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The neotropical Apicotermitinae is a common and widespread clade of mostly soil-feeding soldierless termites. With few exceptions, species of this group were originally assigned to the genus Anoplotermes Müller, 1873. The application of internal worker morphology coupled with genetic sequencing has recently shed light on the true diversity of this subfamily. Herein, Anoplotermes susanae Scheffrahn, Carrijo & Castro, sp. nov. and four new species in four new genera are described: Hirsutitermes kanzakii Scheffrahn, Carrijo & Castro, gen. nov. et sp. nov., Krecekitermes daironi Scheffrahn, Carrijo & Castro, gen. nov. et sp. nov., Mangolditermes curveileum Scheffrahn, Carrijo & Castro, gen. nov. et sp. nov., and Ourissotermes giblinorum Scheffrahn, Carrijo & Castro, gen. nov. et sp. nov. Worker descriptions are based mainly on worker gut morphology, including the enteric valve, while imagoes were described based on external characters. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree of New World Apicotermitinae was constructed using the complete mitogenome to infer genera relationships and corroborate the taxonomic decisions. Distribution maps and a dichotomic key to the known Neotropical Apicotermitinae genera are provided.

Chasitermes pax Scheffrahn & Carrijo gen. et sp. nov. is described from workers collected from a single colony in the Northern Range of Trinidad. The shape and texture of the unsclerotized enteric valve, tubular shape of the enteric valve seating, and prominent spherical mesenteric tongue of C. pax are the diagnostic characters for both the genus and species. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using the COI gene and including all neotropical Apicotermitinae genera described to date supports the new genus as a distinct terminal.

Caetetermes fontesi sp. nov. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Luiz Roberto Fontes who described Caetetermes, numerous other termite taxa, and demonstrated the importance of gut morphology of Neotropical termites. Soldier (Fig. 1, 2; Table 1). Monomorphic. Head capsule yellowish brown with lighter patches at posterior and area between constriction and nasus; nasus darkest. In dorsal view, posterior lobe of head capsule rounded, about 1.5X wider than anterior lobe; lateral margins of anterior lobe barely rounded; nasus narrowly cylindrical, tapering to point in last tenth of length. Mandibles without points. In lateral view, head capsule with two undulations, a smaller one above the anterior lobe and a larger on above the posterior lobe; a pair of long setae projecting from the middle of each lobe. Nasus with about 60 short setae from anterior third to apex. In dorsal view anterior margin of pronotum almost straight, with semicircular anterolateral margins, and tapering to a narrow emarginate posterior margin; microscopic hairs along anterior margin of pronotum. Tergites with 8-12 long setae near posterior margins and many finer hairs scattered throughout. Legs long, with scattered long setae and fine hair throughout. Antennae long, with 15 articles, formula 24≥5. Comparisons. The soldier head capsule of C. taquarussu shows substantial variability, particularly for the relative widths of the anterior and posterior lobes, the degree of constriction, and the width of the nasus from specimens taken in Brazil (Cuezzo et al. 2015a) and Ecuador (Fontes 1981). I am inclined to consider the two specimens from Ecuador and French Guyana (Fig. 3) to be heterospecific with the specimen from Ecuador (Fig. 3A, B) possibly being a new species. Future studies are needed to determine the character range of C. taquarussu. Nevertheless, in addition to differences of the nasus, the soldier of C. fontesi is larger in every measurement, the head capsule has a darker, more patched coloration, and has a less defined constriction. Winged Imago (Fig. 4, Table 2). The description of C. taquarussu by Cuezzo et al. (2015a) is essentially identical to that of C. fontesi including the antennal article formula (24≥5) as gleaned from their fig. 2. Subtle differences in Fig. 4 and their fig. 2 most likely stem from the differences between my wet male specimen (Fig. 3) and their dried specimen (fig. 2, gender unknown). Caetetermes fontesi imagos are a bit larger in some measurements. Worker (Fig, 2, 5: Table 3). Dimorphic. Head capsule pale reddish brown. In dorsal view, head outline trapezoidal; four setae on dorsum, two near occiput and two more anterior. Antennae with 15 articles, formula 2>3et al. (2015). Comparisons. Both worker morphs of C. fontesi are larger than those of C. taquarussu but are otherwise similar in all respects except for the EVA. Both cushion bands of the C. fontesi EVA have thicker, more robust thorns than those of C. taquarussu with the most notable difference in that the trailing thorns are the longer in the former., Published as part of Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., 2022, Caetetermes fontesi, a new nasutiform termite (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) from French Guiana, pp. 593-600 in Zootaxa 5219 (6) on pages 594-597, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.6.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7436406, {"references":["Cuezzo, C., Carrijo, F. G. & Cancello, E. M. (2015 a) Caetetermes taquarussu Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae): description of the imago caste and new distributional records. Zootaxa, 3918 (2), 295 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3918.2.10","Fontes, L. R. (1981) Caetetermes taquarussu, a new genus and species of Ecuadorian nasute (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 25, 135 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751985000100002"]}

Hyleotermes gen. nov. Type-species. Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925. Etymology. From the Latin word hylaeus (Greek hylaios), from the forest, meaning a forest termite. Included species. Hyleotermes brevipilus (Emerson, 1925) Diagnosis. The head capsule Hyleotermes soldier is ovoid in dorsal view, has a long cylindrical nasus, lacks a constriction and long setae, and is covered with microscopic hairs. The mixed segment of the slightly dimorphic worker caste is very short and the enteric valve has six cushions of differing sizes, with each adorned with a few to dozens of narrow spines on conical bases. Description Imago. Eyes large slightly ovoid; ocelli large and elliptical, about as large as antennal socket. Postclypeus slightly arched in profile; midline conspicuous and slightly depressed; anterior margin nearly straight; posterior margin convex. Fontanelle conspicuous, slit-shaped. Epicranial suture faint. Antenna with 15 articles. Mandibular dentition similar to those of worker type 2. Pronotum trapezoidal in dorsal view; anterior and posterior margins nearly rectate. Posterior margin of meso- and metanotum deeply and broadly emarginated; posterolateral corners of meso- and metanotum rounded. Tibial spurs 2:2:2. Soldier. Monomorphic. In dorsal view, head capsule longer than wide, not constricted. Nasus elongate, subcylindrical. Head capsule, legs, and thoracic sclerites covered with dense short and rather thick hairs. Mandibles with small but well-defined ‘points’. Antenna with 12 articles. Postclypeus not convex in profile. Labrum shorter than wide, with rounded anterior margin, parallel lateral margins, and rounded anterior corners. Pronotum with anterior lobe as developed as the posterior one, forming an obtuse angle between them. Procoxa conical, not forming a keel and without a hump on the anterior surface. Tibial spurs 2:2:2. Worker. Dimorphic, but both types similar in size. Left mandible of type 1 (Fig. 3A) with a narrow gap between the third marginal tooth (M3) and the molar prominence (MP), a darker colored, subtrapezoidal head capsule, and narrower pronotum with its anterior lobe larger than the posterior one. Left mandible of type 2 (Fig. 3B) with a broad gap, a slightly lighter colored head capsule with more convex sides, and a wider pronotum with the anterior lobe about the same size as the posterior one. Both workers with fontanelle situated in the posterior half of the head capsule, pale and slightly depressed, in profile view. Postclypeus not inflated. Antenna with 13 articles. Tibial spurs 2:2:2. Left mandible of both types with apical tooth larger than M1; posterior margin of apical tooth slightly concave; acute angle between posterior margin of apical tooth and anterior margin of M1; posterior margin of M1 sinuous; M3 short but distinct, separated from the molar prominence by a V-shaped gap in worker type I and a broad gap in worker type 2; M4 short, hidden beneath molar prominence; molar prominence concave, with faint ridges. Right mandible with apical tooth larger than M1; M3 reduced, with rounded tip; posterior margin of M3 concave; molar plate concave with faint ridges; basal notch well-defined, but narrow in type 2 workers. Gut Coiling (Figs. 5A–F). Crop slightly more developed than gizzard, partially visible in left lateral view. Mesenteron passing through right side of the abdomen to join the first proctodeal segment (P1) before reaching medial line in ventral view. Very short mixed segment; mesenteric tongue external to the mesenteric arc, not constricted proximally, lateral margins converging distally. Malpighian tubules arranged in two adjacent pairs, but attached on the inner face of the mesenteric arc individually at mesenteron–proctodeum junction; tubules slightly dilated at the attachment point (Fig. 5E). P1 tubular, slightly larger than the mesenteron, reaching left side of abdomen. Distal part of P3 protruding through mesenteric arc, very prominent in dorsal view, notoriously dislocated to left; isthmus conspicuous. Dorsal torsion well developed. ‘U-turn’ tubular, slightly dilated, visible in lateral right view (Fig. 5F). Distal colon tubular, narrow than the proximal part and joining the rectum in dorsal view. Internal compartment ornamentation. Crop cuticle with pectinate scales. Gizzard (Figs. 6A–C) with completely sclerotized cuticular armature (hexaradial symmetry); pulvillar belt more developed than columnar belt, pulvilli I more developed than pulvilli II, both with their entire surface covered with long aciculiform spines; columns I and II ornamented with short spines. Cuticle of P1 armed with spines only at mesenteron–proctodeum junction. Armature of the enteric valve weakly sclerotized (Fig. 6D), organized in two rings; anterior ring (or upper ring, closest to P1) with 10-20 small spines barely organized in three cushions; posterior ring (or lower ring, closest to P3) with six subconical cushions varying in size; each cushion covered with a few to thirty narrow spines projecting from basal scales (Fig. 7A). Comparisons. The Hyleotermes brevipilus soldier is closest to soldiers of Ereymatermes Constantino, 1991, and Subulitermes Holmgren, 1910 in that all three are small, yellowish in coloration, and have cylindrical nasi. Of these, only the headcapsules of H. brevipilus, S. constricticeps, Constantino, 1991, and S. microsoma (Silvestri, 1903) lack long setae. Subulitermes constricticeps and S. microsoma are much smaller (mean head width ca. 0.6 mm). The worker enteric valve of H. brevipilus is diagnostic and differs those of Ereymatermes (Constantino 1991) and Subulitermes (Fontes 1986). The following worker characters are distinct in Nasutitermes s. str.: EVA with pointed scales on large and small cushions, with trailing columns of scales toward posterior (Fig. 7B); molar plate narrow, straight, with well-developed ridges; each mandible with a short apical tooth and larger marginal teeth; mixed segment very long; enteric valve unsclerotized, with minute spines. Also, in Nasutitermes female workers are conspicuously larger than male workers. In all genera of Nasutitermes s. str., the worker mandibles have conspicuous molar ridges, and most of them have a long mixed segment., Published as part of Cuezzo, Carolina, Scheffrahn, Rudolf H. & Constantino, Reginaldo, 2022, Revised systematic position of Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925 (Isoptera Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and the designation of Hyleotermes gen. nov., pp. 73-86 in Zootaxa 5195 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5195.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7180673, {"references":["Emerson, A. E. (1925) The termites from Kartabo, Bartica District, Guyana. Zoologica, 6, 291 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 190324","Constantino, R. (1991) Ereymatermes rotundiceps, new genus and species of termite from the Amazon Basin (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitidae). Goeldiana Zoologia, 8, 1 - 11.","Fontes, L. R. (1986) Morphology of the worker digestive tube of the soil-feeding nasute termites (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) from the Neotropical region. Revista brasileira de Zoologia, 3, 475 - 501. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751986000400002"]}

Hyleotermes gen. nov. Type-species. Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925. Etymology. From the Latin word hylaeus (Greek hylaios), from the forest, meaning a forest termite. Included species. Hyleotermes brevipilus (Emerson, 1925) Diagnosis. The head capsule Hyleotermes soldier is ovoid in dorsal view, has a long cylindrical nasus, lacks a constriction and long setae, and is covered with microscopic hairs. The mixed segment of the slightly dimorphic worker caste is very short and the enteric valve has six cushions of differing sizes, with each adorned with a few to dozens of narrow spines on conical bases. Description Imago. Eyes large slightly ovoid; ocelli large and elliptical, about as large as antennal socket. Postclypeus slightly arched in profile; midline conspicuous and slightly depressed; anterior margin nearly straight; posterior margin convex. Fontanelle conspicuous, slit-shaped. Epicranial suture faint. Antenna with 15 articles. Mandibular dentition similar to those of worker type 2. Pronotum trapezoidal in dorsal view; anterior and posterior margins nearly rectate. Posterior margin of meso- and metanotum deeply and broadly emarginated; posterolateral corners of meso- and metanotum rounded. Tibial spurs 2:2:2. Soldier. Monomorphic. In dorsal view, head capsule longer than wide, not constricted. Nasus elongate, subcylindrical. Head capsule, legs, and thoracic sclerites covered with dense short and rather thick hairs. Mandibles with small but well-defined ‘points’. Antenna with 12 articles. Postclypeus not convex in profile. Labrum shorter than wide, with rounded anterior margin, parallel lateral margins, and rounded anterior corners. Pronotum with anterior lobe as developed as the posterior one, forming an obtuse angle between them. Procoxa conical, not forming a keel and without a hump on the anterior surface. Tibial spurs 2:2:2. Worker. Dimorphic, but both types similar in size. Left mandible of type 1 (Fig. 3A) with a narrow gap between the third marginal tooth (M3) and the molar prominence (MP), a darker colored, subtrapezoidal head capsule, and narrower pronotum with its anterior lobe larger than the posterior one. Left mandible of type 2 (Fig. 3B) with a broad gap, a slightly lighter colored head capsule with more convex sides, and a wider pronotum with the anterior lobe about the same size as the posterior one. Both workers with fontanelle situated in the posterior half of the head capsule, pale and slightly depressed, in profile view. Postclypeus not inflated. Antenna with 13 articles. Tibial spurs 2:2:2. Left mandible of both types with apical tooth larger than M1; posterior margin of apical tooth slightly concave; acute angle between posterior margin of apical tooth and anterior margin of M1; posterior margin of M1 sinuous; M3 short but distinct, separated from the molar prominence by a V-shaped gap in worker type I and a broad gap in worker type 2; M4 short, hidden beneath molar prominence; molar prominence concave, with faint ridges. Right mandible with apical tooth larger than M1; M3 reduced, with rounded tip; posterior margin of M3 concave; molar plate concave with faint ridges; basal notch well-defined, but narrow in type 2 workers. Gut Coiling (Figs. 5A–F). Crop slightly more developed than gizzard, partially visible in left lateral view. Mesenteron passing through right side of the abdomen to join the first proctodeal segment (P1) before reaching medial line in ventral view. Very short mixed segment; mesenteric tongue external to the mesenteric arc, not constricted proximally, lateral margins converging distally. Malpighian tubules arranged in two adjacent pairs, but attached on the inner face of the mesenteric arc individually at mesenteron–proctodeum junction; tubules slightly dilated at the attachment point (Fig. 5E). P1 tubular, slightly larger than the mesenteron, reaching left side of abdomen. Distal part of P3 protruding through mesenteric arc, very prominent in dorsal view, notoriously dislocated to left; isthmus conspicuous. Dorsal torsion well developed. ‘U-turn’ tubular, slightly dilated, visible in lateral right view (Fig. 5F). Distal colon tubular, narrow than the proximal part and joining the rectum in dorsal view. Internal compartment ornamentation. Crop cuticle with pectinate scales. Gizzard (Figs. 6A–C) with completely sclerotized cuticular armature (hexaradial symmetry); pulvillar belt more developed than columnar belt, pulvilli I more developed than pulvilli II, both with their entire surface covered with long aciculiform spines; columns I and II ornamented with short spines. Cuticle of P1 armed with spines only at mesenteron–proctodeum junction. Armature of the enteric valve weakly sclerotized (Fig. 6D), organized in two rings; anterior ring (or upper ring, closest to P1) with 10-20 small spines barely organized in three cushions; posterior ring (or lower ring, closest to P3) with six subconical cushions varying in size; each cushion covered with a few to thirty narrow spines projecting from basal scales (Fig. 7A). Comparisons. The Hyleotermes brevipilus soldier is closest to soldiers of Ereymatermes Constantino, 1991, and Subulitermes Holmgren, 1910 in that all three are small, yellowish in coloration, and have cylindrical nasi. Of these, only the headcapsules of H. brevipilus, S. constricticeps, Constantino, 1991, and S. microsoma (Silvestri, 1903) lack long setae. Subulitermes constricticeps and S. microsoma are much smaller (mean head width ca. 0.6 mm). The worker enteric valve of H. brevipilus is diagnostic and differs those of Ereymatermes (Constantino 1991) and Subulitermes (Fontes 1986). The following worker characters are distinct in Nasutitermes s. str.: EVA with pointed scales on large and small cushions, with trailing columns of scales toward posterior (Fig. 7B); molar plate narrow, straight, with well-developed ridges; each mandible with a short apical tooth and larger marginal teeth; mixed segment very long; enteric valve unsclerotized, with minute spines. Also, in Nasutitermes female workers are conspicuously larger than male workers. In all genera of Nasutitermes s. str., the worker mandibles have conspicuous molar ridges, and most of them have a long mixed segment.

