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The Compulsory Education Course Standards for Mathematics 2022 have highlighted the educational objectives of junior secondary mathematics by emphasizing the development of mathematical competence and practical learning. Model consciousness, as one of the fundamental mathematical competencies to be developed at the junior secondary level, can facilitate students' comprehension of the universal application of mathematics. Teachers of mathematics in junior high school should construct effective classroom activities based on the cognitive qualities of their students in order to enhance their mathematical model consciousness and comprehension of the substance of mathematics knowledge. This paper is a lesson study of the education of Congruent Triangles, and its purpose is to investigate strategies for fostering mathematical model consciousness among junior high school pupils.

Mathematical modelling has been included in many mathematics curricula worldwide, and China's curricula are no exception. The development of modelling competencies has recently been listed among the Chinese mathematics curriculum's six key objectives. However, the manner in which nationwide learning and teaching of modelling should be conducted presents a key challenge to China's schools, most of which are wholly lacking in experience of this practice. In this study we present a thematic analysis of the conceptions of four mathematicians, five mathematics educators and seven mathematics teachers, with regard to the learning and teaching of modelling. The results show that the participants' views of modelling can be categorised and linked to the following theoretical perspectives of modelling: applied, epistemological, educational, pedagogical and conceptual perspectives. Interestingly, the mathematicians and mathematics educators tended towards the atomistic approach to the learning and teaching of modelling, while the mathematics teachers placed greater emphasis on the holistic approach. The mathematicians and mathematics educators stressed student autonomy, while the teachers emphasised teacher demonstration. All participants considered group work to be an appropriate means of conducting modelling learning and teaching. Additionally, some teachers were concerned that modelling could not be incorporated into mathematical teaching and learning if it could not be included in high-stakes examinations. The paper concludes with a discussion on the rationale behind the existence of the various conceptions and the potential insights that may be drawn from these conceptions.

Creativity has been identified as a key characteristic that allows students to adapt smoothly to rapid societal and economic changes in the real world. However, Chinese students appear to perform less well in mathematical problem-solving and problem-posing abilities, which are strongly connected to mathematical creativity. Mathematical modelling has recently been introduced as one of the six core competencies in the Chinese mathematical curriculum and is built on students' ability to solve real-world problems using mathematical means. As mathematical modelling is characterised by openness regarding the understanding of complex real-world problems and the complex relationship between the real world and mathematics, for the strengthening of creativity, mathematical modelling activities seem to be adequate to accomplish this purpose. In this paper, we describe a study with 71 upper secondary school students, 50 pre-service mathematics teachers, and 66 in-service mathematics teachers, based on an extended didactical framework regarding mathematical modelling as a creativity-demanding activity. The results of the study indicate a significant correlation between modelling competencies and creativity aspects. Especially significant correlations between the adequacy of the modelling approaches and the two creativity aspects of usefulness and fluency could be identified, as well as a significant negative correlation between usefulness and originality. The results of the correlational analysis of relationships among the four criteria were not always consistent in the three participant groups. Overall, the results have implications for the promotion of creativity for various expertise groups and demonstrate the dependency of the modelling activities on the mathematical knowledge of the participants and the mathematical topic with which they are dealing.

Although mathematical modeling plays an important role in many curricula worldwide, significant discrepancies persist in the importance of mathematical modeling in ordinary mathematics classrooms and teacher education. This paper compares pre-service mathematics teachers' professional mathematical modeling competencies in three different regions--Germany, Mainland China, and Hong Kong--where educational and cultural traditions differ, including the role of mathematical modeling. In total, 232 pre-service mathematics teachers from the three regions completed a modeling task covering mathematics content knowledge (MCK) of modeling and mathematical pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK) of modeling. The results show that pre-service teachers from Germany demonstrated the strongest MCK and MPCK of mathematical modeling; by contrast, pre-service mathematics teachers from Mainland China and Hong Kong demonstrated relatively weaker MCK and MPCK of mathematical modeling. MCK and MPCK of mathematical modeling were also found to be unevenly developed at different competence levels for the three regions. These differences may be attributed to the history of mathematical modeling in mathematics curricula, teacher education, and teaching culture in these three regions.

Modelling competencies are currently included in numerous curricula worldwide and are generally accepted as a complex, process-oriented construct. Therefore, effective measurement should include multiple dimensions, like the sub-competencies required throughout the modelling process. Departing from the characteristics of modelling problems as open and often underdetermined real-world problems, we propose to enrich the current conceptualisation of mathematical modelling competencies by including creativity, which plays an important role in numerous phases of the mathematical modelling process but has scarcely been considered in modelling discourse. In the study described in this paper, a new instrument for the evaluation of this enriched construct has been developed and implemented. The modelling competencies incorporating creativity of the students were evaluated based on the adequacy of the models and the modelling processes proposed, and the appropriateness and completeness of the approaches were evaluated in detail. Adapting measurement approaches for creativity that have been developed in the problem-solving discourse, certain criteria of creativity were selected to evaluate the creativity of the students' approaches in tackling modelling problems--namely, usefulness, fluency, and originality. The empirical study was conducted among 107 Chinese students at the upper secondary school level, who attended a modelling camp and independently solved three complex modelling problems. The results reveal significant correlations between fluency and originality in students' performances across all tasks; however, the relationships between usefulness and the other two creativity aspects were not consistent. Overall, the results of the study support the importance of the inclusion of creativity in the construct of modelling competencies.

