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Simple Summary: Treatment recommendations for head and neck cancer need to be disseminated worldwide becoming available through societies/authors scientific reports and websites with warning updates. This scoping review identifies and compares the worldwide clinical practice guidelines for treating oral, oropharynx, and larynx cancer. We verified the absence of guidelines in Latin American and Oceanian countries, as well as the inequalities between countries/continents, with a similar pattern of recommendations among low-income countries and in developed ones. Recommendations for surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy may differ according to country/institution access and resources Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatments have been based on single or multimodal therapies with surgery, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, treatment recommendations among countries may differ due to technological/human resources and usual local practices. This scoping review aims to identify, compare, and map the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for treating squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx worldwide. A search strategy on global CPGs for HNC was performed by using five electronic databases and grey literature. CPGs were selected for inclusion using EndNote-20 and Rayyan online software. No language or publication date restrictions were applied. The results were analyzed descriptively considering the most updated CPG version. In total, 25 CPGs covering the head and neck region (10), the larynx (7), the oral cavity (5), and the oropharynx (3), were found in 13 geographical regions, and 19 were developed by medical societies from 1996 to 2023. Surgery and RT remain the main modalities for early-stage HNC, with surgery preferred in low-resource countries, and RT in selected cases, especially in the larynx/oropharynx aiming to achieve a cure with organ preservation. Human papillomavirus infection for oropharyngeal SCC is not tested in some Asian countries and there is still no consensus to treat p16-positive cases differently from p16-negative. Recommendations for larynx preservation vary according to facilities in each country, however, individualized choice is emphasized. Inequality across countries/continents is evident, with a similar pattern of recommendations among developed as well as developing ones. No CPGs were found in Latin America as well as Oceania countries, where the incidence of HNC is high and limitations of access to treatment may be encountered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to report an original case series of synchronous jawbone diseases. Data of patients seen over 13 years were extracted from the files of three Oral Radiology and Pathology diagnostic centers in Brazil. The clinical, radiographic, and laboratory characteristics were tabulated and analyzed by the authors; the patients were described according to lesion type. Seventy-two synchronous jawbone diseases were included in this study. Florid osseous dysplasia, Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, and cherubism were the most frequent disorders reported in this case series. In addition, the posterior mandible area was the main site of manifestation. Florid osseous dysplasia and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome represented two-thirds of our samples. With the utilization of adequate demographic, clinical, and radiologic information, it is possible to diagnose most of the synchronous lesions of jawbones. Sometimes, however, we need complementary exams, such as histopathologic and biochemical analysis or dosing of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify the molecular alterations of head and neck rhabdomyosarcomas (HNRMS) and their prognostic values.Study Design: An electronic search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science with a designed search strategy. Inclusion criteria comprised cases of primary HNRMS with an established histopathological diagnosis and molecular analysis. Forty-nine studies were included and were appraised for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. Five studies were selected for meta-analysis.Results: HNRMS predominantly affects pediatric patients (44.4%), and the parameningeal region (57.7%) is the most common location. The alveolar variant (43.2%) predominates over the embryonal and spindle cell/sclerosing types, followed by the epithelioid and pleomorphic variants. PAX-FOXO1 fusion was observed in 103 cases of alveolar RMS (79.8%). MYOD1 mutation was found in 39 cases of sclerosing/spindle cell RMS (53.4%). FUS/EWSR1-TFCP2 gene fusions were identified in 21 cases of RMS with epithelioid and spindle cell morphologies (95.5%). The 5-year overall survival rate of patients was 61.3%, and MYOD1 mutation correlated with significantly higher mortality.Conclusion: The genotypic profile of histologic variants of HNRMS is widely variable, and MYOD1 mutation could be a potential prognostic factor, but more studies are required to establish this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral condition, the presence of late oral and orofacial complications and to analyze the quality of life in patients who underwent radiotherapy in the head and neck region during childhood and adolescence. A total of 52 patients were evaluated, being 53.8% males and 46.2% females. The most frequent diagnoses were Hodgkin's Lymphoma (69.2%), and the most common late alterations were trismus, prolonged retention of primary teeth, agenesis, and microdontia. For salivary flow, 19.6% of the patients had hyposalivation for stimulated saliva and 1.9% for non-stimulated saliva. The mean of visible plaque index was 7.8% and the mean of gingival bleeding index was 2.3%. As regards the International caries detection and assessment system score, 91.4% of the sample had a score of "0". Regarding the assessment of the quality of life related to oral symptoms, the domain of the questionnaire entitled "dry mouth" was the most affected in our sample, where 18.9% of the patients had xerostomia to some degree of intensity. Patients who received radiotherapy for the treatment of tumors in the head and neck in childhood and adolescence may develop late oral