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The thermal modification of wood in a nitrogen atmosphere shapes the functional properties of wood. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of different levels of temperature and the duration of thermal modification on the mechanical properties of the black poplar (Populus nigra L.). Black poplar was thermally modified in nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range from 160 °C to 220 °C (6 levels) for 2 h to 8 h (4 levels), resulting in a total of 24 treatments. The effect of these treatments on compressive strength parallel to the grain (CS), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity during bending (MOE) were analyzed. Thermal modification influenced the mechanical properties of black poplar wood. After thermal modification occurred in a nitrogen atmosphere, an increase in compressive strength was noticeable for all variants of black poplar wood modification. The highest 16% increase in CS was obtained for the modification carried out at the temperature of 160 °C and for 2 h. An increase was also found for MOE when modified under mild conditions, while a decrease occurred for variants at higher temperatures, i.e., for 200 °C and 220 °C. The study showed that for all modification variants, there was a decrease in MOR alongside the increase in modification temperature and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) was subjected to thermal modification in superheated steam. The modification was performed at 160 °C, 190 °C, and 220 °C for 2 h. The equilibrium moisture content of the black poplar wood was examined when it was exposed to 76% ± 2% relative humidity at a temperature of 20 °C ± 2 °C. The thermal modification of the poplar wood changed its moisture-exchange-related physical properties to a large extent. The effects of temperature on individual properties (density, mass loss, hygroscopicity, swelling, and water absorption) were diverse, and the intensity of these effects increased with increasing temperature of the thermal treatment process. In most cases, no significant differences were observed between the changes in properties of the sapwood and the heartwood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal modification of wood in nitrogen atmosphere permits its usability value to be improved. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of technological modification parameters at different levels on the colour of black poplar (Populus nigra L.). Black poplar was thermally modified in nitrogen atmosphere at a range of temperatures from 160 °C to 220 °C, at times between 2 h and 8 h. The parameters of wood colour were measured according to the CIE L*a*b* colour space model. The changes in a* and b* had a non-linear profile. The maximum value of a* for black poplar wood was achieved after a modification at the temperature of 200 °C, while the maximum value of the b* parameter was achieved after modification at 190 °C. Colour changes in the ΔE of black poplar after modification at 160 °C and 170 °C were similar, and the dynamics of changes increased after modification at the temperature of 180 °C. The highest value of ΔE, around 40, was observed after modification at the temperature of 220 °C and time of 8 h. There were no statistically significant differences between the ΔE for radial and tangential sections. Statistical analysis showed that modification temperature was responsible for the variability of the L* value in 90%, and in ca. 70% for the changes in parameters a* and b*. The influence of the modification time on the colour parameters was minor—below 4%. The influence of the interaction between modification temperature and time on the colour parameters was below 10%. As a consequence, in the case of ΔE of black poplar wood, the influence of temperature was at a level of ca. 80%. On the other hand, the influence of time and the interaction between temperature and time of modification was low—below 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) was thermally modified in nitrogen atmosphere. The effects of the modification process on poplar wood were evaluated for temperatures: 160 °C, 190 °C, and 220 °C applied for 2 h; and 160 °C and 190 °C for 6 h. The percentual impact of temperature and time of modification on the properties of modified wood was analysed. The study permitted the identification correlations between the chemical composition and selected physical properties of thermally modified poplar wood. The dimensional stability of poplar wood was improved after thermal modification in nitrogen. The higher the temperature of modification, the lower the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of black poplar. At the temperature of 220 °C, EMC was two times lower than the EMC of non-modified black poplar. It is also possible to reduce the dimensional changes of wood two-fold (at the modification temperature of 220 °C), both in radial and tangential directions, independently of the acclimatization conditions (from 34% to 98% relative humidity, RH). Similar correlations have been found for wood that has been soaked in water. Higher modification temperatures and longer processing times contributed to a lower swelling anisotropy (SA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]