Biratermes, new genus Type species. Embiratermes robustus Constantino, 1992. Etymology. The name Biratermes is proposed in honor of the late Ubirajara Ribeiro Martins de Souza, our professor at the MZUSP, colleague and friend, whose nickname was “Bira”. He was a renowned coleopterist and made important contributions to the development of Brazilian entomology. Description Imago. Unknown. Soldier and worker external morphology. Described by Constantino (1992). Digestive tube. Crop asymmetrical. Cuticular armature of gizzard with 24 visible folds, six of these first-order, six second-order and 12 third-order; ratio between columnar and pulvillar belts approximately equal to one; pulvillus I (major) ornamented with conspicuous spines (Fig. 2a). Mesenteron tubular, with long and arched mixed segment (nearly half length of mesenteron), connected by short filiform portion (Figs 3c, 3e). Two pairs of Malpighian tubules attached at mesenteron-proctodeum junction, one inside the mesenteric arch and another outside (Figs 3e, 3f). First proctodeal segment (P1) diagonal to body axis, enlarged and fusiform; distal end of P1 narrowed, forming short neck with P2 (Fig. 3b, arrow), before attachment to P3 dorsally. Enteric valve (P2) composed of three ridges slightly dilated apically, two long and one short (Fig. 2b). Dorsal torsion well-developed. Third proctodeal segment (P3) joined to colon (P4) on left side, isthmus short and parallel to body length (Fig. 3a). P4a dilated, making a Uturn, and P4b tubular. Comparison with other genera of Syntermitinae. Soldiers of Syntermes Holmgren, Cornitermes Wasmann, Labiotermes Holmgren, and Procornitermes Emerson have a short frontal tube, not extending beyond the labrum (as viewed from above); a well-developed hyaline tip on the labrum; and commonly have almost straight cutting mandibles. Soldiers of Cahuallitermes Constantino have a rounded head, a well-developed labrum tip, and a postmentum with convex lateral margins (sinusoidal in Biratermes). The soldiers of Rhynchotermes Holmgren and Uncitermes Rocha & Cancello have strongly curved mandibles and an elongated frontal tube; and the soldiers of Rhynchotermes also have a conspicuous spine-like projection on the procoxae. Soldiers of Armitermes and Macuxitermes Cancello & Bandeira have the pro-, meso-, and metanotum with serrate lateral margins (Rocha et al. 2017), Macuxitermes has dimorphic soldiers, with an aberrantly shaped head. In the genera Cyrilliotermes Fontes and Curvitermes Holmgren the soldiers have peculiar mandibles, with a molar plate, molar prominence, and marginal teeth quite similar to the mandibles of their corresponding workers. In addition, the apical tooth is hook-shaped in Curvitermes, reduced in Cyrilliotermes; and cylindrical and elongated frontal tube in the Cyrilliotermes soldier (additional details of these two genera, mainly the dissected soldier mandibles, were furnished by Constantino & Carvalho 2012 and Carvalho & Constantino 2011, respectively). Soldiers of Paracurvitermes Constantino & Carvalho are smaller, and have a well-developed conical and shorter frontal tube than Biratermes; and the mandibles are distinctly curved. The soldier of Silvestritermes Rocha & Cancello has a rounded head and piercing mandibles, while those of Acangaobitermes Rocha, Cancello & Cuezzo and Noirotitermes Cancello & Myles are smaller with piercing mandibles; with the soldier of Acangaobitermes possessing an oblong head capsule and that of Noirotitermes with a remarkably distinctive shape to the head capsule. In both of the latter genera, there is a characteristic microsculpture present on the surface of the head capsule. The most relevant comparisons are with Embiratermes s.s., Ibitermes s.s., and Mapinguaritermes Rocha & Cancello. Biratermes robustus was originally allocated to the first genus, and share a similar gut anatomy to the others. The worker gut of Biratermes gen. n. is easily distinguishable from Embiratermes s.s. (represented in the Fig. 4, E. festivellus as an example): the mesenteric tongue is straight and does not reach the dilated portion of the P1 (Figs 4c, 4e), whereas in the Biratermes gen. n., it is arched and reaches the dilated portion of the P1 (Figs 3c, 3e) and shows a filiform connection; the P2 is located at the abdomen mid-length (Fig. 4b, arrow), whereas in Biratermes it is located distally as in other members of the Syntermitinae (Fig. 3b, arrow). In the new genera the soldier mandibles are bladelike and robust, and the forecoxae have a smooth surface, Embiratermes s.s. species have piercing mandibles with a sharp point, and a projection in the ventral margin of the forecoxae. Mapinguaritermes and Ibitermes s.s. soldiers have obvious differences as well. Ibitermes s.s. has a markedly inflated postclypeus and the mandibles lack marginal teeth, whereas Mapinguaritermes has an oval contour of the head (in dorsal view) and piercing mandibles. The worker gut of both share some traits exclusively with Biratermes gen. n.. The guts of Mapinguaritermes and Ibitermes were illustrated by Rocha et al. (2012) and Fontes (1998), respectively. All three genera workers have pulvilli ornamented with conspicuous spines (Fig. 2a), a character absent in all other members of Syntermitinae; the enteric valves of the three genera are very similar, i.e., with three ridges slightly dilated at the apex; the mesenteric tongues are twisted, although in Mapinguaritermes the tongue is shorter and the torsion is less pronounced., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2022, Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera, pp. 445-463 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 447-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6571669, {"references":["Constantino, R. (1992) Notes on Embiratermes Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae), with descriptions of two new species from Amapa State, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 8 (2), 329 - 336.","Rocha, M. M., Morales-Correa e Castro, A. C., Cuezzo, C. & Cancello, E. M. (2017) Phylogenetic reconstruction of Syntermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae) based on morphological and molecular data. PLos ONE, 12 (3), e 0174366. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0174366","Constantino, R. & Carvalho, S. H. C. (2012) A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genus Cyrilliotermes Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae). Zootaxa, 3186 (1), 25 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3186.1.2","Carvalho, S. H. C. & Constantino, R. (2011) Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genus Curvitermes Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae: Syntermitinae). Sociobiology, 57 (3), 643 - 657.","Rocha, M. M., Cancello, E. M. & Carrijo, T. F. (2012) Neotropical termites: revision of Armitermes Wasmann (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae) and phylogeny of the Syntermitinae. Systematic Entomology, 37 (4), 793 - 827. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00645. x","Fontes, L. R. (1998) Novos aditamentos ao \" Catalogo dos Isoptera do Novo Mundo \", e uma filogenia para os generos neotropicais de Nasutitermitinae. In: Fontes, L. R. & Filho, E. B. (Eds.), Cupins: o desafio do conhecimento. Fundacao de Estudos Agrarios Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, pp. 309 - 412."]}

Bandeiratermes tellustris, new combination Ibitermes tellustris Constantino, 1990: 7–9 (soldier and worker), figs 9–18. Type Material. Holotype soldier, deposited at MPEG, from Brazil, Amazonas state, Japurá River, 10 Km downstream from the town of Maraã, 02.x.1988, R. Constantino coll. (not examined), and soldier and worker paratypes from the same holotype colony (examined). Imago. Unknown. Soldier and worker. Described by Constantino (1990), additional pictures of the soldier are provided herein (Fig. 16). Digestive tube (Fig. 17). As described for the genus, the gut conformation is the same as Ban. silvestrii, differing only in size (slightly smaller) and by the mesenteric tongue width (slightly wider). We did not have sufficient specimens to prepare the gizzard armature, but the enteric valve is illustrated in the original description. Material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Maraã, 12.x.1988, R.Constantino (9448, soldier and worker paratypes)., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2022, Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera, pp. 445-463 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on page 460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6571669, {"references":["Constantino, R. (1990) Two new species of termites (Insecta, Isoptera) from western Brazilian Amazonia. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 6 (1), 3 - 9."]}

Bandeiratermes silvestrii, new combination Armitermes silvestrii Emerson in Snyder, 1949: 337 (no description, only reference to Silvestri, 1901 and 1903). Type Material. Lectotype soldier, deposited at AMNH, from Brazil, Mato Grosso state, Cuiabá, Coxipó district, 06.ix.1900, F. Silvestri coll. (not examined). Imago. Described by Silvestri (1903) p. 79. Soldier. Described by Silvestri (1903) as Armitermes albidus (misidentification); Emerson & Banks (1957) provided a good redescription, while additional pictures are provided herein (Fig. 13). Figured by Scheffrahn (2021). Worker. External morphology as described for the genus. Digestive tube (Figs 14, 15a–15e). As described for the genus, the gut conformation is the same as Ban. tellustris, differing only in size (slightly larger) and by the mesenteric tongue width (slightly narrower). Material examined. BRAZIL. Distrito Federal: Brasília, Fazenda Água Limpa, 04.vi.1993, Carlos (UNB- 00155). Goiás: Cristalina, 19.vii.2015, T. Carrijo (25459); Goiânia, 3 kilometer marker on right hand side of the highway to Guapó, Km 4, 27.v.1986, Iris O. Cabral (8858). Mato Grosso: APM Manso, 17.v.1999, R.Constantino (UNB-1664); APM Manso— Morro do Chapéu, 14.i.1999, R.Constantino (UNB-0812, UNB-0810); Barra do Garça, 22.vii.2015, R. G.Santos (25440); Juruena, Plantio de Teca, 06.vii.2002, R.Constantino (UNB-3436); Rio Coxipó, 18.ii.1976, R. L.Araujo (7228), 14.ii.1976 (6705); Rondonópolis, 23.vii.2015, T. Carrijo (24804). Mato Grosso do Sul: Coxim, 24.vii.2015, T.Carrijo (25396), C. Cuezzo (25140), R. G.Santos (24759); Sonora, 23.vii.2015, C.Cuezzo (25137). Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, 13.ii.1976, R.L. Araujo (5098); between Uberlândia and Araxá, 09.xi.1972, R.L. Araujo (5713); P.N. Grande Sertão Veredas, 10.xii.2012, T. Carrijo (26443)., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2022, Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera, pp. 445-463 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on page 459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6571669, {"references":["Snyder, T. E. (1949) Catalog of termites (Isoptera) of the world. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 112 (3953), 1 - 490.","Silvestri, F. (1901) Nota preliminare sui termitidi sud-americani. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata della Universita di Torino, 16, 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26628","Silvestri, F. (1903) Contribuzione alla conoscenza dei Termiti e Termitofili dell'America Meridionale. Redia, 1, 1 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 137413","Emerson, A. E. & Banks, F. (1957) Five species and one redescription of the Neotropical genus Armitermes Wasmann (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae). American Museum Novitates, 1841, 1 - 17.","Scheffrahn, R. H. (2021) New records of four termite species in the genus Embiratermes Fontes, 1985 (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae) from South America. Check List, 17 (4), 1041 - 1047. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 17.4.1041"]}

Vaninitermes brevinasus, new combination Armitermes brevinasus Emerson & Banks, 1957: 1–3 (soldier), fig. 1. Type Material. Holotype, one soldier deposited at American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, New York, U.S. A, from Itabu Creek, tributary of upper New River, Acary Mountains, British Guiana, x.1939, E. R. Blake coll. (not examined), and soldier and worker paratypes from the same holotype colony (examined). Imago. Unknown. Soldier. Described by Emerson & Banks (1957) additional photographs are provided herein (Fig. 5). Worker. External morphology as described for the genus. Digestive tube (Figs 6, 7a–7f). As described for the genus, the gut configuration is the same as V. ignotus, differing only in the size. Material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, 11.iii.2016, J.P.Constantini (25223). GUYANA. 01.x.1938, E. R.Blake (4681, paratypes of Embiratermes brevinasus). FRENCH GUIANA. L5 Football Field, J.Šobotník (24424)., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2022, Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera, pp. 445-463 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 451-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6571669, {"references":["Emerson, A. E. & Banks, F. (1957) Five species and one redescription of the Neotropical genus Armitermes Wasmann (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae). American Museum Novitates, 1841, 1 - 17."]}

Rocha, Mauricio M., Cancello, Eliana M. (2022): Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera. Zootaxa 5138 (4): 445-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6

Vaninitermes ignotus, new combination Embiratermes ignotus Constantino, 1991: 213 (soldier), figs 36–38. Embiratermes parvirostris Constantino, 1992, 330–332 (soldier and worker), figs 1–3 new synonymy. Type Material. Holotype soldier of E. ignotus, deposited at MPEG, from Brazil, Amazonas state, Japurá River, 10 Km downstream from the town of Maraã, 15.x.1988, R. Constantino coll. (MPEG-2879, not examined), and worker paratypes from the same holotype colony (not examined); Holotype soldier of E. parvirostris, deposited at MPEG, from Brazil, Amapá State. Macapá, 22.x.1989, R. Constantino coll. (MPEG-3203, not examined), and soldier and worker paratypes from the same holotype colony (examined). Imago (Figs 8, 9). Head rounded, eyes very large hemispherical and protruded, reaching head ventral margin; ocelli large and projected, reniform from above and ellipsoid in profile, almost touching the eyes. Fontanelle large, triangular, with blurred anterior margin in some individuals. Postclypeus slightly convex. Antennae with 15 articles, 3 Soldier. Described by Constantino (1990, 1992). It is possible to affirm that both descriptions may be considered as intraspecific variation of the soldier caste. Additional figures of the soldier are provided here (Fig. 10). Worker. External morphology as described for the genus. Digestive tube (Figs 11, 12). As described for the genus, the gut configuration is the same as V. brevinasus, differing only in the size. Material examined. BRAZIL. Alagoas: Quebrangulo, 21.vi.2000, A.Vasconcellos (14220). Amapá: Macapá, 22.x.1989, R.Constantino (9544, Embiratermes parvirostris paratypes). Amazonas: Nova Aliança, 19.iii.2004, A.N.S.Acioli (UNB-5711, UNB-5739). Bahia: Ilhéus, 06.xi.2000, E.M.Cancello (14221). Espírito Santo: Pedro Canario, FLONA Rio Preto, 21.xi.2016, J.P.Constantini, (26769); Pedro Canario, REBIO Córrego Grande, 20.xi.2016, J.P.Constantini, (26714, 26719); Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, 03.iv.2001, L.C.Oliveira (12327); Sooretama, Trilha do Quirinão, 26.xi.2014, T.Carrijo (24691, 24751, 24754). Mato Grosso: Cláudia, 11.xi.2010, Q.C.L.Santos (15954), 13.x.2010 (15923, 15956), 14.x.2010 (15958), 15.x.2010 (15947). Mato Grosso do Sul: Paraíso das Águas, 25.vii.2015, J.P.Constantini (24038). Pará: Abel Figueiredo, 28.xi.2013, R.G.Santos (26007); Abel Figueiredo, Fazenda Marhe 27.xi.2013, T.F.Carrijo, (22633*); Serra do Cachimbo, 20.ix.2003, R.Constantino (11298). Paraíba: João Pessoa, 28.ix–18.x.1993, L.G.Silva (9937, 9939), 19.viii.1994 (9938); João Pessoa, Mata do Buraquinho, 05.iv.2001,A.Vasconcellos(14209–14219). Pernambuco:Recife,Horto Dois Irmãos, 04–08.vii.2000,A.Vasconcellos (14204, 14205, 14207, 14208), M.P.Silva (14206). Rondônia: Pimenta Bueno, 25.vii.2000, R.Constantino (UNB- 2532); Porto Velho, Abunã, 09.iii.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (12986, 12987), 17.v.2010, T.Carrijo & M.Rocha (20732), 19.ix.2010, M.Rocha & V.Mercado (20736), 14.i.2011, M.Rocha & L.Prado (20742), 15.i.2011 (20740, 20741), 06.iv.2011, V.Mercado & R.Probst (20743), S.Rosa & G.Mazão (20744), 14.ix.2012, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20759), 16.ii.2013, M.Ulysséa & A.Barbão (20765, 20766), 30.iv.2013, F.Andriolli & P.Manholer (20768); Porto Velho, Jaci Paraná /Ilha da Pedra, 14.ix.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20770–20772), 16.i.2011, R.Santos & C.Mandai (20790, 20791), 09.vi.2011, M.Rocha & J.Cabral (20799), 21.xi.2011 (20801); Porto Velho, Jaci Paraná / Morrinhos, 19.ix.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20784, 20785); Porto Velho, Jaci Paraná /Três Praias, 20.ix.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20777–20783), 08.iv.2011, R.Santos & C.Mandai (20798), 09.iv.2011 (20796, 20797), 10.ix.2011, R.Santos & J.Cabral (20800), 24.xi.2011, M.Rocha & J.Cabral (20803–20806), 25.xi.2011 (20802), 06.iii.2012, T.Carrijo & J.Cabral (20809*, 20810–20811), 07.iii.2012 (20807, 20808*), 06.vi.2012 M.Rocha & J.Cabral (20813); Porto Velho, Mutum-Paraná/Caiçara, 01.iii.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (12989), 02.iii.2010 (12988), 27.ii.2010 (13005*), 25.vi.2010, T.Carrijo & S.Rosa (20733, 20734), 09.ix.2010, M.Rocha & V.Mercado (20737, 20738), 19.vi.2011, S.Rosa & G.Mazão (20745), 17.ix.2011, T.Carrijo & L.Fernandes (20746, 20747, 20748), 05.i.2012, R.Santos & J.Constantini (20751), 06.i.2012 (20752), 29.iii.2012, M.Rocha & R.Santos (20755), 19.vi.2012, R.Santos & K.Kawamishi (20758), 09.ix.2012, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20763), 10.ix.2012 (20760, 20761, 20762), 08.v.2013, F.Andriolli & P.Manholer (20769); Porto Velho, Mutum-Paraná/Mutum, 05.iii.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (12990), 13.ix.2011, T.Carrijo & L.Fernandes (20749, 20750), 08.i.2012, R.Santos & J.Constantini (20754), 10.i.2012 (20753), 31.iii.2012, M.Rocha & R.Santos (20756), 02.iv.2012 (20757), 08.ix.2012, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20764), 09.ii.2013, M.Ulysséa & A.Barbão (20767); Porto Velho, Nova Mutum Paraná /Jirau, 17.ix.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20774, 20775, 20776), 18.ix.2010 (20773), 09.i.2011, R.Santos & C.Mandai (20792, 20793), 11.iv.2011 (20795); Porto Velho, Teotônio, 22.ix.2010, T.Carrijo & R.Santos (20786–20789), 19.i.2011, R.Santos & C.Mandai (20794), 09.iii.2012, T.Carrijo & J.Cabral (20812). Tocantins: Guaraí, 24.xi.2013, T.F.Carrijo (22577); Mateiros, Jalapão, 21.xi.2013, T.F.Carrijo (22578)., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2022, Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera, pp. 445-463 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 453-455, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6571669, {"references":["Constantino, R. (1991) Termites (Insect, Isoptera) from the lower Japura River, Amazonas State, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 7 (2), 189 - 224.","Constantino, R. (1992) Notes on Embiratermes Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae), with descriptions of two new species from Amapa State, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 8 (2), 329 - 336.","Constantino, R. (1990) Two new species of termites (Insecta, Isoptera) from western Brazilian Amazonia. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 6 (1), 3 - 9."]}

Biratermes robustus, new combination Embiratermes robustus Constantino, 1992: 332–334 (soldier and worker), figs 4–6. Type Material. Holotype, one soldier deposited at Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Belém, Pará state, Brazil, from Brazil, Amapá state, Serra do Navio, 02.xi.1989, R. Constantino coll. (not examined), and paratypes, soldiers, and workers from same holotype colony (examined). Imago. Unknown. Soldier and worker. As for the genus (see above). Additional figures of the soldier are presented (Fig. 1) and the worker gut is described herein (Figs 2, 3). Material examined. BRAZIL. Amapá: Serra do Navio, 02.xi.1989, R. Constantino (9545, paratypes soldiers and workers)., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2022, Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera, pp. 445-463 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on page 450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6571669, {"references":["Constantino, R. (1992) Notes on Embiratermes Fontes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae), with descriptions of two new species from Amapa State, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 8 (2), 329 - 336."]}

