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Abstract This study compares the surface patina of ancient tin rich bronze with pure hydrothermally synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles using various analytical techniques, including metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The primary crystalline component of the patina consists of approximately 5 nm SnO2 nanoparticles, which closely resemble pure SnO2, indicating their comparability. Cu was also detected in the patina; however, it did not form crystalline structures. The X-ray diffraction results showed a shift in the patina’s peak, suggesting the infiltration of Cu into the SnO2 lattice, which compromises its crystallinity. In comparison to synthetic SnO2, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of the patina revealed novel peaks corresponding to both Cu and O, indicating the presence of Cu−O−Sn bonding—a characteristic feature of type-I patina. This suggests that the primary structure of type-I patina consists of crystalline SnO2 nanoparticles, with a limited amount of Cu integrated into its lattice configuration. The concentration of Cu within the SnO2 crystal units is restricted, leading primarily to the formation of amorphous Cu2O in conjunction with Sn. The presence of Sn enhances the structural stability of Cu2O, facilitating its incorporation while inhibiting the crystallization of Cu2O. However, when the Sn concentration is insufficient, an inadequate Cu–O−Sn amorphous phase may form, allowing for the potential crystallization of Cu2O.

Abstract Background Bilateral malignant glaucoma induced by a capsular tension ring associated with ring-shaped cysts of the ciliary body post-cataract surgery is rare. Herein, we present a case to highlight the possibility of capsular tension ring-induced malignant glaucoma. Case presentation A 59-year-old woman underwent phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring implantation for cataracts and zonular fibre laxity in both eyes. Upon admission, annular ciliary masses were detected in both eyes using ultrasound biomicroscopy. Two months post-surgery, the patient experienced vision deterioration, high intraocular pressure, and an axial shallowing anterior chamber in the right eye, and responded poorly to traditional anti-glaucoma medication. Ten days later, similar symptoms appeared in the left eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy detected contact between the ciliary body and the capsular tension ring. Subsequently, malignant glaucoma was diagnosed. Anterior and posterior capsulotomies performed peripheral to intraocular lens optics using neodymium: YAG laser restored communication and alleviated the symptoms. A one-year follow-up revealed stable intraocular pressure and anterior chamber in both eyes. Conclusions This is the first case report of bilateral malignant glaucoma after cataract surgery induced by capsular tension ring, which is associated with bilateral ring-shaped cysts of the ciliary body. Blockage between the ciliary body and capsular tension ring was confirmed using ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Abstract The production of double P-wave heavy quarkonia is studied systematically within the framework of non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics at the exclusive process of the electron–positron collision annihilation at the CM energy $$\sqrt{s}=91.1876$$ s = 91.1876 GeV of the $$Z^0$$ Z 0 pole, i.e., double P-wave charmonia, double P-wave $$B_c$$ B c mesons, and double P-wave bottomonia in $$e^+e^-\rightarrow \gamma ^*/Z^0 \rightarrow |(Q\bar{Q'})[n]\rangle +|(Q'\bar{Q})[n^\prime ]\rangle $$ e + e - → γ ∗ / Z 0 → | ( Q Q ′ ¯ ) [ n ] ⟩ + | ( Q ′ Q ¯ ) [ n ′ ] ⟩ ( $$Q/Q'=c$$ Q / Q ′ = c - or b-quarks) at a future super Z factory, where [n] or $$[n^\prime ]$$ [ n ′ ] stands for the color-singlet $$[^1P_1]$$ [ 1 P 1 ] and $$[^3P_J]$$ [ 3 P J ] ( $$J=0,1,2$$ J = 0 , 1 , 2 ) Fock states. As an improved trace technology is useful for calculating the complicated double P-wave channels, the analytical result can be obtained at the amplitude level. According to our study, the generation rates for the double P-wave heavy quarkonia at the future super Z factory are considerable. The values obtained for the total cross sections of the double P-wave charmonium for $$\sigma {(|(c\bar{c})[1]\rangle +|(c\bar{c})[1]\rangle )}=4.191^{+0.489}_{-0.498}\times 10^{-3}~fb$$ σ ( | ( c c ¯ ) [ 1 ] ⟩ + | ( c c ¯ ) [ 1 ] ⟩ ) = 4 . 191 - 0.498 + 0.489 × 10 - 3 f b , the total cross sections of the double P-wave $$B_c$$ B c mesons for $$\sigma {(|(c\bar{b})[1]\rangle +|(b\bar{c})[1]\rangle )}=0.2045^{+0.0084}_{-0.0080}~fb$$ σ ( | ( c b ¯ ) [ 1 ] ⟩ + | ( b c ¯ ) [ 1 ] ⟩ ) = 0 . 2045 - 0.0080 + 0.0084 f b , and the total cross sections of the double P-wave bottomonium for $$\sigma {(|(b\bar{b})[1]\rangle +|(b\bar{b})[1]\rangle )}=5.244^{+0.134}_{-0.136}\times 10^{-3}~fb$$ σ ( | ( b b ¯ ) [ 1 ] ⟩ + | ( b b ¯ ) [ 1 ] ⟩ ) = 5 . 244 - 0.136 + 0.134 × 10 - 3 f b . The main uncertainties come from the mass of heavy quarkonia and the corresponding first-derivative radial wave functions at the origin under the Buchmüller–Tye (BT) potential. The number of events in the production of double P-wave charmonium, $$B_c$$ B c -meson, and bottomonium states via $$e^-e^+\rightarrow \gamma ^*/Z^0 \rightarrow |(Q\bar{Q}')[n]\rangle + |(Q'\bar{Q})[n^\prime ]\rangle $$ e - e + → γ ∗ / Z 0 → | ( Q Q ¯ ′ ) [ n ] ⟩ + | ( Q ′ Q ¯ ) [ n ′ ] ⟩ at the integrated luminosity $$\mathcal{L}\approx 10^{34}cm^{-2}s^{-1}$$ L ≈ 10 34 c m - 2 s - 1 at the super Z factory is almost unobservable.

