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Vacuolar malic acid accumulation largely determines fruit acidity, a key trait for the taste and flavor of apple and other fleshy fruits. Aluminum‐activated malate transporter 9 (ALMT9/Ma1) underlies a major genetic locus, Ma, for fruit acidity in apple, but how the protein transports malate across the tonoplast is unclear. Here, it is shown that overexpression of the coding sequence of Ma1 (Ma1α) drastically decreases fruit acidity in "Royal Gala" apple, leading to uncovering alternative splicing underpins Ma1's function. Alternative splicing generates two isoforms: Ma1β is 68 amino acids shorter with much lower expression than the full‐length protein Ma1α. Ma1β does not transport malate itself but interacts with the functional Ma1α to form heterodimers, creating synergy with Ma1α for malate transport in a threshold manner (When Ma1β/Ma1α ≥ 1/8). Overexpression of Ma1α triggers feedback inhibition on the native Ma1 expression via transcription factor MYB73, decreasing the Ma1β level well below the threshold that leads to significant reductions in Ma1 function and malic acid accumulation in fruit. Overexpression of Ma1α and Ma1β or genomic Ma1 increases both isoforms proportionally and enhances fruit malic acid accumulation. These findings reveal an essential role of alternative splicing in ALMT9‐mediated malate transport underlying apple fruit acidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is one of the most important fruit trees cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical regions and its production is rising worldwide. Its edible part has a high nutritional and sensory value and a great commercial potential. Mature papaya is consumed fresh and has been used in food processing and cosmetic industries. Along with some other parts such as leaves, seeds or skin, papaya has been used in traditional medicine in various countries. In fact, numerous studies have reported the presence of bioactive compounds with diverse biological properties in the papaya by-products, which has motivated the expansion of their applications. Papaya by-products have been demonstrated to exert a wide range of activities (e.g.; antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-dengue, anti-malarial, anti-fertility, diabetes prevention, insecticidal, anti-AIDS) that could be useful in pharmaceutical industry. They could be used in food industry, as a source of functional compounds and in innovative active packaging strategies, and in different cosmetic products, among other applications. Although this scenario indicates that the papaya industry could diversify and increase its economic value, there are two problems that significantly affect it: the spread of pathogens and the highly perishable nature of this fruit. On the one hand, genetic tools have been used to obtain transgenic varieties resistant to pathogens, while new preservation technologies have been explored. This review focuses on the main bioactive compounds, important physiological functions and applications of different papaya parts and also in the current development of genetically modified papaya in the industry and the research progress on storage and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerated irrigation can promote plant growth, increase yield and improve fruit quality, but the study on the effect of aeration irrigation on the absorption and metabolism of plant urea is relatively few. In this study, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) with tanks technique and 15 N tracer techniques were utilized to investigate the effect of the rhizosphere aeration treatment on plant growth and urea absorption, distribution and utilization of ‘Red Globe’ grape seedlings. The results indicated that the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves increased with the aeration treatment in the same irrigation period. Soil urease and nitrate reductase of the aeration treatment were significantly higher than those from the no aeration treatment at the first, third, and fifth day after irrigation, but the difference was not significant between seedlings of the two treatments at the seventh and ninth day after irrigation. However, experiments that determined the absorption and utilization of the urea- 15 N in plants indicated that the Ndff values of the plant parts were significantly lower with aeration than those without aeration (CK).The distributions of 15 N in these two treatments in the same parts were distinctly different except for the leaves, and the 15 N utilization rate (3.46%) of plants with aeration was noticeably obviously lower than that of the CK plants (9.63%).The results showed that when urea was used as the nitrogen source, the rhizosphere aeration treatment performed by SDI with tanks reduced the ability of the organs to absorb nitrogen, and altered the distribution of nitrogen in the different parts of the grape plants. Therefore, we concluded that rhizosphere aeration could improve plant photosynthesis and soil urease and nitrate reductase activity, but it had negative effects on urea uptake, indicating that rhizosphere aeration and urea application did not have synergistic effects.These results suggest that it is not suitable for aeration irrigation when urea is used as nitrogen fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]