Amitermes californicus Banks, 1920 —revalidated name Banks 1920: soldier described and figured; 61 fig. 2, 62, fig. 2. Light 1930a: soldier, worker described and figured; 179, 184–187, 185, figs. L–O; pl. 11, fig. 1; pl. 12 figs. 1, 6; pl. 13, figs. 1, 5. Light 1930b: soldier mandibles figured; 231 fig. 3. Light 1931: 9; synonymized with A. wheeleri. Light 1932: soldier figured, 363; synonymized with A. wheeleri. Light 1934: soldier figured; 202 fig. d, g. Weesner 1965: soldier figured; 61 fig. 19E. Scheffrahn et al. 1983: soldier figured; 1297 fig. 1. Scheffrahn et al. 1986a: soldier figured,662 fig. 1 (left). Scheffrahn et al. 1986b: defensive secretion. Nickle & Collins 1988: soldier, worker figured; pl. 7 fig G–H. Krishna et al. 2013: 2061. Imago. Unknown. Soldier. (Figs. 2A, B; 3A). The descriptions by Banks (1920) and Light (1930a) are complimentary but lacking the following additional characters: In dorsal view, head capsule orange yellow; if full of secretion, cephalic gland light yellow; occupying about half of head capsule area. Fontanelle forms narrow arch in middle of frons, surrounded by dense mat of long setae. Labrum conical, well delineated from postclypeus. Mandibles dark reddish brown from tips of blades to marginal teeth, bases massive with weak lateral humps. Blades broad beyond marginal teeth, then narrowing and curving evenly to tips. Marginal teeth large, subtriangular, and blunt. In lateral view, head capsule ovoid, bulbus; submentum projecting, parallel with ventral margin of head capsule. Dorsal margin with dozens of long setae; denser around fontanelle. Anterior margin of fontanelle forming shallow crease on frons. Anterior lobe of pronotum slightly longer than posterior lobe; pronotum margins with long setae. Measurements. Fig. 1 and Table 1. Diagnosis. Among Nearctic Amitermes, the soldier of A. californicus most closely resembles that of A. wheeleri (= floridensis). The mandible bases, blades, and marginal teeth of A. californicus are larger and stouter in all respect than those of A. wheeleri (= floridensis) (Figs 2–5, Table 1). The soldier of A. californicus is somewhat larger and has a more quadrate head capsule than that of A. wheeleri (= floridensis). Worker. The description by Light (1930a) is adequate but lacking the following additional characters: The second proctodeal segment (P2) very narrow and tubular; seating consists of circular flare connecting to the third proctodeal segment. Enteric valve armature (Fig. 5A) with six cushions extending length of P2; posterior ends of cushion consisting of ovoid patches of pointy scales varying in number from about 25 to about eight. The cushion with the most posterior scales has a string of single scales extending to its anterior where scales divide into two or three strings. Other cushions lack a string, but their anterior terminations have scale strings or scale patches. The cushion with the least number of scales is always opposite that with the greatest. Diagnosis. The workers of A. californicus and A wheeleri can only be separated by the former’s larger size and longer EVA (Fig. 5). Material Examined. Supplementary Table S1., Published as part of Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., 2022, Amitermes californicus Banks, 1920 (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae) resurrected after ninety years of synonymy and A. floridensis Scheffrahn, 1989 synonymized into A. wheeleri (Desneux, 1906), pp. 581-588 in Zootaxa 5128 (4) on pages 582-585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6480094, {"references":["Banks, N. & Snyder, T. E. (1920) A revision of the Nearctic termites, with notes on the biology and distribution of termites. United States National Museum Bulletin, 108, 1 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.108. i","Light, S. F. (1930 a) The California species of the genus Amitermes Silvestri (Isoptera). University of California Publications in Entomology, 5, 173 - 214.","Light, S. F. (1930 b) The Mexican species of Amitermes Silvestri (Isoptera). University of California Publications in Entomology, 5, 215 - 233.","Light, S. F. (1931) The termites of Nevada. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 8, 5 - 9.","Light, S. F. (1932) Contribution toward a revision of the American species of Amitermes Silvestri. University of California Publications in Entomology, 5, 355 - 414.","Light, S. F. (1934) The desert termites of the genus Amitermes. In: Kofoid, C. A. (Ed.) Termites and Termite Control. 2 nd Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 199 - 205.","Weesner, F. M. (1965) Termites of the United States: a handbook. National Pest Control Association, Elizabeth, New Jersey, 70 pp.","Scheffrahn, R. H., Gaston, L. K., Sims, J. J. & Rust, M. K. (1983) Identification of the defensive secretion from soldiers of the North American termite, Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux) (Isoptera: Termitidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9, 1293 - 1305. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00994798","Scheffrahn, R. H., Gaston, L. K., Nutting, W. L. & Rust, M. K. (1986 a) Chemical heterogeneity of soldier defensive secretions in the desert subterranean termite, Amitermes wheeleri. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 14, 661 - 664. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0305 - 1978 (86) 90049 - 9","Scheffrahn, R. H., Sims, J. J., Lee, R K. & Rust, M. K. (1986 b) Helminthogermacrene, a major component in the defensive secretion of the Nearctic termite, Amitermes wheeleri. Journal of Natural Products, 49, 699 - 701. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / np 50046 a 028","Nickle, D. A. & Collins, M. S. (1988) The termite fauna (Isoptera) in the vicinity of Chamela, State of Jalisco, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 77, 85 - 122.","Krishna, K., Grimaldi, D. A., Krishna, V. & Engel, M. S. (2013) Treatise on the Isoptera of the world: Vol. 6. Termitidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 377, 1988 - 2432. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 377.6"]}

Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux, 1906) Light, 1930b: soldier mandibles figured 231 fig. 4. Nutting 1990: soldier figured 1019 fig. 33.15b. Scheffrahn et al. 1983: soldier figured; 1297 fig. 1. Scheffrahn et al. 1986a: soldier figured; 662 fig. 1 (right). Scheffrahn et al. 1989: soldier figured; 619 fig. 1. Scheffrahn & Su 1994: soldier figured; 468 figs. 22–23. Krishna et al. 2013: 2061–2062. Amitermes floridensis Scheffrahn, Su, Mangold, 1989 syn. nov. A key that includes the soldiers of Nearctic species of Amitermes was published by Nutting (1990) beginning with couplet 9a (A. wheeleri). This key did not include A. floridensis. In order to accommodate A. californicus, couplet 9a must be modified and another couplet (10) added as follows: 9a (8a) Teeth large, conical, directed inward.................................................................. 10 9b Teeth acute, cut out of margin and set off from basal hump by deep notch.................................... 11 10a (9a) Mandible blades and teeth stout, mean head width ca. 1.07 mm (Figs. 3A, B, herein); common in the arid lands of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico...................................................... A. californicus Banks 10b Mandible blades and teeth slender, mean head width ca. 0.85 mm (Figs. 3C–F, herein); common in the arid lands of the southwestern U.S., Mexico, and mesic central Florida but may be absent or rare in California......... A. wheeleri Light The numbers for each succeeding couplet must be increased by one to complete the key., Published as part of Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., 2022, Amitermes californicus Banks, 1920 (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae) resurrected after ninety years of synonymy and A. floridensis Scheffrahn, 1989 synonymized into A. wheeleri (Desneux, 1906), pp. 581-588 in Zootaxa 5128 (4) on page 586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6480094, {"references":["Desneux, J. (1906) Varietes termitologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 49, 336 - 360.","Light, S. F. (1930 b) The Mexican species of Amitermes Silvestri (Isoptera). University of California Publications in Entomology, 5, 215 - 233.","Nutting, W. L. (1990) Insecta: Isoptera. In: Dindal, D. L (Ed.), Soil Biology Guide. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, pp. 997 - 1032.","Scheffrahn, R. H., Gaston, L. K., Sims, J. J. & Rust, M. K. (1983) Identification of the defensive secretion from soldiers of the North American termite, Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux) (Isoptera: Termitidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9, 1293 - 1305. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00994798","Scheffrahn, R. H., Gaston, L. K., Nutting, W. L. & Rust, M. K. (1986 a) Chemical heterogeneity of soldier defensive secretions in the desert subterranean termite, Amitermes wheeleri. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 14, 661 - 664. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0305 - 1978 (86) 90049 - 9","Scheffrahn, R. H., Su, N. - Y. & Mangold, J. R. (1989) Amitermes floridensis, a new species and first record of a higher termite in the eastern United States (Isoptera: Termitidae: Termitinae). Florida Entomologist, 72, 618 - 625. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495036","Scheffrahn, R. H. & Su, N. - Y. (1994) Keys to soldier and winged adult termites (Isoptera) of Florida. Florida Entomologist, 77, 460 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495700","Krishna, K., Grimaldi, D. A., Krishna, V. & Engel, M. S. (2013) Treatise on the Isoptera of the world: Vol. 6. Termitidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 377, 1988 - 2432. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 377.6"]}

Genus Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8C629647-1999-45D7-BAB7-F16A1C792D1C TYPE- SPECIES. ��� Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. sp. MORPHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS. ��� Soldier. Soldiers with antennae 15 segmented, labrum with substraight anterior margin equipped with broad-based, robust and long antero-lateral points. Frons sharply inclining in front, fontanelle transverse and frontal gland large, postmentum club-shaped, pronotum saddle-shaped, anterior margin convex, without notch. Worker. Worker caste with 14-15 segmented antennae and mandibles with apical tooth slightly larger than first marginal. Second marginal of left mandible not distinct, third marginal rudimentary or just as an impression of tooth, not separated from first marginal by any cut or notch; small, tooth-like process partially visible on the underside of the left molar plate. Digestive tube characterised by the presence of a mixed segment and the absence of malpighian nodule, with both pairs of malpighian tubules united at common base. Enteric valve cushions acutely triangulate and median longitudinal area of each cushion with uniformly distributed small spine-like protrusions (Fig. 3E). DNA BARCODE DIAGNOSIS. ��� A total of 28 mt COI sequences were generated from the Western Ghats representing multiple species under nine genera for the first time (Appendix 1). On the preliminary phylogenetic tree multiple sequences of monophyletic group representing at least two species is treated as a new genus Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. with an unresolved sister relationship among the other genera of the larger ��� Termitinae clade��� (Fig. 4). Members of the Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. is genetically distinct from the morphologically similar genus Indocapritermes (Fig. 4). The new genus exhibited a high-level genetic divergence of 10.7% to 13.7%, for mt COI with the genus Indocapritermes (Appendix 3). ETYMOLOGY. ��� The genus name ��� Rinacapritermes ���, is the combination of name ���Rina��� and ���capritermes���. ���Rina��� refers to the first author���s daughter and ���capritermes��� refers to the morphological similarity with Capritermes Wasmann, 1897 group. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 5). ��� The Western Ghats from Wayanad, Kozhikode, Ernakulam, Idukki and Kottayam districts (Kerala state, India). BIOECOLOGY. ��� Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. species are soil dwellers. All samples in the present study were collected from underneath small boulders. The concavity and the rudimentary ridges of the molar plate of right mandible of worker caste (Figs 1F; 2F) indicate their humus/organic rich soil feeding habit of type III feeding group (De Souza & Brown 1994). The soldier abdomen has a hyaline appearance, indicating that they are fed with salivary secretions only (Scheffrahn et al. 2017). Since they are not wood feeders, they are not categorised as pests. Their presence in multiple localities ranging from low (26 m asl.) to high elevations (910 m asl) indicates that they do not have any strict elevational preferences. Among the two species, the samples of R. silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. were collected from the forest area while R. abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. from tea and rubber plantations. DESCRIPTION Imago Not known. Soldier Head capsule. Monomorphic, small; head moderately and body fairly hairy. In dorsal view head subrectangular; broad; antero-lateral corners of head rounded, without any tuberclelike process. Frontal gland large and median arm of Y-suture distinct only at posterior part of head capsule; in profile, frons sharply inclining in front; fontanelle transverse. Antennae with 15 segments. Labrum not swollen; asymmetrical, anterior margin substraight with broad based, robust and long antero-lateral points or spine-like processes. Mandibles asymmetrical and thick; left mandible strongly twisted at middle, with blunt apex, tip without any hook, not beak-like; basal projection sharply pointed. Right mandible blade-like with pointed apex, facing upwards; inner margin of right mandible incurved at middle region and with a deep cut at basal half; postmentum club-shaped. Pronotum. Saddle-shaped; anterior lobe raised, narrower and smaller than posterior lobe; anterior margin convex; posterior margin substraight; anterior and posterior margin without any notch. Mesonotum and metanotum narrower than pronotum. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs; dorsal spur of foretibia sometimes indistinct; tarsi 4-segmented. Worker Head capsule. Monomorphic; head and body densely hairy. In dorsal view head subcircular, maximum width of head capsule at base of antennae. Fontanelle plate translucent and round. Antennae with 14-15 segments. Postclypeus swollen. Left mandible. Apical tooth slightly larger than first marginal. Posterior margin of apical tooth concave; second marginal not distinct (M2); third marginal rudimentary (M3) or just as an impression of tooth, not separated from first marginal by any cut or notch; small, tooth-like process partially visible on the underside of the left molar plate; molar plate large and extending upto first marginal. Right mandible. Apical tooth finger-like and larger than first marginal (M1); posterior margin of first marginal a little longer than anterior margin; second marginal (M2) short and with incurved posterior margin; molar plate longer than posterior margin of second marginal, without any ridges; cockroach notch present. Pronotum. Saddle-shaped. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs, dorsal spur sometimes absent or indistinct; fore tibia swollen. Digestive tube (Fig. 3 A-D). Crop (C) globose, voluminous and partially visible in dorsal view in coiled condition, funnelling into a poorly sclerotized gizzard. Mixed segment (MS) present. Both pairs of malpighian tubules united at common base; malpighian nodule absent. First part of proctodeal segment (P1) starting from the right side of abdomen, tubular and short. Posterior part narrow and running into paunch (P3) through narrow enteric valve (P2). P2 inserted into paunch (P3). Paunch J-shaped, composed of 2 parts. Region of attachment of enteric valve remaining separated by constriction. Posterior part of paunch narrowing progressively and opening into long and narrow tube-like colon with a U-turn at anterior side and P4 leading to very large bulbous rectum (P5). Enteric valve armature (Fig. 3E). Thin, composed of six acutely triangulate cushions; acute points of cushions directed to posterior. Median longitudinal area of each cushion covered with uniformly distributed and small spine-like protrusions. Each cushion separated by cuticular lining having similar but larger and more widely spaced protrusions. REMARKS In the key to Indian genera of Termitinae (Chhotani 1997), the proposed new genus runs to serial number 17, leading to Indocapritermes. In the key to common genera of Termitidae found in South India (Kalleshwaraswamy et al. 2013), this genus also keys to Indocapritermes, at serial number 9. However, it does not fit the description of Indocapritermes. The soldiers of Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. have antennae with 15 segments vs 14 segments in Indocapritermes; anterior margin of labrum is substraight with broad based, robust and long, antero-lateral points in the new genus vs labrum with narrow based, short, thin and minute lateral points in the latter; comparing to head length, left mandible of new genus is somewhat longer, thinner and tip not broadly rounded vs shorter, thick with broadly rounded tip; apical blade of right mandible pointed and facing upwards in Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. (Fig. 7C) vs not much pointed and substraight in Indocapritermes (Fig. 7D). Anterior lobe of pronotum in new genus is slightly raised with strongly convex anterior margin and without any notch vs anterior lobe not raised with slightly convex to substraight anterior margin and with a weak median notch in latter; posterior margin substraight, not emarginate and without any notch in proposed new genus vs slightly convex, faintly emarginate and with a weak notch. The workers also differ in having antennae with 14-15 segments in the new genus vs 13-14 segments in Indocapritermes; a small, tooth-like process partially visible on the underside of the left molar plate in new genus, while this tooth-like process is absent in Indocapritermes. The shape of the antero-lateral points of labrum in soldier caste also help to separate this genus from the rest of other genera under Pericapritermes -group found in India (Fig. 6) The proposed new genus has the posterior margin of the right second marginal of the worker mandible (M2) incurved (Figs 1F; 2F), the digestive gut without a malpighian nodule and P1 is short and tubular, as seen in Pericapritermes -group (Noirot 2001; Krishna et al. 2013). Hence based on the worker mandible structure and the gut morphology, Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. is placed in Pericapritermes - group, though their soldiers are with 15 segmented antennae, in spite of their usual 14 segments. . Acknowledgements KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RINACAPRITERME S AMINA & RAJMOHANA, N. GEN. ��� Comparatively smaller: Head length to the base of mandibles 1.48-1.55 mm; maximum head width 1.06- 1.10 mm. Postmentum short and a little wider at waist (postmentum length 0.71-0.79 mm; postmentum contraction index 0.48-0.54 mm)................. Rinacapritermes abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. ��� Comparatively larger: Head length to the base of mandibles 1.60-1.66 mm; maximum head width 1.17-1.24 mm. Postmentum long and a little narrower at waist (postmentum length 0.85-0.89 mm; postmentum contraction index 0.39-0.45 mm)......................................... Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana n. sp. (Figs 1; 3; 7A; Table 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8C629647-1999-45D7-BAB7-F16A1C792D1C TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Holotype (Soldier). India ��� Kerala, Ernakulam, Urulanthanni (Thattekadu Bird Sanctuary); 10��7���41���N, 76��45���18���E; 5.I.2015; Amina Poovoli leg.; Colony code:ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/4610. Paratypes (12 soldiers, 10 workers). India ��� 10 soldiers, same data as for holotype ��� 10 workers; same data as for holotype ��� 2 soldiers; Kerala, Idukki (Thekkady, in Periyar Tiger Reserve); 9��27���43���N, 77��14���12���E; 6.IV.2013; K. Rajmohana & party leg.; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4611. Sequenced specimens. Same as paratypes. ETYMOLOGY. ��� The species epithet name is derived from the latin term ���silvius��� meaning forest as the new species was predominant in forested habitat. DNA BARCODE. ��� Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. is showing sister relationship with Rinacapritermes abundans n. sp. exhibiting genetic divergence of 7.3% to 8.3% for COI gene (Fig. 4). Both the species can easily be distinguished morphologically (see key below) and both the species type localities are isolated in range of distribution (Fig. 5). DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA. ��� From two adjoining districts of Kerala (Ernakulam and Idukki); could be a limited-range endemic species restricted to south of Palghat Gap. DESCRIPTION Imago Not known Soldier (Fig. 1 A-E; Table 1) Monomorphic. Head capsule pale yellowish brown; fontanelle gland area pale yellow; antennae paler than head; labrum translucent at arterial and lateral part and pale yellow on rest; left mandible blackish brown; right mandible reddish brown; legs and body whitish yellow. Head Capsule. Moderately hairy with long and a few short hairs. Antennal segments with long and short hairs on entire surface; labrum with a few hairs on anterior part; postmentum with a very few short hairs at distal third. Anterior margin of pronotum with 5-8 long hairs. Body densely hairy with long hairs; legs covered with long hairs, more concentrated at last tarsal segments. Head capsule in dorsal view. Subrectangular; sides substraight, slightly narrowing at anterior end; minimum width being at base of mandibles; posterior margin rounded. Frons sharply inclining in front; median suture of head short, extending up to 1/4 of head-length from posterior margin; fontanelle transverse, situated anteriorly at distal 1/5 of head; fontanelle gland large, extending beyond middle of head. Antennae with 15 segments; segment 2 longer than 3; segment 4 slightly longer than or sometimes subequal to 3; segment 3 sometimes shortest; 5-10 gradually increasing in length and remaining segments subequal. Labrum slightly asymmetrical; anterior margin substraight with broad based, robust and long antero-lateral points. Mandibles strongly asymmetrical; left mandible strongly twisted at middle; with blunt apex. Right mandible blade-like with sharp, pointed apex, facing upward; inner margin of right mandible incurved at middle region; apical blade substraight. Postmentum club-shaped; length more than 1/2 of head length; with a narrow waist lying posteriorly. Title. Pronotum saddle-shaped, anterior and posterior margin without any notch. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs; outer spur not very distinct. Abdomen. Elongated; cerci short; 2 segmented. Worker (n = 5) Monomorphic. Head capsule, antennae, postclypeus whitish yellow; thorax and legs paler than head; abdomen translucent with intestinal contents showing through. Head capsule moderately hairy with many long and short hairs, post clypeus with long hairs and body sparsely hairy with a few long hairs and very short hairs. Total body length 3.9-4.40 mm. Head. Subcircular; length to tip of labrum 1.13-1.23 mm, length to base of mandible 0.68-0.76 mm and maximum width 0.88-0.92 mm; width of head capsule widest at base of mandibles. Epicranial suture slightly distinct; fontanelle plate translucent and oval. Antennae with 14-15 segments; segment 3 shortest; segment 2 longer than 3 and 4. Postclypeus swollen; almost straight anteriorly and rounded posteriorly; length less than half of width (length 0.19-0.22 mm; width 0.45-0.47 mm). Mandible (Fig. 1F). As for genus. Digestive tube. As for genus. Pronotum. Saddle-shaped (length 0.24-0.26 mm; width 0.48-0.53 mm); anterior and posterior lobe without notch. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs; dorsal spur of foretibia at times indistinct; foretibia somewhat swollen. REMARKS Dorsal spur of fore tibia is sometimes indistinct. So both the 3:2:2 and 2:2:2 conditions are seen in the soldiers as well as the workers of the same colony. Rinacapritermes abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. sp. (Figs 2; 7C; Table 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 976E00D3-6BC8-4B67-83A3-90778E454A45 TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Holotype (soldier). India ��� Kerala, Kottayam (Changanasseri- Kadamanchira); 9��35���29���N, 76��31���19���E; 13.III.2015; Amina Poovoli leg.; Colony code: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/4612. Paratypes. India ��� 10 workers, 6 soldiers; with same data as for holotype ��� 4 soldiers, 10 workers; Kerala, Kozhikode (Balussery- Narayamkulam); 11��30���14���N, 75��48���58���E; 2.I.2015; Amina Poovoli leg.; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4613 ��� 4 soldiers, 8 workers; Kerala, Wayanad (Vythiri); 11��33���6���N, 76��2���25���E; 1.VIII.2015; Shilimol; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4944 ��� 3 soldiers, 5 workers; Kerala, Wayanad (Thalappuzha); 11��50���25���N, 75��56���57���E; 29.VII.2015; Shilimol; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4945. Sequenced specimens. Same as paratypes. ETYMOLOGY. ��� The species epithet name is derived from the latin term ���abundans��� meaning abundant, as the population of the new species is seen to be abundant across the known range of distribution. DNA BARCODE. ��� Rinacapritermes abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. is a member of the larger ��� Rinacapritermes clade��� showing sister relationship with Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. exhibiting medium to high genetic divergence of 7.3% to 8.3% for COI gene (Fig. 4). Both species can easily be distinguished morphologically (see key below) and the type localities of both species are isolated in range of distribution (Fig. 5). DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA. ��� Could be a narrow-range endemic species, known from central as well as southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Wayanad, Kozhikode and Kottayam). DESCRIPTION Imago Not known Soldier (Fig. 2; Table 2). Monomorphic. Head capsule yellow; fontanelle gland area pale yellow; antennae paler brown; labrum translucent; left mandible blackish brown; right mandible reddish brown; legs and body whitish yellow. Head capsule. Moderately hairy with many long and a few short hairs. Antennal segments with long and short hairs on entire surface; labrum with a few hairs on anterior part; postmentum with a very few hairs on entire surface. Anterior margin of pronotum with 5-8 long hairs. Body densely hairy with long hairs; legs covered with long hairs, more concentrated at last tarsal segments. Head subrectangular. Sides substraight; posterior margin rounded. Frons sharply inclining in front; median suture of head very short, only at posterior margin of head capsule; fontanelle transverse, situated anteriorly at distal 1/5 of head; fontanelle gland large, extending beyond middle of head. Antenna 15 segmented; segment 2 longer than 3; segment 4 shorter than 2 and slightly longer than 3; segment 3 shortest; 5-10 gradually increasing in length and remaining segments subequal. Labrum slightly asymmetrical; anterior margin substraight with broad based, robust and long antero-lateral points. Mandibles strongly asymmetrical; left mandible strongly twisted at middle; with blunt apex. Right mandible blade-like with sharp, pointed apex, facing upward; inner margin of right mandible incurved at middle region; apical blade substraight. Postmentum club-shaped; with a narrow waist lying posteriorly. Pronotum. Saddle-shaped, anterior and posterior margin without any notch. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs. Abdomen oblong; cerci short; 2 segmented. Worker (n = 5) Monomorphic. Head capsule, antennae whitish yellow; postclypeus pale brown, thorax and legs paler than head; abdomen translucent with intestinal contents showing through. Head capsule moderately hairy with many long and short hairs, post clypeus with long hairs and body sparsely hairy with a few long hairs and very short hairs. Total body length 3.70-4.20 mm., Published as part of Amina, Poovoli, Rajmohana, Keloth, Dinesh, K. P. & Asha, Gopalan, 2022, Integrative taxonomic studies on Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. (Blattodea: Isoptera: Termitidae) with two new species from India, pp. 109-124 in Zoosystema 44 (3) on pages 111-122, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a3, http://zenodo.org/record/6080151, {"references":["DE SOUZA O. F. F. & BROWN V. K. 1994. - Effect of habitat fragmentation on Amazonian termite communities. Journal of Tropical Ecology 10 (2): 197 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0266467400007847","SCHEFFRAHN R. H., BOURGUIGNON T., BORDEREAU C., HERNAN- DEZ- AGUILAR R. A., OELZE V. M., DIEGUEZ P., SOBOTNIK J., & PASCUAL- GARRIDO A. 2017. - White-gutted soldiers: simplification of the digestive tube for a non-particulate diet in higher old world termites (Isoptera: Termitidae). Insectes Sociaux 64 (4): 525 - 533. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 017 - 0572 - 9","CHHOTANI O. B. 1997. - The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Isoptera (Termites): (Family Termitidae). Vol. 2. Zoological Survey of India Calcutta: xx + 800 p.","KALLESHWARASWAMY C. M., NAGARAJU D. K. & VIRAKTAMATH C. A. 2013. - Illustrated identification key to common termite (Isoptera) genera of south India. Biosystematica 7 (1): 11 - 21.","NOIROT C. 2001. - The gut of termites (Isoptera). Comparative anatomy, systematics, phylogeny. II. Higher termites (Termitidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (n. s.) 37 (4): 431 - 471.","KRISHNA K., GRIMALDI D. A., KRISHNA V. & ENGEL M. S. 2013. - Treatise on the Isoptera of the World. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 377: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 6430","AHMAD M. & AKHTAR M. S. 1981. - New termite genera of the Capritermes complex from Malaysia, with a note on the status of Pseudocapritermes (Isoptera: Termitidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 13 (1 - 2): 1 - 21."]}