Abstract Background The mutations of oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important cause of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) malignance. It has been knowm that metabolic reprogramming is an important hallmark of malignant tumors, and purine metabolism is a key metabolic pathway for tumor progression and drug resistance, but its relationship with the EGFR-mutant LUAD is unclear. Methods Metabolic reprogramming was studied through capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF/MS)-based metabolic profiling analysis. Cell proliferation in vitro was evaluated by EdU staining and cell cycle assay. Tumorigenicity in vivo was tested by subcutaneous tumor formation experiment in nude mice. The binding of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) was detected by DNA pull‑down assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. HIF-1α, HPRT1, DNA damage and cell apoptosis related genes were examined by western blot. In addition, RNA sequencing, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis were performed. Results We found that mutated EGFR (muEGFR) upregulates HPRT1 to promote purine metabolism and tumorigenesis of EGFR-mutant LUAD. Mechanistically, muEGFR increases HIF-1α expression through protein stability. Meanwhile, up-regulated HIF-1α bound to the promoter of HPRT1 and transcriptionally activates HPRT1 expression, enhancing purine metabolism to maintain rapid tumor cell proliferation in EGFR-mutant LUAD. Further, gefitinib inhibited the synthesis of purine nucleotides, and HPRT1 inhibition increased the sensitivity of gefitinib to EGFR-mutant LUAD. Conclusions Our study reveals that muEGFR-HIF-1α-HPRT1 axis plays a key role in EGFR-mutant LUAD and provides a new strategy-inhibiting purine metabolism for treating EGFR-mutant LUAD.

Penicillium citrinum is one of the most prevalent tobacco spoilage fungi. However, the mechanisms underlying fungal growth on tobacco leaves remain largely unknown. In this study, transcriptomic analyses were performed to reveal the genome-wide expression profiles of P. citrinum growing on tobacco leaves. First, a comparative analysis was conducted between two sets of transcriptomic data from P. citrinum growing on chemically defined media and tobacco leaves. Enrichment analyses showed that differentially regulated genes were mainly associated with carbohydrate degradation (e.g., cellulose, pectin, and xylan) and the catabolism of fatty acids and aromatic compounds. Comparative transcriptomic analyses between different time points indicated that the fungal transcriptome varied dynamically during the spoilage process, and the enriched terms were associated with small-molecule degradation and fungal development. Enrichment analyses indicated that more up-regulated genes appeared in all enriched Gene Ontology terms. Notably, more organelles significantly contributed to further fungal growth on tobacco leaves. In conclusion, P. citrinum activates a comprehensive transcriptome that changes dynamically when causing tobacco mildew.

Abstract Methods Single-cell transcriptomics and high-throughput transcriptomics were used to screen factors significantly correlated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Expression changes of CFIm25 were determined via RT-qPCR and Western blot. NP cells were isolated from mouse intervertebral discs and induced to degrade with TNF-α and IL-1β. CFIm25 was knocked out using CRISPR-Cas9, and CFIm25 knockout and overexpressing nucleus pulposus (NP) cell lines were generated through lentiviral transfection. Proteoglycan expression, protein expression, inflammatory factor expression, cell viability, proliferation, migration, gene expression, and protein expression were analyzed using various assays (alcian blue staining, immunofluorescence, ELISA, CCK-8, EDU labeling, transwell migration, scratch assay, RT-qPCR, Western blot). The GelMA-HAMA hydrogel loaded with APET×2 polypeptide and sgRNA was designed, and its effects on NP regeneration were assessed through in vitro and mouse model experiments. The progression of IDD in mice was evaluated using X-ray, H&E staining, and Safranin O-Fast Green staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine protein expression in NP tissue. Proteomic analysis combined with in vitro and in vivo experiments was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of hydrogel action. Results CFIm25 was upregulated in IDD NP tissue and significantly correlated with disease progression. Inhibition of CFIm25 improved NP cell degeneration, enhanced cell proliferation, and migration. The hydrogel effectively knocked down CFIm25 expression, improved NP cell degeneration, promoted cell proliferation and migration, and mitigated IDD progression in a mouse model. The hydrogel inhibited inflammatory factor expression (IL-6, iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α) by targeting the p38/NF-κB signaling pathway, increased collagen COLII and proteoglycan Aggrecan expression, and suppressed NP degeneration-related factors (COX-2, MMP-3). Conclusion The study highlighted the crucial role of CFIm25 in IDD and introduced a promising therapeutic strategy using a porous spherical GelMA-HAMA hydrogel loaded with APET×2 polypeptide and sgRNA. This innovative approach offers new possibilities for treating degenerated intervertebral discs. Graphical Abstract Molecular mechanism of GCA targeting CFIm25 in NP cells to promote regeneration of degenerated intervertebral disc NP

