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Background and Objective: There is a current research gap regarding the symptom structure and underlying causal relationships between complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) and depressive symptoms. This longitudinal study used a cross-sectional network and cross-lag panel network (CLPN) to examine how CPTSD and depression symptoms interact over time in Chinese college students with childhood trauma.Methods: From 18,933 college students who took part in 2 surveys 12 months apart, 4006 participants (mean age: 20.07 ± 2.04) who reported childhood trauma were screened. Within this sample, there were 2354 (58.8%) males and 1652 (41.2%) females.Results: In the one-year interval CLPN model, it was found that depressive symptoms may precede other symptoms. Specifically, negative emotions and negative self-evaluations are more likely to predict subsequent symptoms. Conversely, in CPTSD, symptoms related to fear and anxiety, such as avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal, are more frequently activated by other symptoms, including negative emotionsConclusions: This finding offers a novel perspective on the interplay between CPTSD and depression, extending the existing theory. From a clinical standpoint, the points of intervention for comorbidity between depression and CPTSD who have experienced childhood trauma differ across different stages.

Objective(s): Health and its equal distribution among people is one of the major factors of society stability. Reaching this goal would be only possible by proper planning in health, monitoring and evaluating the projects, and interventional planning in different sections. Hence, indexes that describe the burden of diseases and injuries understandably for the managers and planners are necessary. DAL Vs unit (Disability Adjusted Life Years) or the years that are lost because of early death or disability, holds such property. In other words, the sum of the lost life because of early death plus the time passed in disability and infirmity, is quantified by DALVs or the burden of diseases, and is shown for each disease and injury. Methods: An extensive study entitled "Estimation of the burden of diseases and injuries and their risk factors" started in 1382 at deputy for health of Ministry of Health and Medical Education, and the current project which is specified to estimation of the breast cancer burden is a part of that study. In this plan a specific methodology is defined to model the cancers in population and specific software is designed for such work. Breast cancer, the most usual cancer in women, should be significantly noticed. Breast cancer is counted as the most common reason of death in women between 40 and 44. Hence, estimation of its burden and determining its share of the total burden made by all the cancers in Iran, allow the planners to distribute the resources proportionately and evaluate the progress of combat campaigns scientifically and efficiently. Results: The burden of breast cancer was estimated 0.62 DAL Vs in every thousand of women population in Iran. Conclusion: The burden of the cancer in Iranian women was low relatively to Eastern Mediterranean region (I.I DALYs/1000) and the whole World (1.99 DALYs/1000), Age peak of breast cancer in Iranian women was in 45-59 and over 80 age groups, The years lost because of early death or disability in 45-59, 60-69 and 70- 79 age groups of Iranian women in every thousand population (DAL Ys/1000) is lower than the same cases in Eastern Mediterranean region and the World.

Fish mortality through floodplain pumping stations is a recognised global issue, but few studies have quantified the degree of mortality that occurs during pumping. We investigated the potential of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) as a tool to record sounds made by fish and their likely mortality as they passed through pumps during downstream migration. The acoustic properties made by freshly killed eels that were fed through an existing pump station were compared to those made by goldfish (Carassius auratus). Processing and analysis of acoustic data enabled the development of an 'eel-specific' algorithm for detecting eels passing through the pumping station. The duration of sound and filtered intensity were useful characteristics enabling reliable separation of the two fish species. The algorithm was then applied retrospectively to soundscape recordings obtained during a typical eel migration period at the test site. Although the tool is unlikely to be able to differentiate the sound of goldfish from 'other' potential sounds of short duration (e.g. sticks), differentiating eels from other sounds was demonstrated. We conclude that this tool has considerable potential for improving the understanding of the timing of eel migrations and likely mortality through pumping stations. The tool may also be used to inform the development of both remote and manual pump management options for reducing pump-related eel mortality. Fish mortality through floodplain pumping stations is a recognised global issue, but few studies have quantified the impact of such infrastructure. This study aimed to use passive acoustic monitoring to record and identify the sounds generated when fish move through pumping stations. It is envisaged that this tool has application not only in quantifying eel mortality, but also as an early detection tool to illicit and test an appropriate management response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes encoding the alpha-1 chain of type I (COL1A1, rs2249492; rs1800012), type II (COL2A1, rs2070739), and type V (COL5A1, rs12722) collagen were associated with the variable response to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Knee extensor muscle strength and soreness were assessed pre-, post-, and 48 h post-EIMD (120 maximal eccentric knee extensor contractions) in 65 young healthy participants, who were genotyped for the aforementioned SNPs. We found that COL1A1 (minor) T-allele carriers (rs1800012) and (major) T-allele homozygotes (rs2249492) were generally weaker (P = 0.019); and (minor) A-allele carriers of COL2A1 (P = 0.002) and (major) T-allele carriers of COL5A1 (P = 0.004) SNPs reported greater