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This paper reports a collaborative autoethnography on a first teaching practicum at Universidad Surcolombiana. The study aimed at how we, as novice researchers and preservice English as a foreign language teachers, make sense of our teaching experiences in our first teaching practicum using collaborative autoethnography as a research method. The data were collected by reflective journals and ethnographic observations. Results show the meaning that we give to our experiences, before and during the covid-19 pandemic, by recognizing and analyzing our sociocultural context. Additionally, we were immersed in a virtual learning environment where we had the opportunity to confront unforeseen changes imposed by the pandemic, familiarize ourselves with possible issues that teachers grapple with, and imagine new ways to be ourselves.

Evidence syntheses that engage librarians as co-authors produce higher-quality results than those that do not. Trained as teachers, researchers, and information managers, librarians possess expert knowledge on research methodologies and information retrieval approaches that are critical for evidence synthesis. Researchers are under increasing pressure to produce evidence syntheses to inform practice and policymaking. Many fields outside of health science and medicine, however, do not have established guidelines, processes, or methodologies. This article describes how librarians led the creation of an interdisciplinary toolkit for researchers new to evidence synthesis. The implementation of the tools, including a protocol, supported eight evidence syntheses focused on effective agricultural interventions published in a special collection in Nature Research in October 2020. This article is a step-by-step overview of the tools and process. We advocate that librarian collaboration in evidence synthesis must become the norm, not the exception. Evidence synthesis project leads without access to a qualified librarian may use this toolkit as a point of entry for production of transparent, reproducible reviews.

This paper reports a collaborative autoethnography on a first teaching practicum at Universidad Surcolombiana. The study aimed at how we, as novice researchers and preservice English as a foreign language teachers, make sense of our teaching experiences in our first teaching practicum using collaborative autoethnography as a research method. The data were collected by reflective journals and ethnographic observations. Results show the meaning that we give to our experiences, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, by recognizing and analyzing our sociocultural context. Additionally, we were immersed in a virtual learning environment where we had the opportunity to confront unforeseen changes imposed by the pandemic, familiarize ourselves with possible issues that teachers grapple with, and imagine new ways to be ourselves.

There will be an increased need for psychologists to provide mental health services in residential aged care facilities. Experience while training is invaluable to improving both confidence and interest in working in this area. Awareness of potential barriers and ethical situations that may impede good mental health care is necessary when providing supervision. This paper reviews issues that supervisors need to be aware of when working with students in this clinical space. Barriers and enablers of clinical placements in residential aged care settings are discussed. Models of care, ethical considerations relating to risk, consent and working systemically, multiple clients, practical difficulties of being off-site and clinical aspects of adapting therapy to residential care settings are identified as key issues related to supervising students. Potential solutions, resources and practical approaches to these issues are also highlighted. A positive approach to the complexities of working in residential aged care settings can lead to quality supervision and clinical care in this much needed area. What is already known about this topic: There is a high degree of mental health issues amongst older adults living in residential aged care. Concerns have been raised about how clinical psychologists will meet future workforce demands. There is a lack of supervisors with experience in providing clinical guidance in this area. What this topic adds: Supervising in residential aged care has been enabled by an increased level of funded psychological services available to aged care residents in Australia. Several unique ethical issues can arise within supervision in residential aged care contexts that need to be discussed with students to improve their competence. There are practical approaches to adapting clinical interventions and working systemically that serve to facilitate a student's placement journey in residential aged care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many distinguished scholars published the primary corpus of their work before the advent of online journals, which makes it more challenging to access. Upon being approached by a distinguished Emeritus Professor seeking advice about getting his work posted online, librarians at the University of Minnesota worked to gain copyright permissions to scan and upload older works to the University's Digital Conservancy (UDC). This project then uniquely took the process one step further, using the sharing option of RefWorks to make these works accessible to the widest possible audience while concurrently offering the sophisticated functionality of a citation manager. With open access repositories gaining acceptance as an authoritative long-term venue for making resources available online, including older content that can be digitized, the methods developed in this pilot project could easily be followed by others, thus greatly increasing access to older literature from distinguished scholars.

