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Earth abundant metal‐based heterogeneous catalysts with highly active and at the same time stable isolated metal sites constitute a key factor for the advancement of sustainable and cost‐effective chemical synthesis. In particular, the development of more practical, and durable iron‐based materials is of central interest for organic synthesis, especially for the preparation of chemical products related to life science applications. Here, we report the preparation of Fe‐single atom catalysts (Fe‐SACs) entrapped in N‐doped mesoporous carbon support with unprecedented potential in the preparation of different kinds of amines, which represent privileged class of organic compounds and find increasing application in daily life. The optimal Fe‐SACs allow for the reductive amination of a broad range of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia and amines to produce diverse primary, secondary, and tertiary amines including N‐methylated products as well as drugs, agrochemicals, and other biomolecules (amino acid esters and amides) utilizing green hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of highly efficient and stable visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the removal of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from water is still a challenge. In this work, Bi2MoO6 (BMO) materials with different morphology were successfully prepared via a simple hydrothermal method by altering the solvent. The morphology of the BMO material is mainly influenced by the solvent used in the synthesis (H2O, ethanol, and ethylene glycol or their mixtures) and to a lesser extent by subsequent thermal annealing. BMO with aggregated spheres and nanoplate-like structures hydrothermally synthesized in ethylene glycol (EG) and subsequently calcined at 400 °C (BMO-400 (EG)) showed the highest adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity compared to other synthesized morphologies. Complete degradation of 2,4-D on BMO upon irradiation with a blue light-emitting diode (LED, λmax = 467 nm) was reached within 150 min, resulting in 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as the main degradation product. Holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (⋅O2−) are assumed to be the reactive species observed for the rapid conversion of 2,4-D to 2,4-DCP. The addition of H2O2 to the reaction mixture not only accelerates the degradation of 2,4-DCP but also significantly reduces the total organic carbon (TOC) content, indicating that hydroxyl radicals are crucial for the rapid mineralization of 2,4-D. Under optimal conditions, the TOC value was reduced by 84.5% within 180 min using BMO-400 (EG) and H2O2. The improved degradation performance of BMO-400 (EG) can be attributed to its particular morphology leading to lower charge transfer resistance, higher electron–hole separation, and larger specific surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of the support can fundamentally affect the function of a heterogeneous catalyst. For the novel type of isolated metal atom catalysts, sometimes referred to as single‐atom catalysts, systematic correlations are still rare. Here, we report a general finding that Pd on nitride supports (non‐metal and metal nitride) features a higher oxidation state compared to that on oxide supports (non‐metal and metal oxide). Through thorough oxidation state investigations by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO‐DRIFTS, and density functional theory (DFT) coupled with Bader charge analysis, it is found that Pd atoms prefer to interact with surface hydroxyl group to form a Pd(OH)x species on oxide supports, while on nitride supports, Pd atoms incorporate into the surface structure in the form of Pd−N bonds. Moreover, a correlation was built between the formal oxidation state and computational Bader charge, based on the periodic trend in electronegativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dehydroaromatization of the naturally abundant methane is a promising process to produce aromatics and COx-free hydrogen. Low-temperature activity, regenerability and time-on-stream stability are fundamental challenges for the industrial use of the commonly studied benzenoid-selective Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts. We report a promotional effect of Nb doping on the activity and stability of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts between 600 and 700 °C. Nb addition enhances benzene yields measurably at all investigated temperatures. An increased thermal stability of MoNb/HZSM-5 compared to Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts was found upon exposure to multiple consecutive reaction and oxidative treatment cycles, thus resulting in higher restorability of activity which extends the catalyst lifetime. While high-resolution electron microscopy showed homogeneous mixing of Mo and Nb on the catalyst, in situ time-resolved Mo K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, supported by ex situ and time-resolved in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, revealed a distinct interaction between the transition metals, involving a partial reduction of the otherwise stable Nb and concurrent oxidation of Mo which leads to increased stability of Mo5+/Mo4+ states. These