muscle soreness, all compared with their respective major (rs1800012; rs2070739) and minor (rs2249492; rs12722) allele homozygote counterparts. To conclude, the risk alleles of these four SNPs appear to negatively influence muscle strength and post-EIMD recovery, possibly via a dysregulated collagen network affecting the muscle's mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical match demands for a newly promoted European Super League (ESL) squad were analysed over a full season using global positioning systems. Players were classified into four positional groups: outside backs (OB), pivots (PIV), middle unit forwards (MUF) and wide running forwards (WRF). MUF covered less total distance (4318 ± 570 m) than WRF (6408 ± 629 m), PIV (6549 ± 853) and OB (7246 ± 333 m) (P < 0.05) and less sprint distance (185 ± 58 m) than WRF (296 ± 82 m), PIV (306 ± 108) and OB (421 ± 89 m; P < 0.05), likely attributable to less playing time by MUF (47.8 ± 6.6 min) compared with WRF (77.0 ± 9.0 min), PIV (72.8 ± 10.6 min) and OB (86.7 ± 3.4 min; P < 0.05). Metres per minute were greater for MUF (90.8 ± 2.2 m.min–1) compared with OB (83.6 ± 2.8 m.min–1) and WRF (83.4 ± 2.4 m.min–1; P = 0.001) although not different from PIV (90.2 ± 3.3 m.min–1; P > 0.05). WRF (36 ± 5) and MUF (35 ± 6) were involved in more collisions than OB (20 ± 3) and PIV (23 ± 3; P < 0.05). The high-speed running and collision demands observed here were greater than that previously reported in the ESL, which may reflect increased demands placed on the lower ranked teams. The present data may be used to inform coaches if training provides the physical stimulus to adequately prepare their players for competition which may be especially pertinent for newly promoted franchises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research is presented describing the study of foot functionality within shoewear to determine the best way in which to protect feet during sporting activity.

The primary objective of this paper is to study the use of medical image-based finite element (FE) modelling in subject-specific midsole design and optimisation for heel pressure reduction using a midsole plug under the calcaneus area (UCA). Plugs with different relative dimensions to the size of the calcaneus of the subject have been incorporated in the heel region of the midsole. The FE foot model was validated by comparing the numerically predicted plantar pressure with biomechanical tests conducted on the same subject. For each UCA midsole plug design, the effect of material properties and plug thicknesses on the plantar pressure distribution and peak pressure level during the heel strike phase of normal walking was systematically studied. The results showed that the UCA midsole insert could effectively modify the pressure distribution, and its effect is directly associated with the ratio of the plug dimension to the size of the calcaneus bone of the subject. A medium hardness plug with a size of 95% of the calcaneus has achieved the best performance for relieving the peak pressure in comparison with the pressure level for a solid midsole without a plug, whereas a smaller plug with a size of 65% of the calcaneus insert with a very soft material showed minimum beneficial effect for the pressure relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot study analyzed the loading on the medial forefoot (MF) region during walking in high-heel shoes. Eight healthy female volunteers have participated in this study with the heel height varied from 0 cm (flat), 4.5 cm (low), and 8.5 cm (high). The results showed that the load on MF increased with the heel height and the magnitude of the load could be effectively reduced by using foam inserts. Comparative studies of foams with different hardness and thicknesses showed that thicker soft foams had a significant advantage over thiner hard foams (P < 0.05) in reducing the peak pressures. An optimum condition with a thick soft insert could reduce MF pressure by 26%, impact force by 27%, and force time integral by 20% when compared to the condition without insert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. This paper is a report of a study to explore the menopause experiences of women living in rural areas. Background. The menopausal phase can be physically and emotionally unsettling in a woman's life. Evidence has shown that a woman's ability to cope with the stresses of menopause can be enhanced through education and social support, yet there is a paucity of research in relation to the experiences of menopausal women in rural areas, where access to supportive services is often limited. Method. Naturalistic inquiry was used to explore the experiences of 25 menopausal women who were living in rural areas in Nova Scotia, Canada. Participants were interviewed in focus group and individual sessions, conducted during 2006. Verbatim transcripts of the interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings. Women living in rural communities described a need to understand fully the intensity of menopause-related symptoms, including changes to their physical and mental wellbeing. Participants described struggling to sift through excessive and conflicting information from a variety of venues and identified a need to receive reliable information from sources they trusted. They described the menopause experience as having a significant impact on their personal relationships and identified social support and humour as their primary coping strategies. Conclusion. Menopause is a significant life event affecting millions of women globally. Nurses are uniquely situated to provide comprehensive women's health care and must employ innovative strategies to provide support to women living in rural communities to enhance both health and wellbeing as they transition through menopause and as they age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-risk pregnancy can be a stressful situation for a woman, her partner and her family. Many women utilize their spiritual beliefs as a way to make sense of their situation. Health care professionals, including nurses, midwives and physicians, can provide effective spiritual care and support consistent with their professional scopes of practice. Spiritually focused interventions can help