Abstract Background Gastroschisis is a common abdominal wall defect that increases infant mortality risk and health care costs. However, recent epidemiological data on gastroschisis in China is limited. Methods Using 2007–2020 data from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network (CBDMN), we analyzed gastroschisis prevalence rates stratified by birth year, maternal age group, residence area, geographical region, and infant sex. We also examined the temporal variations in prevalence, pregnancy outcomes of affected infants, prenatal diagnoses, and co-occurring anomalies. Results From 2007 to 2020, a total of 6,813 cases of gastroschisis were identified among 25,909,000 births, comprising 4,675 isolated and 2,138 non-isolated cases. Prevalence rates per 10,000 live and still births were 2.63, 1.80, and 0.83 for the overall, isolated, and non-isolated gastroschisis, respectively, all showing a decreasing trend over the study period. The prevalence of overall gastroschisis varied significantly by maternal age (

Abstract Background Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSCs) is associated with high mortality (20–30%) and lacks of effective treatments. Almost all LUSC exhibit somatic mutations in TP53. Wee1, a tyrosine kinase, regulates the cell cycle at the G2/M checkpoint. In TP53-deficient cells, the dependence on G2/M checkpoints increases. PD0166285 is the first reported drug with inhibitory activity against both Wee1 and PKMYT1. Methods Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was assessed using cell colony formation and CCK-8 assays. Cell cycle was performed by PI staining with flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-Phycoerythrin double staining and flow cytometry. DNA damage was detected through comet assay and immunofluorescence assay. In vivo, apoptosis and anti-tumor effects were assessed using the TUNEL assay, a nude mouse model, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Co-immunoprecipitation assay was used to detect protein–protein interactions. We analyzed Wee1, PKMYT1, and Stat1 expression in pan-cancer studies using the Ualcan public database and assessed their prognostic implications with Kaplan–Meier curves. Result PD0166285, a Wee1 inhibitor, effectively inhibits Wee1 activity, promoting cell entry into a mitotic crisis. Moreover, PD0166285 sensitizes cells to cisplatin, enhancing clinical outcomes. Our study demonstrated that PD016628 regulates the cell cycle through Rad51 and results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. We observed increased apoptosis in tumor cells treated with PD0166285, particularly when combined with cisplatin, indicating an enhanced apoptotic response. The upregulation of γ-H2AX serves as an indicator of mitotic catastrophe. Co-immunoprecipitation and data analysis revealed that apoptosis in LUSC is mediated through the Stat1 pathway, accompanied by decreased levels of Socs3. Furthermore, IHC staining confirmed significant differences in the expression of Phospho-CDK1 and γ-H2AX in LUSCs, suggesting involvement in DNA damage. Conclusions In summary, our study suggests that PD0166285, an inhibitor of Wee1, sensitizes LUSC cells to cisplatin and modulates DNA damage and apoptosis pathways through Rad51 and Stat1, respectively. These findings highlight the combination of PD0166285 and cisplatin as a promising therapeutic approach for treating LUSC.

Abstract Malignant transformation (MT) is commonly seen in IDH-mutant gliomas. There has been a growing research interest in revealing its underlying mechanisms and intervening prior to MT at the early stages of the transforming process. Here we established a unique pair of matched 3D cell models: 403L, derived from a low-grade glioma (LGG), and 403H, derived from a high-grade glioma (HGG), by utilizing IDH-mutant astrocytoma samples from the same patient when the tumor was diagnosed as WHO grade 2 (tumor mutational burden (TMB) of 3.96/Mb) and later as grade 4 (TMB of 70.07/Mb), respectively. Both cell models were authenticated to a patient’s sample retaining endogenous expression of IDH1 R132H. DNA methylation profiles of the parental tumors referred to LGG and HGG IDH-mutant glioma clusters. The immunopositivity of SOX2, NESTIN, GFAP, OLIG2, and beta 3-Tubulin suggested the multilineage potential of both models. 403H was more prompt to cell invasion and developed infiltrative HGG in vivo. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the RNA sequencing analysis revealed the tumor invasion and aggressiveness related genes exclusively upregulated in the 403H model. Pathway analysis showcased an enrichment of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Notch signaling pathways in 403H and 403L, respectively. Mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics and hyperpolarized (HP) 1-13C pyruvate in-cell NMR analyses demonstrated significant alterations in the TCA cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Citrate, glutamine, and 2-HG levels were significantly higher in 403H. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the development of a matched pair of 3D patient-derived cell models representative of MT and temozolomide (TMZ)-induced hypermutator phenotype (HMP) in IDH-mutant glioma, providing insights into genetic and metabolic changes during MT/HMP. This novel in vitro model allows further investigation of the mechanisms of MT at the cellular level. Graphic Abstract

