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Objective To identify the associations of in-hospital cardiovascular events and mortality with pre-existing comorbidities and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh without vaccine availability.Design A secondary analysis of a prospective multicountry study.Setting Three COVID-19-designated hospitals in Bangladesh.Participants Adult patients aged ≥18 years with PCR-positive COVID-19 admitted between 10 October 2020 and 31 July 2021 at participating hospitals.Outcome measures In-hospital cardiovascular events and mortality.Main exposures Pre-existing comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors.Results In 897 COVID-19 patients, 18.7% developed cardiovascular events and 12.6% died. After adjusting for clinical information and treatment, patients with two comorbidities (excluding CVD risk factors) were significantly associated with cardiovascular events (adjusted (adj.) OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.90). Patients with a higher heart rate at admission (adj. OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04) and those who were receiving intravenous fluids (adj. OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.70) or antibiotics (adj. OR 4.54, 95% CI 1.47 to 14.01) had significantly higher odds of cardiovascular events. The odds of cardiovascular events were lower in those receiving antiviral medications (adj. OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.53). There were no interactions between comorbidities and other covariates in the models. Comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors were not significantly associated with 30-day mortality in the Cox regression models after adjusting with clinical information and treatment. The mortality within 30 days of admission was significantly higher in patients receiving corticosteroids (adj. HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.48 to 5.38) and lower in those receiving antiviral treatment (adj. HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.81). Those having cardiovascular events significantly increased mortality hazard.Conclusions Clinical factors and treatment affected in-hospital cardiovascular events, which subsequently increased the risk of mortality within 30 days for COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients regardless of CVD risk factors and comorbidities require close monitoring for cardiovascular events.

The swift proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has presented considerable challenges in maintaining cybersecurity. As IoT ecosystems expand, they increasingly attract malware attacks, necessitating advanced detection and forensic analysis methods. This systematic review explores the application of deep learning techniques for malware detection and forensic analysis within IoT environments. The literature is organized into four distinct categories: IoT Security, Malware Forensics, Deep Learning, and Anti-Forensics. Each group was analyzed individually to identify common methodologies, techniques, and outcomes. Conducted a combined analysis to synthesize the findings across these categories, highlighting overarching trends and insights.This systematic review identifies several research gaps, including the need for comprehensive IoT-specific datasets, the integration of interdisciplinary methods, scalable real-time detection solutions, and advanced countermeasures against anti-forensic techniques. The primary issue addressed is the complexity of IoT malware and the limitations of current forensic methodologies. Through a robust methodological framework, this review synthesizes findings across these categories, highlighting common methodologies and outcomes. Identifying critical areas for future investigation, this review contributes to the advancement of cybersecurity in IoT environments, offering a comprehensive framework to guide future research and practice in developing more robust and effective security solutions.

Building the resilience of Islamic boarding schools and students is very necessary because it cannot be denied that the development of science and globalization and the increasing complexity of new problems that exist in today's life will be a challenge for Islamic boarding schools to continue to survive in today's era. The focus of this research namely regarding the role of the Syaichona Moh. Cholil Islamic Boarding School in maintaining resilience amidst a consumer culture. This research is qualitative. The data in this research comes from primary data and secondary data using observation, interview, and documentation techniques in collecting the data which is then analyzed using interactive analysis. The results of this research show the role of the Syaichona Moh. Cholil Islamic Boarding School in building the resilience of students amid consumer culture includes improving the character education of students by treating consumption as the enemy and providing an example with a simple lifestyle, apart from that, Islamic boarding schools also implement rules of conduct so that students avoid wasteful behavior by implementing pocket money control, prohibitions. leaving the Islamic boarding school, prohibiting shopping in shops other than those belonging to the Islamic boarding school, and keeping students away from various advertisements and technology.

Islamic boarding schools have a great potential in developing the surrounding community's economy if they have an optimal synergize with supporting entities. This study reviews the economic development at Baitul Arqom Islamic boarding school based on the triple helix concept by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff, which is an analytical model that explains the relationship between universities, industry/business, and government in economic development. This research aims to reveal the helix model and its implementation in building economic growth at Baitul Arqom Islamic Boarding School in Balung Jember. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research type and design with a case study research approach or strategy or CSR (Case Study Research). The informants (subjects) were selected using the purposive method. The informants for this research were Kiai, Islamic Boarding management, and the local community. The research results reveal that in terms of the triple helix, Baitul Arqom Islamic Boarding School can increase its innovation and economic development through synergy between universities, Islamic boarding schools/businesses, and the government in developing and maximizing its economic potential. Universities, industry, and government have worked well in developing curricula relevant to industry needs so that economic innovation in Baitul Arqom Islamic boarding school can be developed.

Organic amendments and botanical extracts are considered as some of the eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticide in suppressing plant pathogenic nematodes (PPN). Root-knot nematode (RKN) is the most important group of PPN distributed globally causing both qualitative and quantitative damage to many crops. Vermicompost and biogas digestate (BD) are two forms of organic amendments reported to have potential to limit RKN infestation. Likewise, marigold (Tagates spp.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) are two widely studied botanicals having shown their potential to control RKN. However, there was not much in vitro research related to organic amendments and botanicals targeting a particular species of RKN to observe their nematicidal effect. An in vitro experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of these organic amendments and botanical extracts at different concentrations (10.0%, 25.0%, 50.0% and 100.0%) on the hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne javanica at different time spans. Mortality of J2 and inhibition of hatching of egg mass of M. javanica differed significantly (p

Background: Habbe Gule Aakh is extensively used in Unani medicine for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Habbe Gule Aakh on Wistar rats and Swiss mice of either sex. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in Wistar rats for anti-inflammatory activity while Swiss mice were used for analgesic activity. In both the tests animals were divided into five groups of six animals each which served as control, standard and test groups A, B and C. For anti-inflammatory activity, method reported by Amman was followed. For analgesic activity, Koster's protocol was adapted. Results: Significant (P

