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The rapid development of low-carbon energy technologies and energy storage technologies has provided an important and feasible path to decarbonizing the power system. In this context, there is an increasing number of studies on renewable energy, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) and energy storage expansion planning. However, most of the existing studies attribute the carbon responsibilities to the source side and a small number to the load side. Expansion planning studies that consider the overall carbon emissions of the system to be shared between the source and the load side are still relatively few. Therefore, it is necessary for the source and the load side to share the responsibility for the total system carbon emissions. To fill this research gap, this paper proposes a source-load bilateral carbon incentive mechanism for wind-CCUS-battery power systems based on the carbon emission flow theory. Besides, a bi-layer wind-CCUS-battery expansion stochastic planning framework considering wind and load uncertainties is constructed. The first layer takes the minimum expectation of power generation costs, fixed investment costs of wind turbines and CCUS units and carbon incentive costs as the objective function from a source-side perspective. The second layer takes the minimum battery investment cost and the expectation of electricity purchasing costs and load-side carbon incentive costs as the objective function from a load-side perspective. Finally, the proposed model is tested on the IEEE 24 bus power system for validity and advantage. The results show that the current high investment cost is not favorable to CCUS construction. At this time, the bilateral carbon incentive mechanism is more conducive to promoting system carbon reduction than the unilateral carbon incentive mechanism. In the future, as the cost of CCUS decreases, the source-side carbon incentive mechanism is more conducive to system carbon reduction than the bilateral carbon incentive mechanism. Due to the consideration of the stochastic uncertainty of wind turbines and loads, the research in this paper is closer to the reality, which can provide a reference for the future carbon emission reduction path of the power system, especially for the quantitative analysis of carbon emission reduction of CCUS, which is an important guiding significance for the promotion of the engineering practice of CCUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand-side energy storage is an important foundation for enhancing load flexibility to accommodate renewable energy. With the widespread adoption of renewable energy, demand-side energy storage planning, and its incentive mechanism have also attracted the attention of a large number of scholars. However, there are still few studies on incentives from a carbon perspective. To fill the gap, a dynamic carbon incentive mechanism is proposed in this study. In addition, a hierarchical two-stage robust planning model for demand-side energy storage that incorporates the proposed carbon incentive mechanism is developed. At the first level, the economic dispatch is performed, and bus carbon intensities are calculated based on the carbon emission flow theory. The second level is a two-stage robust planning model to obtain the optimal capacities of demand-side energy storage, which is solved based on the nested column and constraint generation algorithm. The proposed model is implemented and evaluated on the MATLAB/YALMIP platform using IEEE 24-bus power systems. The results validate the efficacy of the model in promoting carbon-oriented demand-side energy storage planning, leading to a substantial reduction of carbon emissions by 8.44%. Notably, when compared to existing incentive mechanisms, the proposed carbon incentive mechanism exhibits distinct advantages in achieving carbon reduction with less both subsidy costs and fixed investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the trend of power system decarbonization, wind power and energy storage planning studies are in full swing. Incentives for wind power and energy storage development are important research topics. However, most studies have proposed incentives from an energy perspective, and few focus directly on incentives from a carbon perspective. To this end, this paper proposes a novel unified bus carbon intensity incentive mechanism from the carbon perspective. A two-stage Stackelberg game wind storage planning model that considers the proposed carbon incentive mechanism is constructed. In the first stage, the carbon flow of the entire system is obtained following economic dispatch based on the carbon emission flow theory. In the second stage, a Stackelberg game wind-storage planning model is constructed to model the game between the power generation company and the power grid company. Through simulation analyses of these cases, the proposed incentive mechanism can effectively guide the construction of wind turbines and energy storage at the best buses. Additionally, by comparing the proposed incentive with the existing incentive mechanisms, this paper finds that the proposed incentive mechanism can achieve a higher carbon reduction effect with a similar total investment in wind turbines and energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy and energy storage are essential technologies for decarbonizing energy systems. Expansion planning of the two technologies considering source‐side carbon responsibility has been well studied. However, expansion planning considering both source‐side and load‐side carbon responsibility, which may simultaneously stimulate the carbon reduction potential of source and load, has been rarely studied. To fill this research gap, this paper proposes a bi‐layer wind turbine generator (WTG) and demand‐side battery (DSB) coordinated planning framework considering wind power and load uncertainties. Moreover, a novel source‐load bilateral carbon trading (BCT) mechanism based on the Aumann–Shapley method is proposed to stimulate the WTG and DSB configuration. In the bi‐layer planning framework with BCT mechanism, WTG and DSB capacity planning with the two‐stage stochastic optimization are conducted in the upper and lower layer, respectively. Finally, test results on a modified IEEE 24‐bus system demonstrate that the proposed