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This case report demonstrates the treatment of a Class III malocclusion, in a twelve-year-old girl, using a unique combination of a removable functional appliance, the "four-way sagittal" appliance and fixed appliance therapy. Efficient and effective correction of malocclusion was attained, following use of the "four-way sagittal" appliance. This appliance was designed on the Denar Witzig articulator, a powerful instrument in providing the clinician with a three-dimensional perspective plus the ability of changing the location of the TMJ on the articulator. A significant increase in the maxillary length and maxillary width was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a powerful three dimensional perspective, it is possible to control the vertical components of bite opening appliances, which can prove to be valuable in design and application of functional appliances. Several cases are presented to illustrate this orthopedic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes anterior and posterior vertical dimension as part of the orthopedic therapy in the mixed dentition, prior to orthodontic therapy. For the posterior vertical dimension treatment, the Denar / Witzig articulator is set minimally to the Gelb 4/7 position, and may be further adjusted from this point to correct facial asymmetry, caused by lack of ramus growth. The appliances allow the first permanent molar to erupt to the desired occlusal plane as dictated by the articulator. Then the primary molars are covered to this position with a composite build-up made on the articulator and bonded in the mouth. This technique allows for increased growth of the posterior vertical, while controlling the anterior growth of the face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the transcriptional regulation of Bmp4 expression during organogenesis, we used phylogenetic footprinting and transgenic reporter analyses to identify Bmp4 cis-regulatory modules (CRMs). These analyses identified a regulatory region located \(\sim\)46 kb upstream of the mouse Bmp4 transcription start site that had previously been shown to direct expression in lateral plate mesoderm. We refined this regulatory region to a 396-bp minimal enhancer, and show that it recapitulates features of endogenous Bmp4 expression in developing mandibular arch ectoderm and incisor epithelium during the initiation-stage of tooth development. In addition, this enhancer directs expression in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb and in anterior and posterior limb mesenchyme. Transcript profiling of E11.5 mouse incisor dental lamina, together with protein binding microarray (PBM) analyses, allowed identification of a conserved DNA binding motif in the Bmp4 enhancer for Pitx homeoproteins, which are also expressed in the developing mandibular and incisor epithelium. In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and in vivo transgenic reporter mutational analyses revealed that this site supports Pitx binding and that the site is necessary to recapitulate aspects of endogenous Bmp4 expression in developing craniofacial and limb tissues. Finally, Pitx2 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated direct binding of Pitx2 to this Bmp4 enhancer site in a dental epithelial cell line. These results establish a direct molecular regulatory link between Pitx family members and Bmp4 gene expression in developing incisor epithelium.