Background: Presently, Diabetes mellitus (DM) is categorized as an epidemic disease due to its high prevalence of mortality rate and morbidity, and is also considered as the main threat to the global population. Synthetic drugs used alone for the treatment of DM cause serious adverse effects and insufficiently minimize diabetic complications. Meanwhile, the use of herbal drugs as standalone or along with synthetic drugs is quite common. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of Safūf-i-Dhayābītus as standalone and along with glibenclamide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: In this study, a total of 30 albino Wistar rats of 150–200 g b. w. were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. Diabetes was induced in all groups except in group I by administering a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) at 55 mg/ kg b. w. Group I served as plain control while group II as disease control. Group III was treated with glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/ kg. b. w. and served as standard control while group IV received Safūf-i-Dhayābītus at 500 mg/ kg b. w. and served as test group A. Group V administered Safūf-i-Dhayābītus at 500 mg/ kg b. w. along with glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/ kg b. w. for 21 days. The FBS of rats above 250 mg/ dl was considered as diabetic, tested after induction of DM. The biochemical parameters such as FBS, ALP, TBR, SGOT, SGPT, blood urea and serum creatinine, total cholesterol and triglyceride; and histopathological examination of the liver and kidney specimens were carried out at the end of the study. Results: The FBG, ALP, SGPT levels in test group B were reduced significantly as compared to that of standard control, and test group A. The SGOT, TBR and b. urea levels in test groups A & B were significantly reduced as compared to that of standard control. The s. creatinine level in test groups A & B, and standard control was significantly reduced as compared to that of disease control. The total cholesterol level in test groups A & B was promisingly decreased as compared to the standard control. Histopathological studies of the liver and kidney specimens of the rats belonging to test groups A & B reduced hepato-nephrotoxicities in diabetic rats. Conclusions: The present study revealed that Safūf-i-Dhayābītus as standalone and in combination with glibenclamide possesses significant hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and hypocholesterolemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

This study tries to trace and find out the interpretation model of the tafsir Alahkam written by Abil Fadhol Alsenory, as an earlier tafsir of the pesantren in Indonesia. Based on the historical approach, philology, and analysis of critical discourse, by describing the socio-political context, as well as the author's response to the socio-religious conditions at the time, the results indicate that there are one primer script and two manuscript copies of his students. The primer script was written directly by Abil Fadhol, while the manuscript was a copy of the students' writing from Abil Fadhol's explanation during his teaching moment. All of the three texts show that there are two social conditions as its background, namely 'restriction' policy of the New Order regime with NU, and the debate over religious polemic between traditionalists (NU) and modernists in Indonesia in the second half of the 20th century. From this, it was revealed that Abil Fadhol's interpretation model was very critical but contextual and applicable to its surrounding social conditions.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between electricity consumption, energy use and GDP in Bangladesh, using annual data covering the period from 1980 to 2014. The bounds testing (ARDL) approach reveal that electricity consumptions have significant and positive long run impact on GDP and vice versa. The results of the estimated ARDL-ECM models indicate that long-run causality is directing from electricity consumptions and energy use to GDP, and GDP and energy use to electricity consumptions. Thus, in the long run, we find evidence of the feedback hypothesis suggesting the interdependent relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in which causation runs in both directions and serve as complements. Finally, this study also explores that the relationship among the variables is insignificant in the short-run. Thus, the empirical results of this study might provide a better enthusiastic to the policymakers of Bangladesh to execute the Power System Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 to become a high-income country by 2041.

Objective: Kushta (calx) is a well-known dosage form of Unani medicine but has always been condemned by scientific fraternity and even some traditionalists because of certain issues associated with Kushta such as safety, lack of scientific data, adverse effects, and complicated method of preparation. Very few studies are carried out on Kushta in Unani medicine and no study has explored its mechanism of action on scientific basis that may be acceptable widely. Methodology: In this study, the review was done regarding the concept of Kushta in Unani medicine, and studies carried out so far along with a possible explanation of the effectiveness, classical method of preparation, superiority of Kushta over other dosage forms, challenges with use of Kushta, idea of use of herbs in making Kushta, and other issues. Literature on Kushta was collected from classical Unani books and papers published in various journals and analyzed. We found that very few scientific studies have been carried out on Kushta in Unani medicine and that too on certain set topics. Most studies are on physicochemical standardization of Kushta. Conclusion: Study revealed that the research carried out so far is not satisfactory. They are also of preliminary nature. Advance toxicological and pharmacological studies are required to generate strong evidences for wide acceptability, safety, and efficacy of Kushta.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between electricity consumption, energy use and GDP in Bangladesh, using annual data covering the period from 1980 to 2014. The bounds testing (ARDL) approach reveal that electricity consumptions have significant and positive long run impact on GDP and vice versa. The results of the estimated ARDL-ECM models indicate that long-run causality is directing from electricity consumptions and energy use to GDP, and GDP and energy use to electricity consumptions. Thus, in the long run, we find evidence of the feedback hypothesis suggesting the interdependent relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in which causation runs in both directions and serve as complements. Finally, this study also explores that the relationship among the variables is insignificant in the short-run. Thus, the empirical results of this study might provide a better enthusiastic to the policymakers of Bangladesh to execute the Power System Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 to become a high-income country by 2041.