Rinacapritermes abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. sp. (Figs 2; 7C; Table 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 976E00D3-6BC8-4B67-83A3-90778E454A45 TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Holotype (soldier). India ��� Kerala, Kottayam (Changanasseri- Kadamanchira); 9��35���29���N, 76��31���19���E; 13.III.2015; Amina Poovoli leg.; Colony code: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/4612. Paratypes. India ��� 10 workers, 6 soldiers; with same data as for holotype ��� 4 soldiers, 10 workers; Kerala, Kozhikode (Balussery- Narayamkulam); 11��30���14���N, 75��48���58���E; 2.I.2015; Amina Poovoli leg.; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4613 ��� 4 soldiers, 8 workers; Kerala, Wayanad (Vythiri); 11��33���6���N, 76��2���25���E; 1.VIII.2015; Shilimol; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4944 ��� 3 soldiers, 5 workers; Kerala, Wayanad (Thalappuzha); 11��50���25���N, 75��56���57���E; 29.VII.2015; Shilimol; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4945. Sequenced specimens. Same as paratypes. ETYMOLOGY. ��� The species epithet name is derived from the latin term ���abundans��� meaning abundant, as the population of the new species is seen to be abundant across the known range of distribution. DNA BARCODE. ��� Rinacapritermes abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. is a member of the larger ��� Rinacapritermes clade��� showing sister relationship with Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. exhibiting medium to high genetic divergence of 7.3% to 8.3% for COI gene (Fig. 4). Both species can easily be distinguished morphologically (see key below) and the type localities of both species are isolated in range of distribution (Fig. 5). DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA. ��� Could be a narrow-range endemic species, known from central as well as southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Wayanad, Kozhikode and Kottayam). DESCRIPTION Imago Not known Soldier (Fig. 2; Table 2). Monomorphic. Head capsule yellow; fontanelle gland area pale yellow; antennae paler brown; labrum translucent; left mandible blackish brown; right mandible reddish brown; legs and body whitish yellow. Head capsule. Moderately hairy with many long and a few short hairs. Antennal segments with long and short hairs on entire surface; labrum with a few hairs on anterior part; postmentum with a very few hairs on entire surface. Anterior margin of pronotum with 5-8 long hairs. Body densely hairy with long hairs; legs covered with long hairs, more concentrated at last tarsal segments. Head subrectangular. Sides substraight; posterior margin rounded. Frons sharply inclining in front; median suture of head very short, only at posterior margin of head capsule; fontanelle transverse, situated anteriorly at distal 1/5 of head; fontanelle gland large, extending beyond middle of head. Antenna 15 segmented; segment 2 longer than 3; segment 4 shorter than 2 and slightly longer than 3; segment 3 shortest; 5-10 gradually increasing in length and remaining segments subequal. Labrum slightly asymmetrical; anterior margin substraight with broad based, robust and long antero-lateral points. Mandibles strongly asymmetrical; left mandible strongly twisted at middle; with blunt apex. Right mandible blade-like with sharp, pointed apex, facing upward; inner margin of right mandible incurved at middle region; apical blade substraight. Postmentum club-shaped; with a narrow waist lying posteriorly. Pronotum. Saddle-shaped, anterior and posterior margin without any notch. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs. Abdomen oblong; cerci short; 2 segmented. Worker (n = 5) Monomorphic. Head capsule, antennae whitish yellow; postclypeus pale brown, thorax and legs paler than head; abdomen translucent with intestinal contents showing through. Head capsule moderately hairy with many long and short hairs, post clypeus with long hairs and body sparsely hairy with a few long hairs and very short hairs. Total body length 3.70-4.20 mm. Head capsule. Length to tip of labrum 1.17-1.21 mm, length to base of mandible 0.75-0.79 mm and maximum width 0.92- 0.95 mm; width of head capsule widest at base of mandibles. Epicranial suture slightly distinct; fontanelle plate translucent and oval. Antennae with 15 segments, segment 2 longer than 3 and 4; segment 3 shortest. Postclypeus swollen; almost straight anteriorly and rounded posteriorly; length less than half of width (length 0.20-0.224; width 0. 46-0.48 mm). Mandible (Fig. 2F). As for genus. Digestive tube. As for genus. Pronotum. Saddle-shaped (length 0.22-0.24 mm; width 0.47-0.50 mm); anterior and posterior lobe without notch. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs; dorsal spur of foretibia indistinct; foretibia somewhat swollen. REMARKS In R. abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp., all soldiers are with apical tibial spur 3:2:2. In workers the dorsal spur is sometimes indistinct. R. silviu s Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. is comparatively a larger species than R. abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. In addition to the keyed characters, they can be differentiated also by the following features. In R. silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. soldiers, the median suture is present a little above the posterior part of the head capsule and workers have 14-15 antennal segments. But in R. abundans Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. soldiers, the median suture is seen only at a very basal region of the head capsule and workers have 15 segmented antennae., Published as part of Amina, Poovoli, Rajmohana, Keloth, Dinesh, K. P. & Asha, Gopalan, 2022, Integrative taxonomic studies on Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. (Blattodea: Isoptera: Termitidae) with two new species from India, pp. 109-124 in Zoosystema 44 (3) on pages 114-118, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a3, http://zenodo.org/record/6080151

KEY TO THE SOLDIERS OF GENERA UNDER PERICAPRITERMES -GROUP FOUND IN THE ORIENTAL REGION 1. Head with highly sclerotized frontal ridge, head somewhat phragmotic.................................................................................................................................................................... Kemneritermes Ahmad & Akhtar, 1981 ��� Head without frontal ridge and not phragmotic.......................................................................................... 2 2. Antero-lateral corners of head produced into a distinct tubercle-like projection (Fig. 6A arrowed part)................................................................................................................................. Dicuspiditermes Krishna, 1968. ��� Antero-lateral corners of head rounded, not produced into tubercle-like projection.................................... 3 3. Left mandible moderately twisted at middle, sharply pointed at tip or forming a beak or bent like a hook.... 4 ��� Left mandible strongly twisted at middle, blunt at tip................................................................................. 8 4. Antennae with 13 segments; mandibles thin, slender and weakly bent at middle.... Homallotermes John, 1925. ��� Antennae with 14 segments, mandibles thick, moderately to strongly bent at middle.................................. 5 5. Head with frontal projection, left mandible moderately bent at middle...... Mirocapritermes Holmgren, 1914 ��� Head without frontal projection, left mandible strongly bent at middle...................................................... 6 6. Distal tip of left mandible bent like a beak................................................. Pseudocapritermes Kemner, 1934. ��� Distal tip of left mandible slightly incurved and bent in form of hook........................................................ 7 7. Mandibles thin and slender. Apical tibial spur formula 3: 2: 2...................... Procapritermes Holmgren, 1912. ��� Mandibles comparatively thick and stouter. Apical tibial spur formula 2: 2: 2.................................................................................................................................................................. Sinocapritermes Ping & Xu, 1986. 8. Labrum greatly swollen................................................................................ Labiocapritermes Krishna, 1968. ��� Labrum not much swollen.......................................................................................................................... 9 9. Head moderately hairy; frons sharply inclining in front............................................................................ 10 ��� Head sparsely hairy; frons gradually inclining in front............................................................................... 11 10. Antero-lateral points of labrum minute, thin and with a narrow base (Fig. 6C); anterior lobe of pronotum slightly convex and weakly notched (Fig. 7B). Antennae 14 segmented....... Indocapritermes Chhotani, 1997. ��� Antero-lateral points of labrum long, robust and with broad base (Figs 1D; 2D); anterior lobe of pronotum strongly convex and without notch (Fig. 7A). Antennae 15 segmented.......................................................................................................................................................... Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. 11. Fontanelle transverse, fontanelle gland large........................................... Krishnacapritermes Chhotani, 1997. ��� Fontanelle small, circular, fontanelle gland small....................................................................................... 12 12. Left mandible without lower basal projection, sometime a minute pimple-like tubercle present. Labrum short, thick, broader than long.................................................................................. Pericapritermes Silvestri, 1914. ��� Left mandible with well developed indented lower basal projection. Labrum long, as long as or longer than wide.......................................................................................................................................................... 13 13. Labrum anteriorly deeply concave, as long as wide, antero-lateral processes with points at bases........................................................................................................................... Oriencapritermes Ahmad & Akhtar, 1981. ��� Labrum anteriorly shallowly concave, longer than wide, antero-lateral processes without points at bases................................................................................................................. Syncapritermes Ahmad & Akhtar, 1981, Published as part of Amina, Poovoli, Rajmohana, Keloth, Dinesh, K. P. & Asha, Gopalan, 2022, Integrative taxonomic studies on Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. (Blattodea: Isoptera: Termitidae) with two new species from India, pp. 109-124 in Zoosystema 44 (3) on page 121, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a3, http://zenodo.org/record/6080151, {"references":["AHMAD M. & AKHTAR M. S. 1981. - New termite genera of the Capritermes complex from Malaysia, with a note on the status of Pseudocapritermes (Isoptera: Termitidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 13 (1 - 2): 1 - 21.","CHHOTANI O. B. 1997. - The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Isoptera (Termites): (Family Termitidae). Vol. 2. Zoological Survey of India Calcutta: xx + 800 p."]}

Amina, Poovoli, Rajmohana, Keloth, Dinesh, K.P., Asha, Gopalan (2022): Integrative taxonomic studies on Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. (Blattodea: Isoptera: Termitidae) with two new species from India. Zoosystema 44 (3): 109-124, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a3

Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana n. sp. (Figs 1; 3; 7A; Table 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8C629647-1999-45D7-BAB7-F16A1C792D1C TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Holotype (Soldier). India ��� Kerala, Ernakulam, Urulanthanni (Thattekadu Bird Sanctuary); 10��7���41���N, 76��45���18���E; 5.I.2015; Amina Poovoli leg.; Colony code:ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/4610. Paratypes (12 soldiers, 10 workers). India ��� 10 soldiers, same data as for holotype ��� 10 workers; same data as for holotype ��� 2 soldiers; Kerala, Idukki (Thekkady, in Periyar Tiger Reserve); 9��27���43���N, 77��14���12���E; 6.IV.2013; K. Rajmohana & party leg.; Colony code: ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV/4611. Sequenced specimens. Same as paratypes. ETYMOLOGY. ��� The species epithet name is derived from the latin term ���silvius��� meaning forest as the new species was predominant in forested habitat. DNA BARCODE. ��� Rinacapritermes silvius Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen., n. sp. is showing sister relationship with Rinacapritermes abundans n. sp. exhibiting genetic divergence of 7.3% to 8.3% for COI gene (Fig. 4). Both the species can easily be distinguished morphologically (see key below) and both the species type localities are isolated in range of distribution (Fig. 5). DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA. ��� From two adjoining districts of Kerala (Ernakulam and Idukki); could be a limited-range endemic species restricted to south of Palghat Gap. DESCRIPTION Imago Not known Soldier (Fig. 1 A-E; Table 1) Monomorphic. Head capsule pale yellowish brown; fontanelle gland area pale yellow; antennae paler than head; labrum translucent at arterial and lateral part and pale yellow on rest; left mandible blackish brown; right mandible reddish brown; legs and body whitish yellow. Head Capsule. Moderately hairy with long and a few short hairs. Antennal segments with long and short hairs on entire surface; labrum with a few hairs on anterior part; postmentum with a very few short hairs at distal third. Anterior margin of pronotum with 5-8 long hairs. Body densely hairy with long hairs; legs covered with long hairs, more concentrated at last tarsal segments. Head capsule in dorsal view. Subrectangular; sides substraight, slightly narrowing at anterior end; minimum width being at base of mandibles; posterior margin rounded. Frons sharply inclining in front; median suture of head short, extending up to 1/4 of head-length from posterior margin; fontanelle transverse, situated anteriorly at distal 1/5 of head; fontanelle gland large, extending beyond middle of head. Antennae with 15 segments; segment 2 longer than 3; segment 4 slightly longer than or sometimes subequal to 3; segment 3 sometimes shortest; 5-10 gradually increasing in length and remaining segments subequal. Labrum slightly asymmetrical; anterior margin substraight with broad based, robust and long antero-lateral points. Mandibles strongly asymmetrical; left mandible strongly twisted at middle; with blunt apex. Right mandible blade-like with sharp, pointed apex, facing upward; inner margin of right mandible incurved at middle region; apical blade substraight. Postmentum club-shaped; length more than 1/2 of head length; with a narrow waist lying posteriorly. Title. Pronotum saddle-shaped, anterior and posterior margin without any notch. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs; outer spur not very distinct. Abdomen. Elongated; cerci short; 2 segmented. Worker (n = 5) Monomorphic. Head capsule, antennae, postclypeus whitish yellow; thorax and legs paler than head; abdomen translucent with intestinal contents showing through. Head capsule moderately hairy with many long and short hairs, post clypeus with long hairs and body sparsely hairy with a few long hairs and very short hairs. Total body length 3.9-4.40 mm. Head. Subcircular; length to tip of labrum 1.13-1.23 mm, length to base of mandible 0.68-0.76 mm and maximum width 0.88-0.92 mm; width of head capsule widest at base of mandibles. Epicranial suture slightly distinct; fontanelle plate translucent and oval. Antennae with 14-15 segments; segment 3 shortest; segment 2 longer than 3 and 4. Postclypeus swollen; almost straight anteriorly and rounded posteriorly; length less than half of width (length 0.19-0.22 mm; width 0.45-0.47 mm). Mandible (Fig. 1F). As for genus. Digestive tube. As for genus. Pronotum. Saddle-shaped (length 0.24-0.26 mm; width 0.48-0.53 mm); anterior and posterior lobe without notch. Legs with 3:2:2 apical tibial spurs; dorsal spur of foretibia at times indistinct; foretibia somewhat swollen. REMARKS Dorsal spur of fore tibia is sometimes indistinct. So both the 3:2:2 and 2:2:2 conditions are seen in the soldiers as well as the workers of the same colony., Published as part of Amina, Poovoli, Rajmohana, Keloth, Dinesh, K. P. & Asha, Gopalan, 2022, Integrative taxonomic studies on Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, n. gen. (Blattodea: Isoptera: Termitidae) with two new species from India, pp. 109-124 in Zoosystema 44 (3) on pages 112-114, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a3, http://zenodo.org/record/6080151

El edificio del Museo y Biblioteca Casa Natal de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (MBCNS) de la ciudad de San Juan (Argentina) fue declarado Monumento Hist��rico Nacional en 1910 por ley N�� 7062, el primer monumento del pa��s en recibir tal reconocimiento. De acuerdo con la informaci��n hist��rica disponible la casa fue edificada por encargo de Paula Albarrac��n a comienzos del siglo XIX -una d��cada antes del nacimiento de Sarmiento- lo que la convierte en uno de los pocos ejemplares de arquitectura dom��stica de origen colonial que a��n se mantienen en pie en la ciudad (Igareta et al., 2020) y por ello mismo un bien de singular valor arqueol��gico, hist��rico y arquitect��nico., https://revistaurbania.wordpress.com/2021/12/30/n10-ib2/

Ebogotermes Scheffrahn & Roisin gen. nov. Type species. Ebogotermes raphaeli sp. n.

