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Objective: To explore the risk factors of lung cancer in non-smoking Chinese women and to provide evidence for lung cancer prevention and control., Methods: Information was collected on case-control studies published in the journals, both nationally and internationally from January, 1995 to November, 2014 that reported correlations between lung cancer and risk factors. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of risk factors on lung cancer in non-smoking Chinese women were calculated, using the Meta-analysis method, with sensitivity and publication bias tested., Results: Information on 24 case-control studies was selected including 11 946 cumulative cases and 12 596 controls. Pooled ORs (95% CI) were shown as: history of lung diseases 1.89 (1.57, 2.27), history of tuberculosis 1.86 (1.53, 2.27), history of chronic bronchitis 1.51 (1.04, 2.19), family history of cancers 2.02 (1.67, 2.44), family history of lung cancers 2.45 (1.80, 3.34), passive smoking (at workplace in adult period 1.47 (1.28, 1.69), at home in adulthood 1.22 (1.09, 1.36), in all life's time 1.52 (1.29, 1.79), kitchen smog while cooking 2.21 (1.27, 2.96), position of kitchen 1.76 (1.48, 2.09), and frequency of deep frying per week 2.24 (1.61, 3.12) etc. respectively., Conclusion: Major risk factors related to lung cancer in non-smoking Chinese women would include lung diseases, family history of cancers, and passive smoking (tobacco smog and cooking smog). Particularly, the combination of family history and the degree of cooking presented stronger correlation effects, indicating that genetic and environmental factors jointly played an important role in the development of lung cancer.

Objective: To understand the perceived stigma and discrimination and received stigma and discrimination as well as the differences and reasons of them among people living with HIV/AIDS and their family members., Methods: 307 people were investigated and 117 of which were HIV/AIDS and the others were their family members. Face to face interview was carried out., Results: HIV/AIDS and their family were living in the social environment rounded by stigma and discrimination. Stigma and discrimination could be divided into perceived stigma and discrimination and received stigma and discrimination, and these two kinds of stigma and discrimination were statistically significant different between HIV/AIDS and their family members (t = -12.540, P = 0.000), and the perceived stigma and discrimination was more serious than received stigma and discrimination. The perceived stigma and discrimination were related to their self-efficacy (OR = 0.558, P = 0.041), family APGAR (OR = 0.650, P = 0.027), infected with HIV or not (OR = 2.116, P = 0.004). The received stigma and discrimination were related to their self-efficacy (OR = 0.468, P = 0.028), family APGAR (OR = 0.427, P = 0.000) whether infected by HIV (OR = 3.412, P = 0.001)., Conclusion: Stigma and discrimination did exist in the environment where HIV/AIDS and their family lived, suggesting that it was necessary to develop a series of policies and measures to fight against stigma and discrimination.

Objective: To evaluated the independent effects of different types of smoking exposure along with multiple risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and determined whether the magnitude of smoking was modified by other risk factors, both in men and women., Methods: We conducted a case-control study in Xiamen China. 345 HCC patients and 961 healthy control subjects were personally interviewed for several HCC risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each potential risk factor., Results: Cigars and pipes were not related to HCC among non-cigarette smokers. However, passive smoking exposure was associated with HCC in women: AOR, 2.35 (95%CI: 1.19 - 4.07). Regular cigarette smoking was associated with HCC in men: AOR, 2.27 (95%CI: 1.14 - 3.31). Cigarette smoking and chronic infection of hepatitis B virus showed positive additive model interactions in men: RERI (relative excess risk due to interaction) was 98.70 and AP (attributable proportion due to interactions) was 81.0%. Data on cigarette smoking with high AFB1-albumin adducts in women showed that the RERI was 2.69 and AP was 50.0%., Conclusion: We concluded that sex differences were seen in HCC relationship with cigarette smoking. Controlling of exposure to smoking might be a prudent approach to the prevention of HCC, especially in patients with chronic viral hepatitis infections.