changes which may have an impact on their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive B‐cell lymphoma with three variants (endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency‐associated), presenting with specific epidemiological and clinical features. Burkitt lymphoma affects the head and neck region (BLHN) in approximately 10% of cases. The aim of this study was to undertake a comparative analysis of the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) features of BLHN diagnosed in patients from Africa, Guatemala, and Brazil. Methods: Cases diagnosed as BLHN were collected from the files of six oral pathology laboratory services (Brazil, South Africa, and Guatemala) and one Brazilian pediatric oncology hospital from 1986 to 2020. Clinicopathological and IHC data, and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) status by in situ hybridization data for each case were reviewed and described. Results: Of the 52 cases, BLHN was predominant in pediatric patients [43 (82.69%)] and males [43 (82.69%)], with a mean age of 11.26 ± 9.68 years (range, 1‐39 years). Neck and cervical lymph nodes [14 (26.92%)], and involvement of both maxilla and mandible [8 (15.38%)], were the most common anatomical sites. Clinically, tumor/swelling [40 (31.25%)], cervical lymphadenopathy [14 (10.94%)], pain [12 (9.38%)], and bone destruction [12 (9.38%)] were frequent findings. All cases showed typical morphological characteristics of BL. IHC profiles included positivity for CD20 [52 (100%)], CD10 [38 (79.17%)], Bcl6 [29 (87.88%)], and c‐Myc protein [18 (81.82%)]. EBV was positive in 18 cases (62.07%). The Ki‐67 index ranged from 90 to 100%. Conclusion: The clinicopathological and EBV profile of BLHN in South African, Guatemalan, and Brazilian patients is similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of pediatric head and neck cancer (PHNC) is increasing worldwide, especially when compared with childhood cancer in general. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the demographic profile of such patients across the globe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe demographic, topographic, and histopathological features of PHNC patients from a single Brazilian institution.Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for all cancer cases diagnosed from 1986 to 2016 affecting patients aged 19 years and younger. The demographic variables (age, gender, race), topographic aspects of primary tumors, and histopathological diagnoses were collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results: Three hundred and sixty-seven (5.11%) head and neck malignant tumors were found among 7181 pediatric cancers diagnosed in this period. Mean age at diagnosis was 9.35 years with male (65.67%) predominance. Patients between the age group of 10-14 years presented the higher prevalence of malignant tumors. In terms of race, 73.02% of the patients were white and 9.54% were black. The main affected anatomic site was the neck and lymph nodes (41.42%), followed by nasopharynx (22.89%) and thyroid gland (6.54%). The most common cancer type was lymphoma (52.86%), followed by carcinoma (22.89%), and sarcoma (19.07%). Burkitt lymphoma, nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma were the most common histopathological diagnoses (16.62%, 13.08%, 12.81%, and 12.81%, respectively).Conclusion: This study originally demonstrated that lymphomas may be more frequent than carcinomas and sarcomas in Brazilian PHNC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this report was to describe a rare case of leukoplakia in a young patient without any risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma. An 18-year-old male patient presented with an asymptomatic white lesion on the right lateral border of the tongue. Microscopic examination of the excisional biopsy specimen displayed hyperkeratosis and acanthosis without epithelial dysplasia, which were consistent with the clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia. The patient is undergoing systematic and regular evaluation, and after 28 months of follow-up, no recurrence has been observed. This report showed that, although uncommon, adolescents and/or young adults can also be affected by oral potentially malignant disorders. Therefore, dentists should be aware of this condition to establish the proper diagnosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report aimed to describe an uncommon case of verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity with a unique presentation of proliferative verrucous leucoplakia. An 82-year-old female presented multiple white plaques in the oral cavity, which have been treated as candidiasis without resolution. The biopsy specimen demonstrated a well-defined squamous cell epithelium with verrucous aspects. No cellular or nuclear pleomorphism was observed. The final diagnosis was verrucous carcinoma, and the patient was referred for oncologic treatment. Although unusual, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia may mimic verrucous carcinoma and may even represent a transitional stage of this malignancy. Verrucous carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple leucoplakias, especially in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 31-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of persistent numbness on the left side of the lower lip, which began during endodontic treatment of the left mandibular first molar. Imaging exams showed a large amount of a radiopaque or hyperdense throughout the left mandibular body in close proximity to the lower alveolar nerve. Histologic analyses identified birefringent crystalloid foreign bodies widespread through soft tissue and bone leading to an inflammatory foreign body reaction, eventually demonstrated to be rich in barium and sulfur by the means of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray detection. This scenario led to the diagnosis of lower alveolar nerve injury due to accidental extrusion of intracanal dressing material composed of calcium hydroxide (CaOH 2) paste incorporated with BaSO 4. The paresthesia was treated with the combination of citoneurin and prednisone, but no improvement in nerve sensitivity was noticed after 12 months of follow-up examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]