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One of the significant challenges of the Radio over fibre (RoF) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is the propagation delay. This delay can lead to serious issues, such as higher propagation delay resulting in collisions and unnecessary retransmissions. Quantum entanglement is an excellent candidate to overcome the propagation delay of the RoF MAC protocol. A new quantum MAC protocol is proposed, named the Quantum Entanglement‐based MAC protocol (QE‐MAC), in which Quantum Teleportation is utilised to address the propagation delay. Four entanglement states are employed to represent the control packets of the classical MAC protocol, and data is transmitted over the classical channel. Instead of using control packets such as acknowledgement, request to send, and Clear to send, state transitions are employed. This approach avoids the delay and collision issues associated with control packets, resulting in a significant improvement in network performance. The delay, duty cycle (DC), and power consumption of the proposed QE‐MAC protocol are formulated and derived. The protocol is evaluated in terms of delay, DC, and power consumption, demonstrating superior performance compared to the classical RoF MAC protocol. In comparison to published works, our proposed approach has successfully reduced both delay and power consumption by 35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth‐generation (5G) technology is seen to be a solution for developing countries to improve their quality of services in terms of transportation, education, health, agriculture, and other fields, thereby holding the promises of economic transformation by improving productivity and the quality of life. The paper considers some of the challenges that face operators, investors, and providers when planning to introduce 5G technology to developing countries. The main focus of this paper is the 5G transport network, in particular, the backhaul network. The 5G transport network architectural options and scenarios are discussed based on several standards and previous studies, the problems of existing infrastructures of developing countries are investigated, and new proposed technologies that may help to address those challenges are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a deep learning integrated reinforcement learning (DLIRL) algorithm is proposed for comprehending intelligent beamsteering in Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) networks. The smart base station in B5G networks aims to steer the beam towards appropriate user equipment based on the acquaintance of isotropic transmissions. The foremost methodology is to optimize beam direction through reinforcement learning that delivers significant improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR). This includes alternate path finding during path obstruction and steering the beam appropriately between the smart base station and user equipment. The DLIRL is realized through supervised learning with deep neural networks and deep Q‐learning schemes. The proposed algorithm comprises of an online learning phase for training the weights and a working phase for carrying out the prediction. Results confirm that the performance of the B5G system is improved considerably as compared to its counterparts with a spectral efficiency of 11 bps/Hz at SNR = 10 dB for a bit error rate performance of 10−5. As compared to reinforced learning and deep neural network with a deviation of ±3o and ±5°, respectively, the DLIRL beamforming displays a deviation of ±2o. Moreover, the DLIRL can track the user equipment and steer the beam in its direction with an accuracy of 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents ongoing work on localization and positioning through triangulation procedure for a Fixed Sensors Network - FSN.The FSN has to work as a system.As the triangulation problem becomes high complicated in a case with large numbers of sensors and transmitters, an adequate grid topology is needed in order to tackle the detection complexity.For that reason a Network grid topology is presented and areas that are problematic and need further analysis are analyzed.The Network System in order to deal with problems of saturation and False Triangulations - FTRNs will have to find adequate methods in every sub-area of the Area Of Interest - AOI.Also, concepts like Sensor blindness and overall Network blindness, are presented. All these concepts affect the Network detection rate and its performance and ought to be considered in a way that the network overall performance won’t be degraded.Network performance should be monitored contentiously, with right algorithms and methods.It is also shown that as the number of TRNs and FTRNs is increased Detection Complexity - DC is increased.It is hoped that with further research all the characteristics of a triangulation system network for positioning will be gained and the system will be able to perform autonomously with a high detection rate.

The requirements for future DVB-T/H networks demand that broadcasters design and deploy networks that provide ubiquitous reception in challenging indoors and other obstructed situations. It is essential that such networks are designed cost-effectively and with minimized environmental impact. The EC funded project PLUTO has since its start in 2006 explored the use of diversity to improve coverage in these difficult situations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of Transmit Delay Diversity (DD) with two antennas to improve the reception of DVB-T/H systems operating in different realistic propagation conditions through a series of tests using a SPIRENT SR5500 dual channel emulator. The relationship between correlation coefficient between channels, receiver velocity and diversity gain is investigated. It is shown that transmit delay diversity significantly improves the quality of reception particularly in simulated fast fading mobile broadcasting applications. This paper documents research conducted by Brunel University and Broadreach Systems. Index Terms--Doppler frequency, DVB-T/H, errored second ratio (ESR), MIMO, spatial correlation, transmit delay diversity (DD).