An evaluation of musculoskeletal risks for users of ophthalmic imaging equipment and subsequent trials based on recommendations by an Ergonomist. An advertisement was posted on ophthalmic imaging social media sites, requesting photographers, who are experiencing pain or discomfort when using the imaging equipment, to contact the author. Responders received a questionnaire that created a profile of the working habits, equipment used, and location of discomfort using diagrams of the torso and hands. The author contacted the Centre for Occupational Health and Wellbeing in Oxford for recommendations and assessment of the imaging equipment. Trials were conducted at the Oxford Eye Hospital imaging department following recommendations by an Ergonomist. Our research has indicated that the number of imaging procedures carried out by a photographer over the duration of their career, may be the key to calculating the risk factors for developing Musculoskeletal Disorders. Ergonomist recommendations include increasing awareness of wrist and hand pain, so it can be treated early with implementation of risk assessment for working practices, as trials carried out at the imaging department in Oxford have shown that small changes contribute to reducing identified risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antifibrinolytic agents, tranexamic acid (TXA) and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), are often used during cardiac surgery to decrease the number of allogenic blood transfusions and to prevent perioperative bleeding. Weight-based TXA dosing regimens have been compared to fixed-dose regimens of EACA with variable outcomes in perioperative blood product transfusions and chest tube output. Serious adverse events, including seizures, have been reported with higher doses of TXA. Fixed-dose TXA regimens have been evaluated in trauma and orthopedic surgery but there is a paucity of evidence in the cardiac surgery population.Aims Of the Study: To compare the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose TXA versus EACA in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods: A single-center, retrospective chart review was conducted at a 793-bed tertiary care academic teaching hospital comparing cardiac surgery patients receiving either fixed-dose TXA 1000 mg followed by a 500-1000 mg infusion or EACA-7.5 g intravenous boluses followed by a 1-1.25 g/h infusion for the duration of the surgery. The major endpoint included chest tube output at 12 h, 24 h, and 7 days postoperatively. Minor endpoints included quantity and incidence of blood product transfusions and reported safety events.Results: There were 1544 patients included. Chest tube output was similar between groups and the TXA group required more intraoperative blood product transfusions (22.7% vs. 18.2%, p = .03). There were no differences in the median quantity of total blood products administered postoperatively at 24 h or at 7 days. Reported safety events were similar between groups.Conclusion: Both fixed-dose TXA and EACA may be considered safe and effective options for antifibrinolytic therapy in cardiac surgery patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The menstrual needs of girls and women are important to health, education, and well-being. Unmet need and harm from poor menstrual health in low-and- middle-income countries have been documented, but with little empirical research undertaken in high income countries. Continuing austerity in the UK suggests menstruators are likely more vulnerable to 'period poverty' than previously, with the COVID-19 pandemic assumed to exacerbate the situation. Aim: To explore the menstrual experiences and perceptions of women in the UK who are living under circumstances of deprivation, alongside views of staff working in organisations supporting these women, to understand whether women's menstrual needs are met. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in an inner-city in NW England. Three focus group discussions and 14 in-depth interviews were conducted across three study sites supporting impoverished women. Data was analysed thematically. Results: Themes were: reflections on menstruation; affordability of products; access to public facilities; organisational support; potential solutions. Many women perceived menstruation as a burden in three aspects: physical discomfort and pain; psychological anxiety; and shame and stigma. Managing menstruation was difficult due to cost relative to low incomes, with food, heating and lighting prioritised, leaving women improvising with materials or wearing products for longer than desired. Most suggested that products should be free, often remarking if men required similar items this would happen. Most women were unaware supporting organisations provided free products. Staff felt the small range of products offered did not meet client needs and were ill-prepared to have conversations on products and clients' menstrual needs. Conclusion: Impoverished women lack the necessary resources to manage their menses well which negatively impacts their health and brings stress, embarrassment, and shame. Support, including access to free products, is needed at both local and national level to help impoverished women manage their menstrual hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about screening mammography rates among women diagnosed with mental illness--even though some studies have suggested that this population might be particularly vulnerable to breast cancer. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify facilitators and barriers to mammography among women diagnosed with mental illness and/or substance use disorders. Four focus groups were conducted, with a total of 26 women, ages 40-65 years, with mental illness and/or substance use disorders. Analysis was performed using the grounded-theory editing approach. Several major themes emerged from the transcripts: (1) motivators for obtaining mammograms, (2) fears and concerns, (3) shame and embarrassment, (4) the clinical environment, (5) provider-patient communication, and (6) the need for increased patient education. A family history of breast cancer and/or cancer was the most powerful motivator among focus group participants for obtaining a mammogram. Doctor recommendations and referrals were also identified as key facilitating factors. The overall knowledge of mammography and breast cancer among these women suggested educational deficiencies--despite extensive breast cancer screening and awareness campaigns. The findings highlight the importance of patient education as well as the positive effects of physician recommendations to encourage patients to receive breast cancer screening. KEYWORDS. Mammography, mental disorders, women, breast cancer

Moving into residential aged care (RAC) is recognised as a major life transition and is associated with adjustment difficulties and depression for many older adults. We developed the Programme to Enhance Adjustment to Residential Living (PEARL) to assist newly admitted residents to adjust to their new environment through the introduction of tailored strategies that meet their psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence. The structure and content of PEARL is described. Clinical information via three cases are presented to illustrate how the programme facilitates the adjustment and psychological wellbeing of residents following their transition to RAC. The cases highlight the potential benefit of individualised approaches to address the psychological needs of new residents and demonstrate how staff can be assisted to facilitate these needs through a simple, brief intervention. PEARL is a structured step by step programme that can be used by clinicians working in this field. While additional empirical data evaluating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of this intervention is required, PEARL offers promise as a non-pharmacological approach to address the current high rates of distress and mental health disorders in RAC. What is already known about this topic: (1) Mental health concerns among older adults in permanent residential aged care are common, and many newly admitted residents find it difficult to adjust to an institutional environment. (2) Newly admitted residents should have the opportunity to receive adequate support to meet their psychological needs; however, currently, these needs are poorly met. (3) Previous research has identified factors that can contribute to better adjustment to residential aged care however, there are limited evidenced based programmes that support and assist residents during this transition. What this topic adds: (1) PEARL is a five session, structured, tailored intervention that enables clinicians to collaborate with admitted residents and facility staff in an attempt to meet residents' psychological needs and assist in facilitating their adjustment to residential aged care. (2) Clinical information including the structure and content of PEARL is provided including case studies to illustrate the implementation of the programme. (3) While the clinical approach underpinning PEARL is simple, it represents a major departure from standard care that is potentially feasible for wide-spread use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence syntheses that engage librarians as co‐authors produce higher‐quality results than those that do not. Trained as teachers, researchers, and information managers, librarians possess expert knowledge on research methodologies and information retrieval approaches that are critical for evidence synthesis. Researchers are under increasing pressure to produce evidence syntheses to inform practice and policymaking. Many fields outside of health science and medicine, however, do not have established guidelines, processes, or methodologies. This article describes how librarians led the creation of an interdisciplinary toolkit for researchers new to evidence synthesis. The implementation of the tools, including a protocol, supported eight evidence syntheses focused on effective agricultural interventions published in a special collection in Nature Research in October 2020. This article is a step‐by‐step overview of the tools and process. We advocate that librarian collaboration in evidence synthesis must become the norm, not the exception. Evidence synthesis project leads without access to a qualified librarian may use this toolkit as a point of entry for production of transparent, reproducible reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading ectoenzyme. The enzymatic activities of the rat the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading ectoenzyme's mutants have been investigated via the site-directed mutagenesis and the results are presented.