Abstract Background In Bangladesh, each emergency physician faces amitriptyline overdose nearly a day. An acute cardiovascular complication, one of the worst complications is mainly responsible for the mortality in tricyclic overdose. Recently, we managed ventricular tachycardia in a young female presented with an impaired consciousness 10 h after intentionally ingesting 2500 mg amitriptyline. Here, we report it, discuss how the electrocardiography is vital to acknowledge and predict it and its’ complications and also the recent update of the management of it. Case presentation A young married Bangladeshi-Bengali girl, 25-year-old, having a history of disharmony with her husband, came with an impaired consciousness after intentionally ingesting 2500 mg amitriptyline about 10 h before arrival. There was blood pressure 140/80 mmHg, heart rate 140 beats-per-min, temperature 103 °F, Glasgow coma scale 10/15, wide complex tachycardia with QRS duration of 178 ms in electrocardiography, blood pH 7.36. Initially, treated with 100 ml 8.4% sodium bicarbonate. After that, QRS duration came to 100 ms in electrocardiography within 10 min of infusion. To maintain the pH 7.50–7.55 over the next 24 h, the infusion of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate consisting of 125 ml dissolved in 375 ml normal saline was started and titrated according to the arterial blood gas analysis. Hence, a total dose of 600 mmol sodium bicarbonate was given over next 24 h. In addition to this, gave a 500 ml intravenous lipid emulsion over 2 h after 24 h of admission as she did not regain her consciousness completely. Afterward, she became conscious, though, in electrocardiography, ST/T wave abnormality persisted. So that, we tapered sodium bicarbonate infusion slowly and stopped it later. At the time of discharge, she was by heart rate 124/min, QRS duration 90 ms in electrocardiogram along with other normal vital signs. Conclusion Diagnosis of amitriptyline-induced ventricular tachycardia is difficult when there is no history of an overdose obtained. Nevertheless, it should be performed in the clinical background and classic electrocardiographic changes and wise utilization of sodium bicarbonate, intravenous lipid emulsion, and anti-arrhythmic drugs may save a life.

Background: Uric acid is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hospital admission for ischemic heart disease (IHD) is increasing rapidly in our country. Although studies were conducted abroad regarding association of serum uric acid with in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), no data is yet available to show the association in our country. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the association of serum uric acid level on admission with in-hospital outcomes of the patients with ACS. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional comparative study was done in the Department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from January to December 2012. After proper ethical consideration total 93 ACS patients were enrolled in the study by nonrandom sampling. Serum uric acid of all subjects was measured within 24 hours of admission. Then in-hospital outcomes were observed in all subjects. Results: The frequency of hyperuricemia among ACS patients was 24.7% (22.54% in male and 31.82% in female). Hyperuricemic patients significantly developed heart failure (30.4% vs 11.4%, p=0.032) and conduction defect (13.0% vs 1.4%, p=0.017) than normouricemic subjects. The mean ejection fraction was significantly lower in hyperuricemic patients than patients with normal uric acid level (50.87 ± 10.27% vs 55.94 ± 6.66%). The mean ± SD duration of hospital stay of hyperuricemic group was significantly longer in patients with ACS (8.26 ± 1.18 vs 7.51±1.18 days, p=0.010). Conclusion: The measurement of serum uric acid level, an easily available and inexpensive biochemical tool, might turn out as a valuable risk marker for prediction of in-hospital outcomes in patients with ACS.

Kemunculan ilmu Islam ekonomi modern di panggung internasional, dimulai pada tahun 1970-an yang ditandai dengan kehadiran para pakar ekonomi Islam kontemporer, seperti Muhammad Abdul Mannan, M. Nejatullah Shiddiqy, Kursyid Ahmad, An-Naqvi, M. Umer Chapra, dll. Sejalan dengan itu berdiri Islamic Development Bank pada tahun 1975 dan selanjutnya diikuti pendirian lembaga-lembaga perbankan dan keuangan Islam lainnya di berbagai negara. Pada tahun 1976 para pakar ekonomi Islam dunia berkumpul untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah pada International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, di Jeddah. Di Indonesia, momentum kemunculan ekonomi Islam dimulai tahun 1990an, yang ditandai berdirinya Bank Muamalat Indoenesia tahun 1992, kendatipun benih-benih pemikiran ekonomi dan keuangan Islam telah muncul jauh sebelum masa tersebut. Sepanjang tahun 1990an perkembangan ekonomi syariah di Indonesia relatif lambat. Tetapi pada tahun 2000an terjadi gelombang perkembangan yang sangat pesat ditinjan dari sisi pertumbuhan asset, omzet dan jaringa kantor lembaga perbankan dan keuangan syariah. Pada saat yang bersamaan juga mulai muncul lembaga pendidikan tinggi yang mengajarkan ekonomi Islam, walaupun pada jumlah yang sangat terbatas, antara lain STIE Syariah di Yogyakarta (1997), D3 Manajemen Bank Syariah di IAIN-SU di Medan (1997), STEI SEBI (1999) , STIE Tazkia (2000), dan PSTTI UI yang membuka konsentrasi Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, pada tahun 2001. Para pemimpin ASEAN sepakat melakukan kerja sama dibidang ekonomi, yang disebut ASEAN Economic Community. Yang dimaksud ASEAN Economic Community adalah Kesepakatan bersama untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai negara Asean (Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand, Brunai Darussalam, Kamboja, Vietnam, Laos dan Myanmar) yang masing-masing memiliki latar-belakang sosial-budaya, ideologi politik, ekonomi dan kepentingan berbeda ke dalam suatu komunitas yang disebut Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN. Sebagai pasar tunggal kawasan terpadu Asean dengan luas sekitar 4,47 juta km persegi yang didiami oleh lebih dari 600 juta jiwa dari 10 negara anggota ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan memacu daya saing ekonomi kawasan ASEAN yang diindikasikan melalui terjadinya arus bebas (free flow) : barang, jasa, investasi, tenaga kerja, dan modal. ASEAN Economic Community merupakan tantangan bagi ekonomi Islam dan diwaktu yang sama juga memeberi peluang besar bagi masa depan ekonomi Islam, karena Lembaga keuangan Syariah dan bisnis Syariah akan berkembang di seluruh negara-negara ASEAN.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an extremely rare cause of acute coronary syndrome. Although it predominantly affects young women in the peripartum period, it can also occur in men. The left coronary artery is most frequently involved. The usual presentation is ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Although several treatment modalities have been proposed, the optimal treatment options still remain to be established. This current case report focuses on a 40- year-old male presented with acute coronary syndrome and subsequently was found to have coronary artery dissection.