framework with BCT mechanism can effectively motivate the planning configuration of WTG and DSB and carbon mitigation. Compared with the models with unilateral carbon trading mechanisms, the proposed model has advantages in stimulating configuration of WTG and DSB, reducing carbon emissions, and balancing source‐load economic burden from carbon trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing carbon trading is an essential way to decarbonize the power system. Many existing studies mainly consider source-side unilateral carbon trading (UCT). However, there are still rare studies considering source-load bilateral carbon trading (BCT). The effect of source-load BCT on system-wide carbon mitigation is worth studying. To fill this research gap, a hierarchical low-carbon economic-dispatch model with source-load BCT based on the Aumann–Shapley method was proposed. In the first layer, economic-dispatch was conducted to minimize the power-generation costs and source-side carbon-trading costs. Then, based on the carbon-emission flow (CEF) theory, the actual load carbon emissions can be obtained and passed to the second layer. At the second layer, the demand-response optimization was performed to minimize the load-side carbon-trading costs. Finally, the proposed model was tested on the modified New England 39-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems using the MATLAB/YALMIP platform with the Gurobi solver. The results indicate that the proposed model can effectively facilitate peak-load shifting, wind-power consumption, and carbon mitigation. Furthermore, compared with the models only considering source-side or load-side UCT, the proposed source-load BCT model has obvious advantages in carbon mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonization of the power system forces the rapid development of electric energy storage (EES). Electricity consumption is the fundamental driving force of carbon emissions in the power system. However, the current EES capacity planning research that considers the load-side carbon emission responsibility is still limited. To fill this research gap, this paper proposes a carbon incentive mechanism while considering load-side carbon emission responsibility. Additionally, a bi-level optimal capacity planning model of the load-side EES based on carbon emission flow (CEF) theory is proposed. The upper level obtained the bus carbon intensities through the optimal economic dispatch and passed them to the lower level. Considering the carbon incentive mechanism, the lower level optimized the EES capacity. Finally, the model was tested by MATLAB/Gurobi in the modified IEEE-39 bus power system. The results show that under the stimulation of the carbon incentive mechanism, the bi-level optimal capacity planning model of the load-side EES could effectively promote peak shaving, valley filling, and carbon reduction. Furthermore, compared with the two existing EES subsidy policies, the proposed carbon incentive mechanism is verified to be more conducive to reducing system carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of emerging technologies has enhanced the demand response (DR) capability of conventional loads. To study the effect of DR on the reduction in carbon emissions in an integrated energy system (IES), a two-stage low-carbon economic dispatch model based on the carbon emission flow (CEF) theory was proposed in this study. In the first stage, the energy supply cost was taken as the objective function for economic dispatch, and the actual carbon emissions of each energy hub (EH) were calculated based on the CEF theory. In the second stage, a low-carbon DR optimization was performed with the objective function of the load-side carbon trading cost. Then, based on the modified IEEE 39-bus power system/Belgian 20-node natural gas system, MATLAB/Gurobi was used for the simulation analysis in three scenarios. The results showed that the proposed model could effectively promote the system to reduce the load peak-to-valley difference, enhance the ability to consume wind power, and reduce the carbon emissions and carbon trading cost. Furthermore, as the wind power penetration rate increased from 20% to 80%, the carbon reduction effect basically remained stable. Therefore, with the growth of renewable energy, the proposed model can still effectively reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stochasticity and volatility of renewable energy have become a major stumbling block to its widespread use. Complementary wind-CSP energy systems (WCES), which are consisted of low-cost wind power and dispatchable concentrating solar power (CSP) with thermal energy storage (TES), are developed to mitigate renewable energy generation instability effectively. Successful implementation of a WCES requires determining two key issues: the installed TES capacity in the system and the energy dispatch strategies in different price modes. This paper proposes a two-stage WCES decision-making framework for coordinating thermal energy storage capacity planning and energy dispatch through multi-channels: wind, solar, and TES. In the first planning stage, we proposed a stochastic model to solve the TES capacity planning problem, which considers the construction cost, the unstable supply of energy resources, and the future production dispatch of WCES. Given the TES capacity determined in the planning stage, another stochastic model is developed in the second operating stage to solve the WCES energy dispatch problem, which determines the real-time energy dispatching by considering the real-time energy supply, demand, and electricity price. The two stochastic models are converted into MILP models using scenario-based and linearization methods. The results show that the proposed models are effective. With further consideration in carbon emission control for the capacity planning, we suggest reserving an additional 20% of the existing optimized capacity for a tighter policy. We show the optimal energy dispatch strategy for the dispatch strategy is to dispatch wind power first, then solar power, and reserve TES energy for power shortage. We also show that the WCES could seize more energy arbitrage opportunities among the three different electricity price models and obtain more benefits in the real-time electricity price model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]