Low fertility willingness has become a major practical reality in China. From the perspective of family gender equality, this paper analyzes the impact of division of housework on women's fertility willingness by using the data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The results of propensity score matching method and instrumental variable method show that husbands' participation in housework can effectively improve wives' fertility willingness. Mechanism analysis shows that husbands' active participation in housework can effectively reduce wives' work–family conflict, increase wives' satisfaction with husbands' housework contribution, and help improve wives' happiness and fertility willingness. Further discussion on whether families have had children or not shows that women who have had children are more sensitive to their husbands' participation in housework. This study provides empirical evidence for the applicability of family gender equality theory in China and the factors affecting women's fertility willingness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For regions lack of strong ground motion records, a method is developed to predict strong ground motion by small earthquake records from local broadband digital earthquake networks. Sichuan and Yunnan regions, located in southwestern China, are se- lected as the targets. Five regional source and crustal medium parameters are inversed by micro-Genetic Algorithm. These parameters are adopted to predict strong ground motion for moment magnitude (Mw) 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0. Strong ground motion data are compared with the results, most of the result pass through ideally the data point plexus, except the case of Mw 7.0 in Sichuan region, which shows an obvious slow attenuation. For further application, this result is adopted in probability seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) and near-field strong ground motion synthesis of the Wenchuan Earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional mathematical methods built around exactitude have limitations when applied to the processing of educational information, due to their uncertainty and imperfection. Alternative mathematical methods, such as grey system theory, have been widely applied in processing incomplete information systems and have proven effective in a number of fields. In this study, an assessment indicator system is developed, based on the MBA programme of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (GDUFS), through statistics building on the initial indicators of the Association of MBA's assessment system for MBA programmes. The proposed system assesses the accredited indicators of the GDUFS' MBA programme using grey comprehensive evaluation methodology. The results accord with the actual situation, supporting the accuracy of the assessment model, research theory and methodology. In addition, this paper analyses and sorts degrees of satisfaction for programme indicators, with the adoption of the grey correlation analysis method, to provide a basis for decision-making.

Current debates about successful mathematics pedagogy suggest that mathematical learning and problem solving can be enhanced by using metaphors as they provide students with a tool for thinking. But assisting pre-service teachers to understand the importance of careful and accurate explanations for mathematical concepts remains an issue. This paper investigates how a mathematics teacher made use of models and metaphors to construct mathematical meanings within a transformational shift between less- and more-mathematical language. The Peircian model of semiosis was employed to identify the conceptual relationships in the metaphors and to analyse possible discrepancies between the literal meaning of metaphors, the teacher's intended meaning and the targeted mathematical concepts. The findings indicate that the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features of the language used in mathematics teaching play a significant role in student learning. Teachers' knowledge of students' prior understanding of mathematical meaning of related concepts and their knowledge of examples, models, and language that are pedagogically preferable jointly affect the quality of teaching.

Defines a mathematical model of uniform response bias (URB) and proposes ipsative measures to minimize the effect of URB in multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Illustrates the method using real data from the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory for 2 groups of sample sizes 793 and 792 adults. (SLD)

Aim s : The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between caregiving burden and pre‐death grief, with a specific focus on adult‐child caregivers in mainland China. Additionally, the study explored whether coping strategies played a mediating role in this correlation. Methods: A convenience sample of 320 adult‐child caregivers of older parents with dementia from Kunming, mainland China, was recruited for the study. Data were collected using the Chinese version of the Marwit‐Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory‐Short Form, the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers, and the Ways of Coping Checklist‐Revised. Results: Results using linear regression and multiple mediation analysis with Hayes' process model indicated that caregiving burden was positively related to pre‐death grief and that active coping mediated the relationship between them. In the female group, active coping partially mediated the association between caregiving burden and pre‐death grief, but in the male group, this mediating effect did not exist. Conclusion: The study found evidence supporting the link between caregiving burden and pre‐death grief among adult‐child caregivers of older parents with dementia in mainland China. Furthermore, the caregiving burden prevented the use of active coping, and this decrease in coping increased the perception of pre‐death grief. These associations only existed in the female group. Implications: This paper presented the importance of active coping skills in the dementia caregiving process. Impact: The findings of this study emphasize the necessity for health practitioners to provide targeted interventions regarding pre‐death grief among dementia caregivers and strengthen caregivers' active coping strategies to reduce their pre‐death grief. Community‐based and personal care support services should be promoted to alleviate their caregiving burden. Reporting Method: We have adhered to the transparent reporting of evaluations with quantitative design statements and the corresponding checklist was followed. Patient or Public Contribution: 'No patient or public involvement'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution process is the core of logistics enterprise system. Efficient distribution process is the key for enterprises to improve logistics service level, gain competitive advantage, and win customers. In order to reduce the design error of the system and ensure the effective operation of the system, this paper establishes the system model and analyzes the properties of the model through the evaluation and analysis of various resources of the distribution system. The future development of intelligent logistics system is not only the key for logistics enterprises to win competition, but also a new measure to promote China's economic development. This is not only a typical NP hard problem, but also a major challenge for the rational and scientific development of the intelligent logistics industry. Based on the previous theoretical research results, this paper intends to explore the intelligent logistics distribution route selection scheme by using mathematical modeling methods such as particle swarm optimization, so as to provide new technologies and methods for logistics distribution operation and management decision-making. The results show that compared with the traditional genetic algorithm, the accuracy of the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is improved by 10.36%. This method effectively improves the operation cycle and link efficiency and achieves the purpose of optimization. The improved particle swarm optimization algorithm proposed in this paper is not only more suitable and effective for enterprise decision makers to deal with subjective judgments