Entrepreneur that combines professionalism and spirituality will generate worldly profit and hereafter. The definition of spirituality intelligence is a person who has more ties to the spiritual and psychological aspect rather than the physical or material aspect. While entrepreneur is a talented person in a making new product, determining the new ways of production, collating the operation of new product presence, marketing and managing capital. In achieving business success, the physical and spiritual factor is required. Spiritual factors cover of skill, piety, honesty, trust, good will and others.

Sammulfar (arsenic trioxide) is a notorious poison and has extensively been studied for its toxicity. It is in use for various purposes for centuries and is used even today as a therapeutic agent in the form of kushta (calx) in traditional systems of medicine, particularly Unani medicine, but without apparent safety data. The present study, therefore, was conducted to produce data for prolong use of calx of arsenic trioxide. The calx (test drug) was prepared by the method described in National Formulary of Unani Medicine. The study was carried in healthy Wistar rats of either sex; weighing 150-250 g; 2-3 months of age, in a dose dependent manner, following the methods of Gupta et al. (2002), Ghosh (2008) and Klaassan (2008). The animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. Group I served as control, where as group II, III and IV were used for three dose levels of the test drug i.e. low (8.75 mg–1 kg), medium (17.50 mg–1 kg) and higher (26.25 mg–1 kg). Standard parameters usually applied for chronic toxicity studies were considered. The study revealed dose dependent toxicity. Usual signs of chronic toxicity were observed during the study. Low dose of Kushta Sammulfar (KSF) did not produce remarkable toxic effects. Mild to moderate toxicity was seen in KSF-II and KSF-III.

Treatment with combined immune checkpoint blockade (CICB) targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 is associated with clinical benefit across tumor types, but also a high rate of immune-related adverse events. Insights into biomarkers and mechanisms of response and toxicity to CICB are needed. To address this, we profiled the blood, tumor and gut microbiome of 77 patients with advanced melanoma treated with CICB, with a high rate of any [greater than or equal to]grade 3 immune-related adverse events (49%) with parallel studies in pre-clinical models. Tumor-associated immune and genomic biomarkers of response to CICB were similar to those identified for ICB monotherapy, and toxicity from CICB was associated with a more diverse peripheral T-cell repertoire. Profiling of gut microbiota demonstrated a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroides intestinalis in patients with toxicity, with upregulation of mucosal IL-1[beta] in patient samples of colitis and in pre-clinical models. Together, these data offer potential new therapeutic angles for targeting toxicity to CICB. Clinical benefit or intestinal toxicity resulting from combined immune checkpoint blockade in patients with melanoma associates with prevalent commensal bacteria and can be decoupled by IL-1R inhibition., Author(s): Miles C. Andrews [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Connie P. M. Duong [sup.4] [sup.5] [sup.6] , Vancheswaran Gopalakrishnan [sup.1] , Valerio Iebba [sup.4] [sup.5] , Wei-Shen Chen [sup.7] [sup.8] , [...]

Ipilimumab improves clinical outcomes when combined with nivolumab in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its efficacy and impact on the immune microenvironment in operable NSCLC remain unclear. We report the results of the phase 2 randomized NEOSTAR trial (NCT03158129) of neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab + ipilimumab followed by surgery in 44 patients with operable NSCLC, using major pathologic response (MPR) as the primary endpoint. The MPR rate for each treatment arm was tested against historical controls of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The nivolumab + ipilimumab arm met the prespecified primary endpoint threshold of 6 MPRs in 21 patients, achieving a 38% MPR rate (8/21). We observed a 22% MPR rate (5/23) in the nivolumab arm. In 37 patients resected on trial, nivolumab and nivolumab + ipilimumab produced MPR rates of 24% (5/21) and 50% (8/16), respectively. Compared with nivolumab, nivolumab + ipilimumab resulted in higher pathologic complete response rates (10% versus 38%), less viable tumor (median 50% versus 9%), and greater frequencies of effector, tissue-resident memory and effector memory T cells. Increased abundance of gut Ruminococcus and Akkermansia spp. was associated with MPR to dual therapy. Our data indicate that neoadjuvant nivolumab + ipilimumab-based therapy enhances pathologic responses, tumor immune infiltrates and immunologic memory, and merits further investigation in operable NSCLC. Neoadjuvant treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab is well tolerated and demonstrates clinical efficacy in patients with early stage lung cancer., Author(s): Tina Cascone [sup.1] , William N. William Jr [sup.1] [sup.15] , Annikka Weissferdt [sup.2] [sup.3] , Cheuk H. Leung [sup.4] , Heather Y. Lin [sup.4] , Apar Pataer [sup.3] [...]