effects were correlated to the enhanced activity and regenerability of the MoNb/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane dehydroaromatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exfoliation into a 2D nanosheet structure can lead to enhanced surface activity and unique optical and electronic properties in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). In this study, four common exfoliation strategies (liquid ultrasonication, thermal oxidation, hydrothermal oxidation, and chemical oxidation) were adopted, and their effects on the structural and electronic changes in PCN were analyzed in detail. This allows us to understand the relationship between the exfoliation mechanism and the structural/optical properties. Here, we demonstrate that the thermal and ultrasonic exfoliation methods can effectively reduce the thickness of PCN while preserving its original structure. In contrast, the chemical and hydrothermal treatments can strongly affect the morphology and structure of PCN, leading to a decreased performance in phenol photodegradation. Therefore, depending on the employed exfoliation method, the surface area, functionalization, band edge positions, charge carrier generation, and mobility are influenced differently up to the point where semiconducting behavior is entirely lost. Our results allow conclusions about the applicability of the different exfoliation methods to obtain distinct material properties for photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the selectivity in the oxidative coupling of methane to ethane/ethylene poses a significant challenge for commercialization. The required improvements are hampered by the uncertainties associated with the reaction mechanism due to its complexity. Herein, we report about 90 % selectivity to the target products at 11 % methane conversion over Gd2O3‐based catalysts at 700 °C using N2O as the oxidant. Sophisticated kinetic studies have suggested the nature of adsorbed oxygen species and their binding strength as key parameters for undesired methane oxidation to carbon oxides. These descriptors can be controlled by a metal oxide promoter for Gd2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zr-based UiO-66 metal–organic frameworks are ideal platforms for the design and development of heterogeneous single-atom catalysts (SACs) because of their thermal and chemical stability with the presence of structural defects, enabling the introduction of isolated metal atoms. Elucidating the structure–reactivity relationships and understanding reaction mechanisms for these catalysts are crucial for their industrial applications. We focus here on these aspects for a technically important reaction, preferential CO oxidation (PROX) on a UiO-66-supported Cu SAC by following temperature perturbations in catalytic performance in correlation with changes in the electronic and adsorption properties, which are validated by comprehensive DFT computations. In situ DR-UV-VIS, XANES and NAP-XPS measurements indicated an increase of Cu1+-like states and partial reduction of ZrOx nodes with the increase in reaction temperature, which correlated with a decrease in PROX selectivity. Under similar conditions, DRIFTS measurements revealed a decay of COad adsorption on Cu (i.e., COad@Cu1+ species) and a corresponding red-shift under PROX conditions compared to CO oxidation, suggesting reduction-mediated charge transfer at the Cu–ZrOx interface. In contrast to the CO oxidation cycle which commences by CO adsorption on Cu1+-like sites, DFT computations revealed that the H2 oxidation cycle starts with the reaction of H2 with a pre-adsorbed O2 molecule on Cu1+-like sites, resulting in the generation of a H2O molecule and Cu2+-like sites, which are subsequently reduced to Cu1+-like sites through a successive reaction with a second H2 (or CO) molecule. Adsorption configurations and energies of CO and H2O co-adsorption indicated a competitive adsorption phenomenon on Cu species, which depends on the oxidation state of the Cu ion with a preference for CO adsorption on Cu1+-like sites, while H2O exhibits a stronger affinity for Cu2+-like sites. These results are discussed in terms of the reaction mechanism and PROX selectivity in Cu SAC catalysts and present a model for understanding the catalytic phenomena on MOF-supported SACs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A protocol for efficient N-alkylation of benzamides with alcohols in the presence of cobalt-nanocatalysts is described. Key to the success of this general methodology is the use of highly dispersed cobalt nanoparticles supported on carbon, which are obtained from the pyrolysis of cobalt(II) acetate and o-phenylenediamine as a ligand at suitable temperatures. The catalytic material shows a broad substrate scope and good tolerance to functional groups. Apart from the synthesis of a variety of secondary amides (>45 products), the catalyst allows for the conversion of more challenging aliphatic alcohols and amides, including biobased and macromolecular amides. The practical applicability of the catalyst is underlined by the successful recycling and reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic hydrogenation and oxidative dehydrogenation of N‐heterocycles to produce tetrahydroquinoline and quinoline derivatives are important reactions