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With the enhancement in science and technology, necessity of complex shapes in manufacturing industries have become essential for more versatile applications. This leads to the demand for lightweight and durable materials for applications in aerospace, defense, automotive, as well as sports and thermal management. Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is an extensively utilized process that is used for the exact and indented shaped components of all materials that are electrically conductive. This technique is suitable in practically all industrial sectors owing to its widespread application. The present investigation explores WEDM for LM6/fly ash composites to optimize different process variables for attaining performance measures in terms of maximum material removal rate (MRR) and minimum surface roughness (SR). Taguchi’s L27 OA design of experiments, grey relational analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to optimize SR and MRR. It has been noted from ANOVA that reinforcement (R) percentage and pulse on time are the most influential aspects for Grey Relational Grade (GRG) with their contributions of 28.22 and 18.18%, respectively. It is found that the best process variables for achieving the highest MRR and lowest SR simultaneously during the machining of the composite are gap voltage of 30 V, pulse on time of 10 µs, pulse off time of 2 µs, wire feed of 8 m/min, and R of 9%. The predicted GRG is 0.84, and the experimental GRG value is 0.86. The validation experiments at the optimized setting show close agreement between predicted and experimental values. The morphological study by optical microscopy revealed a homogenous distribution of reinforcement in the matrix which enhances the composite’s hardness and decreases the density.

This paper proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN) model of the signal distribution control algorithm (SDCA) to maximize the dynamic vehicular traffic signal flow for each junction phase. The aim of the proposed algorithm is to determine the reward value and new state. It deconstructs the routing components of the current multi-directional queuing system (MDQS) architecture to identify optimal policies for every traffic scenario. Initially, the state value is divided into a function value and a parameter value. Combining these two scenarios updates the resulting optimized state value. Ultimately, an analogous criterion is developed for the current dataset. Next, the error or loss value for the present scenario is computed. Furthermore, utilizing the Deep Q-learning methodology with a quad agent enhances previous study discoveries. The recommended method outperforms all other traditional approaches in effectively optimizing traffic signal timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly advanced thermo-electric machining technique called wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) can effectively produce parts with varying hardness or complicated designs that have sharp edges and are very difficult to machine using standard machining procedures. This useful technology for the WEDM operation depends on the typical EDM sparking phenomena and makes use of the commonly used non-contact material removal approach. Since its inception, WEDM has developed from a simple approach for creating tools and grown to an outstanding option for creating micro-scale components having the greatest degree of dimensional precision and surface finish characteristics. The WEDM method has endured over time as an efficient and affordable machining alternative that can meet the stringent operating specifications enforced by rapid manufacturing cycles and increasing expense demands. The possibility of wire damage and bent, nevertheless, has severely hindered the process' maximum potential and decreased the precision as well as effectiveness of the WEDM process. The article examines the wide range of investigations that have been done; from the WEDM through the EDM process' spin-offs. It describes WEDM investigation that required variables optimization and an assessment of the many influences on machining efficiency and accuracy. Additionally, the research emphasizes adaptive monitoring and control of the process while examining the viability of multiple approaches to control for achieving the ideal machining parameters. Numerous industrial WEDM applications are described with the advancement of hybrid machining techniques. The paper's conclusion examines these advancements and identifies potential directions for subsequent WEDM research. The investigation on WEDM of metal matrix composites (MMCs) is also reviewed; along with the impacts of various cutting variables like wire feed rate (F), voltage (V), wire tension (WT), and dielectric flow rate on cutting processes outcomes like material removal rate (MRR), kerf width (Kw) and surface roughness (SR). In the present article, future directions for WEDM research were also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) are largely used in defense, maritime, and space applications for their excellent properties. LM5 is used where very high resistance to corrosion from seawater or marine atmospheres is required, for equipment used for the manufacture of foodstuffs, cooking utensils, and chemical