Pesantren that live in the midst of society certainly have a great influence on people's lives. In Law no. 18 of 2019 concerning pesantren that there are three roles of pesantren in the implementation of educational functions, da'wah functions and community empowerment functions. Pesantren with its business entities certainly provide great opportunities and become a forum for community empowerment. The success of this empowerment affects the improvement of people's living standards and can even realize welfare through the roles of pesantren. However, there are several problems experienced such as low human resources, low income, there are some pesantren businesses that are not developing. Therefore, it is necessary to design a strategy to compile a business design systematically balanced with mentoring, training and evaluation. This research uses a qualitative approach with a phenomenological type of research location in a business entity owned by the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Sukorejo Islamic boarding school, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency. Data collection is done through interviews, conservation and documentation. The results of this study show that the strategy of economic empowerment of pesantren in pesantren-owned enterprises is carried out with three strategies including: strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation. Strategy formulation includes: first, formulation of policy direction for economic development of pesantren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The computer vision syndrome has become a burning issue in this modern world with the advancement of the technology and its wide use. This study was planned to determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome among professional computer workers as well as it’s associated risk factors. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Departments of Community Ophthalmology and Ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from September 2017 to February 2020. The professionals using computer on an average 4 hours per day for a duration of at least 1 year attending out patient department for having treatment for their ocular problems were the study population. A total of 77 such subjects were consecutively included in the study. In this present study, the preva- lence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) was 46.8%. The present study demonstrated that middle class and upper-middle class professionals were more likely to be associated with CVS than the lower-middle class computer professionals with risk of developing CVS in former cohort was observed to be almost 3-fold (95% CI=1.1–7.5) higher than that in the latter cohort (p = 0.027). The duration of working on computer predisposes the development of CVS with mean duration of working was on an average 1.2 years higher in subjects with CVS than that in subjects without CVS. Subjects who maintained their level of personal computer(PC) at or above their eye level (while working on computer) were more prone to develop CVS with odds of developing the condition in them being 3.6(95% CI = 1.3-9.7) times higher than the subjects who maintained the level of PC below their eye level (p = 0.010). Glare display also emerged as significant predictor of CVS with odds having the condition being 9.8(95% CI = 1.1-88.6) times higher than that with PCs without glare display (p = 0.016). Seating posture at computer also have its impact on the development of CVS. Computer workers with inappro- priate seating posture are more often associated with the development CVS. The study concluded that over one-quarter of the computer professionals suffer from computer vision syndrome (CVS). The predominant symptoms of CVS are eye strain, irritation of eye, blurred vision and headache. The factors that contribute to the development of CVS are middle class and upper-middle class professionals, prolonged working exposure to computer, level of PC at or above the eye level of the workers, glare display on the screen and inappropriate seating posture. BSMMU J 2021; 14(3): 31-37

