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Objective: To investigate the association between long-term fasting blood glucose (FPG) variability and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 7 174 type 2 diabetic patients included in National Basic Public Health Service Program in Changshu of Jiangsu Province were recruited as participants. Long-term glucose variability was assessed using standard deviation ( SD ), coefficient of variation ( CV ), average real variability ( ARV ), and variability independent of the mean ( VIM ) across FPG measurements at the more than three visits. Death information were mainly obtained from the death registry system in Jiangsu. Then Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the associations of four variability indicators and all-cause mortality's hazard ratios ( HR s) and their 95% CI s. Results: Among 55 058.50 person-years of the follow-up, the mean follow-up time was 7.67 years, and 898 deaths occurred during the follow-up period. After adjustment, compared with T 1 group, the Cox regression model showed that HR s of T 3 group in SD , CV , ARV and VIM were 1.24 (95% CI : 1.03-1.49), 1.20 (95% CI : 1.01-1.43), 1.28 (95% CI : 1.07-1.55) and 1.20 (95% CI :1.01-1.41), respectively. HR s of per 1 SD higher SD , CV , ARV and VIM were 1.13 (95% CI : 1.06-1.21), 1.08 (95% CI : 1.01-1.15), 1.05 (95% CI : 1.00-1.12) and 1.09 (95% CI : 1.02-1.16) for all-cause mortality, respectively. In the stratified analysis, age, gender, hypoglycemic agent and insulin uses had no effect on the above associations (all P for interaction >0.05). Conclusion: Long-term FPG glycemic variability was positively associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes patients.

Objective: To investigate the association between ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and pulse pressure (PP) as well as the relationships between gene-gene interaction between PPARα/δ/γ genes and PP. Methods: A total of 820 subjects, with 550 females and 270 males, were recruited from a cohort study of "Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome and Multi-metabolic Disorders in Jiangsu Province of China Study (PMMJS)" . Ten SNPs of PPARα/δ/γ genes were selected. GMDR software (version 1.0.1) was used to evaluate the gene-gene interactions among PPARs SNPs associated with PP. Results: The mean levels of PP in people with mutant genotype of rs1805192 in PPARγ genes (PA+AA) showed a significant increase by 1.341 mmHg (95 %CI : 0.431-2.252 mmHg) when compared to the persons with wild genotype (PP). In the subgroup of subjects with more than 30 mmHg levels of PP, a six-locus model comprised rs135539 of PPARα, rs2016520 of PPARδ, rs10865710, rs1805192, rs709158 and rs3856806 of PPARγ showed a highest level of prediction accuracy (0.577) and displayed a better cross-validation consistency (10/10). In the subgroup of subjects with less than 40 mmHg levels of PP, a two-locus model was statistically associated with PP with 0.628 of prediction accuracy and 10/10 of cross-validation consistency. Conclusion: PPARγ rs1805192 was associated with the occurrence of PP. Gene-gene interactions among rs135539 of PPARα, rs2016520 of PPARδ, rs10865710, rs1805192, rs709158 and rs3856806 of PPARγ were all significantly related to PP.

Objective: To explore the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) on the levels of serum C-reactive protein(CRP)and the interactions of PPARs haplotypes with abnormal body weight., Methods: Subjects(n = 644)were randomly selected from the cohort 'Prevention of Multiple metabolic disorders and Metabolic syndrome in Jiangsu province(PMMJS)' Variance test, t test and lineal regression were used to analyze the associations between PPARs polymorphisms and the levels of CRP. The association between PPARs haplotypes and serum CRP levels as well as the interaction of PPARs haplotypes with abnormal body weight were analyzed, under the SNPStats software., Results: After adjusting for sex, age, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and so on, data showed that both rs1800206 and rs9794 were associated with the changes along with the levels of CRP (P < 0.05). After adjusting for the same factors, haplotypes of AVG and CVG in PPARα, CG in PPARd appeared to be associated with the increase (P < 0.05)while haplotypes of CC in PPARδ, CPCAC in PPARγ were associated with the decrease of CRP levels (P < 0.05). Results from the Interaction analysis also noted that the interactions did exist between abnormal body weight and both AVG, CVG in PPARα, and CG in PPARδ., Conclusion: PPARs polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated with CRP. Interaction between PPAR a/d and abnormal body weight might contribute to the levels of CRP.

