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The present systematic review was conducted to investigate the knowledge of health care workers (HCWs) regarding first aid in burns. A comprehensive, systematic search was performed in different international electronic databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as 'Knowledge', 'First aid', 'Health personnel' and 'Burns' from the earliest to 1 February 2023. The appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool) evaluates the quality of the included studies. A total of 3213 HCWs participated in seven cross‐sectional studies. Of the HCWs, 44.50% were physicians. The studies included in this systematic review were conducted in Saudi Arabia, Australia, Turkey, the UK, Ukraine, and Vietnam. The knowledge rate of HCWs related to first aid for burns was 64.78 out of 100, which indicates their relatively desirable knowledge. The factors of first aid training experience, age, and experienced burn traumas had a significant positive effect on the knowledge of HCWs related to first aid for burns. Also, factors such as gender, nationality, marital status, and job position had a significant relationship with the knowledge of HCWs about first aid for burns. Therefore, it is suggested that health care managers and policymakers implement training programs and practical workshops related to first aid, especially first aid for burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived stigmatisation (PS) can cause different effects on burns survivors such as depression, low self‐esteem, body image disturbance, and social anxiety. Current systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to determine the average PS among the burns survivor population and the average reliability of the PS questionnaire (PSQ). A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in various international electronic databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database (SID) using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Stigmatisation", "Burns", "Reliability", and "Questionnaire" from the earliest to February 1, 2023. The COSMIN and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists were applied to evaluate the risk of bias. Data analysis was performed in STATA V.14 and JAMOVI v 2.3.24 software. The analysis consisted of two sections. Firstly, the overall weighted average of PS was calculated based on mean and standard deviation. Then, the reliability average of PSQ was calculated with the reliability generalisation method based on the alpha coefficient, questionnaire items, and sample size of each study. Finally, eight articles were included in the quantitative analysis. The results showed the weighted average of PS was 2.14 (ES: 2.14, 95%CI: 1.77‐2.51, Z = 11.40, I2:97.8%, P < 0.001). The average of PS in the factors of confused/staring behaviour, absence of friendly behaviour, and hostile behaviour was 2.36 (ES: 2.36, 95%CI: 2.05‐2.67, Z = 14.86, I2:92.7%, P < 0.001), 2.13 (ES: 2.13, 95%CI: 1.87‐2.39, Z = 16.22, I2:93.8%, P < 0.001) and 2.07 (ES: 2.07, 95%CI: 1.67‐2.47, Z = 10.05, I2:96.5%, P < 0.001), respectively. The analysis showed that the overall coefficient alpha of the PSQ was 0.88 (ES: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.851‐0.910, Z = 58.7, I2: 95.04%, P < 0.001). Also, the alpha coefficient of factors including confused/staring behaviour, absence of friendly behaviour, and hostile behaviour were 0.847 (ES: 0.847, 95%CI: 0.770‐0.924, Z = 21.6, I2:99.13%, P < 0.001), 0.860 (ES: 0.860, 95%CI: 0.808‐0.912, Z = 32.4, I2:98.02%, P < 0.001) and 0.899 (ES: 0.899, 95%CI: 0.829‐0.968, Z = 21.33, I2: 0.0%, P < 0.001), respectively. In sum, the current study showed that the average PS was 2.14 out of 5 points. Most survivors and parents reported confused/starring behaviour as a common perceived behaviour from different individuals. Also, the average reliability of PSQ was 0.88, and it had acceptable reliability. More studies are required to better judge the level of PS among different age groups. Also, the psychometric properties of PSQ in different cultures are an essential issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to examine the knowledge of medical science students about burn first aid. A comprehensive, systematic search was performed in different international electronic databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database (SID) using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Knowledge", "First aid", "Medical science student" and "Burn" from the earliest to February 1, 2023. The quality of the studies included in this systematic review was evaluated by using the appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool). Thirteen studies had a total of 5046 students studying medical sciences. Among them, 62.24% were female and 77.67% were medical students. The studies included in this systematic review were conducted in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Syria, Egypt, and Malaysia. Medical science students' average knowledge of first aid for burns is 56.92 out of 100, which is considered to be a moderate level of knowledge. Factors such as the experience of first aid training, academic year, clinical experience, and economic status had a significant positive relationship with the knowledge of medical