This study aims to conduct a philosophical review of the role of government in the development and development of the shariah economy. In the context of the shariah economy, the role of the government is considered important in regulating and encouraging the growth of the economic sector based on the principles of shariah. This research will explore the philosophy behind government intervention in facilitating the development of the shariah economy, as well as its implications for society and economic development as a whole. Using a philosophical approach, this research will analyze the moral, ethical and philosophical aspects underlying the government's role in supporting the shariah economy, as well as how it integrates the values of justice, sustainability and social welfare in sustainable economic development. This research is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the essence and urgency of the government's role in the development of the shariah economy, as well as its contribution to creating a just, sustainable and prosperous society based on the principles of shariah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the potential for green microalgae to produce lipid that could be used for biodiesel production from wastewater substrate. Green microalgae has the potential to be used in the production of biodiesel because it accumulates 5.3211 g of lipid in 39.2246 g of centrifuged and oven-dried algae biomass, accounting for 13.57% of its dry cellular weight. This was obtained with wastewater substrate under open-culture growth conditions. The wastewater substrate contained phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and sulfate at relatively optimal concentrations for culturing algae. The algae assimilated 95% of these nutrients on average for growth until the stationary phase was reached in 13 days. The most rapid cell doubling time observed was 192 h, and the maximum biomass production rate observed was 0.00057 mg/mg/day, reaching a peak algae weight fraction of 0.00926 mg/mg in 13 days. This study also examined and presented the scale-up of growing green microalgae in an open raceway culture system for obtaining maximum lipid yield from a wastewater substrate. The cost-benefit analysis of designing and building such a system was also presented in this study. The open raceway system described and modeled in this study measured 8 m * 3 m * 0.6 m and had a capacity of 10,000 liters, yielding 0.45 kg of biocrude lipid for each cycle of green microalgae culture harvested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the concept of halal tayyiban is a predictor of consumer attitudes towards halal cosmetics so that this attitude can influence the intention to purchase halal cosmetics. In addition, it is important for producers to include halal certification/logos because both Muslim and non-Muslim consumers perceive halalcertified products as tastier, more hygienic and safer. So this shows that the more confident consumers are about the halalness of the product, the greater the consumer's liking (preference) for the product. The research stages in this journal began by distributing questionnaires directly to halal cosmetics consumers at Roxy Square Jember. The number of indicators in this research was 24 so that a sample of 120 respondents was obtained. The sampling method used in this research is non-probability sampling. Sampling used an incidental sampling approach. Data obtained from the results of distributing questionnaires will be processed and presented in quantitative form. The steps taken to convert questionnaire data into quantitative data are by giving a value to each item answered by the respondent [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 affects the cardiovascular system and ECG abnormalities may be associated with worse prognosis. We evaluated the prognostic value of ECG abnormalities in individuals with COVID-19.Methods: Multicentre cohort study with adults hospitalised with COVID-19 from 40 hospitals across 23 countries. Patients were followed-up from admission until 30 days. ECG were obtained at each participating site and coded according to the Minnesota coding criteria. The primary outcome was defined as death from any cause. Secondary outcomes were admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of ECG abnormalities with the outcomes.Results: Among 5313 participants, 2451 had at least one ECG and were included in this analysis. The mean age (SD) was 58.0 (16.1) years, 60.7% were male and 61.1% from lower-income to middle-income countries. The prevalence of major ECG abnormalities was 21.3% (n=521), 447 (18.2%) patients died, 196 (8.0%) had MACE and 1115 (45.5%) were admitted to an ICU. After adjustment, the presence of any major ECG abnormality was associated with a higher risk of death (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.78) and cardiovascular events (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.51). Sinus tachycardia (>120 bpm) with an increased risk of death (OR 3.86; 95% CI 1.97 to 7.48), MACE (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.10 to 5.85) and ICU admission OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.03 to 4.00). Atrial fibrillation, bundle branch block, ischaemic abnormalities and prolonged QT interval did not relate to the outcomes.Conclusion: Major ECG abnormalities and a heart rate >120 bpm were prognostic markers in adults hospitalised with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Besides conventional risk factors, a novel risk factor hypovitaminosis D may play unique role in the development of coronary artery disease. Evidences suggest that people with low serum vitamin D level is associated with risk of acute MI even after adjusting for the known risk factors. This study was conducted to find out the association between serum vitamin D Level and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease in patients of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: One hundred and four patients of acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angiography in DMCH during May 2017 to April 2018 were the study population. The population were divided into 2 groups based on their serum vitamin D level; normal vitamin D (>30 ng/ml) and low vitamin D (d"30 ng/ml). Low vitamin D level again divided into 3 groups; insufficient (vitamin D 21 to 30 ng/ml), deficient (Vitamin D 10-20 ng/ml) and severely deficient having vitamin D <10 ng/ml. Coronary angiogram was done during index hospitalization. The severity of the coronary artery disease was assessed by vessel score and Gensini score. After calculation of Gensini score, 36 points was chosen as an appropriate cut-off value and patients were divided into two groups; those with a Gensini score d"36 points was considered as having absent or mild coronary artery disease and those with a Gensini score >36 points was considered as having moderate to severe coronary artery disease. Association between serum vitamin D Level and angiographic severity of CAD was looked for. Results: Seventy seven (74.0%) of study population had vitamin D level d" 30 ng/ml, while 27(26.0%) patients had normal level. There was no significant association between common cardiovascular risk factors with vitamin D level. Double or triple-vessel CAD were more frequent in those with vitamin D levels d"30 ng/ml as compared to those with normal vitamin D levels (>30 ng/ml) (P<0.05). Majority (48.1%) of patients had double vessel disease (DVD). Among them 4(8%) patients had normal serum vitamin D levels (>30 ng/ml) and 46 (92%) patients had low vitamin D (d"30 ng/ml). Mean Gensini score was found 20.8±5.1 in normal vitamin D (>30 ng/ml) and 48.3±13.3 in low vitamin D (d"30 ng/ml) (p<0.05). Moderate to severe CAD (Gensini score >36) was found in 54.1% of patients with vitamin D insufficiency (21-30 ng/dl) and 83.3% of patients with vitamin D deficiency (10-20 ng/dl) (p<0.05). Moderate negative correlation (r= -0.641; p=0.001) was found between Gensini score and serum vitamin D level of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Low serum vitamin D level is associated with increasing severity of coronary artery disease, docsumented angiographically among patients of acute myocardial infarction. Low serum vitamin D levels may be an emerging, independent, and potentially modiûable cardiovascular risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an important spice crop worldwide and its production is hampered by the infection of Alternaria blight. Cultivation of cumin in Bangladesh is very limited due to the lack of appropriate germplasm and adequate scientific information regarding the prevalence of Alternaria blight. Field trials were conducted with four advanced lines of cumin viz. CN026, CN028, CN031 and CN038 in five agro-ecological zones (AEZ) to know the adaptation possibility of these lines against the incidence and severity of Alternaria blight of cumin in Bangladesh. Among all lines, CN026 was found as the best in germination capacity and other yield parameters in all locations. The incidence and severity of the