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The article presents a study in which researchers developed a flexible multielectrode array on the basis of organic electronics to study electrical signals in plants. With this new technology, they were able to precisely map the action potential (AP) in Venus flytrap and found that the AP actively propagates through the tissue without strong directionality and evidently cells other than the sensory hairs can trigger the Venus flytrap circuitry.

Plant vasculature transports molecules that play a crucial role in plant signaling including systemic responses and acclimation to diverse environmental conditions. Targeted controlled delivery of molecules to the vascular tissue can be a biomimetic way to induce long distance responses, providing a new tool for the fundamental studies and engineering of stress‐tolerant plants. Here, a flexible organic electronic ion pump, an electrophoretic delivery device, for controlled delivery of phytohormones directly in plant vascular tissue is developed. The c‐OEIP is based on polyimide‐coated glass capillaries that significantly enhance the mechanical robustness of these microscale devices while being minimally disruptive for the plant. The polyelectrolyte channel is based on low‐cost and commercially available precursors that can be photocured with blue light, establishing much cheaper and safer system than the state‐of‐the‐art. To trigger OEIP‐induced plant response, the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the petiole of intact Arabidopsis plants is delivered. ABA is one of the main phytohormones involved in plant stress responses and induces stomata closure under drought conditions to reduce water loss and prevent wilting. The OEIP‐mediated ABA delivery triggered fast and long‐lasting stomata closure far away from the delivery point demonstrating systemic vascular transport of the delivered ABA, verified delivering deuterium‐labeled ABA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are able to sense and respond to a myriad of external stimuli, using different signal transduction pathways, including electrical signaling. The ability to monitor plant responses is essential not only for fundamental plant science, but also to gain knowledge on how to interface plants with technology. Still, the field of plant electrophysiology remains rather unexplored when compared to its animal counterpart. Indeed, most studies continue to rely on invasive techniques or on bulky inorganic electrodes that oftentimes are not ideal for stable integration with plant tissues. On the other hand, few studies have proposed novel approaches to monitor plant signals, based on non-invasive conformable electrodes or even organic transistors. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are particularly promising for electrophysiology as they are inherently amplification devices, they operate at low voltages, can be miniaturized, and be fabricated in flexible and conformable substrates. Thus, in this study, we characterize OECTs as viable tools to measure plant electrical signals, comparing them to the performance of the current standard, Ag/AgCl electrodes. For that, we focused on two widely studied plant signals: the Venus flytrap (VFT) action potentials elicited by mechanical stimulation of its sensitive trigger hairs, and the wound response of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that OECTs are able to record these signals without distortion and with the same resolution as Ag/AgCl electrodes and that they offer a major advantage in terms of signal noise, which allow them to be used in field conditions. This work establishes these organic bioelectronic devices as non-invasive tools to monitor plant signaling that can provide insight into plant processes in their natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research includes 45 obeseadolescent boys aged 13-19 years only. The author analyzed the impact of selected rhythmic exercise on physical and anthropometric variables are such as flexibility and body mass indexon adolescent obese boys were randomly selected from U. T. Jammu&Kashmir. They were assigned into three groups. each group consists of forty-five subjects. The three groups are namely Group I acted as Experimental Group (Rhythmic exercise) Group II acted as Experimental Group (Suryanamasker exercise) Group III control group without exercise. The duration of the exercise period was 12 weeks. This final test score is from the as post-test score of the subjects. To find out the significant differences between the groups, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied. When the f-ratio of adjusted post-test mean was found to be significant, Scheffe's post hoc test was employed to find out paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed, at 0.05 level of significance.groups to study the significance of improvement in physical and physiological parameters as a result of the exercise in all cases 0.05 of significance was fixed to test the hypotheses. The result suggests that rhythmic exercise was more effective than Suryanamasker exercise in retaining rhythmic exercise participating and improving physical and anthropometric improvement in adolescent obese boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]