Ebogotermes raphaeli Scheffrahn & Roisin sp. n. Type Material. Holotype worker, Cameroon, Ebogo II, Jan Šobotník, University of Florida Termite Collection no. AFR3551 (Scheffrahn 2019), with 12 other workers (paratypes). Primary forest near Ebogo II village, 24FEB2019 (CZU no. Cam19-1_PG_75). Paratype workers, J. Šobotník, primary forest near Ebogo II, (3.3820, 11.4632), elev. 677 m, UFTC no. AFR3617 (subsample of CAM20 _PG_002). Paratype workers, Y. Roisin and J. Romero Arias, primary forest near Ebogo II, (3.3825, 11.4632), elev. 685 m, 7JUN2017 (ULB collection no. CMRT172), to be deposited in the Africa Museum (formerly Royal Museum of Central Africa, RMCA), Tervuren, Belgium. Type locality. Cameroon, Lekié, Ebogo, lat 3.3820, long 11.4632, elev. 677 m. Diagnosis. The genus diagnosis will probably be consistent with any future new Ebogotermes species, however the EVA, the most diverse character in the Apicotermitinae, should reveal diagnostic differences. Worker (Figs. 1–4). Very large. In lateral view (Fig. 1A), postclypeus moderately inflated; anterior lobe of pronotum tall, anterior rim covered with a field of small, uniform setae, posterior covered with about 35 setae of varying lengths. Posterior lobe of pronotum angled about 80° from anterior lob. In dorsal view (Fig. 1B), head capsule covered with about 40 setae of varying lengths; fontanelle and large anterior frontal glands lighter than remainder of vertex. Mandibular dentition as in Fig. 2B. Fore tibia weakly inflated, about five time longer than wide. (Fig. 2C); about eight spines along inner margin, and three terminal spines; outer spine smallest. Antennal articles 1-4 about equal in length, article 5 and beyond wider and slightly longer. Mesenteric tongue of mixed segment lies along the inner side of the midgut ring (Fig. 3C). First proctodeal segment (P1) tubular, at least 2.5X long as wide (Fig. 3D). Second proctodeal segment (P2) armature does not extend into the lumen of the P3; EVA (Fig. 4B) consists of six cushions of similar shape that are either slightly larger or smaller than their neighbor. The anterior margin of each cushion is hemispherical while the posterior margin (pointing to the P3 lumen) is slightly sclerotized and forms a 90° pouch. The surface of each cushion is adorned with ca. 70-140 scales rounded and broad near base of cushion, then narrowing into a tiny spine distally (Fig. 4C). Orientation of P2 to P3 180°; P2 seating spheriform, without lobes. Third proctodeal segment (P3) expanding posteriorly from P2 seating lobe into voluminous main chamber (Fig. 3C) which bends to right and thins at P3/P4 isthmus at dorsal anterior. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) long, narrow, and tubular, winding from isthmus around the anterior P3 for 180°, then bending posteriorly under P3, and finally bending 180° around the middle of P3 from ventral side to terminate at P 5 in dorsum. Measurements in Table 1. Etymology. Named for Raphael Awoumou Onana, the chief of Ebogo village, a resilient guide, and expert on Cameroonian termites.

Ebogotermes Scheffrahn & Roisin gen. nov. Type species. Ebogotermes raphaeli sp. n., Published as part of Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., Roisin, Yves, Akama, Pierre Dieudonn�� & ��obotn��k, Jan, 2021, Ebogotermes raphaeli, new genus and new species, an African soldierless termite described from the worker caste (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae), pp. 279-284 in Zootaxa 5067 (2) on page 280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/5677665

Ebogotermes raphaeli Scheffrahn & Roisin sp. n. Type Material. Holotype worker, Cameroon, Ebogo II, Jan ��obotn��k, University of Florida Termite Collection no. AFR3551 (Scheffrahn 2019), with 12 other workers (paratypes). Primary forest near Ebogo II village, 24FEB2019 (CZU no. Cam19-1_PG_75). Paratype workers, J. ��obotn��k, primary forest near Ebogo II, (3.3820, 11.4632), elev. 677 m, UFTC no. AFR3617 (subsample of CAM20 _PG_002). Paratype workers, Y. Roisin and J. Romero Arias, primary forest near Ebogo II, (3.3825, 11.4632), elev. 685 m, 7JUN2017 (ULB collection no. CMRT172), to be deposited in the Africa Museum (formerly Royal Museum of Central Africa, RMCA), Tervuren, Belgium. Type locality. Cameroon, Leki��, Ebogo, lat 3.3820, long 11.4632, elev. 677 m. Diagnosis. The genus diagnosis will probably be consistent with any future new Ebogotermes species, however the EVA, the most diverse character in the Apicotermitinae, should reveal diagnostic differences. Worker (Figs. 1���4). Very large. In lateral view (Fig. 1A), postclypeus moderately inflated; anterior lobe of pronotum tall, anterior rim covered with a field of small, uniform setae, posterior covered with about 35 setae of varying lengths. Posterior lobe of pronotum angled about 80�� from anterior lob. In dorsal view (Fig. 1B), head capsule covered with about 40 setae of varying lengths; fontanelle and large anterior frontal glands lighter than remainder of vertex. Mandibular dentition as in Fig. 2B. Fore tibia weakly inflated, about five time longer than wide. (Fig. 2C); about eight spines along inner margin, and three terminal spines; outer spine smallest. Antennal articles 1-4 about equal in length, article 5 and beyond wider and slightly longer. Mesenteric tongue of mixed segment lies along the inner side of the midgut ring (Fig. 3C). First proctodeal segment (P1) tubular, at least 2.5X long as wide (Fig. 3D). Second proctodeal segment (P2) armature does not extend into the lumen of the P3; EVA (Fig. 4B) consists of six cushions of similar shape that are either slightly larger or smaller than their neighbor. The anterior margin of each cushion is hemispherical while the posterior margin (pointing to the P3 lumen) is slightly sclerotized and forms a 90�� pouch. The surface of each cushion is adorned with ca. 70-140 scales rounded and broad near base of cushion, then narrowing into a tiny spine distally (Fig. 4C). Orientation of P2 to P3 180��; P2 seating spheriform, without lobes. Third proctodeal segment (P3) expanding posteriorly from P2 seating lobe into voluminous main chamber (Fig. 3C) which bends to right and thins at P3/P4 isthmus at dorsal anterior. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) long, narrow, and tubular, winding from isthmus around the anterior P3 for 180��, then bending posteriorly under P3, and finally bending 180�� around the middle of P3 from ventral side to terminate at P 5 in dorsum. Measurements in Table 1. Etymology. Named for Raphael Awoumou Onana, the chief of Ebogo village, a resilient guide, and expert on Cameroonian termites., Published as part of Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., Roisin, Yves, Akama, Pierre Dieudonn�� & ��obotn��k, Jan, 2021, Ebogotermes raphaeli, new genus and new species, an African soldierless termite described from the worker caste (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae), pp. 279-284 in Zootaxa 5067 (2) on pages 280-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/5677665, {"references":["Scheffrahn, R. H. (2019) UF termite database. University of Florida termite collection. https: // www. termitediversity. org / (accessed 29 July 2021)"]}

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Our recent description of Echinotermes biriba (Castro et al. 2018) does not clearly define the type repositories as we only give the acronyms “CATAC” and “UF”. The holotype and paratype workers are deposited in the Colección de artrópodos terrestres de la Amazonía Colombiana of the SINCHI Institute in Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia (CATAC). Additional paratype workers are deposited in the University of Florida Termite Collection at Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, Florida, United States (UF).

Gastrotermes spinatus sp. nov. Holotype. Worker, 1DEC2011, Jan Křeček, University of Florida Termite Collection no. AFR1424. Type repository. University of Florida Termite Collection, Fort Lauderdale, Davie, Florida. Type-locality. Cameroon, Korup National Park (lat 5.007, long 8.865), elev. 135 m. Paratypes. Another 30 workers, same colony sample as holotype. Worker (Figs. 1-3). Monomorphic, intermediate size for subfamily; head, pronotum, and body rather hairy for subfamily (Fig. 1A). Head capsule yellowish, covered with a few short but mostly long (ca. 0.12 mm) to very long (ca. 0.22 mm) setae (Fig. 1C, D). Postclypeus strongly inflated; fontanelle almost indiscernible; frontal gland paler than surrounding vertex. Antennae with 14 articles, 2=3>4Measurements. Workers (mean, range, mm, n=20): HLP 0.65, 0.58-0.70; PCL 0.21, 0.19-0.23; HW 1.01, 0.98-1.05; PW 0.65, 0.61-0.68; HTL 1.13, 1.05-1.18; FTL 0.82, 0.77-0.86; FTW 0.14, 0.12-0.14; FTLW 0.17, 0.15- 0.18. Diagnosis. Both the EVS and P3a junction, as noted above, and the EVA cuticle of G. spinatus are unique among the Apicotermes group. Etymology. The specific epithet ��� spinatus ��� (Latin for spine) refers to the large spines at the juncture of the EVS and P3a. Discussion. Soldiers are relatively rare in colonies of the Apicotermes group genera so it is possible that G. spinatus possesses a soldier. Except for its subterranean soil-feeding behavior, the biology of G. spinatus is unknown. The only known locality for G. spinatus is in lowland central African rainforest with precipitation exceeding 3 m per annum. Noirot (2001) places the Labidotermes subgroup as basal within the Apicotermes group because, unlike the Eburnitermes, Trichotermes, and Apicotermes subgroups, the EVA is situated on the inner face of P2 and does not project into the EVS or P3a lumen., Published as part of Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., 2020, Gastrotermes spinatus gen. n. sp. n., an African soil-feeding termite described from the worker caste (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitidae), pp. 291-296 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 292-295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3884666, {"references":["Noirot, C. (2001) The gut of termites (Isoptera). Comparative anatomy, systematics, phylogeny. I. Higher termites (Termitidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 37, 431 - 471."]}

Gastrotermes gen. nov. Type species. Gastrotermes spinatus sp. n., Published as part of Scheffrahn, Rudolf H., 2020, Gastrotermes spinatus gen. n. sp. n., an African soil-feeding termite described from the worker caste (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitidae), pp. 291-296 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3884666

Amitermes lilloi sp. n. Holotype. Soldier, part of lot MZUSP 8156, 30.i.1964, W. Weyrauch col. Type-locality. Tapia municipality, Province of Tucum��n, Argentina. Paratypes. ARGENTINA. Tucum��n: Tapia. 30.i.1964, W. Weyrauch (8156), 11.x.1965 (8155), 01.ix.1965 (8157, 8158). Etymology. Named in honor of Professor Miguel Lillo, a prominent Argentine naturalist who was born in Tucum��n, the type locality of the species. Soldier (Figs. 27C, 27D, 33C): Head nearly rectangular; in profile, top of head convex from posterior margin to middle, followed by prominent depression distally (Fig. 27D); labrum rounded, slightly angled at apex; postmentum elongated and with sinusoidal margins. Mandibles arched inward, with continuous curvature, narrowing to apex, conspicuous marginal teeth, slightly turned backward (Fig. 33C). Antennae with 14 articles. Anterior and posterior margins of pronotum rounded. Head with scattered bristles dorsally and laterally, denser around frontal pore opening; labrum with 8���10 bristles, longest pair apically; pronotum with bristles concentrated at anterior and posterior margins; abdomen with dense bristles distributed dorsally and ventrally, and short bristles ventrally; legs with sparse bristles. Measurements (10 individuals, from four colonies, in millimeters), CLM: 0.90���0.95, LH: 1.45���1.50, WH: 1.03���1.08, LT: 0.90���0.98. Worker mandibles (Fig. 28B): With typical xylophagous pattern. Left mandible: apical tooth slightly larger than M1+2, M3 easily recognizable, with marked cutting edge between marginal teeth; molar tooth hidden by molar prominence; molar prominence with marked ridges. Right mandible: apical tooth larger than M1, M2 easily recognizable, with marked posterior cutting edge, and molar plate with four marked ridges. Gut anatomy (Figs. 22D, 23E, 29B, 30B, 32): Crop asymmetrical, with oesophagous insertion displaced to left side, covered internally with pectinate scales before gizzard. Gizzard of the generalized type, with columnar and pulvillar belts subequal in length; first-order pulvilli conspicuous, with tiny pectinate scales, second-order pulvilli reduced (Fig. 29B). Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue internal to mesenteric arch, narrower proximally and gradually enlarging to tip (Figs. 32C, 32D). P1 slightly larger than previous segment and tubular, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), inserted in a clearly visible enteric-valve seating, dorsally and at right side of abdomen, occluded by P4 segment (Fig. 32E, arrow, P4 removed). P1 cuticular ornamentation composed of sparse small spines around mesenteric tongue at mixed segment, followed by elongated area of spines with sclerotized base located proximally (Figs. 22D, 23E). Enteric-valve armature (P2) composed of six digitiform cushions ornamented with small spines, denser in distal portion (Fig. 30B). P3 well developed, with a conspicuous enteric-valve seating (Fig. 32E). Isthmus clearly recognizable. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn and located dorsally (Fig. 32A). Comparisons: A. lilloi can be easily distinguished from all other South American members of Amitermes by the well-marked enteric-valve seating (Fig. 32E), which is clearly visible, even in the soldier caste. Regarding the soldiers, in A. aporema the marginal teeth are absent or poorly marked (Figs. 11A, 11C); the mandibles of A. excellens has more-elongated and a less pronounced curve, with the marginal teeth located proximally (Fig. 15C); and A. bandeirai, A. beaumonti and A. lunae have fishhook-shaped mandibles (Figs. 27C, 15A, 15G). Amitermes lilloi, sp. n. shares the same marked marginal teeth, with the general slender shaped mandible with A. amicki, A. amifer and A. foreli (Figs. 1A, 1C, 15E). Amitermes lilloi can be distinguished from A. foreli by its size (consistently smaller) and by their distributions (Figs. 26, 31); and differs from A. amifer in the mandibles, which are more slender and larger proportionally in the new species, with more-acute marginal teeth (Figs. 33A, 33C). Key to South American species of Amitermes based on soldiers and workers 1 Distal portion of soldier mandible fishhook-shaped (Figs. 15A, 15G, 27A, 33B).................................... 2 - Distal portion of soldier mandible slender, not fishhook-shaped (Figs. 1A, 1C, 3, 11A, 11C, 15C, 15E, 27C)............. 4 2 Length of distal portion of P1 short (Figs. 4B, 17E).......................................................... 3 - Length of distal portion of P1 elongated (Figs. 25A, 25B); found in western South America, in very dry environments (Fig. 26).......................................................................................... A. lunae 3 Very thin soldier mandibles with a sharp backward directed teeth (Fig. 15A); found in Central America (Fig. 14)................................................................................................... A. beaumonti - Robust soldier mandibles with a strongly inward curved distal half, with conspicuous teeth backward directed (Figs. 27A, 33B); found in eastern South America, commonly in Atlantic Forest vegetation formations (Fig. 31)................ A. bandeirai 4 Dilated portion of P1 fusiform (Figs. 2D, 4D, 12D, 13D, 32D), mesenteric tongue strangled proximally (Figs. 2A, 4A, 4E, 12A, 13A, 32A)........................................................................................... 5 - Dilated portion of P1 well developed and globose (Figs. 19D, 21D), mesenteric tongue broad and evenly wide along entire length (Figs. 19B, 21B)................................................................................ 6 5 Soldier marginal teeth marked (Figs. 1A, 1C, 27C, 33A, 33C), P4 dorsally located (Figs. 2A, 4A, 32A)................. 7 - Soldier marginal teeth absent or poorly marked (Figs.11A, 11C), P4 displaced to right side of body (Figs. 12A, 13A).................................................................................................. A. aporema 6 Position of marginal teeth close to base of soldier mandible (Fig. 15C)................................... A. excellens - Position of marginal teeth at midlength of soldier mandible (Fig. 15E)...................................... A. foreli 7 P3 seating not marked (Figs. 2D, 4D)..................................................................... 8 - P3 seating marked (Fig. 32C, 32E).................................................................. A. lilloi 8 In profile, thick (or high) soldier head with a curved dorsal margin covered by long bristles densely distributed (Fig. 1B); occurrence in dry environments in northern Venezuela and Colombia (Fig. 9).................................. A. amicki - In profile, narrower soldier head with a dorsal margin with only slightly curved and covered by bristles sparsely distributed (Fig. 1D); occurrence in open environments of South America, part of the dry diagonal biomes (Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco) in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina (Fig. 9)..................................................... A. amifer FIGURE 34. Detail of Amitermes sp. worker gut (crop and first half of mesenteron removed); arrow: whitish area on P3 wall. Discussion, Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2020, Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers, pp. 75-104 in Zootaxa 4751 (1) on pages 98-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3711794

