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Environmental observing programs that are based on Indigenous and local knowledge increasingly use digital technologies. Digital platforms may improve data management in community-based monitoring (CBM) programs, but little is known about how their use translates into tangible results. Drawing on published literature and a survey of 18 platforms, we examine why and how digital platforms are used in CBM programs and illuminate potential challenges and opportunities. Digital platforms make it easy to collect, archive, and share CBM data, facilitate data use, and support understanding larger-scale environmental patterns through interlinking with other platforms. Digital platforms, however, also introduce new challenges, with implications for the sustainability of CBM programs and communities' abilities to maintain control of their own data. We expect that increased data access and strengthened technical capacity will create further demand within many communities for ethically developed platforms that aid in both local and larger-scale decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The range of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort (BCB) population of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) extends across the seasonally ice-covered waters of the Pacific Arctic region. The majority of whales summer in the eastern Beaufort Sea and winter in the Bering Sea, migrating across the Chukchi Sea in fall and spring. As arctic sea-ice extent rapidly diminishes, the increasing length and variability of the open water season is changing bowhead habitat substantially, with many areas now regularly ice-free when whales are present. This study examines changes in the number of open water days (OWD) between 1979 and 2014 within annual bowhead whale core-use areas as defined by satellite tagging data, and within the western Beaufort Sea (140–157°W; to 72°N) sampled by fall aerial surveys. Ice cover has decreased more in the core-use areas in the northern extent of the range than in core-use areas in the southern extent. The numbers of OWD within the core-use areas near Point Barrow and along the northern Chukotka Coast during peak use have increased by 13 and 10 days/decade, respectively. The most dramatic reductions in sea-ice cover have taken place in the western Beaufort Sea where the number of OWD on the shelf and slope have increased by 20 and 25 days/decade, respectively. In contrast, sea-ice cover has not significantly changed within the winter core-use area near the Gulf of Anadyr. Using aerial survey data, we found that bowheads in the Beaufort Sea during the fall migration have a preference for being closer to shore than to the ice edge, and that their distance to shore decreases as the fraction of open water increases. This distribution may be due to increased feeding opportunities closer to shore as a result of greater upwelling along the shelf break when the ice cover is farther from shore. Furthermore, the aerial survey data also revealed a substantial shift westward toward Point Barrow in the whales' use of the western Beaufort Sea during fall in the period 1997–2014 compared to 1982–1996. The extent and timing of sea-ice coverage has changed relatively little over time in the Bering Sea. Bowheads typically migrate north prior to spring ice melt and retreat; therefore, large changes in the timing of the spring migration are not expected. We anticipate that bowheads will spend increasingly more time within summer and fall feeding areas, delaying their arrival to wintering areas in the Bering Sea. Reduced ice coverage and thickness in the southern Chukchi Sea may make wintering there more common in the future. Summer and fall movements may be more variable as productivity and zooplankton aggregations in existing feeding areas are altered in response to sea ice thinning and retreat, and as new areas become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At least five populations (stocks) of beluga whales ( Delphinapterus leucas) are thought to winter in the Being Sea, including the Bristol Bay, Eastern Bering Sea (Norton Sound), Anadyr, Eastern Chukchi Sea, and Eastern Beaufort Sea (Mackenzie) populations. Belugas from each population have been tagged with satellite-linked transmitters, allowing us to describe their winter (January-March) distribution. The objectives of this paper were to determine: (1) If each population winters in the Bering Sea, and if so, where? (2) Do populations return to the same area each year ( i.e., are wintering areas traditional)? (3) To what extent do the winter ranges of different populations overlap? Tagged belugas from all five populations either remained in, or moved into, the Bering Sea and spent the winter there. Each population wintered in a different part of the Bering Sea and populations with multiple years of data (four of five) returned to the same regions in multiple years. When data were available from two populations that overlapped in the same year, they did not occupy the shared area at the same time. Although our sample sizes were small, the evidence suggests belugas from different populations have traditional winter ranges that are mostly exclusive to each population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shorefast ice, present along Alaska's Arctic coastline from late fall through early summer, provides a platform for subsistence hunting by coastal indigenous communities. At Barrow, Alaska, Iñupiat hunters build trails each spring across the shorefast ice to connect the community to the adjacent lead where they hunt migrating bowhead whales. Building on efforts initiated by Alaska's North Slope Borough and in collaboration with the Barrow Whaling Captains Association, a systematic ice trail mapping and surveying project was developed in spring 2008. Using electromagnetic induction sounding, ice thickness surveys were completed along trails just prior to whaling. Semi-directed interviews with hunters addressed the impact of ice conditions on the hunt, choice of trail and hunting locations, and safety concerns. Four years of results (2008–2011) have shown that (1) tracking of local ice conditions along ice trails reveals the interannual variability of the shorefast ice thickness distribution, (2) documenting trail building and hunting strategies provides a baseline for how the community copes with variability, and (3) developing information resources for the community facilitates interaction with hunters and maintains project relevance to environmental challenges facing the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental change and increasing industrial activity in the maritime Arctic require strategies to adapt to change and ensure safe operations. This problem has been defined at the broader strategic level. We evaluate key aspects of environ- mental security in ice-covered waters, focusing on tactical and operational information needs, which have received less attention. Monitoring of environmental hazards and effective emergency response in sea ice environments require high-resolution data of ice hazard distributions (e.g., multiyear ice, landfast ice breakout, and ice push events), ice movement and deformation, as well as ice characteristics and dynamics relevant to emergency response. We have developed a prototype coastal observing system at Barrow, Alaska, that addresses such information needs. Imagery obtained from a marine X-band radar with a digital controller is combined with data from on-ice sensors (ice thickness, ice and water temperature, sea level) and assessments of potentially hazardous ice conditions by local experts. Digital imagery and data are processed and disseminated in near-real time. Using a combination of image processing approaches (optical flow, Lucas-Kanade tracker), ice velocity fields, floe trajectories, and boundaries of stationary ice are derived automatically. Early onset of hazardous events is detected through Hidden Markov Modeling, providing potential decision support in operational settings. We evaluate the utility of the system and strategies towards integration with broader emergency response efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts and practices surrounding sustainability are increasingly the focus of many new post-secondary and graduate education programs. However, the term sustainability refers to a complex mixture of disciplines, methods, contexts, and topics. This complexity is often confusing and can create barriers to learning. Comprehensive understanding of sustainability issues requires that students engage in an active learning process, focusing on context and perspective. Our "Sustainability Stew" curriculum, designed by doctoral students in various fields related to sustainability, is intended to guide sustainability education while offering the freedom to explore complex issues in an active, project-based learning environment. In this paper, we provide background and details for the design of the Sustainability Stew Guide and report results from student surveys on the curriculum itself from one undergraduate sociology course at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (n=37), one community college course at Delaware Technical and Community College (n=11), and one graduate-level research group at the University of Delaware (n=7). Student survey results and instructor reports suggest that the Sustainability Stew curriculum is an effective and innovative approach to sustainability education. Finally, we offer analysis and future directions for similar post-secondary sustainability education. Our objective is to offer a novel exercise to aid educators in teaching and discussing the concepts of sustainability in a way that encourages critical, multi-disciplinary engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]