of particular importance in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we report earth‐abundant cobalt nanoparticles supported on hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and efficient catalyst for the hydrogenation and reverse oxidative dehydrogenation of N‐heterocycles. The optimal nanocatalyst exhibits excellent activity in both reactions for a wide range of substrates including (iso)quinolines, acridine, benzo[h]quinoline, quinoxaline and indole. Reactions proceed under relatively mild conditions without requiring any additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A setup for dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with spatial, temporal and energy resolution is presented. Through investigation of a Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst during the dehydroaromatization of methane we observed a reduction gradient along the packed bed. Our new method represents an unprecedented addition to the analytical toolbox for in situ characterizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneously catalyzed N‐formylation of amines to formamide with CO2/H2 is highly attractive for the valorization of CO2. However, the relationship of the catalytic performance with the catalyst structure is still elusive. Herein, mixed valence catalysts containing Cu2O/Cu interface sites were constructed for this transformation. Both aliphatic primary and secondary amines with diverse structures were efficiently converted into the desired formamides with good to excellent yields. Combined ex and in situ catalyst characterization revealed that the presence of Cu2O/Cu interface sites was vital for the excellent catalytic activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that better catalytic activity of Cu2O/Cu(111) than Cu(111) is attributed to the assistance of oxygen at the Cu2O/Cu interface (Ointer) in formation of Ointer‐H moieties, which not only reduce the apparent barrier of HCOOH formation but also benefit the desorption of the desired N‐formylated amine, leading to high activity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneously catalyzed N‐formylation of amines to formamide with CO2/H2 is highly attractive for the valorization of CO2. However, the relationship of the catalytic performance with the catalyst structure is still elusive. Herein, mixed valence catalysts containing Cu2O/Cu interface sites were constructed for this transformation. Both aliphatic primary and secondary amines with diverse structures were efficiently converted into the desired formamides with good to excellent yields. Combined ex and in situ catalyst characterization revealed that the presence of Cu2O/Cu interface sites was vital for the excellent catalytic activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that better catalytic activity of Cu2O/Cu(111) than Cu(111) is attributed to the assistance of oxygen at the Cu2O/Cu interface (Ointer) in formation of Ointer‐H moieties, which not only reduce the apparent barrier of HCOOH formation but also benefit the desorption of the desired N‐formylated amine, leading to high activity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective hydrogenation of benzofurans in the presence of a heterogeneous non‐noble metal catalyst is reported. The developed optimal catalytic material consists of cobalt‐cobalt oxide core–shell nanoparticles supported on silica, which has been prepared by the immobilization and pyrolysis of cobalt‐DABCO‐citric acid complex on silica under argon at 800 °C. This novel catalyst allows for the selective hydrogenation of simple and functionalized benzofurans to 2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans as well as related heterocycles. The versatility of the reported protocol is showcased by the reduction of selected drugs and deuteration of heterocycles. Further, the stability, recycling, and reusability of the Co‐nanocatalyst are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of primary alcohols (from olefins) is an important and challenging transformation, as most of the current methods suffer from regioselectivity issues. This work describes the utilization of rice husk (RH) from agricultural waste as support for the preparation of a catalyst for the conversion of olefin oxides to primary alcohols. The catalyst was synthesized by pyrolysis of RH impregnated with nickel, and characterized by IR, AAS, XRD, BET, XPS, TEM, and TPD technics. The catalyst shows excellent activity and selectivity towards anti‐Markovnikov alcohols, acting simultaneously as Brønsted acid, solid Lewis acid, and as hydrogenation catalyst. A substrate screening was done, the catalyst's recycling stability was assessed, and a plausibly reaction mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pronounced effects of the composition of four-atom monometallic Cu and Pd and bimetallic CuPd clusters and the support on the catalytic activity and selectivity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexene are reported. The ultra-nanocrystalline diamond supported clusters are highly active and dominantly produce benzene; some of the mixed clusters also produce cyclohexadiene, which are all clusters with a much suppressed combustion channel. The also highly active TiO2-supported tetramers solely produce benzene, without any combustion to CO2. The selectivity