in an imprecise environment. It is also based on the evaluation sequence of each indicator of the alternative obtained from the evaluation and the comprehensive evaluation of all indicators. By weighting and considering the results, the best solution for enterprise logistics and distribution is selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-objective optimisation of high-speed rail profile with small radius curve is studied in the paper. A multi-objective mathematical model for rail profile optimisation of high-speed railway is established. The CN60 rail profile is parameterised into a series of generalised functions of design variables. In order to guarantee the smoothness of the rail profile and meet the maximum grinding depth of rail in China, the constraints are employed. The wheel-rail vertical clearance and equivalent conicity of wheelset are taken as objective functions, and a rail wear prediction programme is compiled. Contact line method is employed to complete the detection algorithm of wheel-rail contact points. Finally, NSGA-II Algorithm is adopted to solve the Pareto-optimal front of the optimisation model. A set of solutions are retrieved from the Pareto optimal front solution as the optimised profile. The optimised rail profile and the original rail profile are matched with the LMA wheel profile (a certain worn type of wheel profiles for EMU in China) respectively. It is testified that the rail profile could effectively reduce the rail wear and improve curving performance. The new method proposed in this paper can provide some reference for the optimisation design of high-speed rail profile with small radius curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching quality is the lifeline of the higher education. Many universities have made some effective achievement about evaluating the teaching quality. In this paper, we establish the Students' evaluation of teaching (SET) discriminant analysis model and algorithm based on principal component clustering analysis. Additionally, we classify the SET by clustering the result of extracting the indexes through the principal component analysis (PCA), then we also test the rationality of the rating using Fisher's discriminant function. Finally, the model and algorithm are proved to be effective and objective according to the empirical analysis.

The degree of informatization of coal mine safety management is becoming higher and higher, and a large amount of information is generated in this process. How to convert the existing information into useful data for risk control has become a challenge. To solve this challenge, this paper studies the mathematical model of coal mine risk early warning in China based on data mining. Firstly, the coal mine risk data was comprehensively analyzed to provide basic data for the risk prediction model of data mining. Then, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was optimized twice to build the coal mine risk prediction model. By optimizing the calculation method of the control chart, the coal mine risk early warning system was proposed. Finally, based on the coal mine risk early warning model, the software platform was developed and applied to coal mines in China to control the risks at all levels. The results show that the error of the optimized ANFIS was reduced by 66%, and the early warning error was reduced by 57%. This study aimed to provide implementation methods and tools for coal mine risk management and control, and data collected has reference significance for other enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a new development pattern based on the "double-cycle" is a major strategic plan of China. Under the background of the new development pattern of the "double-cycle" and the context of environmental constraints, this paper tries to explore the impact of marine economic development on marine cultural industry and marine innovation development, the extent of the impact of marine cultural industry on marine economic growth, and the internal relationship between them under the new development pattern of double circulation. In this paper, Fujian Province is taken as the research object to construct an indicator system of the marine culture development to reflect the living standard, employment level, and spiritual and cultural levels of people in the marine area, and the external influence of the marine economy and marine culture industry is taken as the indicator variable to measure the integrated development. The internal changes are regarded as the index to assess the integration level of the two, and the evaluation theoretical model of the dynamic evolution level of the marine economy and marine cultural industry is constructed. The vector autoregression model and impulse response function are used to study the interactive correlation between the growth of the marine economy and the development of the cultural industry. The results show the following: In the long run, there is a cointegration relationship between the marine culture industry and the gross ocean product (GOP), which is a long-term balanced and stable relationship. The development level of the marine economy and the development of marine culture industry are mutually influencing and promoting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preferential access to scarce resources can bring competitive advantages and better performance to enterprises. However, the existing literature has a relatively single research path on the influencing factors of enterprise resource access, which has lack of sufficient research from the perspective of multidimensional environment. In particular, as an important factor affecting enterprises' access to external resources, few studies have given empirical results on the impact of political factors such as government structure on enterprise resource access. Preferential access to scarce resources can bring competitive advantages and better performance to enterprises. However, the existing literature has a relatively single research path on the influencing factors of enterprise resource access, which lacks sufficient research from the perspective of multidimensional environment. In particular, as an important factor affecting enterprises' access to external resources, few studies have given empirical results on the impact of political factors such as government structure on enterprise resource access. Through the discussion of multidimensional environmental factors, this paper can provide theoretical reference for the reform of government institutions and the establishment of good political relations between enterprises and the government. Focusing on the multidimensional environment of government structure, political relations, and enterprise resource acquisition, this paper takes 129 enterprises in Central China as samples and uses the structural equation model to empirically verify the relationship between the formalization of government structure, liaison mechanism, decentralization, and enterprise resource acquisition, especially the easing effect of political relations. The results show that the formalization of government structure is promoting enterprises to obtain policy resources and financial resources; the liaison mechanism helps enterprises to obtain financial resources and market resources; decentralization has a significant positive impact on enterprises' access to policy resources and market resources; and political connection magnifies the positive effect of government structure on enterprise resource acquisition, but there are differences in different dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces Rene Thom's catastrophe theory, which is based upon complex theorems in multidimensional geometry. Catastrophe theory analysis begins by identifying the occurrence of major discontinuities, or catastrophes, in a system such as civil service exams, resulting in catastrophic change. (KS)

The article presents a study which derives the atmospheric boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness in Lanzhou Shi and Yuzhong, China through the wavelet technology method and lidar measurements. The study accounts the derivation of the atmospheric boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness to convective situations. It also applies microwave observations of both data sets with the help of a profiling radiometer and the parcel method.