In the current scenario, there is a drastic increase in air traffic. The air to ground communication plays a crucial role in the air traffic control system. There is a limited spectrum available for aircraft to establish a connection with the Air Traffic Controller (ATC). With air traffic growth, the available spectrum is getting more congested. This paper proposed an Advanced Squirrel Algorithm (ASA)‐trained neural network (NN) for efficient spectrum sensing for cognitive radio‐based air traffic control applications. ASA is a novel metaheuristic‐based training algorithm for an NN. With the proposed algorithm, it is possible to dynamically allocate the unused spectrum for air to ground communication between aircraft and ATC. The quantitative analysis of the proposed ASA‐NN‐based spectrum sensing is done by comparing it with the existing metaheuristic‐based NN training algorithms, namely, particle swarm optimization Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSOGSA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), and artificial bee colony (ABC). Simulation‐based evaluation shows that the proposed ASA‐NN is capable of efficiently detecting the spectrum holes with high convergence rate as compared to PSOGSA‐, PSO‐, GSA‐, and ABC‐based algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long term evolution (LTE)‐advanced was introduced as real fourth generation (4G) with its new features and additional functions, satisfying the growing demands of quality and network coverage for the network operators' subscribers. The term muti‐tier has also been recently used with respect to the heterogeneity of the network by applying the various sub‐network cooperative systems and functionalities with self‐organising capabilities. Using indoor short‐range low‐power cellular base stations, for example, femtocells, in cooperation with existing long‐range macrocells are considered as the key technical challenge of this multi‐tier configuration. Furthermore, shortage of network spectrum is a major concern for network operators which forces them to spend additional attentions to overcome the degradation in performance and quality of services in 4G HetNets. This study investigates handover between the different layers of a heterogeneous LTE‐advanced system, as a critical attribute to plan the best way of interactive coordination within the network for the proposed HetNet. The proposed comprehensive handover algorithm takes multiple factors in both handover sensing and decision stages, based on signal power reception, resource availability and handover optimisation, as well as prioritisation among macro and femto stations, to obtain maximum signal quality while avoiding unnecessary handovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel transparent ultra-wideband antenna for photovoltaic solar-panel integration and RF energy harvesting is proposed in this paper. Since the approval by the Federal Communications Committee (FCC) in 2002, much research has been undertaken on UWB technology, especially for wireless communications. However, in the last decade, UWB has also been proposed as a power harvester. In this paper, a transparent cone-top-tapered slot antenna covering the frequency range from 2.2 to 12.1 GHz is designed and fabricated to provide UWB communications whilst integrated onto solar panels as well as harvest electromagnetic waves from free space and convert them into electrical energy. The antenna when sandwiched between an a-Si solar panel and glass is able to demonstrate a quasi omni-directional pattern that is characteristic of a UWB. The antenna when connected to a 2.55-GHz rectifier is able to produce 18-mV dc in free space and 4.4-mV dc on glass for an input power of 10 dBm at a distance of 5 cm. Although the antenna presented in this paper is a UWB antenna, only an operating range of 2.49 to 2.58 GHz for power scavenging is possible due to the limitation of the narrowband rectifier used for the study. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Audio networking is a growing field, introducing new and exiting possibilities in the professional audio industry [1]; but it also drastically changes the way audio systems will be designed, built, and used. Today's networks have enough bandwidth to transport hundreds of high quality audio channels, replacing hundreds of kilograms of cabling in conventional analog audio systems [2]. Currently there are many systems on the market that distribute audio over Ethernet but the majority of sound engineers are not using them yet. There are mainly two reasons that audio networks are not as popular as expected. First, many of the systems are based on a proprietary implementation that does not allow interoperability between different vendors. Second, wired networks, like the conventional analog audio networks, also need a cable installation. It is therefore understood that the development of a wireless digital audio distribution system would be a significant contribution in this sector. IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) as the primary wireless technology in computer networking has made wireless networks widely available and inexpensive. With its most recent amendments, as well as the use of the 5-GHz ISM band, it can facilitate many high quality audio channels. However, the use of this technology has not been the choice for the audio industry so far. It is obvious that a sequence of problems related with the nature of this technology impede the use of Wi-Fi in professional live sound and studio applications [3]. Apart from the well-known drawbacks of interference and security, encountered in all wireless data transmission systems, the way that Wi-Fi arbitrates the wireless channel access is what causes the majority of the problems. In this paper we highlight the drawbacks of the IEEE 802.11 MAC algorithm in handling multiple stations broadcasting of audio data. We simulate a live audio data wireless network and test the limits of the protocol for this type of traffic. Moreover, we modify the 802.11 MAC algorithm to address the above problems. We test the amended protocol using simulation and analyze the results. We also give the directions for the future research in order for this widely accepted technology to be used in the professional audio industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the work carried out by Brunel University and Broadreach Systems (UK) to quantify the advantages that can be achieved if Transmit Delay Diversity is applied to systems employing the DVB standard. The techniques investigated can be applied to standard receiver equipment without modification. An extensive and carefully planned field trial was performed during the winter of 2007/2008 in Uxbridge (UK) to validate predictions from theoretical modeling and laboratory simulations. The transmissions were performed in the 730 MHz frequency band with a DVB-T/H transmitter and a mean power of 18.4 dBW. The impact of the transmit antenna separation and the MPE-FEC was also investigated. It is shown that transmit delay diversity significantly improves the quality of reception in fast fading mobile broadcasting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite difference time domain (FDTD) method has many applications. This contribution focuses on nonorthogonal FDTD method, which offers an improved geometric flexibility. The effects of the interpolation step in nonorthogonal FDTD on overall accuracy, modeling metallic and dielectric discontinuities, and absorbing boundaries are discussed and the errors are estimated through numerical simulations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 846–851, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23239 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]