disease was observed as high as 98% and 88%, respectively, however, out of the five locations, the incidence and severity of the disease was the lowest in Bogura for the line CN026. In an attempt to identify the causal organism of the Alternaria blight of cumin by using molecular tools, a total of twenty three isolates were collected from the plants showing Alternaria blight symptoms from different AEZ in Bangladesh. Based on the molecular analysis, the isolates were identified as Alternaria alternata , A. burnsii , A. gaisen and A. tenuissima. A. alternata was the most prevalent species followed by A. tenuissima. The isolates of the identified species were found to have genetic, morphological and pathogenic variation. An isolate of A. alternata was observed as the most virulent among the isolates. This is the first report of A. alternata causing Alternaria blight disease of cumin in Bangladesh. The findings of this experiment will help in selecting suitable cumin germplasm and designing proper management strategies against Alternaria blight of cumin in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, there is a significant rise in demand for global food production due to population increase and a rise in demand for protein food sources. This puts pressure on capture fishery as fish is a preferred protein source worldwide. However, the more resources we put into the capture fisheries to obtain maximum catch, the faster the fisheries stock becomes depleted. The best option left to produce enough fish to meet demand is relying on advanced aquaculture. Unfortunately, the impact of technological advancement in the aquaculture sector is not profound compared to the agricultural and manufacturing sectors. The advent of Cloud computing, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence (CIA) has expanded numerous possibilities for applying and integrating information technology in all works of life. This article reviews the emergence of research development on CIA and the potential to revolutionize the aquaculture industry. The use of CIA techniques and tools such as drones, nano and micro‐sensors, bionic robots, remote cameras, intelligent sorting, energy‐saving processing equipment, statistical modules, and algorithms will reduce human intervention and increase aquaculture productivity. Also, the application of CIA in the aquaculture value chain to ensure effectiveness in traceability, feeding, disease detection, growth prediction, environmental monitoring, market information, and others is key to increasing aquaculture productivity and sustainability. Therefore, the future of aquaculture operations with less human labour, effective maintenance, and resource utilization largely depend on innovative technologies. Here, we outlined the need for adopting innovative technologies and the limiting factors that hinge on CIA adoption in the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizospheric bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens are two widely tested biological control agents against root-knot nematodes (RKN) of different crops. However, their performance as bio-control agents varies with their place of origin. Culture filtrates of rhizospheric bacteria contain some intermediary metabolites that have nematicidal activity. An in vitro experiment was undertaken to evaluate the functionality of culture filtrates of B. subtilis (MN252542.1) and P. fluorescens (MN256394.1) at different concentrations (1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.0%, 10.0% and 25.0%) on the hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne javanica at different time span. Bacterial strains were isolated from rhizospheric soils of Bangladesh. At three days after incubation (DAI), 25.0% concentration of culture filtrates of both B. subtilis and P. fluorescens showed 100.0% mortality of second stage juveniles (J 2) of M. javanica. Additionally, 25.0% concentration of culture filtrates of both bacteria showed 100.0% inhibition of hatching at one week after incubation (WAI). A decreasing trend in hatching of M. javanica was observed with the increment of the concentration of culture filtrates and progression of incubation time. The findings of this experiment reveal that culture filtrates of these accessions of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens are effective for controlling M. javanica and would be potential candidates for developing bio-nematicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a complex cyanotic congenital heart disease with a survival beyond middle age. Rheumatic and congenital cyanotic heart disease are common causes of hospital admission. However, coexistence of rheumatic heart disease with complex congenital heart disease like TOF is known to occur very rarely. This report presents a case of rheumatic valvular heart disease (AR & MR) with a complex congenital heart disease (TOF with PDA with PLSVC) in a 30 yrs old female. Patient was treated by conservative management and advised for corrective surgery and double valve replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmful sweetness: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include multiple disorders characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Although the etiology of these diseases is mostly unknown, Western diet and lifestyle seem to be associated with higher IBD incidence. Here, Khan et al. studied the effect of high-sugar diet on colitis in rodent models and showed that a diet high in simple sugars aggravated colitis in mouse models when administered before or after colitis induction. The effect was mediated by alteration of gut microbiota, with an increase of mucolytic bacteria that facilitated gut mucus barrier degradation. The results suggest that high-sugar diet might promote gut microbiota dysfunction and IBD development. The higher prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Western countries points to Western diet as a possible IBD risk factor. High sugar, which is linked to many noncommunicable diseases, is a hallmark of the Western diet, but its role in IBD remains unknown. Here, we studied the effects of simple sugars such as glucose and fructose on colitis pathogenesis in wild-type and Il10−/− mice. Wild-type mice fed 10% glucose in drinking water or high-glucose diet developed severe colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. High-glucose–fed Il10−/− mice also developed a worsened colitis compared to glucose-untreated Il10−/− mice. Short-term intake of high glucose or fructose did not trigger inflammatory responses in healthy gut but markedly altered gut microbiota composition. In particular, the abundance of the mucus-degrading bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides fragilis was increased. Consistently, bacteria-derived mucolytic enzymes were enriched leading to erosion of the colonic mucus layer of sugar-fed wild-type and Il10−/− mice. Sugar-induced exacerbation of colitis was not observed when mice were treated with antibiotics or maintained in a germ-free environment, suggesting that altered microbiota played a critical role in sugar-induced colitis pathogenesis. Furthermore, germ-free mice colonized with microbiota from sugar-treated mice showed increased colitis susceptibility. Together, these data suggest that intake of simple sugars predisposes to colitis and enhances its pathogenesis via modulation of gut microbiota in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The majority of studies that provide insights into the influence of the microbiome on the health of hematologic malignancy patients have concentrated on the transplant setting. Here, we sought to assess the predictive capacity of the gastrointestinal microbiome and its relationship to infectious outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods 16s rRNA-based analysis was performed on oral swabs and stool samples obtained biweekly from baseline until neutrophil recovery following induction chemotherapy (IC) in 97 AML patients. Microbiome characteristics were correlated with clinical outcomes both during and after IC completion. Results At the start of IC, higher stool Shannon diversity (hazard ratio [HR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI],.18–.74) and higher relative abundance of Porphyromonadaceae (HR, 0.36; 95% CI,.18–.73) were associated with increased probability of remaining infection-free during neutropenia. A baseline stool Shannon diversity cutoff of <2 had optimal operating characteristics for predicting infectious complications during neutropenia. Although 56 patients received therapy >72 hours with a carbapenem, none of the patients had an infection with an extended spectrum β-lactamase–producing organism. Patients who received carbapenems for >72 hours had significantly lower α-diversity at neutrophil recovery (P =.001) and were approximately 4 times more likely to have infection in the 90 days following neutrophil recovery (HR, 4.55; 95% CI, 1.73–11.93). Conclusions Our results suggest that gut microbiome evaluation could assist with infectious risk stratification and that improved