Insulated plastic greenhouses (IPG) were a new type of facility emerging in production in China. The mechanism of construct parameters on the indoor solar radiation deserves further study. A mathematical model that can well describe the spatial and temporal distribution of solar radiation in the greenhouse was established. Based on this model, the effects of multiple construct parameters, such as insulation blanket shading, height–span ratio, greenhouse azimuth, and geographical latitude, on the indoor solar radiation of IPG were quantitatively specified. The results showed that the spatial and temporal distribution of inside solar radiation was highly variable along the span direction of IPG. And by analyzing the simulation data, it was found that for different heights of greenhouses, the corresponding optimal span is different. Therefore, in the construction of greenhouses, the appropriate height–span ratio should be selected according to the planting demand. And by simulating the inside solar radiation under different greenhouse azimuth angles, it was found that accumulated daily solar radiation in the greenhouse reaches the optimum value when the greenhouse azimuth angle is in the range of 0–20°. This paper can provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of structure parameters of IPG in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Python programming to improve the existing price index method and calculate the integration level of the forest products market in China. Based on the model, the influencing factors of domestic forest product market integration were examined empirically. The results show that the integration degree of the forest product market in recent years lags behind the average level in China. In this paper, the improvement of the existing price index method can calculate the level of market integration more quickly and accurately, and this improvement has obvious advantages in the case of a large amount of data. In terms of development, the overall pattern shows an increasing trend, and the eastern, central, and western provinces are gradually converging, although the differences between provinces continue to expand. In terms of influencing factors, the coefficient of the local government's emphasis on forestry, the prosperity of international trade in forest products, and highway density were significantly positive factors, while the number of foreign investors and the railway density had no significant effects. In this paper, the optimization of the measurement method of market integration makes it easier for scholars to obtain the data on the level of market integration and promote in-depth research in the field of market integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radio block center (RBC) is one of the most essential ground systems in a high-speed train control system both in Europe and in China. The RBC handover procedure is an important function of RBC, which affects the transport efficiency, reliability and safety of railways. Analysis of crucial states in the RBC handover procedure is helpful to determine whether there are potential risks in the procedure, and to locate the fault in time when a fault occurs. In this paper, we study a property, called C-detectability, of the RBC handover. This property has been defined in discrete event systems and requires that the crucial states can be determined uniquely by observing the system output. Taking the RBC handover procedure in the Chinese train control system level 3 (CTCS-3) as an example, we first model the RBC handover procedure using Petri nets, which are a graphical and mathematical modeling tool to formalize the behavior of discrete event systems. Then, based on the notion of basis reachability graph, an efficient approach is used to check C-detectability of the Petri net modeling the handover procedure. Note to Practitioners—The railway system is a safety-critical system. System safety is essential to the railway system. It is necessary to provide formal methods to model the system and analyze its properties. The motivation of this work is to present a general modeling framework of railway systems for the crucial states estimation. The crucial states estimation of the railway system has not been discussed yet in the literature despite its importance due to its relationship with the safety of the railway. In particular, estimating the crucial states in the railway system helps to determine whether there are potential risks in the system. In this paper, we investigate a new state estimation property (C-detectability), which is related to fault diagnosis, marking estimation and fault identification. Future research will consider the use of timed Petri nets to increase the modeling power and to allow the performance analysis of the railway system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Summer Camp of Mathematical Modeling in China is a recently created experience designed to further Chinese students' academic pursuits in mathematical modeling. Students are given more than three months to research on a mathematical modeling project. Researchers and teams with outstanding projects are invited to the Summer Camp to present their findings and techniques. These projects are based on real-world problems and train students to apply their mathematical knowledge into practice. Students communicate their research ideas with experts, peers, and practitioners of relevant fields during the weeklong Camp. This paper will illustrate the Summer Camp of Mathematical Modeling's origin and motivation, organizational structure, development, sponsorships, and activities and modeling tasks.