Amitermes amifer Silvestri, 1901 Soldier (Figs. 1C, 1D, 3 A���D, 33A): Described originally by Silvestri (1901), with a generic description of the soldier and a very brief description of the imago, in Silvestri (1903) a more detailed description is provided (with figures), but a more useful redescription is provided by Light (1932). Additional illustrations, exemplifying the morphological variation of the caste, are provided here (Figs. 3 A���D). Gut anatomy (Figs. 4, 5A, 6A, 7A, 7B, 8A): Crop asymmetrical, with oesophagous insertion displaced to left side, covered internally with pectinate scales before gizzard. Gizzard of the generalized type, with columnar and pulvillar belts subequal in length; first-order pulvilli conspicuous, with tiny pectinate scales, second-order pulvilli reduced (Fig. 5A). Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue internal to mesenteric arch, filiform proximally and gradually enlarging to tip, ending before dilated portion of first proctodeal segment (P1) (Figs. 4C, 4E). P1 fusiform, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), inserted in P3 at right side of abdomen (Fig. 4B, arrow); this insertion may be located more dorsally (occluded by P4 segment) or ventrally, depending on degree of gut repletion in the specimen. P1 cuticular ornamentation composed of sparse small spines around mesenteric tongue at mixed segment, followed by elongated area of spines with sclerotized base, located proximally (Figs. 6A, 7A), and sparse spines in distal portion, just before enteric valve (Figs. 6A, 7B). Enteric-valve armature (P2) weakly sclerotized, with six elongated cushions ornamented with small scattered spines (Fig. 8A). P3 well developed, globose. Isthmus clearly recognizable. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn, located dorsally (Fig. 4A). Material examined. BRAZIL. Alagoas. Murici: Usina Alegria, 17.ii.1971, A.F.M. Filho (8388); Bahia. Capim Grosso: 21.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5540, 5542); Itaberaba: Faz. Formosa, 04.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (15726); Marac��s: Faz. Maria In��cia, 24.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (15724, 15729); Milagres: 18.ix.2010, J. V.N. Lima, M. R. Giffoni & D.S.B. Sousa (14894), 16.iv.2010, J. V.N. Lima, M. R. Giffoni & E.A. Alves (14895); Mucug��: 07.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (11367*, 15730, 15752); Santa Rita de Cassia: Riacho Vered��o, 17.vii.1991, C. R.F. Brand��o (15725); Cear��. Crato: Chapada do Araripe, 09.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6361), Floresta Nacional do Apodi, 09���10.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6369, 6373, 6379, 6387*, 6456), Chapada do Araripe, 21.xii.1976, R.L. Araujo (7247); Jaguaribe: 12.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6399); Goi��s. Niquel��ndia: 29.ix.1995, B.H. Dietz, F. Silvestre & C. R.F. Brand��o (10084), 16.xi.2013, T.F. Carrijo (26378); Maranh��o. 20 Km de Teresina, PI, 09.xii.1976, R.L. Araujo (7143, 7150); Imperatriz: 12���20.xii.1972, G.M.F. Oliveira (6280, 6327, 6337, 6342, 6347); Mato Grosso. Estrada Cuiab��-Porto Velho, 15.ii.1976, R.L. Araujo (6539); Corumb��: Fazenda Santa Branca, 09.xii.1960, K. Lenko (1180), Lad��rio, 29.x.1953, R.L. Araujo (3952); Cuiab��: 16.ii.1976, R.L. Araujo (6591), Coxip��, 14���17.ii.1976, R.L. Araujo (6555, 6664, 6671, 6702); V��rzea Grande: EMPA, 28.x.1984, J.C. Trager (8596); Mato Grosso do Sul. Aquidauana: 16.iii.2012, A. Abot (22432); Corumb��: 31.x.1953, R.L. Araujo (3975); Lad��rio, 29.x.1953, R.L. Araujo (3953), Urucum, 14���19.viii.1926, K.P. Schmidt, (2734, 3445), 30��� 31.x.1953, R.L. Araujo, (3970, 3974), 30���31.x.1953, R.L. Araujo (3977, 3980); Porto Murtinho: 28.vii.2015, R.G. Santos (24925); Minas Gerais. Parque Nacional Grande Sert��o Veredas, 10���15.x.2012, J.P. Constantini (26851), M.M. Rocha (16220, 16229, 16235, 16322), R.G. Santos (22202���22204, 22206); Capit��o En��as: 15.vii.1975, R.L. Araujo (6071); Jana��ba: 20.vii.1975, R.L. Araujo (6107); Porteirinha: 21.vii.1975, R.L. Araujo (6114); Pernambuco. Between Serra Talhada and Triunfo, 22.i.1980, E.M. Cancello (8007), Serra das Russas, 13.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5477), Between Lagoa Grande and Petrolina, 18.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5514); Arcoverde: Instituto de Pesquisas Agron��micas (IPA), 25/01/1980, E.M. Cancello (7952, 7955, 7956); Igarassu: 10.viii.1947, C. R. Gon��alves (4588); Petrolina: 18.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5520); Salgueiro: 17.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5505); Serra Talhada: Instituto de Pesquisas Agron��micas (IPA), 23/01/1980, E.M. Cancello (8015); Piau��. 12 km before Valen��a / PI, 08.xii.1976, R.L. Araujo (7140), P. Nac. de Sete Cidades, 11���14.xii.1976, R.L. Araujo, (7168, 7202); Canto do Buriti: 19���21.xi.1991, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (15770���15775); Corrente: Fazenda Maracuj��, 24.xi.1991, C. R.F. Brand��o (15718), 23���27.xi.1991, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (15704���15717, 15719, 15720); Floriano: Fazenda Buriti Sol, 05���09.xi.1991, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (15762���15764, 15766���15768); Oeiras: Fazenda Talhada, 14���15.xi.1991, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (15796���15802); Picos: xii.1976, R.L. Araujo (7115, 7116), 07.xii.1976, (7128, 7130); Sergipe. Porto da Folha: 04���05.iv.2012, A.B. V. Junior (16371, 16372). Fig. 9 shows the MZUSP collection records of A. amicki and A. amifer (See Discussion)., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2020, Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers, pp. 75-104 in Zootaxa 4751 (1) on pages 77-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3711794, {"references":["Silvestri, F. (1901) Nota preliminare sui termitidi sud-americani. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata della Universita di Torino, 16 (389), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26628","Silvestri, F. (1903) Contribuzione alla conoscenza dei termite e termitofili dell'America meridionale. Redia, 1, 1 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 137413","Light, S. F. (1932) Contribution toward a revision of the American species of Amitermes Silvestri. University of California Publications in Entomology, 5 (17), 355 - 414."]}

Amitermes bandeirai sp. n. Holotype. Soldier, part of lot MZUSP 26717, 19.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini coll. Type-locality. Teixeira de Freitas Municipality (-17.5078, -39.6318, in loco coordinates), Bahia State, Brazil. Collection notes: ���Backyard with fruit trees and probably fertilized soil (smelling of NPK). Amitermes in a triangular nest of soft periphery and very hard and clear interior. Strong mango scent, attracting ���jata�� bees���(Meliponinae)���. Paratypes. BRAZIL. Bahia. Andara��: Mata do Carrasco. 12���13.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11360, 11362, 11366, 11369, 11370); Conde: 15.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini (26694, 26745, 26746); Ilh��us: CEPLAC Mata Zoobot��nica, 02���05.x.2001, Y. T. Reis (14948, 14949, 14950, 14951, 14952, 14953, 14955, 14956, 14957, 14958, 14959, 14960, 14961, 14962, 14963, 14964, 14966), Distrito Oliven��a, 25.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5565), Mata da Esperan��a, 06���16.xi.2000, Y. T. Reis (12404, 12426, 12427, 14272, 14290, 14954*, 15738,), 11.xi.2000, C. Bordereau (15552*), 16.xi.2000 (15734, 15744), 21���24.v.2001, Y. T. Reis (14965, 15731, 15732, 15733, 15735, 15736, 15737, 15739, 15740, 15741, 15742, 15743); Itaberaba: 02���03.xii.1990, C. R.F. Brand��o & J.L.M. Diniz (11376, 11377), 04.xii.1990 E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11379), Faz. Riacho do Uru��u, 01���03.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11361, 11371, 11372, 11373, 11374, 11375, 11378); Itapetinga: 28.ii.1972, R.L. Araujo (5040); Jacobina: Morro do Chap��u (Serra do Tombador), 16.i.1980, E.M. Cancello (7982); Jequi��: 22���23.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5559, 5555); Marac��s: Faz. Maria In��cia, 23���26.xi.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11358, 11359, 11365, 11380); Mata de S��o Jo��o: R. Ecol. de Sapiranga, 23���26.vii.2001, Y. T. Reis (12396, 12398, 12399, 12400, 12401, 14274, 14275, 14276, 14277, 14278, 12397), 27.vii.2001, Y. T. Reis & E.M. Cancello (14273); Milagres: 16.vii.2010, J. V.N. Lima, J.D. Cruz & E.A. Alves (14891), 03.ii.2011 (14890); Mucug��: 06���11.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11381, 15751, 15754, 15755, 15756, 15757, 15758, 15753), 08.xii.1990 C. R.F. Brand��o & J.L.M. Diniz (11382); Porto Seguro: ESPAB, 21���22.i.2003, Y. T. Reis (12428, 12429, 12430), P.Nac. Pau Brasil, 17.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini (26689, 26742, 26743); Salvador: Ondina (Instituto Biol��gico), 07.vii.1970, R.L. Araujo (4822, 4823), Praia de Itapu��, 05.vii.1970, R.L. Araujo (4817, 4819); Teixeira de Freitas: 19.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini (26717*); Uru��uca: Escola M��dia de Agricultura, 25.ii.1972, R.L. Araujo (5123); Esp��rito Santo. Aracruz: 27.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4155); Guarapari: 28.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4180); Linhares: R.B. da Cia. Vale do Rio Doce, 28.i.1993, E.M. Cancello & B.A.O. Silva (9817, 9818*), R.B. de Sooretama, 26.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4149), 31.viii.1966, H. Reichardt (1084, 1175, 1176), 04���11.iv.2001, L.C.M. Oliveira & E.M. Cancello (14280, 14282, 14283, 14284, 14285, 14286, 14281), 03���10.iv.2001, L.C.M. Oliveira (12380, 12381, 12382, 12383, 12384, 12385, 12386, 12387); Santa Teresa: Distrito de S��o Jo��o de Petr��polis, 25.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4136, 12379); Sooretama: 24.xi.2014, N.C.C.P Barbosa (24916), 25���26.xi.2014, A.F. Santos (24914, 24921, 24922, 24923), Estrada do Meio, 26.xi.2014, R.G. Santos (24913), Trilha da Ab��bora, 25.xi.2014, R.G. Santos (24911), Trilha do Cupido, 25.xi.2014, T.F. Carrijo (24912), Trilha do Quirin��o, 26.xi.2014, R.G. Santos (24917), 26.xi.2014, T.F. Carrijo (24924); Minas Gerais. Itaobim: 26.vi.1966, H. Reichardt (2090); Te��filo Otoni: 27.vii.1970, R.L. Araujo (4772); Para��ba. Areia: Mata do Pau Ferro, 08.xii.1999, A. Vasconcellos (23295); Campina Grande: 19.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6439); Jo��o Pessoa: A.P.A. Mata do Buraquinho, 01.vi.2000, A. Vasconcellos (11363, 13604, 13605, 13606, 13607, 13608, 13609, 13610, 13611, 13612, 13613, 13614), R.B. Guaribas, 23.x.2015, N.C.C.P. Barbosa (24915), UFPB, 21.x.2015, N.C.C.P. Barbosa (24918); Pernambuco. Caruaru: 14.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5482); Igarassu: Usina S��o Jos��, 18.ix.1966, M.M. Chaves (1177); Mataraca: 18.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6433); Recife: BR 232, 13.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5467), P.E. Dois Irm��os, 04.vii.2000, A. Vasconcellos (13596, 13597, 13598, 13599, 13600, 13601), M.P. Silva (13602, 13603), 04.viii.2000, A. Vasconcellos (12432), 09/1969, G. Arruda (5381); Sanhar��: S��tio Boi Manso, 14.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5483); Rio Grande do Norte. Extremoz: Centro Tecnol��gico de Agricultura, 06.xii.2012, M.P. Valim (16098, 16099); Natal: 17.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6426), Praia de Ponta Negra, 17.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6423); Sergipe. Itaporanga d���Ajuda: Faz. Caju, 06.ix.1983, C. R.F. Brand��o (9904, 9905); Santa Luzia do Itanhy: R. Ecol. do Crasto, 30/vii���01.viii.2000, Y. T. Reis (12402, 12403, 12431), 30.vii.2001, E.M. Cancello & Y. T. Reis (11364). Etymology. The species epithet ���bandeirai��� is given in honor of our dearly departed colleague Adelmar Gomes Bandeira, who assembled new and important termite collections and whose invaluable contributions to the field and role as teacher, paved the way for other termitologists. Imago (Figs. 10 C, 10D): Head round; eyes small and oval, separated from ventral margin of head by less than half their diameter. Ocelli small, short, oval, separated from eyes by at least their longest diameter. Postclypeus short, not swollen. Fontanelle white, drop-shaped, with pointed frontal end. Antennae with 15 articles, third the shortest, increasing in size from 4th to 11th, last four articles longer and about same size. Mandibles as in worker. Pronotum almost square, anterior margin nearly straight or slightly concave, narrower than head width. Densely haired; head with some erect bristles, many decumbent bristles and many hairs; pronotum with hairs and decumbent bristles on surface and some erect bristles on margins; tergites with many hairs and erect bristles on posterior margin. Head, pronotum, body and wings brown; antennae, sternites and legs paler brown. Measurements (12 individuals, males and females from two colonies, in millimeters), LH: 0.58���0.75, WH: 0.93���1.00, MDE: 0.18���0.20, MaDO: 0.09���0.11, MiDO: 0.07, LP: 0.45���0.48, WP: 0.75���0.82, MiLW: 7.33���7.92, LT: 1.00���1.10, DEHM: 0.03���0.06. Soldier (Figs. 27A, 27B, 33B): Head subrectangular, with sides slightly convergent toward front, top of head convex in profile; labrum rounded, slightly angled at apex; postmentum elongated and with sinusoid margins. Mandibles arched inward, with continuous curvature, fishhook-shaped, marginal teeth marked, directed slightly backward. Antennae with 14 articles. Anterior and posterior margins of pronotum rounded. Head with scatted bristles dorsally and laterally; labrum with 8���10 bristles, longest pair of these apically; pronotum with bristles concentrated at anterior and posterior margins; abdomen covered densely with bristles dorsally and ventrally, and short bristles ventrally; legs with sparse bristles. Measurements (10 individuals, from five colonies, in millimeters), CLM: 0.72��� 0.83, LH: 1.38���1.67, WH: 0.97���1.12, LT: 0.75���0.93. Worker mandibles (Fig. 28A): With typical xylophagous pattern. Left mandible: apical tooth slightly larger than M1+2, M3 easily recognizable, with marked cutting edge between marginal teeth, molar tooth hidden by molar prominence; molar prominence with marked striations. Right mandible: apical tooth larger than M1, M2 easily recognizable, with marked posterior cutting edge; molar plate with four marked ridges. Gut anatomy (Figs. 22C, 23C, 23D, 29A, 30A): Gut torsion and morphology of segments as in A. amifer (Fig. 4), except for P1 cuticular ornamentation composed of groups of parallel very small spines around mesenteric tongue (Figs. 22C, 23C), followed by elongated area of spines with sclerotized base located proximally (Figs. 22C, 23D) and sparse spines on distal portion, just before enteric valve (Fig. 22C); enteric-valve armature (P2) weakly sclerotized, with six elongated cushions ornamented with a heterogeneous coverage of small scattered spines. Some cushions present only few spines distally (Fig. 30A, arrows). Comparisons: Regarding the soldiers, in A. aporema the marginal teeth are absent or poorly marked (Figs. 11A, 11C); the mandibles of A. excellens are more elongated with a less pronounced curve, with the marginal teeth locat- ed proximally (Fig. 15C); and A. amicki, A. amifer, A. foreli and A. lilloi have the marginal teeth more distinct, with the general slender and continuous mandible shape (Figs. 1A, 1C, 15E, 27C). Amitermes bandeirai sp. n., shares the same fishhook-shaped mandibles with A. beaumonti and A. lunae, but can be distinguished from A. beaumonti by the larger size and the robust mandibles; and from A. lunae by the proportion of the mandibles to the head capsule, which is relatively smaller in the new species. The geographic distribution of these three species is very distinct, A. bandeirai occur predominantly in the South American Atlantic Forest from the state of Esp��rito Santo northward, plus a few localities in the northeastern Caatinga biome (Fig. 31), while A. beaumonti is restricted to Central America and A. lunae is typical of very dry environments on the western coast of South America (Fig. 26). The worker gut does not have marked characteristics and cannot be distinguished from A. amifer by the coiling. The soldier morphology is more useful for identification purposes, and it is desirable to compare a good series of individuals. Comments. The distribution of Amitermes bandeirai, sp. n. is remarkable, occurring mainly in rain forest (Atlantic Forest) with few registries in northeastern Brazil in the Caatinga or high-altitude fields (campo rupestre), such as in Mucug��, state of Bahia. This species is xylophagous and has been collected in dead logs, on a partially buried branch, in a dead branch on a living tree, and in a standing dead tree. In the Caatinga, it is most common in the dead leaves surrounding the dry base of individuals of Bromeliaceae, and also occupies abandoned nests constructed by other species. One sample was collected inside an epigeic nest of Syntermes dirus, in the upper region of the nest, in paved galleries contrasting with the loose earth of the Syntermes nest., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2020, Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers, pp. 75-104 in Zootaxa 4751 (1) on pages 88-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3711794

Amitermes amicki Scheffrahn, 1999 Soldier (Figs. 1A, 1B): Described by Scheffrahn et al. (1999); additional illustrations are provided here. Gut anatomy (Fig. 2): Crop asymmetrical, with oesophagous insertion displaced to left side. Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue internal to mesenteric arch, narrower proximally and gradually enlarging to tip, ending before dilated portion of first proctodeal segment (P1) (Fig. 2D). P1 fusiform, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), and inserted in P3 at right side of abdomen (Fig. 2B, arrow). P3 well developed and globose. Isthmus clearly recognizable. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn and slightly displaced to right side of body (Figs. 2A, 2B). Material examined. VENEZUELA. Falc��n. La Cruz de Taratara: 28.v.2008, R. H. Scheffrahn & collaborators (27470). Comments. We could not observe the internal cuticular structures (gizzard, enteric valve and P1 cuticular architecture), as only one worker was available to dissect., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2020, Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers, pp. 75-104 in Zootaxa 4751 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3711794, {"references":["Scheffrahn, R. H., Su, N. & Myles, T. G. (1999) Amitermes amicki, a new subterranean termite (Isoptera: Termitidae: Termitinae) from Aruba. Florida Entomologist, 82 (1), 7 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495832"]}

