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Objective: To investigate the species, concentration and seasonal trends of main airborne allergenic pollen in 4 districts and 5 counties of Hohhot City. Methods: The Department of allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University conducted a cross-sectional study about monitoring the airborne allergenic pollen from August 1, 2021 to July 31, 2022 by the gravitational method in 4 districts and 5 counties of Hohhot City, which include Yuquan District, Xincheng District, Huimin District, Saihan District, Tuoketuo County, Helingeer County, Tumotezuoqi County, Wuchuan County and Qingshuihe County. Daily pollens were counted and identified by optical microscopy, and the data were analyzed. Results: The airborne allergenic pollen was collected every month all year round in 4 districts and 5 counties of Hohhot city. Through the whole year of the total quantity of pollens ranged from 24 850 to 50 154 grains per 1 000 mm 2 and two peaks of pollen concentration in air were observed,which happened in spring (from March to May) and in summer and autumn (from July to September). In spring, the main pollens were tree pollens, which principally distributed in Populus pollen (18.29%), Ulmus pollen (8.36%), Pinus pollen (6.20%), Cupressaceae pollen (5.23%), Betulaceae pollen (2.73%), Salix pollen (1.80%) and Quercus pollen (1.16%). In summer and autumn, the main pollens were weed pollens, which mainly included Artemisia pollen (42.73%), Chenopodiaceae pollen or Amaranthaceae pollen (7.46%), Poaceae pollen (2.26%), Humulus pollen or Cannabis pollen (0.60%). Conclusion: There were two peaks of main airborne allergenic pollen in 4 districts and 5 counties of Hohhot City. In the spring peak of pollen, the main airborne pollens were tree pollens. In the summer and autumn peak of pollen, the main airborne pollens were weed pollens. The Artemisia pollen was the most major airborne pollen in this area.

Objective: To analyze whether triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the value of TyG index in predicting CVD risk among Kazakh and Uighur population of Xinjiang. Methods: In this study, 5 375 Kazakh and Uygur people of Xinyuan county and Jiashi county were selected as the research objects. Subjects were divided into four groups based on the quartile of the TyG index level. Cox regression model was used to analyze the association between TyG index with the risk of CVD. The dose-response relationship between TyG index and CVD risk was described by restricted cubic splines. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to estimate the value of TyG index for predicting CVD. Mediating effect analysis was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of TyG index in the association between body mass index and CVD. Results: The age of subjects was 41.06（30.11，53.00）years old, with 46.30%（2 489/5 375）was male. After multivariate adjustment, there was an increasing trend between the risk of CVD and the higher TyG index P trend <0.001, compared with subjects of TyG index in Q 1 , the HR (95% CI ) of Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 groups was 1.53, 1.23 and 1.73, respectively. Restricted cubic splines showed that TyG index was the linearly associated with the risk of CVD. TyG index could improve the prediction ability of Framingham model for the risk of CVD (NRI=0.106, P= 0.010; IDI=0.003, P= 0.030). The mediating effect analysis showed that in the relationship between body mass index and CVD, the TyG index had a mediating effect ( P <0.001), and the ratio of mediating effect was 12.69%. Conclusion: TyG index is an independent predictor of CVD risk among kazakh and Uygur population in Xinjiang and has a good predictive value for the risk of CVD.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, high blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and low blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in remote rural areas of Xinjiang and analyze these indicators' epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A survey of 13 000 individuals (aged ≥18 years) was conducted using a four-stage cluster random sampling method in Jiashi, Xinyuan, Aheqi, and Shawan Counties, Xinjiang, in 2009-2010. After nonpermanent residents were excluded, 12 154 individuals were included in this study. Questionnaire and physical examinations were conducted, including collection of fasting blood to detect TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C. The results were calculated after complex weighting and compared according to the prevalence of different gender and age groups. Results: The overall levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C were 1.34±1.09, 4.45±1.16, 2.36±0.86, and 1.37±0.58 mmol/L, respectively. After complex weighting, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 35.4%; that among men (42.9%) was greater than that among women (29.5%; χ 2 =234.19, P< 0.001), and the prevalence was 35.9%, 34.5%, and 35.1% (χ 2 =1.52, P= 0.467) in participants aged 18-44, 45-59, and ≥60 years, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 11.4%; that among men (13.5%) was greater than that among women (9.8%; χ 2 = 40.72, P< 0.001), and the prevalence was 9.6%, 13.0%, and 13.2% (χ 2 =38.71, P< 0.001) in participants aged 18-44, 45-59, and ≥60 years, respectively. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 5.7%; that among men(5.0%) was greater than that among women (6.2%; χ 2 =6.95, P= 0.008), and the prevalence was 3.5%, 7.4%, and 8.4% (χ 2 =105.24, P< 0.001) in participants aged 18-4, 45-59, and ≥60 years, respectively. The prevalence of high blood LDL-C was 2.8%, and there was no significant difference between men (3.0%) and women (2.4%; χ 2 =1.43, P= 0.231); the prevalence was 3.5%, 7.4%, and 8.4% (χ 2 =42.81, P< 0.001) in participants aged 18-44, 45-59, and ≥60 years, respectively. The prevalence of low blood HDL-C was 24.0%; that among men (31.6%) was greater than that among women (18.0%; χ 2 =304.02, P< 0.001), and the prevalence was 27.8%, 20.6% and 19.5% (χ 2 =96.61, P< 0.001) in participants aged 18-44, 45-59, and ≥ 60 years, respectively. Conclusions: Low blood HDL-C was the main type of dyslipidemia among the population in remote rural areas of Xinjiang. The prevalence of dyslipidemia among men was greater than that among women, and there was a trend of younger men than women showing dyslipidemia.

Objective: To explore the relationship between the polymorphisms and haplotypes in the CETP gene and dyslipidemia among Xinjiang Kazak and Uygur residents., Methods: A population status survey was performed from 2010 to 2011 in Kashgar Xinjiang Uygur and Kazak residents, stratified cluster sampling method was used to select Uygur, Kazak residents with abnormal blood lipid values (n=367 and 345, respectively) as the dyslipidemia groups, and to select residents with normal lipid values as control group from the same area (n=374 and 390, respectively). SNaPshot technology was applied to detect the DNA of CETP gene rs3764261, rs1800775, rs708272 and rs5882 loci in all selected residents, and linkage disequilibrium analysis and haplotype construction were performed., Results: (1) In Uygur residents, the dyslipidemia risk of rs708272 CT (OR=0.64, 95%CI 0.46-0.91, P=0.01) and TT genotype (OR=0.60, 95%CI 0.40-0.91, P=0.02) was significantly lower than CC genotype. Dyslipidemia risk of rs3764261 GT (OR=0.55, 95%CI 0.40-0.74, P=0.00) and TT genotype (OR=0.47, 95%CI 0.28-0.78, P<0.01) was significantly lower than GG genetype. Dyslipidemia risk of the rs1800775 CC genotype was higher than AA genotype (OR=1.79, 95%CI 1.17-2.74, P=0.01). There was no statistical significance in CETP gene of the 4 genotype and allele frequency between the dyslipidemia and normal lipid groups in Kazak residents (all P>0.05). (2) In Uighur residents with dyslipidemia, HDL-C level was significantly higher in rs708272 TT genotype carriers than in CC and CT genotypes (all P<0.05) and in rs3764261 TT genotype carriers than in GG genotype carriers (P=0.008), while was significantly lower in rs1800775 CC genotype carriers with AA genotype carriers (P=0.008). (3) Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that there was strong linkage disequilibrium between rs3764261 and rs708272 (D'=0.869, r(2)=0.869), rs1800775 and rs708272 (D'=0.845, r(2)=0.446) in Uighur residents, and there was strong linkage disequilibrium between rs3764261 and rs708272 (D'=0.963, r(2)=0.963), rs1800775 and rs708272 (D'=0.988, r(2)=0.630) in Kazak residents. (4) Significant differences were observed in frequency distribution of haplotype GACA(OR=0.579, 95%CI 0.388-0.864, P=0.006), GATA (OR=2.183, 95%CI 1.231-3.873, P=0.006), GCCA (OR=0.723, 95%CI 0.549-0.954, P=0.001), TATA (OR=0.723, 95%CI 0.549-0.954, P=0.021) and TATG (OR=0.601, 95%CI 0.429-0.841, P=0.002) in Uighur residents with normal or abnormal lipid profiles, while significant difference was observed in frequency distribution of haplotype GCCG (OR=1.961, 95%CI 1.207-3.188, P=0.005) in Kazak residents with normal or abnormal lipid profiles., Conclusion: CETP genotype rs708272, rs3764261 and rs1800775 polymorphism is closely related to dyslipidemia and haplotype GACA, TATA and TATG will reduce the risk of dyslipidemia, while haplotype GATA, GCCA will increase the risk of dyslipidemia in Uygur residents. The four CETP polymorphisms are not related to the risk of dyslipidemia, but haplotype GCCG is related to increased risk of dyslipidemia in Kazakhs residents.