Background: Issues of the aging population and disability of older persons have been rapidly developing in China over the past 20 years. Since 2016, the Chinese government has been exploring remedies to alleviate social and family burdens and ensure the dignity of the disabled old persons by implementing long-term care insurance systems in a few pilot cities across the country. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present the current challenges faced by China's long-term care insurance system and put forth suggestions for the future, based on literature research and the feedback obtained from its implementation in pilot areas. Research Design: This paper conducts a theoretical study based on the principles of public health ethics. Study Sample: Since 2016, China has launched two batches of pilot cities for long-term care insurance. The analysis object of this study is the feedback on the policy implementation of the existing 29 pilot cities that participated. The relevant data involved in the analysis are from the authors' field research and published literature on the analysis of pilot cities. Analysis: The ethical value and importance of long-term care insurance policies in China are evaluated from the perspectives of policy philosophy and social individual interests. Results: The results of this evaluation show that the core ethical values were not met in the development of China's current long-term care insurance system. Moreover, distributive justice norms were neglected, and access to the system between different social groups and within the groups covered by it was unequal. Conclusions: This paper argues that long-term care insurance should not differentiate between urban and rural areas in allocating nursing resources. Additionally, it would be essential to build democratic supervision and manage public opinions by adopting open and transparent information-sharing policies. Standards of disability assessments and treatment payment should be at par to ensure a balance between the rights and obligations of policyholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sanjiang Plain located in Northeastern China is one of the major rice producing regions in the country. However, differing from the majority rice regions in Southern China, the Sanjinag Plain possesses a much cooler weather. Could the rice paddies in this domain be an important source of global methane? To answer this question, we calculated methane (CH4) emissions from the region by integrating remote sensing mapping with a process-based biogeochemistry model, Denitrification and Decomposition or DNDC. To quantify regional CH4 emissions from the plain, we first tested the model against a two-year dataset of CH4 fluxes measured at a typical rice field within the domian. A sensitivity test was conducted to find out the most sensitive factors affecting CH4 emissions in the region. Based on the understanding gained from the validation and sensitivity tests, a geographic information system (GIS) database was constructed to hold the spatially differentiated input information to drive DNDC for its regional simulations. The GIS database included a rice map derived from the Landsat TM images, which provided crucial information about the spatial distribution of the rice fields within the domain of 10.93 million hectares. The modeled results showed that the total 1.44 million ha of rice paddies in the plain emitted 0.43-0.58 Tg CH4 -C per year with spatially differentiated annual emission rates ranging between 100-800 kg CH4-C/ha, which are comparable with that observed in Southern China. The modeled data indicated that the high SOC contents, long crop season and high rice biomass enhanced CH4 production in the cool paddies. The modeled results proved that the northern wetland agroecosystems could make important contributions to global green-house gas inventory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to the Chinese guidelines for lipid management (2023), evolocumab in combination with statins was recommended as secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, because of the variation in the price of evolocumab and its different methods of confirming clinical efficacy, it was necessary to explore its economics and the impact of different methods of confirming efficacy on its economic studies. Objective: The purpose of this paper was to assess the cost-effectiveness of evolocumab with statins versus statins alone for patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) in China and to investigate the impact of different clinical effectiveness modeling approaches on economic outcomes. Methods: A Markov cohort state-transition model was used to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) based on Chinese observational data on cardiovascular event rates, efficacy from the Asian subgroup of the FOURIER trial, cost and utility from the Chinese Yearbook of Health Statistics, health insurance data, and published studies conducted in China. This study conducted subgroup analyses for different populations and dosing regimens; sensitivity analyses for parameters such as cost, utility, and cardiovascular event rates; and scenario analyses on hospital hierarchy, time horizon, starting age, and price for statins. Results: ICERs ranged from 27423 to 214777 Chinese yuan(CNY) per QALY gained, all below the willingness-to-pay threshold of CNY 257094. Only when the time horizon became small, the ICERs were greater than the willingness-to-pay. The probabilities that adding evolocumab to statins was cost-effective ranged from 76 to 98%. When the time horizon became small, i.e. evolocumab was discontinued before the age of 75 (after conversion), the corresponding ICERs were almost always greater than the willingness-to-pay. ICERs for modelling approaches based on clinical endpoints were 1.34 to 1.95 times higher than ICERs for modelling approaches based on reduced LDL-C levels. Conclusions: From the Chinese healthcare and private payer perspectives, adding evolocumab to statin therapy in AMI patients is more likely to be a cost-effective treatment option at the current list price of CNY 283.8. However, evolocumab may not be cost-effective if used for shorter periods of time. The results based on different clinical effectiveness modeling approaches were significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author proposes and studies a mathematical model for the spread of coronavirus 2019. The effect of preventive programs on the control of disease is also considered. The basic reproduction number R0$$ {R}_0 $$ was computed and the results showed that forward bifurcation occured. Local and global stability of the equilibrium points of the model was studied by geometric stability method and Lyapunov function. Finally, the particular data of China which was reported for Covid‐19 were used for numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of resource ecological compensation, this paper proposed a model of resource ecological compensation mechanism based on a rural leisure sports environment. The model is carried out in many places in China. The survey data involves 31 provinces, 10 years, and 43 indicators, with a total of 43 × 10 × 31 = 13,330 data. The preliminary basis of mechanism construction is summarized from four aspects. Finally, make full use of modern information