. 6D), with dense setae on outer margin (Figs 6D, 10D); central sclerite not uniformly sclerotized (Fig. 23A)........................................................................................................................................ E. capensis (Thunberg, 1822) 20. Central sclerite small, shortly elongate and totally translucent (Fig. 34B); hind wing with Cu & cu-a (nervellus) intercepted around middle (NI 1.0���1.2).............................. E. perlatus Shestakov, 1926 ��� Central sclerite circular to distinctly elongate, pigmented at least distally (Figs 27A, 28 B���C); hind wing with Cu & cu-a (nervellus) intercepted far below middle (NI> 1.6).................................... 21 21. Central sclerite moderately to very long and curved toward base of wing, proximal sclerite dark brown (Fig. 27A).................................................................................. E. rundiensis Bischoff, 1915 ��� Central sclerite more or less circular, proximal sclerite lighter (Figs 28 B���C)............................... 22 22. Central sclerite weakly sclerotized proximally (Fig. 28C); mesopleuron closely punctate without longitudinal striations (Fig. 17C)............................................................................ Enicospilus sp. 1 ��� Central sclerite fully sclerotized (Fig. 28B); mesopleuron puncto-striate......................................................................................................................... Enicospilus sp. 2 cf. bicoloratus Cameron, 1912, Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Rousse, Pascal & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, The genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) in Saudi Arabia, with twelve new species records and the description of five new species, pp. 1-69 in European Journal of Taxonomy 365 on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.365, http://zenodo.org/record/3838291, {"references":["Stephens J. F. 1835. Illustrations of British Entomology. Vol. 7: Mandibulata. Baldwin & Cradock, London.","Gauld I. D. & Mitchell P. A. 1978. The Taxonomy, Distribution and Host Preferences of African Parasitic Wasps of the Subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London.","Rousse P. & van Noort S. 2014. Afrotropical Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae): an update of Gauld and Mitchell's revision, including two new species and an interactive matrix identification key. ZooKeys 456: 59 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 456.8140","Tosquinet J. 1896. Contributions a la faune entomologique de l'Afrique. Ichneumonides. Memoires de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 5: 1 - 430.","Cameron P. 1912. On the Hymenoptera from Belgian Congo in the Congo Museum, Tervueren. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 56: 357 - 401. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12848247 [accessed 3 Oct. 2017].","Townes H. K. & Townes M. 1973. A catalogue of the Ethiopian Ichneumonidae. Errata for 1944 - 1945 Nearctic catalogue, 1965 eastern Palearctic catalogue and 1966 Neotropic catalogue. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 9: 1 - 416.","Holmgren A. E. 1868. Hymenoptera. Species novas descripsit. Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa omkring jorden, Zoologi 6: 391 - 442.","Taschenberg E. 1875. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Ophion Fab. Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften 46: 421 - 438.","Seyrig A. 1935. Mission scientifique de l'Omo. Tome III. Fascicule 18. Hymenoptera, II. Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae, Pimplinae, Tryphoninae et Ophioninae. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 4: 1 - 100.","Masi L. 1939. Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Cynipidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Bethylidae. Missione Biologica nel Paese dei Borana 3 (2): 21 - 44.","Aubert J. F. 1966. Description de dix especes nouvelles s'ajoutant aux Ichneumonides de France et du Bassin mediterraneen. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de Mulhouse 1966: 37 - 46.","Thunberg C. P. 1822. Ichneumonoidea, Insecta Hymenoptera illustrate. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg 8: 249 - 281.","Shestakov A. 1926. Tabula diagnostic et species novae palaearcticae generis Enicospilus Stephen. Konowia 5: 25 - 32.","Bischoff H. 1915. Zoologische Ergebnisse der Professor Hans Meyerschen Expedition nach Ostafrika 119. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 7 (3): 471 - 477."]}