targeting of antibiotic administration during IC could decrease subsequent infectious complications in AML patients. Baseline microbiome diversity is a strong independent predictor of infection during acute myeloid leukemia induction chemotherapy (IC) among clinical and microbiome covariates. Higher baseline levels of Porphyromonadaceae appear protective against infection, while carbapenem use is associated with consequences to the microbiome and infection susceptibility post-IC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of next-generation sequencing approaches, there has been a renaissance in the microbiome field. Microbial taxonomy and function can now be characterized relatively easily and rapidly-no longer mandating complex culturing approaches. With this renaissance, there is now a strong and growing appreciation for the role of the microbiome (referring to microbes and their genomes) in modulating many facets of physiology-including overall immunity. This is particularly true of the gut microbiome, and there is now an evolving body of the literature demonstrating a role for gut microbes in modulating responses to cancer treatment-particularly immunotherapy. Gut microbes can modulate immunity and anti-tumor responses via a number of different interactions, and these will be discussed herein. Additionally, data regarding the impact of gut microbes on cancer immunotherapy response will be discussed, as will strategies to manipulate the microbiome to enhance therapeutic responses. These efforts to date are not completely optimized; however, there is evidence of efficacy though much additional work is needed in this space. Nonetheless, it is clear that the microbiome plays a central role in health and disease, and strategies to manipulate it in cancer and overall precision health are being explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease is an important medical and public health issue as it is common and leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh as it is throughout the world. This study was carried out to determine the existence of seasonal rhythms in hospital admissions due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted during the period of April 2015 to March 2016 among the patients with AMI admitted at the Cardiology Department of DMCH. 882 patients were enrolled. Results: The highest number of patients were admitted during winter (n=285, 32.3%) followed by post monsoon (n=213, 24.1%) and monsoon (n=194, 22.0%). The lowest number of patients were admitted during summer (n=190, 21.5%). The hospital admission was significantly higher in winter compared to other seasons (p-value versus summer, monsoon and post monsoon was 0.008, 0.011 and 0.042 respectively). Conclusion: A seasonal variation in the hospital admission due to AMI with a peak in winter was clearly demonstrated in the study. Persons admitted to hospital with AMI tend to be all age groups and both sexes present a stronger seasonal variation peak admission in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central venous (CV) lines are widely used for anything from rapid fluid resuscitation, to drug administration, to parenteral nutrition, and even for administering hemodialysis. Central lines come in different sizes, types, and sites of administration. Sometimes their use can be associated with complications as well. Our patient is an 85 years old hypertensive, diabetic female presenting with post COVID fibrosis with aspiration pneumonia with septic shock. After admissions in ICU, CV line was inserted through right sub-clavian venous route for administration of essential medications including inotropes. However, forceful backflow of blood was noticed after insertion of CV line raising the suspicion of arterial insertion. It was later confirmed by CXR, ABG and duplex arterial study. Taking appropriate precautions, we were able to remove the CV line safely without any complications. Sometimes minor and easy things like CV like insertion can become life threatening. But with proper knowledge and planning we can overcome any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease is the commonest form of heart disease and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Electrolytes imbalance can lead to increase in hospital mortality and morbidity in acute coronary syndrome patients. Our objective was to find out and to compare in-hospital outcome of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome with or without onadmission hyponatremia. Methods: A total of 336 patients were included in this study of which 59 patients were in group A (sodium level <135 mmol/l). Group A was subdivided in Group A1 (Na+-134-130mmol/l), Group A2 (Na+-120-129mmol/l), Group A3 (Na+-<120mmol/l) and 277 patients were in group B (sodium level >135 mmol/l). Results: On-admission hyponatremia was documented in 16.12 %(59) of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Among them, 16 patients with acute anterior STEMI, 19 patients with acute inferior STEMI, 19 patients with NSTEMI and 5 patients with unstable angina. In this study, in hospital complications like acute heart failure (81.4% vs. 29.2%, p<0.05), cardiogenic shock (32.2% vs. 15.5%, p<0.05) and in hospital mortality (6.8% vs. 1.1%, p<0.05) were significantly more in the patients with hyponatremia. The frequency of in hospital mortality, acute heart failure and arrhythmia progressively increased with increasing severity of hyponatremia. Logistic regression analysis showed low plasma sodium level was independently associated with in hospital mortality (â =2.13, P =0.027, OR = 8.388, 95% CI 1.268 - 55.488). Conclusion: In this study on-admission hyponatremia significantly associated with high in-hospital adverse outcome in acute coronary syndrome patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and right bundle-branch block (RBBB) have high mortality risk, which may be stratified by early ECG changes. Our objective was to find out and to compare in-hospital outcome of patients presenting with acute anterior STEMI with or without complete RBBB. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, over a period of one year from March 2016 to February 2017. A total of 184 patients were included in this study of which 32 patients were included in group A (acute anterior STEMI with complete RBBB) and 152 patients were included in group B (acute anterior STEMI without any BBB or fascicular block). Results: RBBB was documented in 17.4% (32) of patients with acute anterior STEMI. Acute LVF (50.0% vs. 26.3%, p<0.05), Cardiogenic shock (31.3% vs. 13.2%, p<0.05) and mortality (21.9% vs 7.9%, P<0.05) were more frequently observed in patients with complete RBBB in comparison to patients without any BBB or fascicular block (FB). Among the AMI patients with RBBB, permanent RBBB was associated with a greater incidence of acute LVF (54.2% vs 37.5%, p>0.05), cardiogenic shock (37.5% vs 12.5%, p>0.05) and mortality (25% vs 12.5%, p>0.05). Conclusion: In this study right bundle branch block accompanying acute anterior STEMI was associated with high in-hospital adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidences suggest that heavy physical exertion can trigger the onset of acute myocardial infarction. But there have been no clean cut data in Bangladesh about the risk of myocardial infarction during and after heavy exertion. To address this question the study was conducted. Methods: It was a multicentre cross sectional study was conducted from July 2012 to June 2013 with patient of diagnosed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted in department of cardiology of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH). From selected samples, two hours activity prior to onset of symptom of AMI was asked according to standard questionnaire. Activities were quantified on a scale from 1 to 8 metabolic equivalents (METs) according to generally accepted values. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 16. Results: In this study 246 patients (74 .4 percent of whom were men; mean age [±SD], 64.68 ± 7.63 years) were interviewed. The study showed that 11.38% patients were engaged in strenuous physical exertion (e" 6 METs) within two hours prior to symptom onset of AMI. Strenuous exertion group of AMI patients were all most all sedentary worker [26 (92.86%) of 28]. Most of the patients (82.14 %) of strenuous group had history of less than 8 hours work per day. Strenuous exertion group had history of longtime exertion (72.57%, 1-2 hours) than non-strenuous group (42.66%, <0.5 hours). Moreover, 67.86% AMI patients of strenuous exertion group had experienced irregular exertion whereas most of the patients (64.22%) of non strenuous group had a history of regular exertion. Conclusions: The result of the study indicates that a period of strenuous physical activity is associated with increased risk of having AMI, particularly among patients of sedentary worker who have dyslipidemia and who exercise irregularly. Those who exercise regularly have lower chances of AMI as shown by the negative correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]