technology to improve the network platform of the compensation mechanism, promote the efficient allocation and comprehensive utilization of ecotourism resources, and lay a solid foundation for establishing a reasonable and perfect resource ecological compensation mechanism and ensuring the long-term and stable operation of the mechanism. Through the experiment, it is found that the timely and effective publication of information can eliminate the inner estrangement between the two sides, so as to make the behavior of both sides more rational. A special information feedback department is established to deal with the opinions put forward by all compensation parties in tourism development, extract effective information, summarize and publish reasonable guidance information, and guide the compensation of both sides to an ideal balance through the feedback of this information. The effectiveness of the experiment is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the evolution of Chinese national examinations with the "catastrophe" model. Goals, content, form, and process of exams were influenced by social and political forces. Competence over 4,000 years of Chinese history was defined as military prowess, Confucian-style scholarship, Western-style military expertise, proletarian intellectualism, and modern industrial expertise. (KS)

Bamboo has great economic values and is used extensively in many industries, and their natural distribution range was divided into 12 zones in China according to the temperature of their geographical distribution in previous works. Different bamboo species had significantly different abilities in low-temperature tolerance, which need to be considered carefully during ex-situ introduction. In this paper, we observed and evaluated the low-temperature damage of 19 bamboo species in winter, and measured the physiological changes of bamboo leaves. A total of 3060 leaf samples were obtained from 102 core collections in 34 bamboo species from the 5 regions of Chinese mainland for anatomical comparison, in order to screen out the key anatomical indicators related to their low-temperature tolerance and to establish a mathematical prediction model for bamboo introduction. The results showed that the low-temperature resistance of clustered bamboos was generally lower than that of the scattered bamboos. The decreased temperature led to the constant decrease of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, but the increase of soluble sugar content in all bamboo species. There was no dormancy for all bamboo species in winter. The temperate bamboos showed lower photosynthesis as compared to tropical bamboos in winter. The leaf shape of bamboos was closely related to their distribution. A total of 13 leaf indicators were screened and more suitable to estimate the low-temperature tolerant abilities of bamboos and to predict their distribution. The MNLR (multiple nonlinear regression) mathematical model showed the highest fitting degree and the optimal prediction ability in the potential northernmost introduction range of bamboos. This study lay a foundation for bamboo introduction, and could also reduce the economic losses caused by the wrong introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the interrelationships among local government debt, fiscal decentralization, and public health. The investigation begins by constructing a theoretical model to analyze the inherent connections between these variables. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is conducted using data from China between 2015 and 2021. The findings demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between fiscal decentralization, local government debt, and public health. Specifically, it is observed that an increase in local government debt has adverse effects on both fiscal decentralization and public health, while fiscal decentralization has a positive impact on public health. These insights are consistently validated through rigorous regression methodologies, affirming the robustness and significance of these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide useful insights for the Chinese government in dealing with healthcare fraud by creating an evolutionary game model that involves hospitals, third-party entities, and the government based on the government reward and punishment mechanism. This paper analyzes the evolutionary stability of each participant's strategy choice, discusses the influence of each element on the tripartite strategy choice, and further analyzes the stability of the equilibrium point in the tripartite game system. The results show that (1) the government increasing fines on hospitals is conducive to compliant hospital operations, and the incentive mechanism has little effect on such operations; (2) the lack of an incentive mechanism for third parties results in false investigations by third parties; and (3) rewards from higher levels of government promote strict supervision by local governments, but that the high cost of supervision and rewards for hospitals inhibits the probability of strict supervision. Finally, Matlab 2020a is used for simulation analysis to provide a reference for the government to improve the supervision of healthcare fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the crude oil procurement practices of Chinese oil refineries to suggest improved procurement policies that can reduce the cost associated with fluctuating oil prices in the international spot market. In the industrial environment, the purchase price of crude oil is based on the spot price at the time of delivery rather than that at the time of ordering. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a procurement model that factors in the spot prices at both the time of ordering and the time of delivery so that the total procurement cost can be minimised over the planning horizon. First, the shortcomings of the current procurement policy of a typical Chinese refinery are presented. A model to address these shortcomings is then developed and embellished by incorporating market information dynamics through Bayesian learning. The effectiveness of the proposed models is compared with the current practice using the historical spot price data of crude oil from two representative spot markets; this comparison verifies that the model with Bayesian sampling performs well empirically and can result in considerable cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online medical consultation (OMC) is generating considerable interest among researchers and practitioners due to the mandatory quarantine measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. However, the acceptance rate of OMC has declined over time. This paper aims to empirically investigate OMC acceptance using a proposed research model by integrating the technology acceptance model (TAM) with trust and its antecedent variables. A quantitative self-administered cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data from 260 healthcare consumers. A partial least squares structural equation modeling method was used to examine the data. Results revealed that healthcare consumers' behavioral intention was influenced by attitudes, while perceived usefulness and trust significantly influenced behavioral intention through attitude as a mediator. In addition, perceived risk, perceived privacy