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The fourth and fifth Soil Moisture Active Passive Experiments (SMAPEx-4 and -5) were conducted at the beginning of the SMAP operational phase, May and September 2015, to: 1) evaluate the SMAP microwave observations and derived soil moisture (SM) products and 2) intercompare with the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius missions over the Murrumbidgee River Catchment in the southeast of Australia. Airborne radar and radiometer observations at the same microwave frequencies as SMAP were collected over SMAP footprints/grids concurrent with its overpass. In addition, intensive ground sampling of SM, vegetation water content, and surface roughness was carried out, primarily for validation of airborne SM retrieval over six ~ 3 km × 3 km focus areas. In this study, the SMAPEx-4 and -5 data sets were used as independent reference for extensively evaluating the brightness temperature and SM products of SMAP, and intercompared with SMOS and Aquarius under a wide range of SM and vegetation conditions. Importantly, this is the only extensive airborne field campaign that collected data while the SMAP radar was still operational. The SMAP radar, radiometer, and derived SM showed a high agreement with the SMAPEx-4 and -5 data set, with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of ~3 K for radiometer brightness temperature, and an RMSE of ~ 0.05 m3/m3 for the radiometer-only SM product. The SMAP radar backscatter had an RMSE of 3.4 dB, while the retrieved SM had an RMSE of 0.11 m3/m3 when compared with the SMAPEx-4 data set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a multipolarimetric estimation approach for two model-based vegetation structure parameters (shape ${A}_{P}$ and orientation distribution ${\psi }$ of the main canopy elements). The approach is based on a reduced observation set of three incoherent (no phase information) polarimetric backscatter intensities ($| {S}_{\mathrm{ HH}} |^{2}$ , $| {S}_{\mathrm{ HV}} |^{2}$ , and $| {S}_{\mathrm{ VV}} |^{2}$) combined with a two-parameter (${A}_{P}$ and ${\psi }$) discrete scatterer model of vegetation. The objective is to understand whether this confined set of observations contains enough information to estimate the two vegetation structure parameters from the L-band radar signals. In order to disentangle soil and vegetation scattering influences on these signals and ultimately perform a vegetation-only retrieval of vegetation shape ${A}_{P}$ and orientation distribution ${\psi }$ , we use the subpixel spatial heterogeneity expressed by the covariation of co- and cross-polarized backscatter ${\Gamma }_{{{\mathrm{PP-PQ}}}}$ of the neighboring cells and assume it is indicative for the amount of a vegetation-only co-to-cross-polarized backscatter ratio ${\mu }_{{{\mathrm{PP-PQ}}}}$. The ratio-based retrieval approach enables a relative (no absolute backscatter) estimation of the vegetation structure parameters which is more robust compared to retrievals with absolute terms. The application of the developed algorithm on global L-band Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radar data acquired from April to July 2015 indicates the potential and limitations of estimating these two parameters when no fully polarimetric data are available. A focus study on six different regions of interest, spanning land cover from barren land to tropical rainforest, shows a steady increase in orientation distribution toward randomly oriented volumes and a continuous decrease in shape arriving at dipoles for tropical vegetation. A comparison with independent data sets of vegetation height and above-ground biomass confirms this consistent and meaningful retrieval of ${A}_{P}$ and ${\psi }$. The retrieved shapes and orientation distributions represent the main vegetation elements matching the literature results from model-based decompositions of fully polarimetric L-band data at the SMAP spatial resolution. Based on our findings, ${A}_{P}$ and ${\psi }$ can be directly applied for parameterizing the vegetation scattering component of model-based polarimetric decompositions. This should facilitate decomposition into ground and vegetation scattering components and improve the retrieval of soil parameters (moisture and roughness) under vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horizontally stratified media are commonly used to represent naturally occurring and man-made structures, such as soils, roads, and pavements, when probed by ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering from such multilayered media is dependent on the roughness of the interfaces. In this paper, we developed a closed-form asymptotic EM model considering random rough layers based on the scalar Kirchhoff-tangent plane approximation (SKA) model that we combined with planar multilayered media Green’s functions. In order to validate our extended SKA model, we conducted simulations using a numerical EM solver based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. We modeled a medium with three layers—a base layer of perfect electric conductor (PEC) overlaid by two layers of different materials with rough interfaces. The reflections at the first and at the second interface were both well reproduced by the SKA model for each roughness condition. For the reflection at the PEC surface, the extended SKA model slightly overestimated the reflection, and this overestimation increased with the roughness amplitude. Good agreement was also obtained between the FDTD simulation input values and the inverted root mean square (rms) height estimates of the top interface, while the inverted rms heights of the second interface were slightly overestimated. The accuracy and the performances of our asymptotic forward model demonstrate the promising perspectives for simulating rough multilayered media and, hence, for the full waveform inversion of GPR data to noninvasively characterize soils and materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]