plants. Zirconia is preferred over other reinforcements as it shows comparatively great refractory properties, high scratch resistance, and thermal shock resistance. Utilizing the stir casting technique, an attempt was made to produce AMCs of LM5 aluminum alloy strengthened with ZrO2. The weight percentage of ZrO2 was changed to 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%. The specimens were prepared and tested as per ASTM standards to find the density, micro and macro hardness, impact, tensile, and compressive strength. The micrographs and SEM images confirm the uniform distribution of ZrO2 particles in the aluminum matrix. LM5/9%ZrO2 AMC has the highest density value of 2.83 g/cm3 and LM5/3%ZrO2 has the least porosity of 2.55%. LM5/9% ZrO2 has the highest hardness values of 78 VHN and 72 HRE. LM5/6% ZrO2 AMC has the highest tensile strength of 220 MPa, compressive strength of 296 MPa, and toughness of 12 J. LM5/6% ZrO2 AMCs may be used for many structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let Heff (Veff, Eeff) be a finite simple connected graph of order m with vertex set Veff and edge set Eeff. A dominating set S d s ⊆ V e f f is called an efficiently dominating set if, for every vertex u a ∈ V G ,   N G u a ∩ S d s = 1 —where NG [ua] denotes the closed neighborhood of the vertex ua. Using efficient domination techniques and labelling, we constructed the fuzzy network. An algorithm has been framed to encrypt and decrypt the secret information present in the network, and furthermore, the algorithm has been given in pseudocode. The mathematical modelling of a strong fuzzy network is defined and constructed to elude the burgeoning intruder. Using the study of the efficient domination of fuzzy graphs, this domination parameter plays a nuanced role in encrypting and decrypting the framed network. One of the main purposes of fuzzy networks is encryption, so one of our contributions to this research is to build a novel combinatorial technique to encrypt and decode the built-in fuzzy network with a secret number utilizing effective domination. An illustration with an appropriate secret message is provided along with the encryption and decryption algorithms. Furthermore, we continued this study in intuitionistic fuzzy networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic fibers as reinforcement in composites are inevitable in today's composite industry due to its exceptional mechanical properties. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of stacking sequence of carbon, glass and Kevlar bidirectional (0°/90°) woven mat synthetic fibers reinforced in epoxy matrix composite with silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles as filler material on mechanical and visco‐elastic behavior of developed novel hybrid polymer matrix composites (HPMCs). Vacuum bag infusion method is adopted to manufacture the composite specimens by stacking carbon, glass and Kevlar fibers alternatively with six layers and six different stacking sequences and tested as per ASTM standards. Tensile, flexural, impact and hardness test is conducted to identify the composite specimen with maximum mechanical characteristics. The maximum tensile and flexural strength of 398.178 and 671.25 MPa respectively is seen for the composite with strong fibers such as carbon and glass stacked away from the neutral axis. Also, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tensile and flexural failure specimen revealed the failure mechanisms of developed composite specimens. Moreover, the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed the visco‐elastic behavior of developed composites with glass transition temperature (Tg) at 115°C. This study emphasizes the influence of stacking sequence on thermo‐mechanical properties of the developed HPMC specimens and explores its potential for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid composites recently developed as highly effective, high-strength structural materials that are increasingly used. Aluminum matrix hybrid composites strengthened with ceramic particulates are commonly used in marine, aerospace, and defense applications because of their exceptional properties. Zirconia-reinforced composites are favored because these composites display high refractory properties, excellent abrasion resistance, and chemical resistance compared to composites of other reinforcements.For applications where lightweight and superior performance is paramount, such as parts for spacecraft, fighter aircraft, and racecars, graphite compositesare the material of choice. In this research work, an effort was made to combine the properties of zirconia and graphite by producing a unique metal matrix composite of LM5 aluminum alloy reinforced with 6% zirconium dioxide (zirconia), using the stir casting process by changing the percentage of the weight of graphite to 2%, 3%, and 4%. The test specimens were prepared and evaluated in compliance with ASTM standards to study micro- and macrohardness, and impact, tensile, and compressive strength. Microstructural studies of composites performed through optical microscopy and SEM expose the unvarying dispersal of particulates of ZrO2/graphite in the aluminum matrix. The hardness, impact, and compressive strength are enhanced due to the addition of reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]