protection, network externalities, cognitive reputation, and interactivity directly influenced trust. Overall, the research model explained 50% of the variance in attitude and 71% of the variance in behavioral intention. The study's findings should provide useful insights into making effective design, development, and implementation decisions for OMC services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To give an overview of the recent history of publications on mathematical modelling of infectious diseases in the Chinese literature, and a more detailed review of the models on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Method Literature review through the Chinese CAJ full-text database. Results The number of Chinese publications on mathematical modelling has at least quadrupled since the SARS epidemic in 2003. This increase not only included papers on SARS, but also on various other infectious diseases, indicating a substantial expansion of modelling experience in China. Typical problems of most studies were poor availability of data and lack of involvement of disease experts and decision-makers rendering the studies less useful for policies on control. Conclusions We expect that the recent experience on modelling and current better access to and exchange of epidemiological data have paved the way for a more substantial role of this discipline during possible future outbreaks of infectious diseases. By making Chinese modelling initiatives more visible to non-Chinese readers, we hope to attract more international collaborators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have considered the information in the frequency domain to detect the structural breaks in financial markets. This paper provides a mixed model that integrates BEMD, AFD and Chow test to study the fluctuation characteristics of the soybean futures price. Due to the application of AFD, the mixed model can detect the structural breaks of the price fluctuation through obtaining the high-resolution information in the frequency domain. According to our results, in general, the soybean futures price in China is mainly determined by IMF11, followed by IMF9, IMF8 and IMF7, and there exist many structural breaks of different IMFs. Interestingly, national macro-controls have opposite effects at IMF8 and IMF11. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed mixed model for detecting structural breaks of financial markets in frequency-domain by revealing the impact of external events on the soybean futures price at multi-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology is the property of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The highly endangered giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the world's most widely recognised conservation icon. Population dynamics models can get on track to a healthy population for giant pandas, and assess its development over time. This paper proposes a new way to study population dynamics of giant pandas in captivity by means of membrane computing, a bio-inspired computational paradigm based on processing multisets of objects within a cell structure, following a series of evolution rules. This framework is used to model the intrinsically stochastic real-life evolution processes of giant pandas, based on pedigree data. This is the first attempt to collect and analyse so complete source, and to investigate population dynamics of giant pandas based on them. Pedigree data consisting of the number of giant panda individuals per age are provided by Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding of China. A special simulator has been developed to assist in the design and formal verification of the mathematical model presented. Particularly, the model feasibility, effectiveness, soundness and robustness have been validated by the simulator, which also enables decision-making based on the simulation results of conducted virtual experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of smart community is the key to China's grassroots governance and also the general trend of China's urban modernization. In the supervision of the smart community, the optimization of the behavior of the regulatory subject cannot be separated. Previous studies have focused more on how subjects participate in supervision and less on the behavior of stakeholders in the game. This paper analyzes the game behavior of regulatory participants in the process of sustainable development of smart community and studies the optimization strategy of regulatory behavior according to the game behavior logic among participants. The results show the following. (i) Government behavior plays a leading role in supervision. (ii) When the government invests resources in the screening of third-party evaluation agencies and service purchase and mainly adopts policy punishment methods for stakeholders with rent-seeking behavior, the probability of regulatory participation stakeholders' positive behavior is the greatest. (iii) The improvements should be made from the aspects of information network construction, the refinement of reward and punishment measures, and the improvement of evaluation party access rules. This not only helps to enhance the good supervision situation of the supervision enthusiasm of the participants but also can realize the self-discipline operation of the smart community and enhance the responsibility consciousness of the evaluation institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is widely used in mathematical modeling. The technical means in mathematical modeling are more and more diversified, especially the application of artificial intelligence algorithm greatly promotes the development of mathematical modeling. In recent years, because of its great influence on the fuel consumption, output power and exhaust performance of automobiles, the control strategy has become a research hotspot and focus in automobile R&D industry. Therefore, based on the relevant research results in recent years, after studying and analyzing the typical control strategies of hybrid vehicles, this paper finally puts forward the energy management strategy of hybrid vehicles based on model predictive control (MPC), and strives to contribute to the academic research of energy management strategies of hybrid vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial layout of the port industrial zone problem is a core issue in port industrial zone planning, and it directly affects the actual effects of the port industrial zone. Firstly, considering that existing port industrial zone planning lacks in methods of quantitative analysis, this paper constructs a Mathematical model based on multi-objective programming, and the optimal scale of various industries of port industrial zone is obtained. Secondly, the paper takes the maximum dependence degree of port as objective function by using systematic layout planning tools, and solves the spatial layout of the port industrial zone. Finally, by taking Binhai Port industrial zone of China as an example, a port industrial zone spatial layout model is constructed and solved through simulated annealing algorithm. The optimal spatial layout program for Binhai Port industrial zone of China was obtained, which verifies the feasibility and accuracy of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Printed circuit board (PCB) orthogonal packing problems derive from the massive circuit board production process in the electronic industry. In the early stage, it mainly relied on human experiences to make decisions on how to make the most of each sheet while meeting customers' orders. Up till now, researchers in enterprises and academic circles are still trying to explore effective mathematical models and feasible optimization methods. In most cases, what PCB companies generally face is the orthogonal layout decision, which considers positioning each rectangle PCB piece (PCB-P) on a rectangle sheet board (panel) in an ideal way so that each panel has the minimal remains with the most PCB-Ps. In this paper, multi-round gradual packing methods (MGPMs) are proposed based on the idea of combinatorial optimization and dynamic programming. MGPMs include the depth priority-based method (MGPM-DP) and breadth priority-based branch-and-prune method (MGPM-BC). The former has the advantage of finding better solutions, while the latter has the advantage of consuming short computational time. Through extensive computational tests on real data from a PCB production enterprise in China, both MGPM-DP and MGPM-BC have achieved noticeable and satisfactory results compared with the simplex method, dynamic programming method, and a widely used industrial software (Yuanbo) in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the uncertainty and intermittency of wind power, this paper proposes an optimal economical dispatch (ED) model and develops a method to estimate risk and manage hybrid power systems (traditional + wind~power~systems) for the short-term (24 h) operations. The model and the method have taken into account the large wind power penetration and the wind variability. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) refid="ref1"/ algorithm with constraints is applied to solve the ED problem. Value at risk (VaR) refid="ref2"/ and integrated risk management (IRM) refid="ref3"/ are used separately to assess the risk, so that an optimal tradeoff between the profit and risk is made for the system operations. The model and the method are tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus power system and network in Shanghai. The validity of the model and the method has been approved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper reports new evidence of herding in the Chinese A-type and B-type markets by employing nonparametric kernel regression. We find statistically significant evidence of herding in A-type market under both extreme high and low market returns. Herding in B-type market, which predominantly consists of foreign investors, indicates only weak evidence of herding. We do not find any statistically significant evidence of herding in the pre-2001 sample of B-type market, when only foreign investors could do the trading. Lack of knowledge and experience of local investors may be attributed to the presence of herd behaviour in the Chinese markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has brought about enormous damage, therefore, some scholars have begun to conduct in-depth research on peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. In this paper, based on the background of China's upgrading industrial structure and energy structure, we establish a delayed two-dimensional differential equation model associated with China's adjustment of industrial structure. Firstly, we analyze the existence of the equilibrium for the model. We also analyze the characteristic roots of the characteristic equation at each equilibrium point for the model, then, we analyze the stability of the equilibrium point for the model according to the characteristic root, and discuss the existence of Hopf bifurcation of the system by using bifurcation theory. Secondly, we derive the normal form of Hopf bifurcation by using the multiple time scales method. Then, through the official real data, we present the range of some parameters in the model, and determine a set of parameters by reasonable analysis. The validity of the theoretical results is verified by numerical simulations. Finally, we use the real data to forecast the time of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutralization. Eventually, we put forward some suggestions based on the current situation of carbon emission and absorption in China, such as planting trees to increase the growth rate of carbon absorption, deepening industrial reform and optimizing energy structure to reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering is the property of INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cold and high altitude Tibetan area (hereinafter referred to as Tibetan area) is a special geographical area in western China. Whether the local economic development and EE (ecological environment) are coordinated or not directly affects the sustained and healthy economic and social development of the whole Tibetan area. Firstly, this paper discusses the relationship between economic growth and EE on the basis of existing related theoretical research. Then, 15 indicators of economic system and environmental system were selected, and the coupling degree model and coupling coordination degree model were constructed to quantitatively analyze the dynamic model of regional economic and EE coupling and coordinated development in Tibetan areas from 2010 to 2020. The research found that in the past 11 years, the comprehensive index of EE of four regions in Tibetan areas has changed from 0.5 to 0.6, and the comprehensive index of the economy of four regions in Tibetan areas has changed from 0.51 to 0.74. On the whole, the coordination degree and coordinated development degree of green development in Tibetan areas have changed at the same time compared with the years, and since 2016, both of them have had the same trend and both of them are beginning to develop in a good direction. Since 2017, the economic development has been relatively advanced, while the EE has lagged behind, showing a fluctuating state, while the level of coordinated development has been continuously improved. This study has certain reference value for promoting ecological protection and green development in Tibetan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the high unemployment rates of university graduates, Asian governments are encouraging their universities to develop a more practice-oriented curriculum. The aim is to provide better-qualified graduates, who will meet the needs of industry. The Duale Hochschule Baden-Wuerttemberg (DHBW) supports this development, through internationalizing cooperative education programs at Asian universities, based on its successful study model. This paper focuses on comparing the DHBW with two Asian universities: Walailak University in Thailand and Southeast University in China. Descriptive case studies for the two universities, using a multiple case design, were mapped to the key success factors of the DHBW, in particular achieving practical experience and the role of industry. The data for the case studies originated from semi-structured interviews in a focus group setting with 36 academics, government officials, cooperative education bodies and industry representatives. The aim was to assess the opportunities and limitations for implementing the DHBW model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]