to reduce stress and anxiety and create a more open and confident approach to the management of pregnancy complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work conductive semistructural composites were produced by injection moulding, combining the mechanical properties of long (glass) fibre thermoplastics (LFTs) with the conductive properties of carbon nanofibres (CNFs). The moulded LFT/CNF parts exhibit percolation behaviour between 2 and 3 wt-%CNF loading, characterised by a sharp drop in electrical resistivity from 1012 to 102 Ω cm, accompanied by a step increase in the shear viscosity at low shear rates. At the same time, the main LFT properties are maintained: the modulus increased slightly, strength and viscosity, and thus processability, remained unaffected, while the impact resistance decreased. In addition, a significant improvement in surface quality was observed, largely eliminating the glass fibre printthrough, typically found in LFTs. The results thus show the successful use of small amounts of CNFs in making LFTs conductive, which becomes suitable for, e.g. electrostatic painting at limited additional cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on presentations made on biomechanics in the "Communications to the Fifth World Congress on Science and Football," held at the Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, April 11-15 2003. "Computer Simulation of Kicking a Ball Using the Finite Element Skeletal Foot Model," by T. Asai, H. Nunome, S. Matsubara and M. Lake, tries to clarify the relation between the stress distribution, the deformation and the impact point on the foot using the high-speed VTR camera system and the finite element method. "Simplified Flight Equations for a Spinning Soccer Ball," by K. Bray and D. Kerwin says that the direct free kick is an increasingly important component of the modern game, second only to the penalty kick in players' and spectators' expectations of a goal.

Objective: Our objective was to determine whether there were any differences in the placental lesions of high-risk patients with versus without ultrasonographic evidence of cervical shortening between 15 and 24 weeks' gestation.Study Design: Women who were at risk for pregnancy loss and spontaneous preterm birth were followed by serial transvaginal cervical ultrasonography with transfundal pressure between 15 and 24 weeks' gestation. Two groups of women were identified: those in whom progressive cervical shortening developed to below 2 cm, either spontaneously or induced by transfundal pressure, and those in whom it did not. A perinatal pathologist who was blinded to the pregnancy outcome retrospectively examined placental histologic slides. The histologic placental lesions were categorized as acute or chronic inflammatory lesions, decidual vascular lesions, and coagulation-related lesions.Results: There were 278 women who were followed during the study. Placentas were submitted for histologic examination in 189 cases (125 singleton, 45 twin, and 19 triplet gestations). There were 72 pregnancies with and 117 pregnancies without an ultrasonographic diagnosis of cervical shortening, respectively. Overall, there were significantly more acute inflammatory lesions in patients in whom cervical shortening developed, as determined by ultrasonographic examination. However, there were significantly more decidual vascular lesions in women in whom cervical shortening did not develop. When we examined the distribution of the placental histologic lesions in the 64 cases of multiple gestations, the only significant finding was again a greater frequency of acute inflammatory lesions in patients in whom cervical shortening developed. There was no difference in the distribution of the placental histologic lesion categories among women treated with bed rest versus cervical cerclage because of the ultrasound diagnosis of cervical shortening.Conclusion: Acute inflammatory lesions of the placenta were more frequent in patients with second-trimester cervical shortening. These findings support that patients with cervical shortening in the second trimester are prone to acute placental inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unaccustomed strenuous exercise can lead to muscle strength loss, inflammation and delayed-onset muscle soreness, which may be influenced by genetic variation. We investigated if a missense single nucleotide polymorphism (A>G, rs2275950) within the TRIM63 gene (encoding MuRF-1 and potentially affecting titin mechanical properties) was associated with the variable response to unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Sixty-five untrained, healthy participants (genotyped for rs2275950: AA, AG, and GG) performed 120 maximal eccentric knee extensions (ECC) to induce muscle damage. Isometric and isokinetic maximal voluntary knee extension contractions (MVCs) and muscle soreness were assessed before, immediately after, and 48 h after ECC. AA homozygotes were consistently stronger [baseline isometric MVC: 3.23 ± 0.92 Nm/kg (AA) vs. 2.09 ± 0.67 Nm/kg (GG); P = 0.006] and demonstrated less muscle soreness over time (P = 0.022) compared with GG homozygotes. This may be explained by greater titin stiffness in AA homozygotes, leading to intrinsically stronger muscle fibers that are more resistant to eccentric damaging contractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This collection of essays highlights dilemmas central to women’s struggles for legal, civil and political rights around the world in the last 200 years. Different perspectives from international historians put these political struggles and subjectivities in context and make connections between political history and social and cultural history. The book is divided into three parts. Part I provides different views on the impact of imperialism on the development of feminism as a western discourse and the subsequent emergence of indigenous and nationalist political movements where women played a definitive role. Part II presents studies of women’s engagements as national citizens. The emergence of global mobilisations in support of women’s human rights in the 20th century with their successes and setbacks is the focus of the third part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]