Objective: To investigate the association of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (α, δ, γ) with low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) hyperlipidemia and the additional role of a gene-gene interactions among the 10 SNPs., Methods: Participants were recruited under the framework of the PMMJS (Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS in Jiangsu Province) cohort populations survey, in the urban community of Jiangsu province, China. 820 subjects (579 normal HDL-C, 241 low HDL-C) were randomly selected, with one of them related to each other. Ten SNPs (rs135539, rs4253778, rs1800206, rs2016520, rs9794, rs10865710, rs1805192, rs709158, rs3856806, rs4684847) were selected from the HapMap database, which covered PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between ten SNPs in the PPARs and low HDL-C. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confident interval (95%CI) were calculated. Interactions were explored by using the method of Generalized Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (GMDR)., Results: After adjusting the factors as age, sex, smoking status, occupational physical activity, high-fat diet as well as low-fiber diet, both rs135539 and rs1800206 were significantly associated with the incidence of low HDL-C, with the OR (95% CI) values as 1.46 (1.07 - 1.99) and 0.62 (0.42 - 0.90). No statistically significant difference was found between other SNPs and the occurrence of low HDL-C. Data from GMDR analysis showed significant gene-gene interaction among rs135539, rs4253778 of PPARα and rs10865710, rs3856806, rs709158 and rs4684847 of PPAR γ (P = 0.0107)., Conclusion: PPARα rs135539 was associated with the occurrence of low HDL-C, and had interacted with rs4253778, rs10865710, rs3856806, rs709158 and rs4684847.

Objective: To investigate the association between ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/δ/γ and essential hypertension (EH)., Methods: Participants were recruited within the framework of a cohort populations survey from the PMMJS (Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS in Jiangsu Province) which was conducted in the urban community of Jiangsu province from 1999 to 2007. Eight hundred and twenty subjects (551 non-hypertensive subjects, 269 hypertensive subjects) were randomly selected but were not related to each other. Ten SNP (rs135539, rs1800206, rs4253778 of PPARα; rs2016520, rs9794 of PPARδ; rs10865710, rs1805192, rs4684847, rs709158 and rs3856806 of PPARγ) were selected from the HapMap database. χ(2) test was used to determine whether the whole population was in H-W genetic equilibrium. SHEsis software was used to examine the relations of SNP and linkage equilibrium. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between ten SNP in the PPAR and EH., Results: Difference on the distribution of four SNP genotypes including rs1800206, rs9794, rs10865710 and rs4684847 between high blood pressure and non-high blood pressure group, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and normal SBP group, high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and normal DBP group was significant (P < 0.05). After adjusting factors as age, sex, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol-C, high-fat diet and compared with wild-type gene carriers, the OR (95%CI) of objects with rs1800206 V allele appeared in high blood pressure, high SBP and high DBP were 0.60 (0.41 - 0.89), 0.57 (0.37 - 0.88) and 0.61 (0.39 - 0.96), respectively. The OR (95%CI) of objects with G allele of rs9794 were 0.63 (0.46 - 0.87), 0.51 (0.36 - 0.73) and 0.68 (0.47 - 1.01). The OR (95%CI) of objects with G allele of rs10865710 were 1.62 (1.19 - 2.20), 1.59 (1.14 - 2.22) and 1.53 (1.07 - 2.18), respectively. While the OR (95%CI) of objects with rs4684847 T allele were 1.42 (1.04 - 1.94), 1.38 (1.03 - 1.92) and 1.37 (1.00 - 1.88), respectively., Conclusion: The four SNPs including rs1800206 of PPARα, rs9794 of PPARδ and rs4684847, rs10865710 of PPARγ influenced high blood pressure, high SBP and high DBP to different degrees.