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Large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM), which involves dozens to hundreds of decision-makers (DMs), is attracting extensive attention and has become an interesting and hot topic in recent years. Because of various backgrounds and expression habits, DMs tend to elicit preferences with different preference representation structures. Moreover, due to various attitudes and interests, some DMs may adopt noncooperative behaviors to further benefit themselves in LSGDM. To cope with these issues, this study develops an adaptive consensus framework to support heterogeneous LSGDM. A cosine similarity based optimization model is constructed and its analytical solution is derived to directly obtain the collective priority vector of the group using heterogeneous preferences. An extended k-means algorithm is then used to classify DMs. Subsequently, a two-stage uninorm-based behavior management method is developed to generate personalized weight feedback to each DM and subcluster according to their cooperative and noncooperative degrees in the consensus-reaching process. Finally, an illustrative example followed by simulation and comparative analyses is provided to reveal the advantages and features of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy is an important material foundation for the development of national economy. China''s energy consumption mainly depends on fossil fuel which may be used out. On the other hand, energy consumption leads to a lot of environment problems. It’s very significant to keep the energy, environment, and economic harmony. So, the implementation of the policy on energy-saving and emission-reduction is an imminent problem to solve. In this paper, we apply the game theory to analyze the optimal strategy between the government and the enterprises in the process of implementing energy-saving and emission-reduction action. Then we get a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium solution. Finally according to the relationship of parameters obtained, we provide available recommendations for the government to design institutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The enterprise optimal plan model and comparative analysis are adopted in this paper to analyze the effects of pollution taxes, marketable emission permits, pollution standards and abatement subsidies on enterprise emission abatement, technology adoption incentives, the aggregate emission and the implement cost of the four environmental policy instruments. Conclusions are as follows: the major influences of enterprise abatement are technology adoption ability and the rigorousness of environmental policy; the major influences of the enterprise violation are the rigorousness of environmental policy and the government monitoring while independent of abatement technology adoption. From the technology adoption incentives, pollution standards with perfect compliance is higher than pollution standards with imperfect compliance which is higher than pollution taxes, pollution taxes is equal to abatement subsidies which is higher than tradable emission permit; from the control on the aggregate emission, on the possibility of technology improvements, pollution taxes, abatement subsidies and pollution standards will be the stone, however, tradable emission permit is the worst, if the enterprises maintain the current technology, pollution taxes, abatement subsidies, marketable pollution permits and pollution standards will have the same policy effects. From the enforcement cost of different environmental policy instruments, pollution taxes, abatement subsidies and pollution standards are the same, while tradable emission permit will be the lowest in enforcement cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study calculates embodied SO 2 , NOx, and PM 2.5 in Sino-US trade from 2005 to 2015, and investigates their driving and inhibitory factors through LMDI method. Results reveal that, embodied SO 2 , NOx, and PM 2.5 in China's exports into the U.S. were much greater than these embodied air pollutants in imports from the U.S.; China's emission efficiency had a largest inhibitory effect, whose contributions from 2005 to 2015 to reductions in SO 2 , NOx, and PM 2.5 were respectively by 266.18%, 491.95%, and 203.36%, followed by China's energy intensity, whose contributions were respectively by 112.99%, 265.22%, and 86.22%; whereas China's export dependence and export scale had positive effects on export embodied air pollutants. Air pollutants embodied in China's imports from the U.S. were mostly induced by the U.S. emission efficiency and China's import scale. At a sectoral level, the effects on cross-border air pollutant transfer were concentrated in the sectors such as manufactures, non-metallic mineral products, and metal products; promoting factors on air pollutant transfer from the U.S. to China for different sectors were China's export dependence and export scale, whereas inhibitory factors were China's emission efficiency and energy intensity. Some policy implications are put forward related to our empirical results. Highlights • China's emission efficiency and energy intensity reduce air pollutant transfer to China. • China's export dependence and scale increase air pollutant transfer to China. • American emission efficiency and China's import scale increase air pollutant transfer to America. • China's import dependence decreases air pollutant transfer to America. • Cross-border air pollutant transfer in Sino-US trade is concentrated in heavy industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study extends the STIRPAT model and uses China's provincial panel data during 2005–2015 to explore regional differences in impacts of GDP per capita and urbanization on SO 2 , NOx, and PM 2.5 in China. Results show that, an inverse "U" shaped or inverse "N" shaped relationship existed in China's eastern and central regions, and a "U" shaped relationship existed in China's western region, between GDP per capita and air pollutants; on the whole, the economic growth reduced air pollutants in eastern region, but promoted air pollutants in other regions. There was a "U" shaped relationship between population urbanization and air pollutants in China's eastern region, a linear relationship in the central region, and a "U" shaped or inverse "N" shaped relationship in western region. There was an inverse "U" shaped relationship between land urbanization and air pollutants in all regions. Increases in the population and land urbanization levels in China's eastern region would promote SO 2 and NOx, but reduce PM 2.5 ; increases in population and land urbanization levels in the central and western regions reduced air pollutants. The population scale and industrialization had a promoting impact on air pollutants; the energy efficiency had a slight inhibitory impact. Policy implications are put forth related to these empirical results. Highlights • Impacts of economic growth and population urbanization on air pollutants differ among regions. • An inverse U-shape relationship exists between land urbanization and air pollutants in all regions. • Some results are not consistent with Environmental Kuznets Curve hypotheses. • Population and industrialization have a promoting impact on air pollutants. • Energy efficiency has a slight inhibitory impact on air pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's ecological environmental problem becomes severe, corporate environmental behavior (CEB) has become the focus of a range of stakeholders, policy makers and the whole society since the operating activities of companies is the main source of environmental pollution. This study used a questionnaire survey and structural equation model (SEM) to examine the relative importance of external and internal pressures (EIP) on driving CEB. Data was obtained from 702 papermaking companies in China. The mechanism of EIP effects on CEB was tested employing SEM through path analysis, using AMOS 21.0. The results showed that government pressure, economic pressure and internal pressure played significant positive roles in environmental behavior of papermaking companies in China. Economic pressure was the most important factor on environmental behaviors (including defensive, accommodative and proactive behaviors) of papermaking companies. Furthermore, the role of internal pressure on CEB (defensive and proactive) was second only to economic pressure, while the role of government pressure on CEB was much weaker than our expectation. However, the role of social pressure, which was imposed by general public and environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), was not significant. Thus, policy makers should emphasize on the interactions of economic mechanism, government regulation and internal incentive mechanism to stimulate firms to adopt active environmental behavior. More concerns from the general public shall be addressed to enhance their driving effect on CEB in Chinese papermaking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]