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The timing gears are the core transmission components of marine diesel engine, whose working conditions are complex and harsh, transient and coupled with the microscopic lubrication state, meshing in the mixed lubrication environment with lubrication-contact coexistence, local asperity contact brings stress concentration, further affects the fatigue life and friction loss. In this study, based on a three-dimensional (3D) line-contact mixed lubrication model, dynamic subsurface stress calculation, fatigue life prediction, and friction loss power study were carried out on timing gears, taking into account transient operating conditions and actual surface roughness. For the established simulation model, an equivalent simulation test of line-contact friction of timing gears was carried out, which can realize the measurement of friction coefficient under the condition of different slip-roll ratios, and make up for the deficiency that the traditional test equipment can only carry out the test under the fixed slip-roll ratio. Although the gear meshing process can only be simulated by the disc specimen due to the limitation of the specimen form, this limitation is similar to the simplified form of the simulation model, which can meet the needs of the verification test. The influence of structure and material on the lubrication state, fatigue life and friction power consumption are studied, which provide theoretical guidance for the tribological optimization design and reliability analysis for the marine timing gears.