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Purpose: This study examined interrelationships among insomnia, stress, anxiety, and metabolic risk factors. Methods: A total of 124 college students were included in the analysis (age = 21 ± 1 years). Insomnia, stress of life events, and anxiety were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Fasting blood samples were assayed for glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol). Results: Insomnia was positively associated with stress of life events ([beta] = 0.28, p < 0.001) and anxiety ([beta] = 0.46, p < 0.001). Insomnia was related to elevated fasting insulin ([beta] = 0.12, p = 0.04) and triglyceride level ([beta] = 1.85, p < 0.001). An inverse association was found between insomnia and HDL-cholesterol ([beta] = -0.45, p = 0.03). Sobel's test for mediation showed that stress of life events (p = 0.020) and anxiety (p = 0.013) mediated the relationship between insomnia and hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusions: Reducing stress and anxiety among college students with insomnia may influence subsequent cardiovascular health.

In this study, the panel co-integration test combined with structural breaks was used to explore the long-term co-movement between FDI and patent and trademark applications, in accordance with 33 OECD countries from 1999 to 2018. The robust results demonstrate that both innovation variables including patent and trademark co-move with FDI in the OECD sample. Furthermore, this long-term co-movement of FDI and innovation experiences some structural breaks during the period 2003-2010. Finally, there is a long-term co-movement between FDI inflows and innovation activity in OECD countries.

With the high incidence of extreme events, it is important to examine how the occurrence of natural disasters influences long‐term sustainable development. We give evidence from the changing process of innovation. Using data from OECD countries from 1985 to 2018, we conclude that environmental threats from the occurrence of natural disasters drive countries to pay more attention to sustainable development and promote the change of innovation type from traditional to green innovation. Moreover, for different types of natural disasters, volcanic activities, landslides, and floods show a positive influence, while epidemics dampen it. Based on the sub‐sample analysis, this impact is more pronounced in countries with high levels of economic development, oil exports and right‐wing parties in power. Furthermore, renewable energy consumption acts as a positive moderator, while the moderating effects of government efficiency, corruption and globalization are inhibiting. Our paper provides new insights into natural disaster economics and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance has increasingly become the most pressing concern for governments, social organizations, companies, and other stakeholders. Understanding macro ESG behavior can assist governments in achieving their sustainable development goals (SDGs). In this paper, we investigate whether the macro ESG index of OPEC and non‐OPEC oil‐producing countries over the period 1990–2020 exhibits mean‐reversion behavior and whether the external shocks are transient or permanent. By conducting a series of advanced panel stationarity tests, we find that the macro ESG indices of the sample countries do not exhibit mean‐reversion and that an external shock has a permanent effect. We also identifies the yearly structural breaks that occur in the sample countries and attempts to explain why. Our research suggests that governments should use policy interventions to counteract external shocks to macro ESG behavior so as to achieve sustainable development and long‐term performance stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]