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Virus dynamics models are useful in interpreting and predicting the change in viral load over the time and the effect of treatment in emerging viral infections like HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B virus (HBV).We propose a mathematical model involving the role of total immune response (innate, CTL, and humoral) and treatment for productively infected cells and free virus to understand the dynamics of virus--host interactions. A threshold condition for the extinction or persistence of infection, i.e. basic reproductive number, in the presence of immune response (RI ) is established. We study the global stability of virus-free equilibrium and interior equilibrium using LaSalle's principle and Lyapunov's direct method. The global stability of virus-free equilibrium ensures the clearance of virus from the body, which is independent of initial status of subpopulations. Central manifold theory is used to study the behavior of equilibrium points at RI = 1, i.e. when the basic reproductive number in the presence of immune response is one. A special case, when the immune response (IR) is not present, has also been discussed. Analysis of special case suggests that the basic reproductive number in the absence of immune response R0 is greater than that of in the presence of immune response RI, i.e. R0 > RI . It indicates that infection may be eradicated if RI < 1. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the analytical results using MatLab and Mathematica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is a preliminary report of synthesis of a series of targeted 4,6‐O‐ethylidene‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylamine glycoconjugate quinoline 4‐carboxylic acid derivatives followed by a quick evaluation of their anti‐inflammatory and anticancer activities. Compounds C5 and C8 exhibited highest anti‐inflammatory activity against human COX‐2 enzyme. Anticancer studies were also performed in vitro which revealed C8 as a promising candidate against HeLa, human cervical cancer cell lines. The anti‐inflammatory and anticancer activity was further confirmed by molecular docking studies for all the synthesized molecules. That all the compounds showed potency, seems to validate our initial hypothesis concerning a positive correlation between anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activity for the designed quinoline glycoconjugates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer has ranked number one cancer among Indian females with age adjusted rate as high as 25.8 per 100,000 women and mortality 12.7 per 100,000 women. Data reports from various latest national cancer registries were compared for incidence, mortality rates. The age adjusted incidence rate of carcinoma of the breast was found as high as 41 per 100,000 women for Delhi, followed by Chennai (37.9), Bangalore (34.4) and Thiruvananthapuram District (33.7). A statistically significant increase in age adjusted rate over time (1982-2014) in all the PBCRs namely Bangalore (annual percentage change: 2.84%), Barshi (1.87%), Bhopal (2.00%), Chennai (2.44%), Delhi (1.44%) and Mumbai (1.42%) was observed. Mortality-to-incidence ratio was found to be as high as 66 in rural registries whereas as low as 8 in urban registries. Besides this young age has been found as a major risk factor for breast cancer in Indian women. Breast cancer projection for India during time periods 2020 suggests the number to go as high as 1797900. Better health awareness and availability of breast cancer screening programmes and treatment facilities would cause a favorable and positive clinical picture in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, global dynamics of an SIR model are investigated in which the incidence rate is being considered as Beddington-DeAngelis type and the treatment rate as Holling type II (saturated). Analytical study of the model shows that the model has two equilibrium points (diseasefree equilibrium (DFE) and endemic equilibrium (EE)). The disease-free equilibrium (DFE) is locally asymptotically stable when reproduction number is less than one. Some conditions on the model parameters are obtained to show the existence as well as nonexistence of limit cycle. Some sufficient conditions for global stability of the endemic equilibrium using Lyapunov function are obtained. The existence of Hopf bifurcation of model is investigated by using Andronov-Hopf bifurcation theorem. Further, numerical simulations are done to exemplify the analytical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of bladder tumors has undergone a change over the years but still has not achieved success in predicting the behavior. The correct cellular classification of a tumor helps initiate appropriate treatment. Recently functional, genomic and proteomic data have been of help in aiding prognosis and modifying the treatment in many cancers. However, this data is not routinely integrated into the classification, and treatment protocols in bladder carcinoma hinge on grade and depth of invasion. An in depth understanding of the implication of grade, stage, molecular features on survival is necessary to understand the behavior of the tumor. The classification of Urothelial cancer has undergone a lot of change in terminology over the past century but we have still not identified markers (both morphologic and molecular) for preventing recurrences. It is believed that the treatment protocols should be based on a combination of these and we still have to conduct large-scale follow-up studies to identify these parameters. We present here the changes in bladder cancer classifications over the past century and the implications thereof in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an SEIR epidemic model is proposed for treatment of infectives considering the development of acquired immunity in recovered individuals. We employed two different types of treatment functions. Stability analysis for disease-free as well as endemic equilibria is performed. It is observed that the existence of unique endemic equilibrium depends on the basic reproductive number R0 as well as on treatment rate. Numerical simulations are performed on the proposed models to support and analyze theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two mathematical models are proposed and analyzed. The first one deals with the interaction of uninfected cells, infected cells, viruses and immune response within humans. The second one deals with the effects of environmental toxicant on the first model. In each case, sufficient conditions for local stability and global stability of the equilibria are obtained, computer simulations are performed and the result is biologically interpreted. It has been seen that the environmental toxicant has detrimental effects on healthy cells, infected cells as well as on the immune response of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the interaction between dispersed cancer cells and the major populations of the immune system, namely, the T helper cells, T Cytotoxic cells, B cells, and antibodies produced. The system is described by a set of five ordinary differential equations. Both local and global stability of the system has been investigated. It has been observed that under appropriate conditions this interaction is capable of controlling the growth of these cancer cells. The analytical findings are supported by numerical and computational analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of environmental toxicant on the immune response of the body. Criteria for local stability, instability and global stability are obtained. It is shown that the immune response of the body decreases as the concentration of environmental toxicant increases, and certain criteria are obtained under which it settles down at its equilibrium level. In the absence of toxicant, an oscillatory behavior of immune system and pathogenic growth is observed. However, in the presence of toxicant, oscillatory behavior is not observed. These studies show that the toxicant may have a grave effect on our body's defense mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]