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and distribution features of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity among rural adult residents in Hazakh and Uygur population in Xinjiang province, 2010., Methods: Questionnaire-based survey and physical examination were conducted towards the 8611 subjects selected from Hazakh and Uygur residents aged over 18 years old in Yili Xinyuan County and Kashi Jiashi County in Xinjiang province by stratified cluster random sampling method; and thereby the results were analyzed and compared between the two ethnic populations., Results: The prevalence of overweight in Hazakh(male: 29.5% (612/2078) and female: 26.4% (789/2991)) was higher than that in Uygur(male: 25.5% (440/1728) and female: 21.9% (397/1814)). The difference showed statistical significance (male: χ(2) = 7.50, female: χ(2) = 12.27, P < 0.01). The prevalence was higher in males than in females among the same ethic population (Hazakh: χ(2) = 5.79, Uygur: χ(2) = 6.28, P < 0.05). The prevalence of obesity in Hazakh(male:18.2% (379/2078) and female:18.1% (540/2991)) was higher than that in Uygur(male: 9.4% (163/1728) and female: 13.2% (240/1814)). The difference showed statistical significance (male: χ(2) = 59.90, female: χ(2) = 19.32, P < 0.01). The female prevalence was higher than male in Uygur (χ(2) = 12.66, P < 0.01); however, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence stratified by gender in Hazakh. The prevalence of abdominal obesity in Hazakh(male: 57.0% (1185/2078) and female: 60.2% (1801/2991)) was higher than that in Uygur(male: 46.9% (811/1728) and female: 59.5% (1080/1814)). The difference showed statistical significance (male: χ(2) = 38.54, P < 0.01; female: χ(2) = 0.216, P > 0.05). And the female prevalence was both higher than male in the two ethic populations (Hazakh: χ(2) = 5.15, P < 0.05; Uygur: χ(2) = 56.50, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The prevalence abdominal obesity among rural adult residents in Hazakh and Uygur population was much higher than the average level nationwide in China. Hazakh had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than Uygur.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia among the Uyghur, Kazakh, and Han adults in Xinjiang Region and to analyze the features of distribution., Methods: 3625 Uygur residents, 1773 males and 1852 females, aged (42.89 ± 15.95) years old, 4148 Kazakh residents, 1649 males and 2499 females, aged (44.14 ± 13.27) years old, and 3733 Han residents, 1563 males and 2170 females, aged (49.66 ± 12.24) years old, were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method in year 2010, 11 506 adults in total. Questionnaire and physical examination were conducted, including fasting venous blood samples to test the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)., Results: The levels of TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were separately (1.31 ± 1.03), (4.44 ± 1.20), (1.41 ± 0.62), and (2.44 ± 0.81) mmol/L in the Uygur adults; separately (1.24 ± 0.99), (4.55 ± 1.31), (1.41 ± 0.62), and (2.40 ± 0.87) mmol/L in the Kazakh adults; and (1.62 ± 1.34), (4.60 ± 1.10), (1.16 ± 0.68), and (2.23 ± 0.93) mmol/L in the Han adults, respectively. The general prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Uygur, Kazakh, and Han adults were 42.4% (1537/3625), 31.6% (1311/4148), and 30.2% (1127/3733) respectively; while the age-standardized prevalence were separately 42.4%, 31.8%, and 28.2%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Uygur adults was significantly higher than it of the Kazakh and Han adults, with statistical significance (χ(2) = 179.87, P < 0.01). The standardized prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Uygur males was 52.6%, significantly higher than it of the Kazakh and Han males (35.4% and 33.2%), with statistical significance (χ(2) = 159.19, P < 0.01). The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia among the Han adults was 17.3%, which was significantly higher than it among the Uyghur and Kazakh adults (χ(2) = 172.55, P < 0.01). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Kazakh (6.9%) was higher than it in Uygur (5.2%), with statistical significance (χ(2) = 10.20, P < 0.01). The prevalence of low HDL-C hyperlipidemia in the above 3 ethnic were 33.6%, 20.8% and 11.1%, respectively; while Uygur was the highest (χ(2) = 552.82, P < 0.01), followed by Kazakh, which was higher than Han (χ(2) = 138.01, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of high LDL-C hyperlipidemia among the adults of the 3 ethnics., Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among the Uygur, Kazakh, and Han adults in Xinjiang were all higher than the national average prevalence, the distribution of dyslipidemia varied with ethnicity, age and sex.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Xinjiang Uygur adults., Methods: With cluster random sampling, investigations including questionnaire, physical examination and blood testing were performed among 3442 Uygur adults among in Kashgar of Xinjiang on November 2010. Prevalence of MS in groups with different characteristics were calculated and non-conditional logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors., Results: The prevalence of MS was 21.2% (728/3442), and the age-adjusted prevalence was 18.5%. The prevalence among males and females was 14.5% (245/1694) (age-adjusted prevalence 12.7%) and 27.6% (483/1748) (age-adjusted prevalence 24.4%) respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MS among 18 to 24 years old and 65 years old and above were 4.3% (21/490) and 28.9% (109/377) respectively. The prevalence of MS increased with age (χ(2) = 204.13, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low blood HDL-C, central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia was 57.5% (1978/3442), 44.5% (1531/3442), 27.5% (948/3442), 20.2% (696/3442) and 8.6% (297/3442) respectively. Compared to age group 18 - 24, the risk of MS occurrence was higher in age group 25 - 34, 35 - 44, 45 - 54, 55 - 64 and 65 years-old above, the according OR (95%CI) values were 2.29 (1.38 - 3.81), 6.91 (4.31 - 11.09), 10.81 (6.72 - 17.40), 12.52 (7.74 - 20.26) and 10.20 (6.20 - 16.78), respectively. Smoking also increased the risk of MS (OR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.64 - 3.37)., Conclusion: The prevalence of MS in Xinjiang Uygur was in high level; The prevalence of MS is higher in female than in male; The risk factors of MS included female, age and smoking.

Objective: To establish human bronchial epithelial cell lines over expressing oncogene and to investigate its application in detection of carcinogen-induced cell transformation., Methods: Mediated by retrovirus infection, human telomerase catalytic subunit, hTERT was introduced into immortal human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) and followed by introduction of the oncogenic allele H-Ras(V12), or c-Myc or empty vector, creating cell lines 16HBETR, 16HBETM and 16HBETV, respectively. Biological characteristics of these cell lines including morphology, proliferation, and chromosomal aberration were examined to access whether they were transformed. Soft agar experiment and nude mice subcutaneous injection were performed using pre-transformed 16HBE cells induced by known carcinogens, nickel sulfate (NiSO4) and 7, 8, -dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide benzo[a] pyrene (BPDE)., Results: With detection of telomerase activity and Western blotting, the expression of target proteins was verified. Thus, the transgenic 16HBE cell lines were successfully established. Cells expressing oncogene H-Ras or c-Myc grew 30.3% or 10.4% faster than control cells. However, these cells failed to form colonies in soft agar or form tumor in nude mice. 16HBETR, 16HBETM cells obtained transformed phenotype at 5 wks, 11 wks, respectively after treatment with BPDE, which are 15 wks and 9 wks earlier than control cells 16HBETV (20 wks). Meanwhile, 16HBETR, 16HBETM cells obtained transformed phenotype at 11 wks, 14 wks, respectively after treatment with nickel sulfate, which are 21 wks and 18 wks earlier than control cells (32 wks)., Conclusion: With the advantage of shorter latency, transgenic human cell transformation models could be used in potent carcinogen screening and applied to chemical-carcinogenesis mechanism study.