of the zirconia-supported mixed CuPd clusters and the monometallic Cu cluster is entirely different; though they are less active in comparison to clusters with other supports, these clusters produce significant fractions of cyclohexadiene, with their selectivity towards cyclohexadiene gradually increasing with the increasing number of copper atoms in the cluster, reaching about 50% for Cu3Pd1. The zirconia-supported copper tetramer stands out from among all the other tetramers in this reaction, with a selectivity towards cyclohexadiene of 70%, which far exceeds those of all the other cluster–support combinations. The findings from this study indicate a positive effect of copper on the stability of the mixed tetramers and potential new ways of fine-tuning catalyst performance by controlling the composition of the active site and via cluster–support interactions in complex oxidative reactions under the suppression of the undesired combustion of the feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heterogeneous single‐atom catalyst (SAC) based on a tiny Cu loading (0.05 wt.%) supported on CeO2−TiO2 (Ce/Ti=0.18) shows very high Cu mass‐normalized CO oxidation activity, 100 % selectivity for CO2 between 60 and 100 °C and essentially no deactivation during 17 h on stream in the preferential oxidation of CO (PROX) at 120 °C. Based on state of the art, this catalyst is among the most active and PROX‐selective catalysts. Employing a combination of ex‐situ and operando methods, we infer that the isolated Cu single sites are incorporated with redox‐active Cu2+−O−Ce4+⇆Cu+−□−Ce3+ moieties connected by labile oxygen and are exposed on the surface of highly dispersed ceria. This high dispersion is promoted by TiO2 which itself does not participate in redox steps during PROX, as Ti ions remain essentially tetravalent while Cu and Ce undergo reversible redox shuttles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and functionalization of nitrogen‐containing compounds continue to be important due to their wide applications. In particular, the preparation of nitriles and amides applying cost‐effective and green methodologies is of central importance because these products represent valuable fine and bulk chemicals and serve as key precursors and central intermediates in organic synthesis and drug discovery as well as materials. Here, the preparation of nitriles and primary amides from alcohols and ammonia by a heterogeneous Cu‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation process is reported. The optimal catalyst for this synthesis is based on supported copper oxide‐nanoparticles, which are prepared by the impregnation and pyrolysis of simple copper nitrate on carbon. Applying these reusable nanoparticles, various simple, substituted, and functionalized aromatic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic nitriles are synthesized starting from inexpensive and easily accessible alcohols and ammonia in the presence of air. In addition, the synthesis of selected primary amides in a water medium is also performed using these Cu nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of vitamin precursors via alkyne semi-hydrogenation has been achieved with a lead- and palladium-free catalyst. Cobalt nanoparticles modified by nitrogen doped carbon and supported on silica allow the production of a range of fine chemicals and vitamin precursors. The optimal catalyst could be conveniently recycled and used for at least five runs with consistent activity. Interestingly, this material selectively hydrogenates alkynes in the presence of easily reducible, cyano-, keto-, aldehyde-, and even nitro groups, which shows it to be a versatile catalyst for synthetic organic chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient and practical diastereoselective cis-hydrogenation of multi-substituted pyridines and arenes is reported. Applying a novel heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst, the corresponding piperidines and cyclohexanes are obtained in high yields (typically >80%) with a good functional group tolerance under mild conditions. The robust ruthenium supported catalyst is smoothly prepared and can be reused multiple times without activity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We communicate the assembly of a solid, Ce-promoted Ni-based composite that was applied as catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes to afford the corresponding organic amines. The catalytically active material described herein was obtained through pyrolysis of a SiO2-pellet-supported bimetallic Ni-Ce complex that was readily synthesized prior to use from a MeO-functionalized salen congener, Ni(OAc)2·4 H2O, and Ce(NO3)3·6 H2O. Rewardingly, the requisite ligand for the pertinent solution phase precursor was accessible upon straightforward and time-saving imine condensation of ortho-vanillin with 1,3-diamino-2,2′-dimethylpropane. The introduced catalytic protocol is operationally simple in that the whole reaction set-up is quickly put together on the bench without the need of cumbersome handling in a glovebox or related containment systems. Moreover, the advantageous geometry and compact-sized nature of the used pellets renders the catalyst separation and recycling exceptionally easy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]