Rattus tanezumi (Niethammer, 1975) is one of the commensal rodent species in South China. With the development of transportation and climate change, R. tanezumi has gradually migrated north and become the dominant rat species for the past few years. In this study, we assembled a complete mitochondrial genome of R. tanezumi, captured from North China. The mitogenome contains 16,307 nucleotide pairs, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes, as well as one non-coding control region. Based on whole mitogenome phylogenetical analysis showed that R. tanezumi captured from North China had a close phylogenetic relationship with that from Japan and South Korea. These findings are valuable for further studies on the evolution, genetic diversity, and taxonomy of Asian commensal rodent.

Abstract Alterations in the reward and cognitive control systems are commonly observed among adolescents with internet dependence (ID), and this impairment is often accompanied by social dysfunctions, such as academic burnout. However, the intercorrelations among ID, reward, cognitive control processing, and learning burnout remain unclear. We recruited 1074 Chinese adolescents to investigate the complex interrelationships among these variables using network analysis. The resulting network revealed patterns that connected ID to the behavioral inhibition/activation system (BIS/BAS), self-control, and learning burnout; these results exhibited reasonable stability and test–retest consistency. Throughout the network, the node of BAS-drive was the critical influencing factor, and the node of self-control was the protection factor. In addition, several symptoms of learning burnout and ID were positively associated with sensitivity to punishment. As revealed by the network comparison test, the network constructed among internet dependent (ID) group differed from the network constructed among internet nondependent (IND) group not only in the edges between BIS and learning burnout but also in terms of the edges associated with learning burnout. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the complex mechanisms underlying ID among adolescents from the perspective of the network relationships between core influencing factors and negative consequences. It validates the dual-system model of risky behavior among adolescents and offers a foundation for early warning and interventions for ID in this context.

Background: In the recent decade, there has been substantial progress in the technologies and philosophies associated with diagnosing and treating anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in China. The therapeutic efficacy of ACL reconstruction in re-establishing the stability of the knee joint has garnered widespread acknowledgment. However, the path toward standardizing diagnostic and treatment protocols remains to be further developed and refined. Objective: In this context, the Chinese Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons (CAOS) and the Chinese Society of Sports Medicine (CSSM) collaboratively developed an expert consensus on diagnosing and treating ACL injury, aiming to enhance medical quality through refining professional standards. Methods: The consensus drafting team invited experts across the Greater China region, including the mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, to formulate and review the consensus using a modified Delphi method as a standardization approach. As members of the CSSM Lower Limb Study Group and the CAOS Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine Study Group, invited experts concentrated on two pivotal issues: “Graft Selection” and “Clinical Outcome Evaluation” during the second part of the consensus development. Results: This focused discussion ultimately led to a strong consensus on nine specific consensus terms. Conclusion: The consensus clearly states that ACL reconstruction has no definitive “gold standard” graft choice. Autografts have advantages in healing capability but are limited in availability and have potential donor site morbidities; allografts reduce surgical trauma but incur additional costs, and there are concerns about slow healing, quality control issues, and a higher failure rate in young athletes; synthetic ligaments allow for early rehabilitation and fast return to sport, but the surgery is technically demanding and incurs additional costs. When choosing a graft, one should comprehensively consider the graft's characteristics, the doctor's technical ability, and the patient's needs. When evaluating clinical outcomes, it is essential to ensure an adequate sample size and follow-up rate, and the research should include patient subjective scoring, joint function and stability, complications, surgical failure, and the return to sport results. Medium and long-term follow-ups should not overlook the assessment of knee osteoarthritis.

In this paper, the following critical Kirchhoff-type elliptic equation involving a logarithmic-type perturbation$ -\Big(a+b\int_{\Omega}|\nabla u|^2\mathrm{d}x\Big)\Delta u = \lambda|u|^{q-2}u\ln |u|^2+\mu|u|^2u $is considered in a bounded domain in $ \mathbb{R}^{4} $. One of the main obstructions one encounters when looking for weak solutions to Kirchhoff problems in high dimensions is that the boundedness of the $ (PS) $ sequence is hard to obtain. By combining a result by Jeanjean [27] with the mountain pass lemma and Brézis–Lieb's lemma, it is proved that either the norm of the sequence of approximation solutions goes to infinity or the problem admits a nontrivial weak solution, under some appropriate assumptions on $ a $, $ b $, $ \lambda $, and $ \mu $.