Aims: Implementation of guideline‐directed medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains incomplete. Non‐cardiovascular hospitalization may present opportunities for GDMT optimization. We assessed the efficacy and durability of a virtual, multidisciplinary 'GDMT Team' on medical therapy prescription for HFrEF. Methods and results: Consecutive hospitalizations in patients with HFrEF (ejection fraction ≤40%) were prospectively identified from 3 February to 1 March 2020 (usual care group) and 2 March to 28 August 2020 (intervention group). Patients with critical illness, de novo heart failure, and systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg in the preceeding 24 hs prior to enrollment were excluded. In the intervention group, a pharmacist–physician GDMT Team provided optimization suggestions to treating teams based on an evidence‐based algorithm. The primary outcome was a GDMT optimization score, the sum of positive (+1 for new initiations or up‐titrations) and negative therapeutic changes (−1 for discontinuations or down‐titrations) at hospital discharge. Serious in‐hospital safety events were assessed. Among 278 consecutive encounters with HFrEF, 118 met eligibility criteria; 29 (25%) received usual care and 89 (75%) received the GDMT Team intervention. Among usual care encounters, there were no changes in GDMT prescription during hospitalization. In the intervention group, β‐blocker (72% to 88%; P = 0.01), angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (6% to 17%; P = 0.03), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (16% to 29%; P = 0.05), and triple therapy (9% to 26%; P < 0.01) prescriptions increased during hospitalization. After adjustment for clinically relevant covariates, the GDMT Team was associated with an increase in GDMT optimization score (+0.58; 95% confidence interval +0.09 to +1.07; P = 0.02). There were no serious in‐hospital adverse events. Conclusions: Non‐cardiovascular hospitalizations are a potentially safe and effective setting for GDMT optimization. A virtual GDMT Team was associated with improved heart failure therapeutic optimization. This implementation strategy warrants testing in a prospective randomized controlled trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the development of "AgEcon Search: Research in Agricultural and Applied Economics", a free Web resource which brings together a variety of literature in agricultural economics. Highlights include the literature of agricultural economics, and the partnerships which started the project and continue to provide support. (Author/LRW)

Survivors of childhood cancer treated with cranial irradiation are at risk of cerebrovascular disease (CVD), but the risks beyond age 50 are unknown. In all, 13457 survivors of childhood cancer included in the population‐based British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort were linked to Hospital Episode Statistics data for England. Risk of CVD related hospitalisation was quantified by standardised hospitalisation ratios (SHRs), absolute excess risks and cumulative incidence. Overall, 315 (2.3%) survivors had been hospitalised at least once for CVD with a 4‐fold risk compared to that expected (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7‐4.3). Survivors of a central nervous system (CNS) tumour and leukaemia treated with cranial irradiation were at greatest risk of CVD (SHR = 15.6, 95% CI: 14.0‐17.4; SHR = 5.4; 95% CI: 4.5‐6.5, respectively). Beyond age 60, on average, 3.1% of CNS tumour survivors treated with cranial irradiation were hospitalised annually for CVD (0.4% general population). Cumulative incidence of CVD increased from 16.0% at age 50 to 26.0% at age 65 (general population: 1.4‐4.2%). In conclusion, among CNS tumour survivors treated with cranial irradiation, the risk of CVD continues to increase substantially beyond age 50 up to at least age 65. Such survivors should be: counselled regarding this risk; regularly monitored for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes; advised on life‐style risk behaviours. Future research should include the recall for counselling and brain MRI to identify subgroups that could benefit from pharmacological or surgical intervention and establishment of a case‐control study to comprehensively determine risk‐factors for CVD. What's new? Many sub‐groups of childhood‐cancer survivors have an increased risk of developing adverse health conditions later in life. In our study, the authors found that patients who were treated with cranial irradiation in childhood face a substantially greater risk of cerebrovascular disease after age 50. By age 65, as many as 26% of these patients will have been hospitalised for a cerebrovascular event. These survivors should therefore be counselled regarding lifestyle behaviours to reduce this risk. They should also be regularly monitored for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fall and spring, water beckons to us to "jump the fence" and follow the pathways created by seasonal water changes within the watershed. Inspired by Reggio Children's Dialogues with Places and their pedagogies of listening and relationality, we wonder how paying attention to water might open a different, imaginative space as we question our ongoing colonial relationships with land and water intended to keep water at a distance. Through photos and artwork, we make visible some of the dialogic and empathetic relationships between children and water while making the case that these Reggio principles are relevant to our engagements with children and place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the need for, and outcomes of, a psychotherapeutic skills training programme, within an acute psychogeriatric unit. Nursing staff were surveyed to explore their training needs in psychotherapeutic skills with inpatients diagnosed with depressive, anxiety, or neurocognitive disorders. Staff were then