Amitermes aporema Constantino, 1992 Amitermes nordestinus M��lo & Fontes, 2003, new synonym Imago (first description) (Figs. 10A, 10B): Head almost round, very small; eyes oval, separated from ventral margin of head by almost half their diameter. Ocelli small, subcircular, separated from eyes by their longest diameter. Postclypeus short, not swollen. Fontanelle elongate, white, drop-shaped, with pointed frontal end. Antennae with 13 or 14 articles, third the shortest, followed by the 4th, from 5th increasing a little in size till the 11th, the last two or three longer and about the same size. Mandibles as in worker (Constantino 1992, Fig. 2). Pronotum narrower than head width, subtriangular, anterior margin straight, anterolateral corners broadly rounded, sides strongly convergent; posterior margin slightly emarginated. Densely haired; head with many decumbent bristles and many hairs; pronotum with hairs and decumbent bristles on surface and few erect bristles on margins; tergites with many hairs and few erect bristles on posterior margin. Head, pronotum and body light brown; postclypeus, antennae, sternites and legs yellowish brown; wings translucent, smoky brown. Measurements (three individuals, males and females from one colony, in millimeters), LH: 0.58���0.60, WH: 0.80���0.82, MDE: 0.15, MaDO: 0.07���0.08, MiDO: 0.06, LP: 0.37���0.40, WP: 0.63���0.65, MiLW: 6.71, LT: 0.77, DEHM: 0.05���0.06. Soldier (Figs. 11A���11D): A. aporema was described by Constantino (1992) and A. nordestinus by M��lo & Fontes (2003). Illustrations of paratype soldiers are provided here. Gut anatomy (Figs. 6B, 7C, 8B, 8C, 12, 13): Crop asymmetrical, with oesophagous insertion displaced to left side, covered internally with pectinate scales before gizzard. Gizzard of the generalized type, with columnar and pulvillar belts subequal in length; first-order pulvilli conspicuous, with tiny pectinate scales, second-order pulvilli reduced (Fig. 5B). Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue internal to mesenteric arch, narrower proximally and gradually enlarging to tip, ending before dilated portion of first proctodeal segment (P1) (Figs. 12C, 13C). P1 fusiform, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), with long narrow neck forming marked handle, at right side of P3 (Figs. 12B, 13B, arrow), handle may be oriented clockwise or counterclockwise, depending on its accommodation in the gut. We observed both conditions among individuals of the same colony, but the clockwise orientation was more common. P1 cuticular ornamentation composed only of elongated area of spines with sclerotized base, located proximally (Figs. 6B, 7C). Enteric-valve armature (P2) weakly sclerotized, with six elongated cushions ornamented with small scattered spines (Figs. 8B, 8C), cushions follow entire distal P1 handle and cannot be mounted as a single piece (see comments below). P3 well developed. Isthmus not marked. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn and displaced to right side of body (Figs. 12A, 13A). Comments. The gut anatomy of all samples examined, including the type specimens, clearly shares the same characteristics, mainly the distal portion of the P1 forming a handle and the P4 displaced to the right side of the abdomen; these characters combined are absent in all other species of Amitermes examined. The same is valid for the soldier caste, characterized by the absent (or poorly marked) marginal teeth, which distinguishes them from all other South American species. The comparison with A. aporema in the original description of A. nordestinus pointed out only differences in proportions among the heads of the soldiers; even so, some measurements of A. nordestinus provided in the description overlap with those of A. aporema. Examination of a large series of specimens showed that these differences are not significant. The records of both A. aporema and A. nordestinus are from open formations (Cerrado and Caatinga areas or human-modified vegetation), although A. aporema was originally described from a small disjunct Cerrado formation in Amap�� State (Fig. 14). The enteric-valve cushion illustrated here (Figs. 8B, 8C) is not perfect, since the species has a very small section, a tight musculature, and the number of specimens for dissection was limited. However, the material does not show any distinctive characteristic. Material examined. BRAZIL. Amap��. Aporema, 26.x.1989, R. Constantino (9547, paratypes). Bahia. Campo Formoso: 20.vii.1974, R. L. Araujo (5532, 5535); Inhambupe: xi.2005, William (15542); Itaberaba: 18.vi.2001, A.C.S. M��lo (UFPB-1317, paratypes of A. nordestinus); 04.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11383, 11384, 11385); Salvador: Ondina, 07.vii.1970, R. L. Araujo (4825); Minas Gerais. P. Nac. Grande Sert��o Veredas, 12.x.2012, J.P. Constantini (26863), M.M. Rocha (16231*); Piau��. Floriano: Faz. Buriti Sol, 06.xi.1991, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Pontes (15765); Rio Grande do Norte. Mossor��: 15.xii.1975, R. L. Araujo (6411); Tocantins. Ponte Alta do Tocantins: Jalap��o, T. F. Carrijo (26379)., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2020, Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers, pp. 75-104 in Zootaxa 4751 (1) on pages 78-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3711794, {"references":["Constantino, R. (1992) A new species of Amitermes Silvestri from Amapa state, Brazil (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia, 8 (2), 339 - 341.","Melo, A. C. S. & Fontes, L. R. (2003) A new species of Amitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae) from northeastern Brazil. Sociobiology, 41 (2), 411 - 418."]}

Amitermes beaumonti Banks, 1918 Soldier (Figs. 15A, 15B): Described by Banks (1918), with a redescription by Light (1932). Additional illustrations are provided here. Gut anatomy (Figs. 6C, 7D, 7E, 16A, 17, 18A): Crop slightly asymmetrical, covered internally with pectinate scales before gizzard. Gizzard of the generalized type, with columnar and pulvillar belts subequal in length; firstorder pulvilli conspicuous, with tiny pectinate scales, second-order pulvilli reduced (Fig. 16A). Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue internal to mesenteric arch, filiform proximally and gradually enlarging to tip, ending above dilated portion of first proctodeal segment (P1) and enlarged distally (Figs. 17 A���17C). P1 fusiform, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), inserted in P3 dorsally at right side of abdomen, but partially occluded by P4 segment (Fig. 17E, arrow). P1 cuticular ornamentation composed of sparse small spines around mesenteric tongue at mixed segment, followed by elongated area of spines (Figs. 6C, 7D), and sparse spines in distal portion, just before enteric valve (Figs. 6C, 7E). Enteric-valve armature (P2) composed of six digitiform cushions ornamented with small spines distally, and with broadly coverage of small spines proximally (Fig. 18A). P3 well developed and globose, with a marked pouch after P2 (Figs. 17A, 17B, arrows). Isthmus easily recognizable. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn and located dorsally (Fig. 17A). Comments. Although the available specimens for this study are from Panam�� (Fig. 14), we agree with one of the reviews suggestions and include in the paper, since this species distribution overlaps with A. foreli, and maybe reachs the west of Colombia. Material examined. PANAMA. Barro Colorado Island, 26.v.1966, E.K.P. Silveira (1113), 21.vi.1966 (1114), A.E. Emerson, 01.v.1935 (3446*). Amitermes excellens (Silvestri, 1923) Soldier (Figs. 15C, 15D): Described by Silvestri (1923); a brief redescription and illustrations were provided by Emerson (1925). Additional illustrations are provided here. Gut anatomy (Figs. 6D, 7F, 7G, 16B, 18B, 19): Crop asymmetrical, with oesophagous insertion displaced to left side, covered internally with pectinate scales before gizzard. Gizzard of the generalized type, with columnar and pulvillar belts subequal in length; first-order pulvilli conspicuous, with tiny pectinate scales, second-order pulvilli reduced (Fig. 16B). Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue external to mesenteric arch, of uniform width along its length, ending before dilated portion of first proctodeal segment (P1) (Figs. 19C, 19D). P1 globose, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), inserted in P3 dorsally at right side of abdomen, but occluded by P4 segment (Fig. 19E, arrow). P1 cuticular ornamentation composed of sparse small spines around mesenteric tongue at mixed segment (Figs. 6D, 7F), followed by elongated area of spines with sclerotized bases, and located proximally (Figs. 6D, 7G). Enteric-valve armature (P2) composed of six digitiform cushions ornamented with small spines (Fig. 18B). P3 well developed and globose. Isthmus not recognizable. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn and located dorsally (Figs. 19A, 19B). Material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas. S��o Jo��o near to Taperucuara, AM (SA 20, 0-65d), 08.xi.1972, P.E. Vanzolini (5181); Beruri: Purus river, 06.iv.1967, Departamento de Zoologia (1259); Itacoatiara: AM-010, km 232 (between Manaus and Itacoatiara), 21���28.v.1977, A.G. Bandeira (8307, 8311, 8312, 8314, 10449), 29.ix.1977, A.G. Bandeira (7463), 04.xi.1977, A.G. Bandeira (7464*, 8313); Manaus: 20.viii.1976, A.G. Bandeira (7543), S��tio Concei����o de Manaus, Rio Amazonas, 10.xi.1953, C. R. Gon��alves (4583), EEST-Alojamento, 05.iv.1991, A.G. Bandeira (9477); Presidente Figueiredo: Cachoeira Iracema, 12.iii.2016, R. G. Santos (24344); Par��. U.H.E S��o Lu��s do Tapaj��s, 17.i.1979, J.M.F. Camargo & P. Mazucato (26960), Between Santa Maria and Itaituba, 18.i.1979, J.M.F. Camargo & P. Mazucato (26973); Belterra: ii.1949, C. R. Gon��alves (3160*), 31.i.1949, C. R. Gon��alves (3165*); ��bidos: ii.1949, C. R. Gon��alves (3854); Santar��m: 12.xi.1945, C. R. Gon��alves (4584, 4587); Rond��nia. UHE, Santo Ant��nio, M��dulo de Jaci Paran��, 06.iii.2012, R. G. Santos, J. Cabral & T. F. Carrijo (23727); Roraima. Manaus-Boa Vista Km 810 Macuja��, 14.v.1977, A.G. Bandeira (8306), Ilha de Marac��, ix.1987, E.M. Cancello & O.F.F. Souza (9074), Arumim, 13.iii.2016, J.P. Constantini (24325), R. G. Santos (25239); Amajari: 13.iii.2016, T. F. Carrijo (24326), R. G. Santos (24920); Boa Vista: 08.xi.1953, C. R. Gon��alves (4585, 4586), Passar��o, 12.iii.1972, K. Kitayama (5313,5316); Bonfim: 15.iii.2016, T. F. Carrijo (24328, 24334, 24335, 24926*), R. G. Santos (24338, 24343), J.P. Constantini (24342, 25764); Caracara��: 15.iii.2016, J.P. Constantini (24324), T. F. Carrijo (24340), RR-km 639, Manaus-Boa Vista, 14.v.1977, A.G. Bandeira (8309); Mucajai: 15.iii.2016, R. G. Santos (24345), J.P. Constantini (24919); Uraricoera: E. Ecol. de Marac��, 20.v.2015, G. Biffi & R. Falashi (23400); GUIANA. Cuyuni- Mazaruni. Kamakusa (Mountain?), 03.xii.1922, H. Lang (3448), Kartabo: 10.viii.1919, A.E. Emerson (3449*, type colony). Amitermes foreli Wasmann, 1902 Soldier (Figs. 15E, 15F,): originally described by Wasmann (1902), with a brief description of the external morphology of the soldier, worker and nymph. A good redescription was provided by Light (1932), based on the type specimens. Additional illustrations are provided here. Gut anatomy (Figs. 20A, 21, 22A, 23A, 24A): Crop asymmetrical, with oesophagous insertion displaced to left side, covered internally with pectinate scales before gizzard. Gizzard of the generalized type, with columnar and pulvillar belts subequal in length; first-order pulvilli conspicuous, with tiny pectinate scales, second-order pulvilli reduced (Fig. 20A). Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue external to mesenteric arch, of uniform width along its length, ending above dilated portion of first proctodeal segment (P1) and enlarged distally (Fig. 21C). P1 strongly globose, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), inserted in P3 dorsally, at right side of abdomen, but occluded by P4 segment. P1 cuticular ornamentation composed of small spines restricted to border of mesenteric tongue, remaining surfaces glabrous (Figs. 22A, 23A). Enteric-valve armature (P2) composed of six elongated cushions ornamented with small spines (Fig. 24A). P3 well developed and globose, with a partial pouch after P2 (Figs. 21A, 21C, arrows). Isthmus easily recognizable. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn, located dorsally (Fig. 21A). Material examined. COLOMBIA. Atl��ntico. Barranquilla: 29.viii.1938, C. Seevers (3450). Amitermes lunae Scheffrahn & Huchet, 2010 Soldier (Figs. 15G, 15H): Originally described by Scheffrahn & Huchet (2010), with photographs of the soldier and worker��s enteric valve, but without a description of the gut coiling. Gut anatomy (Figs. 20B, 22B, 23B, 24B, 24C, 25): Crop asymmetrical, with oesophagous insertion displaced to left side, covered internally with pectinate scales before gizzard. Gizzard of the generalized type, with columnar and pulvillar belts subequal in length; first-order pulvilli conspicuous, with tiny pectinate scales, second-order pulvilli reduced (Fig. 20B). Stomodeal valve inserted in apex of mesenteron. Mesenteric tongue internal to mesenteric arch, narrower proximally and gradually enlarging to tip, ending before dilated portion of first proctodeal segment (P1) (Fig. 25C). P1 fusiform, crossing abdomen diagonally in dorsal view, over paunch (P3), with long narrow neck, inserted ventrally at P3 (Fig. 25B, arrow). P1 cuticular ornamentation composed only of elongated area of spines with sclerotized base, located proximally (Figs. 22B, 23B). Enteric-valve armature (P2) weakly sclerotized, with six elongated cushions ornamented with small scattered spines (Figs. 24B, 24C). P3 well developed. Isthmus easily recognizable. Fourth proctodeal segment (P4) with short U-turn and located dorsally (Fig. 25A). Comment. Only a few specimens were available to prepare the enteric valve slides and we did not succeed in obtaining a perfect preparation; however, the original description includes pictures. Material examined. PERU. Huaca de la Luna, 05.vi.2009, J.B. Huchet (27469). Fig. 26 shows the MZUSP collection records of A. excellens , A. foreli and A. lunae., Published as part of Rocha, Mauricio M. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2020, Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers, pp. 75-104 in Zootaxa 4751 (1) on pages 84-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3711794, {"references":["Banks, N. (1918) The termites of Panama and British Guiana. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 38 (17), 659 - 667.","Light, S. F. (1932) Contribution toward a revision of the American species of Amitermes Silvestri. University of California Publications in Entomology, 5 (17), 355 - 414.","Silvestri, F. (1923) Descriptiones termitum in Anglorum Guiana repertorum. Zoologica, 3 (16), 306 - 332.","Emerson, A. E. (1925) The termites of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana. Zoologica, 6 (4), 431 - 432.","Wasmann, E. (1902) Species novae insectorum termitophilorum ex America meridionali. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 45, 95 - 107.","Scheffrahn, R. H. & Huchet, J. B. (2010) A new termite species (Isoptera: Termitidae: Termitinae: Amitermes) and first record of a subterranean termite from the coastal desert of South America. Zootaxa, 2328 (1), 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2328.1.3"]}