science students about first aid for burns. Also, factors such as age, academic specialisation, academic year, information sources, and fathers' occupation had a significant relationship with the knowledge of medical students about first aid for burns. Therefore, it is suggested that healthcare managers and policymakers make the necessary plans to ensure that first aid training courses are implemented during medical science students' studies as a part of their curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burn injuries, as a major public health problem, can lead to high morbidity and mortality. Burns is considered as one of the most devastating injuries globally and the fourth most common injury after traffic accidents, falls and interpersonal violence. Burn injuries can affect human life, such as physical and mental health, functional skills, and performance. Changes in appearance, social isolation, stress, anxiety, depression, low self‐esteem, unemployment, financial burden and family problems can occur in these patients. These burn complications can be exacerbated without adequate social support. This systematic review evaluated burn patients' social support and related factors. A systematic search was performed on the international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as 'Burns', 'Social support', 'Perceived social support' and 'Social care' from the earliest to 30 April 2022. The quality of the included studies in this review was assessed using the appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool). A total of 1677 burn patients were included in this review from 12 studies. Mean score of social support in burn patients based on multidimensional scale of perceived social support, Phillips's social support questionnaire, social support questionnaire, social support scale and Norbeck social support questionnaire were 5.04 (SD = 1.59) of 7, 22.06 (SD = 3.05), 78.20 (SD = 15.00) of 95, 82.24 (SD = 13.70) and 4.14 (SD = 0.99), respectively. Factors such as income, educational attainment, burn surface area, reconstructive surgery, quality of life, self‐esteem, socialisation, posttraumatic growth, spirituality, and ego resilience had a significant positive relationship with social support of burns patients. Social support in patients with burn had a significant negative relationship with factors such as psychological distress, having children, life satisfaction, neuroticism and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Overall, patients with burns had moderate levels of social support. Therefore, it is recommended that health policymakers and managers make it easier for burn patients to adapt to burns by providing psychological intervention programs and the social support needed by burn patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to examine the caregivers' knowledge with burned children and related factors towards burn first aid. A comprehensive, systematic search was performed in different international electronic databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Knowledge", "First aid", "Caregiver", "Burn", and "Child" from the earliest to the December 1, 2022. The quality of the studies included in this systematic review was evaluated by using the appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool). A total of 11 763 caregivers of children with burns were enrolled in 14 studies. Of the participants, 78.81% were female and 41.15% had a university education. The mean score of caregivers' knowledge with burned children towards burn first aid was 51.44 out of 100. The knowledge of caregivers of burned children towards burn first aid had a significant positive relationship with the level of education, first aid training, age of caregivers, history of burn, number of children, monthly income, social status, and attitude. In addition, caregivers' knowledge had a significant negative relationship with the number of children. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between caregivers' knowledge and level of education, monthly income, smoking, and previous knowledge of first aid. The level of caregivers' knowledge with burned children towards burn first aid was moderate. Therefore, health managers and policymakers can improve the knowledge of caregivers of burned children towards burn first aid by creating suitable platforms for face‐to‐face training as well as online training using websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is one of the complications associated with burns, which can lead to anxiety and sleeplessness in children. Various studies evaluated the effects of non‐pharmacological interventions on burn wound care. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of non‐pharmacological interventions on pain intensity of children with burns. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in various international electronic databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as 'Non‐pharmacological', 'Virtual reality', 'Pain', 'Burn', 'Wound' and 'Child' from the earliest to December 1, 2022. The risk of bias in the final articles was also assessed with the Version 2 of the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2). Finally, a total of 1005 burn patients were included in 19 studies. The age range of the patients was from 0.5 to 19 years. Of the participants, 50.05% were in the intervention group. All studies had a randomised clinical trial design. The results found that non‐pharmacological interventions significantly reduced pain intensity in children (ES: −0.73, 95% CI: −1.08 to −0.38, Z = 4.09, I2:79.8, P <.001). Virtual reality (VR) (ES: −0.54, 95% CI: −1.19 to −0.18, Z = 2.90, I2:72.9%, P =.004) and non‐VR (ES: ‐0.86, 95% CI: −1.45 to −0.27, Z = 2.86, I2:91.4%, P =.04) interventions decreased pain intensity significantly in children based sub‐group analysis. Non‐pharmacological interventions significantly reduced the pain intensity of dressing removal (ES: −0.77, 95% CI: −1.34 to −0.20, Z = 66.3, I2:91.8%, P =.008), dressing application (ES: −0.53, 95% CI: −0.97 to −0.09, Z = 2.37, I2:60.8%, P =.02), and physical therapy (ES: −1.18, 95% CI: −2.10 to −0.26, Z = 2.51, I2:88.0%, P =.01). Also, interventions reduced the pain of burn wound care (ES: −0.29, 95% CI: −1.01 to 0.44, Z = 0.78, I2:72.6%, P =.43), but it was statistically insignificant. In sum, the result of the present study indicated that using non‐pharmacological interventions significantly reduced pain intensity in children. The reduction of pain intensity was greater in non‐VR than in VR interventions. Future studies should focus on comparing VR interventions with non‐VR and single versus multi‐modal distraction to clarify the effectiveness of each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to examine the life satisfaction and related factors among burns patients. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted at the international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as 'Burns', 'Life satisfaction', 'Personal satisfaction', and 'Patient satisfaction' from the earliest to the 1 October 2022. The quality of the studies included in this review was evaluated using the appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool). A total of 3352 burn patients in the nine cross‐sectional studies were included in this systematic review. 70.52% of burn patients were male. The mean age of burn patients was 37.47 (SD = 14.73). The mean score of life satisfaction in burn patients based on SWLS was 23.02 (SD = 7.86) out of 35, based on LSI‐A was 12.67 (SD = 4.99) out of 20, and based on the life satisfaction questionnaire was 4.81 (SD = 1.67) out of 7. Factors including time since burn, religion, and constant had a positive and significant relationship with life satisfaction in burn patients. Whereas, factors such as single marital status, age at injury, length of hospital stay, presence of pain, larger total body surface area burn, head and neck burn, functional impairment, family satisfaction, satisfaction with appearance, and previous psychiatric treatment had a negative and significant relationship with life satisfaction in burn patients. In sum, this systematic review showed that burn patients were slightly satisfied with their life. Therefore, health managers and policymakers can improve the quality of life of burn victims by planning psychological counselling and behavioural therapy, and consequently increase their life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review study is to investigate the nurses' knowledge and related factors towards the prevention of medical device‐related pressure ulcers (MDRPUs). An extensive search was conducted in international electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, and Persian databases, such as Iranmedex and the Scientific Information Database from December 1, 2022. During this search, keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings, such as "Prevention knowledge," "Nurse," "Pressure ulcer," "Equipment and Supplies," and "Intensive Care Units" were used. The quality of the present studies in this review was evaluated based on the appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool). A total of 1847 nurses participated in this review from five studies, and the majority of them (82.94%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 31.40 (SD = 5.97). The mean score of MDRPUs prevention knowledge in nurses based on PU2014 scale and researcher‐made questionnaires were 16.50 (SD = 3.74) out of 31 and 65.49 (SD = 6.33) out of 100, respectively. The knowledge of nurses is influenced by factors such as age, sex, level of education, work experience, technical titles, type of hospital, level of hospital, and type of ward. Various factors had a significant positive relationship with nurses' MDRPUs prevention knowledge, which includes level of education, work experience, previous training on MDRPU, having a wound care certificate, an online search about MDRPU, and attitude and practise towards MDRPU prevention. At the same time, nurses' knowledge about the prevention of MDRPUs had a significant negative relationship with the time interval since last participating in MDRPU training or workshop. Overall, the level of MDRPUs prevention knowledge among nurses was insufficient to moderate. Therefore, it is suggested to provide facilities for nurses to receive the necessary training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate haemoglobin (Hb) changes before and after packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in burn patients. This study was a retrospective cross‐sectional study that was conducted on burn patients in Velayat hospital in Rasht, Iran. The sampling method of this study was consecutive sampling. Data were collected using patient records, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), total body surface area (TBSA) percentage, length of hospitalisation, Frequency of receiving packed RBCs, and Hb level before each packed RBC transfusion and 4 to 6 hours after transfusion. Paired t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the study variables. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between Hb changes after the transfusion of packed RBCs and the study variables. A total of 110 burn patients participated in this study. The average Hb before and after transfusion was 8.07 (SD = 0.97) and 9.16 (SD = 1.01), respectively, which were significantly different (P =.0001). The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between the variables of age (r = −0.188, P =.0001), BMI (r = −0.110, P =.035), and TBSA percentage (r = −0.122, P =.019) with changes in Hb after transfusion. Also, the duration of hospitalisation had a significant positive relationship with Hb changes after transfusion (r = 0.124, P =.017). In sum, Hb level compensation through packed RBC transfusion in elderly burn patients has more challenges. The number of changes in Hb level after receiving packed RBCs decreased with increasing TBSA, BMI, and age. Also, there was a positive correlation between the duration of hospitalisation and changes in Hb levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Poor pain control in burn patients as a great public health problem disrupts the healing and rehabilitation process and results in several adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine in reducing the pain of burn injuries. Materials and Methods: From August 2014 to March 2015, 66 eligible burn patients participated in the study and were randomly divided into two groups of lidocaine (L) and placebo (P). In group L, lidocaine 2% was injected at a bolus dose of 1.5 mg/kg followed by infusion at the dosage of 1.5 mg/kg/h, and in group P, saline was administrated. Pain severity was measured during 24 hours at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 hours after intervention based on Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11). Morphine consumption, Ramsay score, and side effects were also documented. Results: Finally the data from 60 patients were analyzed. Comparing baseline with 24 hours after intervention, NRS-11 scores decreased from 7.12±1.42 to 3.33±0.76 (P < 0.001) in group P and from 6.45±1.02 to 2.50±0.72 (P < 0.001) in group L. Moreover, the mean of NRS scores during 24 hours in the lidocaine group was significantly lower compared to the placebo group, 3.93±0.72 vs 4.73 ±1.14, (P = 0.03). The mean amounts of morphine consumption in group L were significantly lower compared to group P, 14.41 ± 4.86 vs 21.07±6.86, (P = 0.001). The mean of Ramsay score in group L was significantly lower compared to group P, 1.38±0.59 vs 1.45±0.6, (P = 0.014). Conclusions: This study revealed that intravenous lidocaine was an effective and safe drug for pain reduction in burn patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foreign body aspiration is a common accident with life-threatening outcomes. Rigid bronchoscopy is considered an effective tool in the diagnosis and treatment of this complication; however, there is still no agreement on the preferred ventilation method for the treatment of patients with foreign body aspiration. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes followed by ventilation methods in patients with foreign body aspiration undergoing rigid bronchoscopy. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the information was recorded from 90 patients' files, including age, gender, aspirated foreignbody, interval from aspiration to referral, signs, andsymptoms, comorbidity, bronchoscopic results, ventilationmethod during the procedure, occurrence of respiratory complications, heart rate, blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, length of hospital stay, and mortality of patients. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 90 reviewed cases, 57.67% were male, and the mean age was 2.06-1.25 years. The most common aspirated foreign body was peanuts (38.89%). The mostcommonclinical signs were cough (81.11%) and wheezing (51.11%). The mostcommonsymptoms were wheezing (54.44%) and decreasing respiratory sounds (46.67%). Bronchoscopy was associated with foreign body extraction in 65.6% of the patients. The relationship between the ventilation method with blood pressure changes, length of hospital stay, cardiopulmonary complications, and oxygen saturation was not significant; however, the cases with spontaneous breathing referred at shorter intervals from aspiration and experienced fewer heart rate changes. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed no preference between spontaneous and controlled ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy in patients with foreign body aspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adenotonsillectomy is the main treatment for symptomatic tonsillar hypertrophy with postoperative pain as the most common associated complication. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of gabapentin with that reported for acetaminophen on the postoperative pain of adenotonsillectomy in children. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial, a total of 60 children within the age range of 7-15 years undergoing adenotonsillectomy were randomly allocated to two groups of gabapentin (n=30) and acetaminophen (n=30). The first group received a 10 mg/kg dose of gabapentin suspension preoperatively and placebo (suppository) after the intubation. The second group received a 40 mg/kg dose of acetaminophen suppository and placebo suspension simultaneous with that in the case group. Using the pain scale (based on the score of visual analog scale, prescribed drugs, dosage as well as incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after the surgery. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups considering the pain scores at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after the surgery. In addition, the trend of pain intensity statistically decreased within 0 to 24 h in both acetaminophen (P<0.001) and gabapentin (P<0.001) groups. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the postoperative incidence of nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: The obtained results of the present study showed that the administration of gabapentin and acetaminophen significantly reduced the postoperative pain of tonsillectomy and need for narcotics in these patients after the surgery. However, in this study, there was no particular reported superiority for any of the two groups in terms of the effects of gabapentin suspension and rectal acetaminophen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood loss is a common concern during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in intraoperative bleeding and surgical field in FESS. Materials and Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 72 patients within the age range of 16- 60 years who underwent FESS. The subjects were randomly dividedinto two groups. The DEXgroup received 1 mic/kg DEX in 10 min at anesthesia induction followed by 0.4 to 0.8 mic/kg/hour during maintenance, while the control group received normal saline instead of DEX in bolus with the same volumemaintenance. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure (DBP),mean arterial pressure (MAP),and opioid requirement were evaluated in the 15th, 30th, 60th, and 90thmin of the induction. The surgeon's assessment of the field during surgery and intraoperative bleeding was also recorded in this study. Results: The DEX group had lower bleeding scores (P=0.001) than the control group. Surgeon's satisfaction based on a Likert scale (P=0.001) was lower in the control group. The mean of DBP was lower in the DEX group in the 30th(P=0.001), 60th(P=0.001), and 90th(P=0.01) min of the induction. The MAP was lower in the DEX group in the 30th(P=0.015), 60th(P=0.052), and 90th(P=0.046) min of the induction. There were no postoperative adverse effects in the DEX group. Conclusion: It was observed that DEX improves the quality of the surgical field and hemodynamic stability. In addition, DEX might be safely and effectively used in surgeries in which deliberate hypotension is desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Foreign-body aspiration is still considered one of the most important diagnostic and therapeutic issues for physicians. Mortality rates and the prevalence of diseases caused by foreign bodies in the airway are higher in children because of the relatively narrow airway and immature protective mechanisms. The aim of this study was to study the pattern of foreign-body aspiration in the tracheobronchial tree as well as the success rate of rigid bronchoscopy in children admitted to the Amir-al-Momenin Hospital, Rasht during 2007-2014. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the required data were collected from the medical reports of all children under the age of 14 years with suspected foreign-body aspiration who were admitted and underwent explorative rigid bronchoscopy from 2007-2014. The data recorded in the checklists were analyzed using SPSS V16. Results: Out of 103 children with suspected foreign-body aspiration, a foreign body was seen in 74 children (71.8%) during bronchoscopy. Among 74 patients with a confirmed aspiration, 73% (54) were males and 27% (20) were females (P=0.68). The average age of the subjects was 34.82±33.4 months; 66.2% were aged 1-3 years. The most common complaints (symptoms) of patients were non-productive cough (48.6%), wheezing (44.3%) and respiratory distress (18.6%). The most common physical examination findings were unilateral decreased pulmonary sound (62.3%), generalized wheezing (26.1%), and crackles (17.4%). Sixty-three patients had a suspected history of foreign-body aspiration. The most frequently aspirated foreign bodies were nuts (peanuts). In total, 52.7% of foreign bodies were lodged in the right bronchial tree. In 95.9% of cases, the foreign body was completely extracted by bronchoscope. The majority of cases were admitted more than 24 hours after the occurrence of aspiration, and pneumonia was the most common complication. Conclusion: Patient history, especially initial suspicion of aspiration, coughing, wheezing and respiratory distress, can be helpful in the diagnosis of foreign-body aspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]