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This study examined whether the contribution of social capital to household economic outputs was greater than that of other types of capital, whether different dimensions of social capital contribute equally to household income, and whether the role of social capital varies among different categories of house- holds. We developed a reduced-form model of the household production function, in which social capital is treated as a production factor similar to other conventional factors such as physical capital, labor, and human capital, with household income and expenditure as dependent variables. The results show that social capital has a strong and positive contribution to household income, and the positive contribution of social capital to the general (the poor) house- hold's income is greater than that of the paper-recycling (the rich) household's income. In contrast to other studies, the number of memberships in associations does not have an impact on household income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative innovation, with universities as the main body, is an important foundation for deepening the cooperation between industry, universities, and research institutes. Taking the collaborative innovation of five universities in Japan Shikoku area as an example, this paper summarizes the content of collaborative innovation in colleges and universities. The Shikoku SICO, which is established by government, is set to integrate the resource of university, enterprises, industry, and government, expand and broaden the knowledge chain, and promote knowledge flow and value realization through knowledge gathering and diffusion, knowledge dissemination and sharing, and knowledge transfer and application. Based on SICO's collaborative innovation mode of the Japan Shikoku area, five universities have established a virtuous circle of knowledge, capital, and talents, forming a collaborative innovation ecosystem characterized by symbiosis. From an ecology perspective, this paper establishes a regional collaborative innovation symbiotic system, which is characterized by knowledge, with the components of producer, consumer, decomposer, and catalyzer. Finally, from the perspective of constructing symbiosis system, this paper puts forward the experience of colleges and universities in Japan in terms of knowledge dissemination, knowledge transfer, and knowledge gathering.

The proceedings include an executive committee report, officers' reports, and reports on a student recruitment program, income and expenditures, association policy and positions, constitution and bylaws, component groups, and membership and attendance. Abstracts of a special meeting on geriatrics and a directory of officers are also included. (MSE)

This paper discusses the precariousness of an academic profession in contemporary Slovakia and Poland. Although some of the patterns have been previously studied, this analysis sheds new light on the problems of Polish and Slovak academia as seen by foreigners, who, according to official policy, are expected to contribute to the excellence of Polish academia. In reality, low wages and underfinanced universities often make their work very difficult. The analysis is focused mainly on the issues related to low salaries and ways that allow foreign-born employees to secure extra income necessary to maintain the desired standard of living. Even if, for some interviewees, local salary is sufficient to live in CEE, other academics have higher demands because of their family situation (e.g., "international children"), extra travel expenses for private purposes, or spending on bilingual education in Poland or Slovakia. Foreign-born academics living in Poland and Slovakia compensate for low salaries in three distinct ways discussed in the paper -- by taking various academic and non-academic extra jobs, acquiring external funding from their home country's government, or relying on family economic resources.

California state-level policies are responsible for allocating nearly 80 percent of the revenue received by its K-12 school districts. In 2013-14, the state implemented the Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), which changed the allocation formula from one based primarily on equal revenue per pupil to an equity-focused allocation based primarily on a district's share of students in poverty. This paper analyzes the relationship between revenue and poverty before and after the LCFF, focusing separately on state general purpose, state restricted, local, and federal funding. Although some special state revenue programs under the prior system led to an implicit positive relationship between revenue and poverty, the LCFF increased and strengthened that dramatically. Local revenue sources dampen this relationship, whereas federal sources augment it. Regression analyses suggest that prior to LCFF in 2007-08, districts with all students in poverty received $2,622 more per pupil in total than did districts with no students in poverty; after LCFF in 2017-18, high-poverty districts received $3,855 per pupil more in total. This paper also analyzes how high- and low-poverty districts changed their spending patterns over the decade punctuated by LCFF. Although revenue in both types of districts grew, and more so in high-poverty districts, low-poverty districts spent all additional revenue on staff compensation, but high-poverty districts allocated some to non-compensation areas. The more remarkable trend over this decade is the increase in spending on retirement and health benefits, which has the potential to curtail the potential effects of the LCFF.