Objective: The objective of this study was to summarize the research context, hotspots, and the development trend of Huoxue lishui method in ophthalmology in the past decade by reviewing the relevant publications. Materials and Methods: Relevant publications on the application of Huoxue lishui method in ophthalmology from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2021, in databases such as CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang were retrieved. The analysis of coauthorship, keyword co-occurrence, keyword clustering, keyword emergence, and keyword timeline map of the publications was done with bibliometrics tools CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Results: A total of 100 publications were included in the analysis. The year 2020 saw the publication of most papers concerning the application of Huoxue lishui method in ophthalmology. High-frequency words are macular edema, Huoxue lishui, diabetic macular edema, Huoxue lishui method, Huoxue lishui formula, and promoting Qi and nourishing Yin. Three research hotspots were identified through keyword clustering analysis. Keyword emergence analysis and keyword timeline map indicated that a combined treatment of Huoxue lishui method and promoting Qi and nourishing Yin and diabetic ophthalmology is predicted to be research frontiers. Conclusions: Through the use of knowledge maps, this article reveals the research status in this field in the past decade and highlights the major directions, research hotspots, and development trends, providing references for further research in this field.

Abstract Background Hagfishes are fascinating creatures that typically inhabit the deep sea. The deep sea is characterized by its lack of sunlight, primary productivity, and diminishing biomass with increasing ocean depth. Therefore, hagfishes living in this environment must develop effective survival strategies to adapt to the limited food supply. Deep-sea hagfishes have been observed to survive without food intake for up to one year. In this study, we have assembled a high-quality somatic genome of the deep-sea hagfish (Eptatretus okinoseanus) captured below 1,000 m. We compared the genome of E. okinoseanus with the genomes of inshore hagfish, lampreys, and other related species to investigate the genetic factors underlying the deep-sea hagfish adaptations to the environment. Results The E. okinoseanus somatic genome was estimated to be 1.89 Gb and assembled into 17 pseudochromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that shallow-sea and deep-sea hagfishes diverged approximately 58.8 million years ago. We found Perilipin gene family was significantly expanded in deep sea E. okinoseanus, which promotes triacylglycerol storage. Furthermore, a series of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, blood glucose regulation, and metabolic rate regulation were also expanded, rapid evolution or positive selection, and these changes contribute to their efficiency in energy utilization. Among these genes, the positively selected gene JNK may play an important role in energy metabolism. In addition, the olfactory receptors of the deep-sea hagfish were significantly expanded to 86, and three conserved motifs present only in hagfishes olfactory receptors were identified, which may facilitate the rapid localization of carrion. Conclusions This study provides valuable genomic resources for insights into the survival strategies of deep-sea hagfishes in oligotrophic environments.

Abstract Background This study was intended to investigate the correlation between depression and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential mediating roles of chronotype and sleep quality in this relationship . Methods A sample of 4,768 college students was selected from four institutions in Anhui Province, China, and the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic (November to December 2020) using a stratified, cluster, multi-stage sampling method. This study used the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) to assess depressive symptoms, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire 19 (MEQ-19) to determine individual sleep chronotypes (i.e., morning or evening preference), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to evaluate sleep quality. Participants were asked about suicidal ideation. MPLUS 8.3 software was used to analyze the mediating effect of chronotype and sleep quality on the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation. Results During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of suicidal ideation among Chinese college students was 5.4%. Depression was inversely correlated with chronotype (beta = − 0.346, P

In order to solve the problem of efficient trajectory control of centimeter-scale robots with small size, a small jellyfish robot (JRT) is designed and developed, which is composed of an air chamber, a center of gravity adjustment device and a jellyfish-inspired thruster with a size of only ⌀6.8 cm × 5.3 cm. Its trajectory can be effectively controlled underwater through the coordination of the center of gravity adjustment device and jellyfish-inspired thruster. Underwater experiments verify the function of JRT swimming and hovering in the vertical direction, horizontal directional swimming, and horizontal ejection. By analyzing the force balance relationship and motion state data of JRT swimming in the vertical and horizontal directions, a trajectory control scheme is proposed. The speed of horizontal directional swimming can reach 1.7 cm/s, and the trajectory deviation is 0—3.4 cm, which shows that the JRT has a good trajectory control ability and is expected to be applied in underwater resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and other fields.

The assembly process information of wind turbines is usually scattered in process documents consisting of multi-modal information, such as 3D models, natural texts, and images. Therefore, the cost of maintaining data and extracting process knowledge is high while the efficiency is low. To solve this problem, a multi-modal knowledge graph-based modeling method for the assembly process knowledge of wind turbines is proposed with multi-source heterogeneous data. First, the concepts in multi-modal process knowledge graph of wind turbine (MPKG-WT) are defined by analyzing the process characteristics of wind turbines to complete the construction of ontology. Then, based on the characteristics of multi-source heterogeneous data and multi-modal information, data analysis, knowledge extraction, and semantic similarity calculation are leveraged to realize the automatic instantiation of the graph. Finally, taking the process data of a wind turbine enterprise as an example, MPKG-WT is constructed and verified by implementing an auxiliary system for process design. The results show that MPKG-WT is more informative than the single-modal graph, and the data in different modals can complement each other, which leads to significant improvements in the efficiency of process design.