invited to participate in a focus group (n = 6) to identify content of such training, possible barriers, and an implementation strategy. Next, to ascertain the feasibility and acceptability of such training, materials and schedules were developed and piloted with a small group of nurses (n = 8), before being administered to nurses across the unit (n = 23). Impacts of training on the confidence and competence of nurses to use such skills were investigated. Of nurses surveyed (n = 20), 80% wanted to use psychotherapeutic skills in routine practice, but only 35% had received training in such skills in the last 5 years. Focus group results identified that nurses wanted training in skills related to engaging patients, responding to resistance from patients, problem solving, reminiscence, relaxation, and cognitive behaviour therapy. Nurses who underwent the pilot training reported increases in confidence and competence in using such skills. These findings were replicated in the unit‐wide training programme and were found to be durable across a 3‐month follow‐up period. This study highlighted the training needs of nurses working in an inpatient psychogeriatric setting, approaches to implementing new skills, and benefits of training for nurses' levels of confidence and competence in using psychotherapeutic skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Grey literature is ephemeral, and the level to which it is created, used, and cited by faculty, graduate students, and other researchers is not well understood. METHODS This electronic survey was distributed to a sample (57%) of the faculty across a wide variety of disciplines with the only criteria based on tenure and tenure-track faculty at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, a large R1 institution. RESULTS Faculty across disciplines both use and create grey literature for several reasons, including its far more rapid publication process. DISCUSSION Many faculty in a wide variety of disciplines are using and creating grey literature. The survey illustrates the different types of grey literature that are being used and for what purpose. Other topics, such as how faculty are finding grey literature (via Google Scholar and professional contacts), whether they are citing it, and which types they create (e.g., conference papers, preprints, technical reports) are also discussed. CONCLUSION As a result of this survey, librarians can provide support for faculty who use and create grey literature in all disciplines and advocate for and promote grey literature to faculty. With more scholars participating in systematic reviews of grey literature, librarians will need to be more cognizant of where and how it may be discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to radiation and/or chemotherapy during cancer treatment can compromise respiratory function. We investigated the risk of long-term respiratory mortality among 5-year cancer survivors diagnosed before age 40 years using the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS) and Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Survivor Study (TYACSS).Methods: The BCCSS comprises 34 489 cancer survivors diagnosed before 15 years from 1940 to 2006 in Great Britain. The TYACSS includes 200 945 cancer survivors diagnosed between 15 years and 39 years from 1971 to 2006 in England and Wales. Standardised mortality ratios and absolute excess risks were used.Findings: Overall, 164 and 1079 respiratory deaths were observed in the BCCSS and TYACSS cohorts respectively, which was 6.8 (95% CI 5.8 to 7.9) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.6 to 1.8) times that expected, but the risks varied substantially by type of respiratory death. Greatest excess numbers of deaths were experienced after central nervous system (CNS) tumours in the BCCSS and after lung cancer, leukaemia, head and neck cancer and CNS tumours in the TYACSS. The excess number of respiratory deaths increased with increasing attained age, with seven (95% CI 2.4 to 11.3) excess deaths observed among those aged 50+ years in the BCCSS and three (95% CI 1.4 to 4.2) excess deaths observed among those aged 60+ years in the TYACSS. It was reassuring to see a decline in the excess number of respiratory deaths among those diagnosed more recently in both cohorts.Conclusions: Prior to this study, there was almost nothing known about the risks of respiratory death after cancer diagnosed in young adulthood, and this study addresses this gap. These new findings will be useful for both survivors and those involved in their clinical management and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Reorganisation of clinical follow-up care in England was proposed by the National Cancer Survivorship Initiative (NCSI), based on cancer type and treatment, ranging from Level 1 (supported self-management) to Level 3 (consultant-led care). The objective of this study was to provide an investigation of the risks of serious adverse health-outcomes associated with NCSI Levels of clinical care using a large population-based cohort of childhood cancer survivors.Methods:The British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS) was used to investigate risks of specific causes of death, subsequent primary neoplasms (SPNs) and non-fatal non-neoplastic outcomes by NCSI Level.Results:Cumulative (excess) risks of specified adverse outcomes by 45 years from diagnosis among non-leukaemic survivors assigned to NCSI Levels 1, 2 and 3 were for: SPNs-5% (two-fold expected), 14% (four-fold expected) and 21% (eight-fold expected); non-neoplastic death-2% (two-fold expected), 4% (three-fold expected) and 8% (seven-fold expected); non-fatal non-neoplastic condition-14%, 27% and 40%, respectively. Consequently overall cumulative risks of any adverse health outcome were 21%, 45% and 69%, respectively.Conclusions:Despite its simplicity the risk stratification tool provides clear and strong discrimination