Background: The main aim of emergency medical services (EMS) should be to provide universal emergency medical care which is EMS system available to all those who need it. Most of the developed countries have an integrated EMS system that is accessible by a single dial number in the whole country. Nepal does not have a proper EMS system. We conducted a literature review regarding methods of developing an integrated EMS system in Nepal. Result: The fragmented system, high demand–low supply, inequity with the service, and inadequately trained responders are major problems associated with EMS in Nepal. Nepal too should develop an integrated single dial number EMS system to meet the current demand of EMS. Having a paramedic in ambulances as the first responders will prevent chaos and save critical time. Funding models have to be considered while developing an EMS considering the capital as well as operational cost. Conclusion: Nepal can develop a public private partnership model of EMS where capital cost is provided by the government and operational cost by other methods. Community-based insurance system looks more feasible in a country like Nepal for generating operational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of the global economy in the aftermath of COVID-19 faces enormous challenges. Ensuring stable income growth of the population has become an important means for developing countries to ensure sustained economic development. Raising the overall income of the population is a public initiative that benefits all citizens; therefore, governments of developing countries should promote the implementation of relevant public policies and the provision of public goods to ensure that existing economic instruments can benefit the entire population. In this regard, public space, as a typical form of public good, may play an important role in promoting the benefits of existing economic policies for all residents. This paper examines how residents' use of public space contributes to their income growth through social capital. Hypotheses are tested based on an econometric analysis of 1565 questionnaires received from Chinese workers. The results show that residents' use of public space can indeed be an important way to increase their income, which is realized through the enhancement of social capital. The research presented in this paper provides a new influence variable of public space to improve residents' income. Further, it improves people's understanding of the three classical concepts—public space, social capital, and income—by establishing the logical connection and theoretical explanation of physical space, emotional space, and value space in human society. The conclusions of this paper highlight the important role of public space in urban and rural development planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a two-stage, matched design, we found dual enrollment students enrolled in college within one year of their expected high school graduation at higher rates than control students who did not take college classes in high school (OR = 3.06). For students that matriculated within one year after high school, compared to control, treatment students showed higher rates of persistence (OR = 1.30), and completion of "any" degree (OR = 2.08), a two-year credential within two years (OR = 2.87), and a four-year degree within four years (OR = 1.61). And five years after high school, treatment students had higher earnings (g = .079). Subgroup findings revealed no significant moderation effects of the treatment by income, race, gender, or achievement level. Prior quantitative studies have largely failed to consider the role of academic achievement, so that is an important contribution of this paper. Ours is also the first study we are aware of to examine the impact of dual enrollment on earnings. While awaiting future research replicating our achievement and earnings results, results suggest dual enrollment is a promising strategy for increasing postsecondary success and earnings after college.

International students in Canada make enormous contribution to the Canadian economy. As domestic students' enrolment has declined, international students' admissions have compensated for economic losses that Canadian universities incur from the decline of domestic students' enrolment. The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting international students' admissions to Canadian universities. Drawing on various secondary data sources, this article argues that international students in Canada are vulnerable due to their temporary immigration status. They are excluded from most governments' relief programs aimed at supporting Canadians during this pandemic. Most international students experience psychological and financial difficulties amid the pandemic. The situation is triggering a further decline in international students' admission, creating economic implications for Canadian universities. By exploring the challenges facing international students and the strategies required to strengthen international students' resilience and universities' capacities, the paper contributes to our understanding of the plights of international students and educational institutions amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

This article from Economic Policy provides a summary of five papers that contribute to our understanding of economic and policy issues. The first paper examines the impacts of historical conflicts on the current conflict in Ukraine, emphasizing the importance of demining, preserving social cohesion, and addressing gender imbalances and conflict-related sexual violence. The second paper evaluates the effectiveness of legislation aimed at restricting the mobility of unemployed individuals within specific areas of a city, finding that these laws are ineffective and have unintended negative consequences. The third paper analyzes the macroeconomic impact of structural reforms in Italy, showing that these reforms can lead to increased productivity and GDP growth. The fourth paper presents a comprehensive analysis of China's foreign lending practices, highlighting unconventional confidentiality clauses and collateral arrangements used by Chinese lenders. The final paper explores the question of higher education subsidies, finding that increased subsidies can have positive fiscal and welfare impacts in many countries. These papers offer evidence-based recommendations and policy lessons for policymakers in various contexts. [Extracted from the article]

This paper analyzes several foundational concepts and questions regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR). Its primary contribution is a statistical examination of relationships between CSR and "Newsweek's" 2012 Green Rankings using forensic-based financial and accounting measures. We also replicate a previous study and introduce new variables for looking at CSR from an economic perspective. The paper is interdisciplinary in that it synthesizes preceding studies' conceptions of CSR through finance, consumer behavior, branding, and ethics -- a mix which has received minimal attention -- in an attempt to better characterize and measure CSR.

The 'overseas Filipino workers' (OFWs) are the largest source of US dollar income in the Philippines. These state-sponsored labour migrations have resulted in an exodus of workers and professionals that now amounts to approximately 10% of the entire country's population. From a temporary and seasonal employment strategy during the early American colonial period, labour export has become a cornerstone of the country's development policy. This was institutionalised under the Marcos regime (1965-1986), and especially in the early years of the martial law period (1972-81), and maintained by successive governments thereafter. Within this context, this paper investigates the relationship between Marcos' 'New Society' agenda, the globalization of migrant labour, and state sponsorship of labour exports. In particular, it analyses the significance of attempts made to deploy education policy and educational institutions to facilitate the state's labour export drive. Evidence analyzed in this paper suggests that sweeping reforms covering curricular policies, education governance and funding were implemented, ostensibly in support of national development. However, these measures ultimately did little to boost domestic economic development. Instead, they set the stage for the education system to continue training and certifying Filipino skilled labour for global export -- a pattern that has continued to this day.