Abstract The freezing and thawing cycle is one of the primary causes of damage and instability to buildings in seasonal frost regions. During this process, the mechanical properties of soil are affected, leading to settlement, cracking, or deformation of infrastructure. Mitigating or reducing the occurrence of building frost damage in seasonal frost regions has become an important subject of study. Freeze–thaw (F–T) action will influence the distribution of moisture inside the reinforced soil and change the strength of thawing soil, which is closely related to the main influencing factors, such as initial moisture content, compaction degree, reinforced spacing, number of freeze–thaw cycles (FTC), freezing temperature, and effective vertical stress. Cohesion is an important index to determine the shear strength of clay, which is important to analyze the change in cohesion after F–T. Meanwhile, cohesion is closely related to soil moisture content. This study conducted orthogonal experiments on these primary influencing factors (6 factors at 5 levels) through FTC tests, triaxial tests, and moisture content tests to determine the undrained cohesion and moisture content of the clay after FTC, thereby establishing the influence of reinforcement on soil strength under freeze–thaw conditions. Based on the experimental results, SPSS software was used to fit the regression equations of undrained cohesion and moisture content expressed by the main influencing factors at different heights of the clay. Optimization options for the main influencing factors were obtained with Matlab software when the highest undrained cohesion values 6.8, 10.6, 8.9 kPa and lowest moisture content values 24.0%, 24.3%, 26.2% appeared in upper, middle and lower parts of the testing clay structure respectively, in conditions of − 15 °C freezing temperature and 5 times FTC. And determined the optimal combinations of moisture content, reinforcement spacing, compaction density, and vertical load at different heights. Decreasing reinforced spacing in silty clay was beneficial for liquid underwater seepage after F–T. The redistribution of internal moisture in the soil sample strengthened its undrained cohesion, thereby increasing the soil's shear strength. Comparing reinforcement conditions at different locations, it was found that when there were 3 layers of reinforcement with a spacing of 150 mm between them, this spacing was optimal. It played a significant role in improving the soil's shear strength and enhancing its bearing capacity. For reinforced clay itself, the order of the main factors influencing the undrained cohesion of soil after F–T, from high to low, was initial moisture content, reinforced spacing, and compaction degree.

Abstract It has been shown that noise emissions from HV overhead line conductors can be reduced under rain conditions by making their surfaces superhydrophobic. The working environment makes ensuring the longevity of any treatment a major challenge. The degradation of various superhydrophobic surfaces generated by applying a superhydrophobic coating and patterning microscale channels is assessed under an AC electric field (18 kV/cm) with continuous water spray. By examining the droplet distribution on the surfaces during the degradation and the surface roughness before and after degradation, the authors demonstrate that no water droplets were found on the microscale patterned surface, but droplets were formed on the coated surface after degradation. The surface roughness reduction of the coated surface and microscale patterned surface was 29.8% and 11.3%, respectively, indicating that the microscale patterned surface has better durability than the superhydrophobic coating under the AC electric stress.

Abstract Biological networks serve a crucial role in elucidating intricate biological processes. While interspecies environmental interactions have been extensively studied, the exploration of gene interactions within species, particularly among individual microorganisms, is less developed. The increasing amount of microbiome genomic data necessitates a more nuanced analysis of microbial genome structures and functions. In this context, we introduce a complex structure using higher-order network theory, “Solid Motif Structures (SMS)”, via a hierarchical biological network analysis of genomes within the same genus, effectively linking microbial genome structure with its function. Leveraging 162 high-quality genomes of Microcystis, a key freshwater cyanobacterium within microbial ecosystems, we established a genome structure network. Employing deep learning techniques, such as adaptive graph encoder, we uncovered 27 critical functional subnetworks and their associated SMSs. Incorporating metagenomic data from seven geographically distinct lakes, we conducted an investigation into Microcystis’ functional stability under varying environmental conditions, unveiling unique functional interaction models for each lake. Our work compiles these insights into an extensive resource repository, providing novel perspectives on the functional dynamics within Microcystis. This research offers a hierarchical network analysis framework for understanding interactions between microbial genome structures and functions within the same genus.

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and is associated with the disease activity and proteinuria. Recently, alterations in metabolism have been recognized as key regulators of SLE pathogenesis. Our objective was to identify differential metabolites in the serum metabolome of SLE with vitamin D deficiency. In this study, serum samples from 31 SLE patients were collected. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were assayed by ELISA. Patients were divided into two groups according to their vitamin D level (20 ng/ml). Untargeted metabolomics were used to study the metabolite profiles in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we performed metabolomics profiling analysis to identify 52 significantly altered metabolites in vitamin D deficient SLE patients. The area under the curve (AUC) from ROC analyses was calculated to assess the diagnostic potential of each candidate metabolite biomarker. Lipids accounted for 66.67% of the differential metabolites in the serum, highlighted the disruption of lipid metabolism. The 52 differential metabolites were mapped to 27 metabolic pathways, with fat digestion and absorption, as well as lipid metabolism, emerging as the most significant pathways. The AUC of (S)-Oleuropeic acid and 2-Hydroxylinolenic acid during ROC analysis were 0.867 and 0.833, respectively, indicating their promising diagnostic potential. In conclusion, our results revealed vitamin D deficiency alters SLE metabolome, impacting lipid metabolism, and thrown insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of SLE.

