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The objective of this study is to conduct computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations for evaluating the cooling efficacy from vegetation implanted in a public park in the Taipei, Taiwan. To probe the impacts of park renewal by means of adding three pavilions and supplementary green areas on urban microclimates, the simulated results have revealed that the park having a higher percentage of green coverage ratio (GCR) tended to experience a better cooling effect. These findings can be used to explore the effects of different greening modifications on urban environments for achieving an effective thermal comfort in urban public spaces., {"references":["E. Ng, L. Chen, Y. Wang, C. Yuan, A study on the cooling effects of\ngreening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong, Building\nand Environment, 47 (2012), 256-271.","A.H. Rosenfeld, H. Akbari, S. Bretz, B.L. Fishman, D.M. Kurn, D. Sailor,\nH. Taha, Mitigation of urban heat islands: Materials, utility programs,\nupdates. Journal of Energy and Buildings, 22 (1995) 255–265.","H. Taha, Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and\nanthropogenic heat, Energy and Buildings, 25 (1997) 99-103.","M. Bruse, H. Fleer, Simulating surface–plant–air interactions inside\nurban environments with a three dimensional numerical model,\nEnvironmental Modelling & Software, 13 (1998) 373-384.","A.Dimoudi, M. Nikolopoulou, Vegetation in the urban environment:\nmicroclimatic analysis and benefits, Energy and Buildings, 35 (2003)\n69-76.","E. Alexandri, P. Jones, Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to\ngreen walls and green roofs in diverse climates, Building and\nEnvironment, 43 (2008) 4810-493.","D. Fröhlich, A. Matzarakis , Modeling of changes in thermal bioclimate:\nexamples based on urban spaces in Freiburg, Germany. Theoretical and\nApplied Climatology. 111 (2013) 547-558.","B. Vidrih, S. Medved, Multiparametric model of urban park cooling\nisland, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (2013) 220-229.","M. Srivanit, K. Hokao, Evaluating the cooling effects of greening for\nimproving the outdoor thermal environment at an institutional campus in\nthe summer, Building and Environment, 66 (2013) 158-172.\n[10] H. T. Lin, K. P. Lee, K. T. Chen, L. J. Lin, H. C. Kuo, T. C. Chen,\nExperimental analyses of urban heat island effects of the four\nmetropolitan cities in Taiwan (I) - The comparison of the heat island\nintensities between Taiwan and the world cities, Journal of Architecture,\n31(1999) 51-73.\n[11] M. Z.I. Bangalee, J. J. Miau, S. Y. Lin, J. H. Yang, Flow visualization,\nPIV measurement and CFD calculation for fluid-driven natural\ncross-ventilation in a scale model, Energy and Buildings, 66 (2013)\n306-314.\n[12] T. H. Shin, W. W. Liou, A. Shabbir, Z. Yang, J. Zhu, A new k-ε eddy\nviscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows, Computers\nFluids, 24 (1995) 227-238.\n[13] P. Karava, C. M. Jubayer, E. Savory, Numerical modelling of forced\nconvective heat transfer from the inclined windward roof of an isolated\nlow-rise building with application to photovoltaic/thermal systems,\nApplied Thermal Engineering, 31 (2011) 1950-1963.\n[14] M. Robitu, M. Musy, C. Inard, D. Groleau, Modeling the influence of\nvegetation and water pond on urban microclimate, Solar Energy, 80\n(2006) 435-447.\n[15] ANSYS Inc., ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 user's guide. ANSYS, Inc. United\nStates, 2011.\n[16] H. Barden, Simulationsmodell für den Wasser-, Energie- und\nStoffhaushalt in Pflanzenbeständen., Hannover, Inst. für Meteorologie u.\nKlimatologie d. Univ, 1982.\n[17] Harrison RM. Understanding our environment: an introduction to\nenvironmental chemistry and pollution. Royal Society of Chemistry,\nCambridge, UK; 1992.\n[18] Blocken B, Carmeliet J, Stathopoulos T. CFD evaluation of wind speed\nconditions in passages between parallel buildings—effect of\nwall-function roughness modifications for the atmospheric boundary\nlayer flow. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 2007; 95:941-962.\n[19] Richards PJ. Computational modelling of wind flows around low rise\nbuildings using PHOENIX. Report for the ARFC Institute of Engineering\nResearch Wrest Park, Bedfordshire, UK; 1989.\n[20] Wieringa J. Updating the Davenport roughness classification. J Wind Eng\nInd Aerod 1992; 41:357-368.\n[21] Chen WF. Handbook of structural engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton,\nFla.; 1997.\n[22] Hargreaves DM, Wright NG. On the use of the k– model in commercial\nCFD software to model the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. J Wind\nEng Ind Aerod 2007;95:355-369.\n[23] Fidaros DK, Baxevanou CA, Bartzanas T, Kittas C. Numerical simulation\nof thermal behavior of a ventilated arc greenhouse during a solar day.\nRenew Energ 2010;35:1380-1386.\n[24] Palyvos JA. A survey of wind convection coefficient correlations for\nbuilding envelope energy systems' modeling. Appl Therm Eng 2008;\n28:801-808.\n[25] Van Doormaal JP, Raithby GD. Enhancement of the SIMPLE Method for\nPredicting Incompressible Fluid Flows. Numer Heat Tr. 1984;7:147-163."]}

Natural ventilation has played an important role for many low energy-building designs. It has been also noticed as a essential subject to persistently bring the fresh cool air from the outside into a building. This study carried out the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based simulations to examine the natural ventilation development of a work area in a public building. The simulated results can be useful to better understand the indoor microclimate and the interaction of wind with buildings. Besides, this CFD simulation procedure can serve as an effective analysis tool to characterize the airing performance, and thereby optimize the building ventilation for strengthening the architects, planners and other decision makers on improving the natural ventilation design of public buildings., {"references":["Y. Wanga, F. Y. Zhaoc, J. Kuckelkorna, D. Liud, J. Liue, J. L. Zhangf,\n\"Classroom energy efficiency and air environment with displacement\nnatural ventilation in a passive public school building\", Energy and\nBuildings, vol. 70, 2014, p.258-270.","L. Haselbach, \"The Engineering Guide to Leed-New Construction:\nSustainable Construction for Engineers\", New York, McGraw-Hill, 2008.","L. Bellia, F. D. Falco, F. Minichiello, \"Effects of solar shading devices on\nenergy requirements of standalone office buildings for Italian climates\",\nApplied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 54, 2013, pp. 190-201.","American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning\nEngineers, \"ASHRAE standard: ventilation for acceptable indoor air\nquality\", Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and\nAir-Conditioning Engineers.","B. Blockena, W. D. Janssena, T. van Hoof, \"CFD simulation for\npedestrian wind comfort and wind safety in urban areas: General decision\nframework and case study for the Eindhoven University campus\",\nEnvironmental Modelling & Software, vol. 30, 2012, pp.15-34.","M. Dupont, C. Celestine, T. Feuillard, \"Natural ventilation in a traditional\nhouse on a West Indies Island (Guadeloupe):: Field testing on site and in a\nwind tunnel\", Renewable Energy, vol. 4, 1994, pp.275-281.","A. S. Hussein and H. El-Shishiny, \"Influences of wind flow over heritage\nsites: A case study of the wind environment over the Giza Plateau in\nEgypt\", Environmental Modelling & Software ,vol. 24, 2009, pp.\n389-410.","P. Gousseau, B. Blocken, T. Stathopoulos and G. J. F. van Heijst, \"CFD\nsimulation of near-field pollutant dispersion on a high-resolution grid: A\ncase study by LES and RANS for a building group in downtown\nMontreal\", Atmospheric Environment, vol. 45, 2011, pp. 428-438.","B. Blocken and J. Persoon, \"Pedestrian wind comfort around a large\nfootball stadium in an urban environment: CFD simulation alidation and\napplication of the new Dutch wind nuisance standard\", Journal of Wind\nEngineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 97, 2009, pp.255-270.