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After examination and, in some cases, imaging, most of these injuries can be managed conservatively with splinting or injection. Some cases require prompt surgical referral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High school athletes have higher rates of injuries and sudden death than their college counterparts. Medical care for these athletes should include access to team physicians, athletic trainers, and automated external defibrillators. Disparities in medical care access provided by high schools for their athletes may be due to school characteristics or socioeconomic or racial factors. This study investigated relationships between these factors and access to team physicians, athletic trainers, and automated external defibrillators. Medical care access is negatively related to the percentage of low-income students and positively related to the number of sports offered. Relationships between race and access to a team physician became nonsignificant when the percentage of low-income students was considered. Physicians who treat high school athletes should consider the medical care access provided by their schools when they educate these patients about preventing and treating sports injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misdiagnosis can result in increased loss of play time and chronic ankle dysfunction. Here are the physical exam maneuvers and imaging options to consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tibiotalar joint's unique biomechanics and associated structures carry management implications that vary from those in knee or hip arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]