Abstract Derived from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) are pivotal incretin hormones crucial for blood glucose regulation. Medications of GLP-1 analogs and GLP-1 receptor activators are extensively used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. However, there are currently no agents to stimulate endogenous incretin secretion. Here, we find the pivotal role of KCNH2 potassium channels in the regulation of incretin secretion. Co-localization of KCNH2 with incretin-secreting EECs in the intestinal epithelium of rodents highlights its significance. Gut epithelial cell-specific KCNH2 knockout in mice improves glucose tolerance and increases oral glucose-triggered GLP-1 and GIP secretion, particularly GIP. Furthermore, KCNH2-deficient primary intestinal epithelial cells exhibit heightened incretin, especially GIP secretion upon nutrient stimulation. Mechanistically, KCNH2 knockdown in EECs leads to reduced K+ currents, prolonged action potential duration, and elevated intracellular calcium levels. Finally, we found that dofetilide, a KCNH2-specific inhibitor, could promote incretin secretion in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells in vitro and in hyperglycemic mice in vivo. These findings elucidate, for the first time, the mechanism and application of KCNH2 in regulating incretin secretion by EECs. Given the therapeutic promise of GLP-1 and GIP in diabetes and obesity management, this study advances our understanding of incretin regulation, paving the way for potential incretin secretagogue therapies in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.

Abstract Background Influenza, an acute infectious respiratory disease, presents a significant global health challenge. Accurate prediction of influenza activity is crucial for reducing its impact. Therefore, this study seeks to develop a hybrid Convolution Neural Network—Long Short Term Memory neural network (CNN-LSTM) model to forecast the percentage of influenza-like-illness (ILI) rate in Hebei Province, China. The aim is to provide more precise guidance for influenza prevention and control measures. Methods Using ILI% data from 28 national sentinel hospitals in the Hebei Province, spanning from 2010 to 2022, we employed the Python deep learning framework PyTorch to develop the CNN-LSTM model. Additionally, we utilized R and Python to develop four other models commonly used for predicting infectious diseases. After constructing the models, we employed these models to make retrospective predictions, and compared each model’s prediction performance using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and other evaluation metrics. Results Based on historical ILI% data from 28 national sentinel hospitals in Hebei Province, the Seasonal Auto-Regressive Indagate Moving Average (SARIMA), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Convolution Neural Network (CNN), Long Short Term Memory neural network (LSTM) models were constructed. On the testing set, all models effectively predicted the ILI% trends. Subsequently, these models were used to forecast over different time spans. Across various forecasting periods, the CNN-LSTM model demonstrated the best predictive performance, followed by the XGBoost model, LSTM model, CNN model, and SARIMA model, which exhibited the least favorable performance. Conclusion The hybrid CNN-LSTM model had better prediction performances than the SARIMA model, CNN model, LSTM model, and XGBoost model. This hybrid model could provide more accurate influenza activity projections in the Hebei Province.

Abstract Thermal management emerges as a grand challenge of next-generation electronics. Efforts to develop compact, solid-state cooling devices have led to the exploration of the electrocaloric effect of ferroelectric polymers. Despite recent advances, the applications of electrocaloric polymers on electronics operating at elevated temperatures remain essentially unexplored. Here, we report that the ferroelectric polymer composite composed of highly-polarized barium strontium titanate nanofibers and electron-accepting [6,6] phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester retains fast electrocaloric responses and stable cyclability at elevated temperatures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of electrocaloric cooling in a polymer composite for a pyroelectric energy harvesting device. The device utilizes a simulated central processing unit (CPU) as the heat source. Our results show that the device remains operational even when the CPU is overheated. Furthermore, we show that the composite functions simultaneously as a pyroelectric energy converter to harvest thermal energy from an overheated chip into electricity in the electrocaloric process. This work suggests a distinct approach for overheating protection and recycling waste heat of microelectronics.

Abstract Inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) implantation is a common method of thrombus capture. By implanting a filter in the inferior vena cava (IVC), microemboli can be effectively blocked from entering the pulmonary circulation, thereby avoiding acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Inspired by the helical flow effect in the human arterial system, we propose a helical retrievable IVCF, which, due to the presence of a helical structure inducing a helical flow pattern of blood in the region near the IVCF, can effectively avoid the deposition of microemboli in the vicinity of the IVCF while promoting the cleavage of the captured thrombus clot. It also reduces the risk of IVCF dislodging and slipping in the vessel because its shape expands in the radial direction, allowing its distal end to fit closely to the IVC wall, and because its contact structure with the inner IVC wall is curved, increasing the contact area and reducing the risk of the vessel wall being punctured by the IVCF support structure. We used ANSYS 2023 software to conduct unidirectional fluid–structure coupling simulation of four different forms of IVCF, combined with microthrombus capture experiments in vitro, to explore the impact of these four forms of IVCF on blood flow patterns and to evaluate the risk of IVCF perforation and IVCF dislocation. It can be seen from the numerical simulation results that the helical structure does have the function of inducing blood flow to undergo helical flow dynamics, and the increase in wall shear stress (WSS) brought about by this function can improve the situation of thrombosis accumulation to a certain extent. Meanwhile, the placement of IVCF will change the flow state of blood flow and lead to the deformation of blood vessels. In in vitro experiments, we found that the density of the helical support rod is a key factor affecting the thrombus trapping efficiency, and in addition, the contact area between the IVCF and the vessel wall has a major influence on the risk of IVCF displacement.