between survivors assigned to different NCSI Levels in terms of long-term cumulative and excess risks of serious adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Female survivors of childhood cancer treated with abdominal radiotherapy who manage to conceive are at risk of delivering premature and low-birthweight offspring, but little is known about whether abdominal radiotherapy may also be associated with additional complications during pregnancy and labor. We investigated the risk of developing pregnancy and labor complications among female survivors of childhood cancer in the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS).Methods: Pregnancy and labor complications were identified by linking the BCCSS cohort (n = 17 980) to the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) for England. Relative risks (RRs) of pregnancy and labor complications were calculated by site of radiotherapy treatment (none/abdominal/cranial/other) and other cancer-related factors using log-binomial regression. All statistical tests were two-sided.Results: A total of 2783 singleton pregnancies among 1712 female survivors of childhood cancer were identified in HES. Wilms tumor survivors treated with abdominal radiotherapy were at threefold risk of hypertension complicating pregnancy (relative risk = 3.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.29 to 4.71), while all survivors treated with abdominal radiotherapy were at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (RR = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.41 to 7.93) and anemia complicating pregnancy (RR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.27 to 3.46) compared with survivors treated without radiotherapy. Survivors treated without radiotherapy had similar risks of pregnancy and labor complications as the general population, except survivors were more likely to opt for an elective cesarean section (RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.70).Conclusions: Treatment with abdominal radiotherapy increases the risk of developing hypertension complicating pregnancy in Wilms tumor survivors, and diabetes mellitus and anemia complicating pregnancy in all survivors. These patients may require extra vigilance during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS) provides the first detailed investigation of employment and occupation to be undertaken in a large population-based cohort. Previous studies have been limited by design issues such as using small numbers of survivors with specific diagnoses, and involved limited assessment of employment status and occupational level. The BCCSS includes 17,981 5-year survivors of childhood cancer. Employment status and occupational level were ascertained by questionnaire from eligible survivors ( n = 14,836). Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with employment and occupation, and to compare survivors to their demographic peers in the general population. Employment status was available for 10,257 survivors. Gender, current age, cancer type, radiotherapy, age at diagnosis and epilepsy were consistently associated with being: employed; unable to work; in managerial or non-manual occupations. Overall, survivors were less likely to be working than expected (OR (99% CI): 0.89 (0.81-0.98)), and this deficit was greatest for irradiated CNS neoplasm survivors (0.34 (0.28-0.41)). Compared to the general population, survivors were fivefold more likely to be unable to work due to illness/disability; the excess was 15-fold among CNS neoplasm survivors treated with radiotherapy. Overall survivors were less likely to be in managerial occupations than expected (0.85 (0.77-0.94)). However, bone sarcoma survivors were more likely to be in these occupations than expected (1.37 (1.01-1.85)) and also similarly for non-manual occupations (1.90 (1.37-2.62)). Survivors of retinoblastoma (1.55 (1.20-2.01)) and 'other' neoplasm group (1.62 (1.30-2.03)) were also more likely to be in non-manual occupations than expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that the widespread North Pacific species Diaulula sandiegensis is a complex of two pseudocryptic species. One ranges from the Sea of Japan to northern California, whereas the other is found from northern California to Baja California. The name Diaulula sandiegensis applies to the southern species and Diaulula odonoghuei Steinberg, 1963 to the northern species; a neotype is designated for the latter. The two have consistent differences in colour pattern that were overlooked in previous studies. Field observations from San Diego, California, to Bamfield, British Columbia, revealed that the ranges of the two species partially overlap: D. odonoghuei is restricted to intertidal and bay habitats from Fort Bragg, California northwards, whereas D. sandiegensis is found throughout the entire region and is more common in subtidal habitats. Both species feed primarily on a sponge, Haliclona sp., in intertidal habitats, but faecal analysis indicated that D. sandiegensis in subtidal habitats feeds on Neopetrosia problematica. Haplotype-network analyses reveal substantial levels of genetic diversity in both species, which is highly structured in D. odonoghuei, suggesting a complex history for this species. Field surveys, a common garden experiment and a mating study were conducted to investigate the presence of assortative mating. During two mating trials, individuals that encountered one another for the first time always mated with the same species (11 matings). Reproductive isolation in the form of premating barriers may explain the absence of gene flow between these geographically overlapping sister species. A molecular-clock analysis indicates that glacial events may have played a role in speciation and the origin of population structure in the D. sandiegensis species complex, possibly through climate-driven vicariant events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]