Enicospilus capensis (Thunberg, 1822) Figs 3D, 6D, 10D, 14D, 18D, 23A, 29D Ichneumon capensis Thunberg, 1822: 314, ♀. Ophion antancarus Saussure, 1892: 21. Henicospilus praedator Enderlein, 1921: 28, ♀ Henicospilus incarinatus Enderlein, 1921: 30, ♂ Henicospilus euxoae Wilkinson, 1928: 261, ♀. Enicospilus obnoxius Seyrig, 1935: 75, ♀. Diagnosis (after Gauld & Mitchell 1978) B 16���19; F 11���15; ML 0.2���0.3; CT 1.7���2.2; OOL 0.2; POL 0.8; FI 0.47���0.5; Fl1���2 1.5���1.7; Fl20 1.5���2.0; AI 0.4���0.8; CI 0.35���0.5; ICI 0.43���0.6; SDI 1.28���1.5; NI 1.8. Body reddish brown overall, orbits and gena pale yellow; mandible slightly twisted, with inner groove along outer margin that is lined with a fringe of pale setae, lower tooth slightly more than 2.0 �� as long as upper tooth; clypeus convex in profile, with ventral margin in-turned ventrally; face subquadrate, 0.85���1.1 �� as high as wide; antenna with 46���54 flagellomeres; mesopleuron and metapleuron closely and finely punctate; basal transverse carina of propodeum distinct, anterior area of propodeum nearly smooth to transversely finely shagreened, posterior area coarsely rugose; proximal sclerite dome-shaped; central scelrite small, not uniformly sclerotized; distal sclerite transverse comma-shaped; hind wing with 7 distal hamuli on R 1; fore tibia sparsely setose. Material examined SAUDI ARABIA: 2 ♀♀, Shada Al Ala (Al Baha), sweep net, on Cactus, 17 Oct. 2014, leg. Al Dhafer et al. (EFC); 4 ♀♀, Shada Al Ala (Al Baha), light trap 4, 15 Feb. 2014, leg. Al Dhafer et al. (KSMA); 1 ♀, Shada Al Ala (Al Baha), light trap 5, 15 Feb. 2014, leg. Al Dhafer et al. (KSMA); 3 ♀♀, Shada Al Ala (Al Baha), light trap (House), 16 Feb. 2014, leg. Fadl H. (KSMA); 1 ♀, Raydah (Abha), light trap 4, 6 Jun. 2014, leg. Al Dhafer et al. (KSMA); 2 ♀♀, Deirab (Riyadh), light trap, 21��� 25 Oct. 1985, leg.? (KSMA); 4 ♀♀, Deirab (Riyadh), light trap, 4 Nov. 1985, leg.? (KSMA); 1 ♀, Deirab (Riyadh), light trap, 1 Dec. 1985, leg.? (KSMA); 1 ♀: Al Waseel (Riyadh), light trap, 8 Dec. 2012, leg. Sonbati S. (KSMA); 1 ♀, Al Kharg (Riyadh), light trap, 22 Feb. 2004, leg. Al Oqeal Y. (KSMA); 1 ♀, Al Amaryiah (Riyadh), light trap, 28 Jan. 2008, leg. Boy Valenza D. (KSMA). Previous records from Saudi Arabia Asir (Gauld & Mitchell 1978). BOLD Identification Number AAI5183. Distribution Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius, Rhodesia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen (Gauld & Mitchell 1978), China, Ethiopia, Gabon, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka (Yu et al. 2012), Madagascar (Gauld & Mitchell 1978; Madl 1996)., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Soliman, Ahmed M., Rousse, Pascal & Al Dhafer, Hathal M., 2017, The genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) in Saudi Arabia, with twelve new species records and the description of five new species, pp. 1-69 in European Journal of Taxonomy 365 on page 16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.365, http://zenodo.org/record/3838291, {"references":["Thunberg C. P. 1822. Ichneumonoidea, Insecta Hymenoptera illustrate. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg 8: 249 - 281.","Saussure H. de. 1892. In: Grandidier A. (ed.) Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar. Vol. 20: Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. L'Imprimerie Nationale, Paris. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 39794875 [accessed 3 Oct. 2017].","Enderlein G. 1921. Beitrage zur aussereuropaischer Ichneumoniden 5. Uber die Familie Ophionidae. Entomological Society of Stettin 82: 1 - 45.","Wilkinson D. S. 1928. New parasitic Hymenoptera. Bulletin of Entomological Research 19: 261 - 265. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300020599","Seyrig A. 1935. Mission scientifique de l'Omo. Tome III. Fascicule 18. Hymenoptera, II. Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae, Pimplinae, Tryphoninae et Ophioninae. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 4: 1 - 100.","Gauld I. D. & Mitchell P. A. 1978. The Taxonomy, Distribution and Host Preferences of African Parasitic Wasps of the Subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London.","Yu D. S., Achterberg C. van & Horstmann K. 2012. Taxapad 2012, Ichneumonoidea 2011. Database on flash-drive. Ottawa / Ontario, Canada. Available from http: // www. taxapad. com [accessed 27 Jan. 2016].","Madl M. 1996. Ephialtinae und Ophioninae von der Insel Sainte Marie (Madagaskar) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae). Linzer biologische Beitrage 28 (2): 835 - 838."]}