This paper undertakes a critical analysis of the various hegemonic educational discourses applied to schemes for a minimum income and the social effects that they cause in the field of education and training for groups at social risk. Through consideration of these discourses, it will be determined what role education plays within them, highlighting the principles of employability and the Theory of Human Capital underlying training in minimum income schemes. The paper will shed light to the "poverty business" that training courses for the poor have provided for certain private enterprises. These characteristics have taken the shape of an increasingly prevalent educational discourse that may be termed `the Holy Crusade to Educate the Poor'. Finally, the paper will argue about the possibilities and limitations of an alternative model for minimum income schemes: The Universal Basic Income (UBI).

The paper proposes a counterfactual analysis to estimate the causal effects of college expansion on the changes in income and occupational prestige of young people in Taiwan. The public attributes the rapid expansion of higher education in Taiwan in the mid 1990s as a significant cause of stagnant wage growth and high unemployment rates of college graduates in recent years. The primary concern in evaluating the policy consequences of educational expansion should be on those who would respond to expanded opportunities for education. In this paper, we use the data collected by the Panel Study of Family Dynamics in Taiwan to identify a pre-expansion cohort and a post-expansion cohort. We then use the matching method and the difference-in-difference (DID) model to estimate the impact of expansion on the changes in income and occupational prestige of three counterfactual groups: 'always-takers', 'compliers', and 'never-takers'. The results show that the impact of college expansion decreased the advantage of always-takers and benefited compliers in both income and occupational attainment of their first job. The adverse effects of college expansion suffered by always-takers disappeared after working for either 10 or 15 years, which fits the prediction of the signalling theory.

With concepts like the consumer revolution or the industrious revolution, the changing behaviour of private households in the 18th and early 19th centuries has become of great interest. The article suggests a new way to observe intentions and decisions, by utilizing a database of 850,000 classified ads from the Basel Avisblatt over a span of 116 years. Changes in food prices constantly altered the discretionary income of households, which forced budget-related decisions. By cross-correlating indicators of discretionary income with the changing number of different types of ads, patterns of utilizing the Avisblatt can be identified, and strategies to stabilize discretionary income deduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of business administration vs. computer science degrees in terms of earnings, job security, and job satisfaction. The paper focuses on earnings potential five years and ten years after the completion of business administration and computer science degrees. Moreover, the paper presents the income changes with promotion and lifetime earnings expectations of both the business administration and computer science graduates.

Any company in any country can be a responsible leader, if it chooses to be so. South India Paper Mills (SIPM), a medium-sized family business manufacturing recycled paper integrated corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities early in its business strategy; activities such as providing free treated water for agriculture to the local farmers while finding a way of disposing of wastewater. The company voluntarily increased compensation and guaranteed employment to the children of retired employees, which ensured better living and educational standards, provided employment opportunities, and reversed the migration trend to the city. The acute power shortage led the management to generate its own power with the locally available biomass to ensure a steady supply of power and income, by supplying excess power to the State, and a regular source of income to the villagers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of tertiary education, an intensity of focus on accountability and performance, and the emergence of new governance and management structures drives an economic fiscal perspective of the value of learning and teaching. Accurate and meaningful models defining financial sustainability are therefore proposed as an imperative for tertiary institutions in order to determine the long-term feasibility of learning programs. "When there's only so much sunshine each day--where should the light be shone?" Well, at risk of allowing pure economic rationalism dictate which learning programs thrive and survive in the "winter sun", institutions should understand that an adjustment to classic models of financial sustainability are necessary by acknowledging educational value. That is, these kinds of adjusted models require methods for quantifying three main elements in the learning production environment--educational value, costs, and revenue. There is an inevitable complexity in describing and quantifying all three of these elements in the context of a university learning environment. This paper introduces the concept of a learning program financial sustainability model (suggested by Bill Massy), an outline of possible approaches to quantifying its three essential elements (educational value, cost, and revenue), and some of the challenges confronting planners with responsibility for its form and operationalisation. For the particular interest of those staff involved in student load modelling, finance, teaching and learning quality, pedagogy, and performance management. [This paper was first presented at the Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Institutional Research, "Let the sunshine in," Gold Coast, 9-11 November 2011.]

Women employed in the New York paper box industry in 1913–1914 earned about 60% of what men did. This paper employs the human capital framework to analyze the wage differential due to productivity related factors versus discriminatory nepotism towards men. Years of schooling, years of experience in the paper box trade, and legislative restrictions on working hours of women account for virtually all of the observed wage differential, both for all men and women in the paper box industry, and between the skilled occupations of cutters and strippers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Call for Papers for the IARIW-TNBS Conference on "Measurement of Income, Wealth and Well-being in Africa" October 7-9, 2021, Arusha, Tanzania The International Association for Research in Income, Wealth (IARIW), in partnership with the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (TNBS) will host a conference on "Measurement of Income, Wealth, Well-being in Africa" October 7-9, 2021, in Arusha, Tanzania. There is no registration fee for the conference, but all delegates, must be IARIW members, either through individual or institutional membership, or join the IARIW Delegates are responsible for their own travel and hotel costs. [Extracted from the article]