\n[10] G. Gan, S. B. Riffat, \"A numerical study of solar chimney for natural\nventilation of buildings with heat recovery\", Applied Thermal\nEngineering, vol. 18, 1998, pp. 1171-1187.\n[11] S. H. Ho, L. Rosario, and M. M. Rahman, \"Comparison of underfloor and\noverhead air distribution systems in an office environment\", Building and\nEnvironment, vol. 46, 2011, pp.1415-1427.\n[12] T. Catalina, J. Virgone, and F. Kuznik, \"Evaluation of thermal comfort\nusing combined CFD and experimentation study in a test room equipped\nwith a cooling ceiling\", Building and Environment, vol. 44, 2009,\npp.1740-1750.\n[13] S. Hussain, P. H. Oosthuizen, \"Numerical study of buoyancy-driven\nnatural ventilation in a simple three-storey atrium building\", International\nJournal of Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 1, 2012, pp.141-157.\n[14] W. Pasut, M. D. Carli, \"Evaluation of various CFD modelling strategies\nin predicting airflow and temperature in a naturally ventilated double skin\nfaçade\", Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 37, 2012, pp. 267-274.\n[15] M. J. Suárez, C. Sanjuanb, A. J. Gutiérrez a, J. Pistonoa , E. Blanco,\n\"Energy evaluation of an horizontal open joint ventilated façade\",\nApplied Thermal Engineering, vol. 37, 2012, pp. 302-313.\n[16] M. Aghakhani and G. Eslami, \"Thermal Comfort Assessment of\nUnderfloor vs. Overhead Air Distribution System\", Journal of Applied\nSciences, vol. 12, 2012, pp. 473-479.\n[17] J.C. Teixeira, R Lomba1, S.F.C.F. Teixeira, and P. Lobarinhas,\n\"Application of CFD Tools to Optimize Natural Building Ventilation\nDesign\", Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2012, Part\nIII, LNCS 7335, pp. 202–216.\n[18] N. H. Wong, S. Heryanto, ''The study of active stack effect to enhance\nnatural ventilation using wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics\n(CFD) simulations,'' Energy and Buildings, vol.36 (7), 2004,\npp.668–678.\n[19] C. Ghiaus, F. Allard, Natural ventilation in the urban environment:\nassessment and design, Earth scan, London, 2005.\n[20] P. J. Richards, Computational modeling of wind flows around low rise\nbuildings using PHOENIX. Report for the ARFC Institute of Engineering\nResearch Wrest Park, Silsoe Research Institute, Bedfordshire, 1989.\n[21] P. J. Richards, R. P. Hoxey, , \"Appropriate boundary conditions for\ncomputational wind engineering models using the k-E turbulence model\",\nJournal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 46 & 47,\n1993, pp.145-153.\n[22] R. M. Harrison, ''Understanding Our Environment: An Introduction to\nEnvironmental Chemistry and Pollution'', Royal Society of Chemistry,\nCambridge, 1992.\n[23] B. Blocken, T. Stathopoulos, J. Carmeliet, ''CFD simulation of the\natmospheric boundary layer: wall function problems,'' Atmospheric\nEnvironment, vol. 41, 2007, pp 238-252.\n[24] World Meteorological Organization, Weather Information for Noumea,\n2010, http://worldweather.wmo.int/1 40/c00296.htm.\n[25] Y. Ji, M. J. Cook, and V. Hanby, ''CFD modelling of natural\ndisplacement ventilation inan enclosure connected to an atrium,''\nBuilding and Environment, vol. 42, 2007, pp. 1158–1172.\n[26] O. S. Asfour, and M. B. Gadi, ''A comparison between CFD and Network\nmodels for predicting wind-driven ventilation in buildings,'' Building and\nEnvironment, vol. 42(12), 2007, pp. 4079–4085.\n[27] J.Wieringa, ''Updating the Davenport roughness classification,'' Journal\nof Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 41–44, 1992, pp.\n357–368.\n[28] D.S. Jang, R. Jetli, S. Acharya, ''Comparison of the PISO, SIMPLER,\nand SIMPLEC algorithms for the treatment of the pressure-velocity\ncoupling in steady flow problems'', Numerical Heat Transfer, vol. 10,\n1986 pp.209-228."]}