Abstract Room-temperature elastocaloric cooling is considered as a zero-global-warming-potential alternative to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration technology. However, the limited entropy and large-deformation features of elastocaloric polymers hinder the creation of the breakthrough in their caloric responses and device development. Herein, we report that the addition of a small amount of inorganic nanofillers into the polymer induces the aggregate of the effective elastic chains via shearing the interlaminar molecular chains, which provides an additional contribution to the entropy in elastocaloric polymers. Consequently, the adiabatic temperature change of −18.0 K and the isothermal entropy change of 187.4 J kg−1 K−1 achieved in the polymer nanocomposites outperform those of current elastocaloric polymers. Moreover, a large-deformation cooling system with a work recovery efficiency of 56.3% is demonstrated. This work opens a new avenue for the development of high-performance elastocaloric polymers and prototypes for solid-state cooling applications.

Sliding bearings are crucial rotating mechanical components in nuclear power plants, and their failures can result in severe economic losses and human casualties. Deep learning provides a new approach to bearing fault diagnosis, but there is currently a lack of a universal fault diagnosis model for studying bearing-rotor systems under various operating conditions, speeds and faults. Research on bearing-rotor systems supported by sliding bearings is limited, leading to insufficient fault data. To address these issues, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis model framework for bearing-rotor systems based on a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (TF-DLGAN). This model not only exhibits outstanding fault diagnosis performance but also addresses the issue of insufficient fault data. An experimental platform is constructed to conduct fault experiments under various operating conditions, speeds and faults, establishing a dataset for sliding bearing-rotor system faults. Finally, the model's effectiveness is validated using this dataset.

Self-directed learning with mobile technology (SDLMT) is critical to students' learning success. However, only minimal research has been conducted on the manner by which significant aspects (e.g., selfefficacy, student engagement) are related to SDLMT. This study analyzed the answers of 485 Chinese students (seventh to ninth grades) who were surveyed, and evaluated the relationships among self-efficacy (Internet selfefficacy and online communication self-efficacy), student engagement (behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social engagement), and SDLMT. Structural equation model revealed that SDLMT was positively predicted by self-efficacy, and SDLMT was positively impacted by student engagement. Moreover, the mediation analysis was performed using the PROCESS plugin in SPSS and determined that after controlling for gender and grade, the relationship between self-efficacy and SDLMT was partially mediated by student engagement. Findings established the value of self-efficacy for SDLMT, and further emphasized the vital mediating role of student engagement. Hence, developing K-12 students' SDLMT entails enhancing self-efficacy and student engagement.

Acceleration of urbanisation is posing great challenges to sustainable development. Growing accessibility to big data and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have revolutionised many fields and offered great potential for addressing pressing urban problems. However, using these technologies without explicitly considering responsibilities would bring new societal and environmental issues. To maximise the benefits of big data and AI while minimising potential issues, we envisage a conceptual framework of Responsible Urban Intelligence (RUI) and advocate an agenda for action. We first define RUI as consisting of three major components including urban problems, enabling technologies, and responsibilities; then introduce transparency, fairness, and eco-friendliness as the three dimensions of responsibilities which naturally link with the human, space, and time dimensions of cities; and further develop a four-stage implementation framework for responsibilities as consisting of solution design, data preparation, model building, and practical application; and finally present a research agenda for RUI addressing challenging issues including data and model transparency, tension between performance and fairness, and solving urban problems in an eco-friendly manner.

The development of green route for preparing propylene oxide (PO) with molecular oxygen is of significance both in academic and industrial. In this work, propylene epoxidation coupled with furfural oxidation catalyzed by platinum meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (Pt (II)TPP) has been developed. Propylene conversion and PO selectivity reached up to 56% and 83%, respectively. Meanwhile, furfural was almost completely converted to furoic acid. Based on operando characterizations and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests, a mechanism involved high-valent Pt species was proposed. This work is expected to provide a potential application prospects for producing PO and furoic acid simultaneously in chemical industry.

Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Current pharmacological interventions targeting CTSL have demonstrated potential in reducing body weight gain, serum insulin levels, and improving glucose tolerance. However, the clinical application of CTSL inhibitors remains limited. In this study, we used a combination of artificial intelligence and experimental methods to identify new CTSL inhibitors from natural products. Through a robust deep learning model and molecular docking, we screened 150 molecules from natural products for experimental validation. At a concentration of 100 µM, we found that 36 of them exhibited more than 50 % inhibition of CTSL. Notably, 13 molecules displayed over 90 % inhibition and exhibiting concentration-dependent effects. The molecular dynamics simulation on the two most potent inhibitors, Plumbagin and Beta-Lapachone, demonstrated stable interaction at the CTSL active site. Enzyme kinetics studies have shown that these inhibitors exert an uncompetitive inhibitory effect on CTSL. In conclusion, our research identifies Plumbagin and Beta-Lapachone as potential CTSL inhibitors, offering promising candidates for the treatment of metabolic disorders and illustrating the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in drug discovery.