Amitermes bandeirai sp. n. Holotype. Soldier, part of lot MZUSP 26717, 19.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini coll. Type-locality. Teixeira de Freitas Municipality (-17.5078, -39.6318, in loco coordinates), Bahia State, Brazil. Collection notes: “Backyard with fruit trees and probably fertilized soil (smelling of NPK). Amitermes in a triangular nest of soft periphery and very hard and clear interior. Strong mango scent, attracting “jataí bees”(Meliponinae)”. Paratypes. BRAZIL. Bahia. Andaraí: Mata do Carrasco. 12–13.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11360, 11362, 11366, 11369, 11370); Conde: 15.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini (26694, 26745, 26746); Ilhéus: CEPLAC Mata Zoobotânica, 02–05.x.2001, Y. T. Reis (14948, 14949, 14950, 14951, 14952, 14953, 14955, 14956, 14957, 14958, 14959, 14960, 14961, 14962, 14963, 14964, 14966), Distrito Olivença, 25.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5565), Mata da Esperança, 06–16.xi.2000, Y. T. Reis (12404, 12426, 12427, 14272, 14290, 14954*, 15738,), 11.xi.2000, C. Bordereau (15552*), 16.xi.2000 (15734, 15744), 21–24.v.2001, Y. T. Reis (14965, 15731, 15732, 15733, 15735, 15736, 15737, 15739, 15740, 15741, 15742, 15743); Itaberaba: 02–03.xii.1990, C. R.F. Brandão & J.L.M. Diniz (11376, 11377), 04.xii.1990 E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11379), Faz. Riacho do Uruçu, 01–03.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11361, 11371, 11372, 11373, 11374, 11375, 11378); Itapetinga: 28.ii.1972, R.L. Araujo (5040); Jacobina: Morro do Chapéu (Serra do Tombador), 16.i.1980, E.M. Cancello (7982); Jequié: 22–23.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5559, 5555); Maracás: Faz. Maria Inácia, 23–26.xi.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11358, 11359, 11365, 11380); Mata de São João: R. Ecol. de Sapiranga, 23–26.vii.2001, Y. T. Reis (12396, 12398, 12399, 12400, 12401, 14274, 14275, 14276, 14277, 14278, 12397), 27.vii.2001, Y. T. Reis & E.M. Cancello (14273); Milagres: 16.vii.2010, J. V.N. Lima, J.D. Cruz & E.A. Alves (14891), 03.ii.2011 (14890); Mucugê: 06–11.xii.1990, E.M. Cancello & M. T. Ponte (11381, 15751, 15754, 15755, 15756, 15757, 15758, 15753), 08.xii.1990 C. R.F. Brandão & J.L.M. Diniz (11382); Porto Seguro: ESPAB, 21–22.i.2003, Y. T. Reis (12428, 12429, 12430), P.Nac. Pau Brasil, 17.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini (26689, 26742, 26743); Salvador: Ondina (Instituto Biológico), 07.vii.1970, R.L. Araujo (4822, 4823), Praia de Itapuã, 05.vii.1970, R.L. Araujo (4817, 4819); Teixeira de Freitas: 19.xi.2016, J.P. Constantini (26717*); Uruçuca: Escola Média de Agricultura, 25.ii.1972, R.L. Araujo (5123); Espírito Santo. Aracruz: 27.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4155); Guarapari: 28.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4180); Linhares: R.B. da Cia. Vale do Rio Doce, 28.i.1993, E.M. Cancello & B.A.O. Silva (9817, 9818*), R.B. de Sooretama, 26.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4149), 31.viii.1966, H. Reichardt (1084, 1175, 1176), 04–11.iv.2001, L.C.M. Oliveira & E.M. Cancello (14280, 14282, 14283, 14284, 14285, 14286, 14281), 03–10.iv.2001, L.C.M. Oliveira (12380, 12381, 12382, 12383, 12384, 12385, 12386, 12387); Santa Teresa: Distrito de São João de Petrópolis, 25.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (4136, 12379); Sooretama: 24.xi.2014, N.C.C.P Barbosa (24916), 25–26.xi.2014, A.F. Santos (24914, 24921, 24922, 24923), Estrada do Meio, 26.xi.2014, R.G. Santos (24913), Trilha da Abóbora, 25.xi.2014, R.G. Santos (24911), Trilha do Cupido, 25.xi.2014, T.F. Carrijo (24912), Trilha do Quirinão, 26.xi.2014, R.G. Santos (24917), 26.xi.2014, T.F. Carrijo (24924); Minas Gerais. Itaobim: 26.vi.1966, H. Reichardt (2090); Teófilo Otoni: 27.vii.1970, R.L. Araujo (4772); Paraíba. Areia: Mata do Pau Ferro, 08.xii.1999, A. Vasconcellos (23295); Campina Grande: 19.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6439); João Pessoa: A.P.A. Mata do Buraquinho, 01.vi.2000, A. Vasconcellos (11363, 13604, 13605, 13606, 13607, 13608, 13609, 13610, 13611, 13612, 13613, 13614), R.B. Guaribas, 23.x.2015, N.C.C.P. Barbosa (24915), UFPB, 21.x.2015, N.C.C.P. Barbosa (24918); Pernambuco. Caruaru: 14.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5482); Igarassu: Usina São José, 18.ix.1966, M.M. Chaves (1177); Mataraca: 18.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6433); Recife: BR 232, 13.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5467), P.E. Dois Irmãos, 04.vii.2000, A. Vasconcellos (13596, 13597, 13598, 13599, 13600, 13601), M.P. Silva (13602, 13603), 04.viii.2000, A. Vasconcellos (12432), 09/1969, G. Arruda (5381); Sanharó: Sítio Boi Manso, 14.vii.1974, R.L. Araujo (5483); Rio Grande do Norte. Extremoz: Centro Tecnológico de Agricultura, 06.xii.2012, M.P. Valim (16098, 16099); Natal: 17.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6426), Praia de Ponta Negra, 17.xi.1975, R.L. Araujo (6423); Sergipe. Itaporanga d’Ajuda: Faz. Caju, 06.ix.1983, C. R.F. Brandão (9904, 9905); Santa Luzia do Itanhy: R. Ecol. do Crasto, 30/vii–01.viii.2000, Y. T. Reis (12402, 12403, 12431), 30.vii.2001, E.M. Cancello & Y. T. Reis (11364). Etymology. The species epithet “bandeirai” is given in honor of our dearly departed colleague Adelmar Gomes Bandeira, who assembled new and important termite collections and whose invaluable contributions to the field and role as teacher, paved the way for other termitologists. Imago (Figs. 10 C, 10D): Head round; eyes small and oval, separated from ventral margin of head by less than half their diameter. Ocelli small, short, oval, separated from eyes by at least their longest diameter. Postclypeus short, not swollen. Fontanelle white, drop-shaped, with pointed frontal end. Antennae with 15 articles, third the shortest, increasing in size from 4th to 11th, last four articles longer and about same size. Mandibles as in worker. Pronotum almost square, anterior margin nearly straight or slightly concave, narrower than head width. Densely haired; head with some erect bristles, many decumbent bristles and many hairs; pronotum with hairs and decumbent bristles on surface and some erect bristles on margins; tergites with many hairs and erect bristles on posterior margin. Head, pronotum, body and wings brown; antennae, sternites and legs paler brown. Measurements (12 individuals, males and females from two colonies, in millimeters), LH: 0.58–0.75, WH: 0.93–1.00, MDE: 0.18–0.20, MaDO: 0.09–0.11, MiDO: 0.07, LP: 0.45–0.48, WP: 0.75–0.82, MiLW: 7.33–7.92, LT: 1.00–1.10, DEHM: 0.03–0.06. Soldier (Figs. 27A, 27B, 33B): Head subrectangular, with sides slightly convergent toward front, top of head convex in profile; labrum rounded, slightly angled at apex; postmentum elongated and with sinusoid margins. Mandibles arched inward, with continuous curvature, fishhook-shaped, marginal teeth marked, directed slightly backward. Antennae with 14 articles. Anterior and posterior margins of pronotum rounded. Head with scatted bristles dorsally and laterally; labrum with 8–10 bristles, longest pair of these apically; pronotum with bristles concentrated at anterior and posterior margins; abdomen covered densely with bristles dorsally and ventrally, and short bristles ventrally; legs with sparse bristles. Measurements (10 individuals, from five colonies, in millimeters), CLM: 0.72– 0.83, LH: 1.38–1.67, WH: 0.97–1.12, LT: 0.75–0.93. Worker mandibles (Fig. 28A): With typical xylophagous pattern. Left mandible: apical tooth slightly larger than M1+2, M3 easily recognizable, with marked cutting edge between marginal teeth, molar tooth hidden by molar prominence; molar prominence with marked striations. Right mandible: apical tooth larger than M1, M2 easily recognizable, with marked posterior cutting edge; molar plate with four marked ridges. Gut anatomy (Figs. 22C, 23C, 23D, 29A, 30A): Gut torsion and morphology of segments as in A. amifer (Fig. 4), except for P1 cuticular ornamentation composed of groups of parallel very small spines around mesenteric tongue (Figs. 22C, 23C), followed by elongated area of spines with sclerotized base located proximally (Figs. 22C, 23D) and sparse spines on distal portion, just before enteric valve (Fig. 22C); enteric-valve armature (P2) weakly sclerotized, with six elongated cushions ornamented with a heterogeneous coverage of small scattered spines. Some cushions present only few spines distally (Fig. 30A, arrows). Comparisons: Regarding the soldiers, in A. aporema the marginal teeth are absent or poorly marked (Figs. 11A, 11C); the mandibles of A. excellens are more elongated with a less pronounced curve, with the marginal teeth locat- ed proximally (Fig. 15C); and A. amicki, A. amifer, A. foreli and A. lilloi have the marginal teeth more distinct, with the general slender and continuous mandible shape (Figs. 1A, 1C, 15E, 27C). Amitermes bandeirai sp. n., shares the same fishhook-shaped mandibles with A. beaumonti and A. lunae, but can be distinguished from A. beaumonti by the larger size and the robust mandibles; and from A. lunae by the proportion of the mandibles to the head capsule, which is relatively smaller in the new species. The geographic distribution of these three species is very distinct, A. bandeirai occur predominantly in the South American Atlantic Forest from the state of Espírito Santo northward, plus a few localities in the northeastern Caatinga biome (Fig. 31), while A. beaumonti is restricted to Central America and A. lunae is typical of very dry environments on the western coast of South America (Fig. 26). The worker gut does not have marked characteristics and cannot be distinguished from A. amifer by the coiling. The soldier morphology is more useful for identification purposes, and it is desirable to compare a good series of individuals. Comments. The distribution of Amitermes bandeirai, sp. n. is remarkable, occurring mainly in rain forest (Atlantic Forest) with few registries in northeastern Brazil in the Caatinga or high-altitude fields (campo rupestre), such as in Mucugê, state of Bahia. This species is xylophagous and has been collected in dead logs, on a partially buried branch, in a dead branch on a living tree, and in a standing dead tree. In the Caatinga, it is most common in the dead leaves surrounding the dry base of individuals of Bromeliaceae, and also occupies abandoned nests constructed by other species. One sample was collected inside an epigeic nest of Syntermes dirus, in the upper region of the nest, in paved galleries contrasting with the loose earth of the Syntermes nest.

Amitermes Silvestri, 1901 nordestinus M��lo & Fontes, 2003: 412, Figs 1 ���7 Paratypes: 13 ♂♂, BRAZIL, Bahia: Itaberaba (���Fazenda Uni��o���), 18.xi. 2001, M��lo, S.C.A. leg., UEFS0001. 40 ♂♂, Para��ba: S��o Jo��o do Cariri (���Esta����o experimental���), 26.v.2001 ��� 18.xi.2001, Vasconcelos, A.C.S. leg., UEFS# 0002., Published as part of Ferreira, Andr�� Da Silva, Ara��jo, Ma��ra Xavier, Vilarinho, Naiara Tha��s, Silva-Neto, Alberto Moreira Da & Bravo, Freddy, 2020, Catalogue of type specimens of Insecta (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) deposited in the entomological collection of the Museum of Zoology of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil, pp. 501-546 in Zootaxa 4728 (4) on pages 532-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3626542

Ferreira, André Da Silva, Araújo, Maíra Xavier, Vilarinho, Naiara Thaís, Silva-Neto, Alberto Moreira Da, Bravo, Freddy (2020): Catalogue of type specimens of Insecta (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) deposited in the entomological collection of the Museum of Zoology of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil. Zootaxa 4728 (4): 501-546, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4728.4.10

Acorhinotermes Emerson, 1949 is the only Neotropical Rhinotermitine genus with no major soldier. Herein Acorhinotermes claritae Castro & Scheffrahn, sp. nov. is described based on minor soldiers and an alate nymph collected in a secondary rain forest in the Colombian Amazon. The minor soldier of A. claritae Castro & Scheffrahn, sp. nov. has longer mandibular points and it is comparatively smaller than A. subfusciceps. An illustrated key to the minor soldiers of the Neotropical species of Rhinotermitinae is presented.

1. The bilobatus valve pattern group The workers within this pattern have basic enteric valves: all six primary cushions (PCs) are similar in their arrangement (Fig. 12A). In the upstream and middle spiny parts, they are armed with relatively strong spines, becoming gradually thinner downstream; moreover, the middle part bears some lateral supporting spindle-like bristles leaning on the funnel membrane. In the downstream bristly part, the spines are rather abruptly replaced with longer and bristle-like setae, first straight, then curved and eventually hooked. The PCs are roughly triangular: their largest width is generally located near their upstream end and their lateral margins converge gradually downstream until the bristly part where they remain parallel (Fig. 11A). The enteric valve shows hexaradial to triradial symmetry, the odd PCs often being somewhat longer than the even PCs. In some cases, PC1 is still longer than PC3 and PC5, tending towards bilateral symmetry. Workers (counts) Code Range (Nb) Fore coxa: number of spines on carina WCx1CN 0–20 Fore coxa: number of spines on fore side WCx1SN 0–4 Valve: number of bristles on PC1 downstream part WVP1DBN 15–160 Valve: number of lateral supporting bristles on PC1 (one side) WVP1SBN 3–37 Workers (raw data) Code Range (mm) Head: length to fore edge of postclypeus WHdL 0.67–1.37 Head: width WHdW 0.84–1.55 Mandible (left): length of apical tooth inner side WMlAL 0.08–0.28 Mandible (left): apical to first marginal WMlAmD 0.09–0.27 Mandible (left): apical tooth width at its base WMlAW 0.07–0.20 Mandible (left): functional length WMlL 0.35–0.75 Mandible (left): length of the molar tooth WMlML 0.13–0.25 Mandible (left): first to third marginal WMlmmD 0.08–0.17 Mandible (left): third marginal to molar WMlmMD 0.05–0.12 Mandible (left): width of the first marginal tooth WMlmW 0.03–0.13 Mandible (left): width WMlW 0.26–0.56 Mandible (right): apical to first marginal distance WMrAmD 0.09–0.26 Mandible (right): first to second marginal distance WMrmmD 0.05–0.12 Valve: length of downstream bristly part of PC1 1 WVP1DL 0.09–0.39 Valve: length of PC1 1 WVP1L 0.45–1.04 Valve: length of middle spiny part of PC1 1 WVP1ML 0.04–0.53 Valve: length of upstream spiny part of PC1 1 WVP1UL 0.07–0.57 Valve: width of PC1 2 WVP1W 0.04–0.15 Valve: average length of PCs2 WVP-AvL 0.43–0.85 Valve: average width of PCs2 WVP-AvW 0.04–0.12 Postclypeus: length WPcL 0.24–0.47 Postclypeus: width WPcW 0.52–0.96 Tibia (fore): length WT1L 0.60–1.18 Tibia (fore): maximal width WT1W 0.11–0.25 Tibia (hind): length WT3L 0.84–1.66 1 Excluding the members of the sulcifrons pattern which bear a spatula on PC1 2 Including all PCs of all species (with and without spatulas) An odd primary cushion (Fig. 11A) is made of (a) a long, upstream, spiny part (38–58% of total length) with relatively strong spines, (b) a short, middle, spiny part (8–15% of total length) with somewhat weaker spines and with few lateral supporting bristles (3–6 on each side), and (c) a long, downstream, bristly part (27–49% of total length) with 15–50 straight or curved short bristles and possibly a few hooked ones (Fig. 11A). The secondary cushions (SCs) are also armed upstream with spines (less robust than on the primary cushions) and downstream with short bristles; the SCs are wide at the upstream end, narrowing noticeably downstream, in most species with a heterogeneous scattering of the spines (the spines are lacking in some irregular spots) (Fig. 12A), more rarely with a homogeneous scattering of the spines. In the soldier’s enteric valve, the primary cushions are barely or not at all outlined (Fig. 12B); the lateral supporting bristles are very short or absent and there are few bristles on the downstream end. The secondary cushions are like those of workers but bear less developed spines. This basic valve pattern is therefore characterised by scarcely developed valves, with very few (± 6) supporting bristles on each side of the PCs and generally heterogeneous spines scattering on the SCs; all of the species are small. Material examined Ten taxa have such enteric valves, Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175

Cubitermes orthognathus (Emerson, 1928) BURUNDI • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 ♂ (king), 2 soldiers, 2 workers (two samples); Gihofi-Giharo road; 27 Nov. 2013; ULB • 1 soldier, 1 worker; Gisagara; 30 Nov. 2013; ULB • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 ♂ (king), 3 soldiers, 3 workers (three samples); Ruvubu National Park; 29 Nov. 2013; ULB • 4 soldiers, 4 workers (four samples); Ruvubu National Park; 2014; ULB. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Haut-Uélé, Faradje; 1912; RMCA • 1 worker, paratype; Haut-Uélé, Faradje; 1912; PPRI • 2 soldiers, 2 workers (two samples); Haut-Uélé, Toro; 1926; RMCA • 3 ♀♀ (queens), 1 ♀ (alate), 1 ♂ (king), 1 ♂ (alate), 3 soldiers, 3 workers (six samples); Haut-Uélé, Garamba National Park; 1950–1951; RMCA • 1 soldier, 1 worker; Mikembo; 21 Dec. 2011; ULB. KENYA • 1 ♀ (alate), 1 soldier, 1 worker; 7 Aug. 2015; ULB. RWANDA • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 soldier, 1 worker; Kinazi; 8 Jan. 1953; RMCA. UGANDA • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 soldier, 1 worker; Bugiri; 8 Aug. 1957; RMCA., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 50, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Emerson A. E. 1928. Termites of the Belgian Congo and the Cameroon. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 57 (7): 401 - 574."]}

Cubitermes comstocki (Emerson, 1928) CAMEROON • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 worker, paratypes; Bipindi; 1920; AMNH • 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Bipindi; 1920; RMCA., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 40, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Emerson A. E. 1928. Termites of the Belgian Congo and the Cameroon. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 57 (7): 401 - 574."]}

Cubitermes schmidti (Emerson, 1928) CAMEROON • 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Bipindi; 1920; RMCA • 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Bipindi; 1920; AMNH., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Emerson A. E. 1928. Termites of the Belgian Congo and the Cameroon. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 57 (7): 401 - 574."]}

Cubitermes oblectatus Harris, 1958 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes (two samples); Katanga, Upemba National Park; 14 Jul. 1947; RMCA • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 soldier, 1 worker (two samples); same data as preceding; RMCA. This species has only been collected in East Africa (Fig. 19D)., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Harris W. V. 1958. Isoptera. In: De Witte G. F. (ed.) E xploration du Parc National de l'Upemba, I. Mission G. F. De Witte 52: 3 - 26. Institut des Parcs nationaux du Congo belge, Bruxelles."]}

Cubitermes hamatus Sjöstedt, 1926 CONGO • 1 soldier, 1 worker, syntypes; Brazzaville; 1907; AMNH., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 55, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Sjostedt Y. 1926. Revision der Termiten Afrikas. 3. Monographie. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (Ser. 3) 3 (1): 1 - 419."]}

Cubitermes breviceps (Sjöstedt, 1913) TANZANIA • 1 soldier; Dodoma; 8 Jan. 1935; note that the inclusion of C. breviceps in this species group is based on a single non-type soldier; AMNH., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Sjostedt Y. 1913. Uber Termiten aus dem inneren Kongo, Rhodesia und Deutsch-Ostafrica. Revue de Zoologique Africaine 2 (3): 354 - 391."]}

Cubitermes bulbifrons Sjöstedt, 1924 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1soldier, 1 worker, syntypes; Bas-Congo, Mukimbungu; 1904?; AMNH., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175

Cubitermes congoensis (Emerson, 1928) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Bas-Congo, Banana; Aug. 1915; AMNH., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Emerson A. E. 1928. Termites of the Belgian Congo and the Cameroon. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 57 (7): 401 - 574."]}

Cubitermes testaceus Williams, 1966 BURUNDI • 1 ♀ (alate), 1 ♂ (alate), 1 soldier, 1 worker; Mahanga; 26 Nov. 2013; ULB. RWANDA • 1 ♀ (queen), 2 soldiers, 2 workers (two samples); Rukara; 5 Feb. 1953; RMCA. UGANDA • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Hoima-Fort Portal road; 17 Feb. 1955; NHMUK • 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Kawanda; 28 Dec. 1949; PPRI., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 51, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Williams R. M. C. 1966. The East African termites of the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 118 (4): 73 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1966. tb 00835. x"]}

Cubitermes sulcifrons Wasmann, 1911 CAMEROON • 1 ♀ (queen), 1 soldier, 1 worker, paratypes; Lolodorf; Nov. 1895; NHMM. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 soldier, 1 worker; Yangambi; 15 Jul. 2013; ULB. GABON • 1 soldier, 1 worker; Nkobissimo; 15 Apr. 2017; ULB., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 55, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Wasmann E. 1911. Zur Kenntnis der Termiten und Termitengaste vom Belgischen Congo. Revue de Zoologique Africaine 1 (1 - 2): 91 - 117 & 145 - 176."]}

Cubitermes niokoloensis Roy-Noël, 1969 SENEGAL • 1 ♀ (alate), 1 soldier, paratypes; Bangare-Niokolo-Koba road; Jan. 1965; AMNH., Published as part of Josens, Guy & Deligne, Jean, 2019, Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology, pp. 1-72 in European Journal of Taxonomy 515 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.515, http://zenodo.org/record/2638175, {"references":["Roy-Noel J. 1969. Isoptera. In: Le Parc national du Niokolo-Koba (Senegal). Memoires de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire 84: 113 - 178."]}